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The information presented in this application guide is for review, approval, interpretation and application by a registered professional engineer only. SKM
disclaims any responsibility and liability resulting from the use and interpretation of this information.
Reproduction of this material is permitted provided proper acknowledgement is given to SKM Systems Analysis Inc.
Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to provide basic information about transformer through-fault damage curves and characteristic landmarks necessary for plotting
on time-current curves, for the purpose of equipment overcurrent protection. Damage curves are defined in the IEEE standards in per unit on the nominal
base rating (kVA) of the transformer, and are not adjusted with changes to the core, winding material or method of cooling.
FLA is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a transformer at a referenced ambient temperature and allowable temperature rise, see table 1. The
FLA label is located on a time-current curve (TCC) in top decade at 1000 seconds.
The total temperature rise of an OA 65°C transformer, at an average/maximum ambient temperature of 30/40°C, is 110/120°C. These temperatures do
exceed the transformer insulation rating of 105°C, and are allowed by the standards.
Table 1 Transformer temperature ratings
Cooling Ave/Max Hot Spot Temp. Total Temp. Insul. Max Winding
Method Amb. Temp. Temp. Rise Rise Temp. SC Temp.
ANSI C57.109 defines damage characteristics for oil-filled, power transformers see tables 2-5. ANSI C57.12.59 defines damage characteristics for dry-type
transformers see table 6 and 7. The through-fault current damage curves are not intended for overload capability. The standards state, “if fault current
penetrates the limits of the thermal damage curve insulation may be damaged, or if fault current penetrates the limits of the mechanical damage curve
cumulative mechanical damage may occur. The validity of these damage limit curves can not be demonstrated by test, since the effects are progressive over
the transformer lifetime. They are based principally on informed engineering judgment and favorable, historical field experience."
The damage curves are plotted in the top 3 decades of a TCC from 2 to 1000 seconds.
5-500kVA 1-φ
15-500kVA 3-φ
Frequent (Mechanical Damage)
or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
x Rated Current Time I2t 1-φ 3- φ
(A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) (kVA) (kVA)
2 1800 7200 5-500 15-500
3 300 2700 5-500 15-500
4.75 60 1354 5-500 15-500
6.3 30 1191 5-500 15-500
11.3 10 1277 5-500 15-500
25 2 1250 5-500 15-500
35 1.02 1250 5-100 15-300
40 0.78 1250 5-75 15-75
501-1667kVA 1- φ
501-5000kVA 3- φ
Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
2 1800 7200
3 300 2700
4.75 60 1354
6.3 30 1191
11.3 10 1277
25 2 1250
0.7 / Z 4.08 K
1.0 / Z 2 K
1668-10,000kVA 1- φ
5001-30,000kVA 3- φ
Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
2 1800 7200
3 300 2700
4.75 60 1354
6.3 30 1191
11.3 10 1277
25 2 1250
0.5 / Z 8 K
1.0 / Z 2 K
Above 10,000kVA 1- φ
Above 30,000kVA 3- φ
Frequent (Mechanical Damage)
or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
2 1800 7200
3 300 2700
4.75 60 1354
6.3 30 1191
11.3 10 1277
25 2 1250
0.5 / Z 8 K
1.0 / Z 2 K
IEEE Std C57.12.01 defines 3 categories of dry-type transformers. However, IEEE Std C57.12.59 only defines damage curves for Category I and II
transformers. Damage curves for Category III transformers, 1668-10,000kVA 1- φ, 5001-30,000kVA 3-φ are not defined.
1-500kVA 1- φ
15-500kVA 3- φ
Frequent (Mechanical Damage)
or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
11.2 10 1250
25 2 1250
Table 7 Category II Dry -Type Transformers
501-1667kVA 1- φ
501-5000kVA 3- φ
Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage)
11.2 10 1250
25 2 1250
1.0 / Z 2 625
One or more inrush current points may be plotted on a TCC. Inrush currents are expressed in peak amps. The most common point is 8-12 times rated FLA
at 0.1 seconds. Another less common point is 25 times rated FLA at 0.01 seconds.
Example 1
Plot the characteristic landmarks for a 1000kVA, 65°C, 4160-480/277V, Δ-YG, oil-filled, substation transformer with an impedance of 6.0%. Consider both the
frequent and infrequent fault cases for this application.
Solution
Since the transformer is connected Δ-YG a separate set of data points must be calculated for primary-side protective devices. Primary-side devices will only
see 58% of a secondary-side, single-line-to-ground fault.
I 1800 sec = 0.58 x 2 x 139 amps = 161 amps
I 300 sec = 0.58 x 3 x 139 amps = 242 amps
I 60 sec = 0.58 x 4.75 x 139 amps = 383 amps
I 30 sec = 0.58 x 6.3 x 139 amps = 508 amps
I 10 sec = 0.58 x 11.3 x 139 amps = 911 amps
I 2 sec = 0.58 x 25 x 139 amps = 2016 amps
Step 4 – Calculate the frequent fault data points from Table 3
I 2 sec = 139 amps / Z = 139 amps / 0.06 = 2316 amps
I 4.08 sec = 0.7 x 139 amps / Z = 97.3 amps / 0.06 = 1622 amps
t 1622 amps = 2551 (0.06)2 = 9.2 seconds
Again, shift the data points by 0.58.
I 2 sec = 0.58 x 139 amps / 0.06 = 1344 amps
I 4.08 sec = 0.58 x 97.3 amps / 0.06 = 941 amps
Step 5 – Calculate Inrush Points
12 x Inrush = 12 x 139 amps = 1668 amps
25 x Inrush = 25 x 139 amps = 3475 amps
The results are plotted in figure 1.
Example 2
Repeat Example 1 but now assume the secondary is high-resistance grounded (HRG).
Solution
Example 3
Plot the characteristic landmarks for a 1500kVA, 150°C, 13800-480/277V, Δ-Δ, dry-type, substation transformer with an impedance of 5.75%. Consider the
infrequent fault case for this application.
Solution
Since the transformer is connected Δ-Δ a separate set of data points must be calculated for primary-side protective devices. Primary-side devices will only
see 87% of a secondary-side, line-to-line fault.
I 100 sec = 0.87 x 3.5 x 62.8 amps = 191 amps
I 10 sec = 0.87 x 11.2 x 62.8 amps = 612 amps
I 2 sec = 0.87 x 25 x 62.8 amps = 1366 amps
Step 4 – Calculate Inrush Points
12 x Inrush = 12 x 62.8 amps = 754 amps
25 x Inrush = 25 x 62.8 amps = 1570 amps
The results are plotted in figure 3.
Fig. 3 1500kVA, Δ- Δ, dry-type transformer damage curves
References
Insulating materials
Insulation Maximum
Insulating Materials
Class Temperature
TInsuldur® InsulationT
Hybrid A 110°C Kraft paper with epoxy binders
activated under pressure
TNOMEX® insulation,
>H 220°C varnish dipped and vacuum pressure
impregnated (VPI)