CIVIL ENGINEERING 2021/2022

KA34802 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

“INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM”

NAME MATRIC NO.

ISMANOORIFAH BINTI ISMAIL BK19110134

LECTURER NAME : DR. MOHD. AZIZUL LADIN

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 26 JUNE 2022

 Intelligent Traffic System KA34802 Traffic Engineering Individual Assignment
Ismanoorifah Binti Ismail (BK19110134)

TABLE OF CONTENT

BIL CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 STRATEGIES INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM AND EXAMPLES 2-7

3.0 DISCUSSION 8-9

4.0 CONCLUSION 9

5.0 REFERENCES 10-12

 Intelligent Traffic System KA34802 Traffic Engineering Individual Assignment
Ismanoorifah Binti Ismail (BK19110134)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITS are quickly becoming a worldwide phenomenon,

capturing the attention of transportation professionals, the automotive industry, and political
decision makers from around the world. (Figueiredo, et. al. 2001) These systems are the result of
the revolution in information and communication technologies that defines the digital era.
(Jarašūniene. 2006) Generally, Intelligent Transportation System is defined as the application of
information technology to surface transportation in an effort to improve safety and mobility while
minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. (Mallik. 2014) These applications provide
vital information to passengers while enhancing the status and efficiency of the transportation
system. Intelligent Transportation System, ITS is not confined to highway traffic, it also provides
services and is implemented in navigation, aviation, water, and rail systems. Intelligent
Transportation System is segmented into generations based on its ever-increasing popularity and
escalating demand for transportation system innovation.
Along with this, many prototypes have been proposed in the context of intelligent
transportation systems, but only a select few have been implemented. Around the world,
numerous societies and associations have been established to facilitate the development of
intelligent transportation systems, ITS. The first of these was established in 1991 by the United
States Department of Transportation. Communication between vehicles, communication between
vehicles and infrastructure, and electronic fee collection are some of the most prominent projects
that are now being worked on all around the world. (Figueiredo, et. al. 2001) When it comes to
countries that are still in the process of becoming developed, the Intelligent Transportation System
is still in the early stages of development. When intelligent technologies are implemented in every
nation's surface transportation system, that system will be the safest possible, the most cost-
effective, and, finally, environmentally benign. Whether a country is developed or developing, this
will be the case. (Mallik. 2014) This report will provide an overview of the primary technologies
that enable intelligent transportation systems, ITS, as well as a discussion of strategies of
transportation professionals in the design of intelligent transportation system, ITS equipment and
facilities.
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2.0 STRATEGIES OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

There are some strategies have been implemented in intelligent transportation system, ITS to
facilitate a national multi-modal surface transportation system that connects cars, infrastructure,
and passenger devices to serve the public interest by maximising safety, mobility, and
environmental performance. The following are the explanation of strategies of ITS that potentially
can contribute to reduce the transport energy use.

i. Incident detection
• Incident detection is the process of determining a danger exists involves actively
monitoring assets and looking for strange behaviour. (Thompson. 2015)
• Since the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has the capability of determining
when there has been an incident on any transportation system and relaying this
information to a control centre. It can be utilised to put into action information and
traffic management methods in reaction to specific kinds of incidents, with the goal
of lessening the impact of those occurrences. (Weber, et. al. 2014)
• Using roadside CCTV cameras, the control room will notice an accident on a
roadway. Variable message signing (VMS) handles traffic too near to the accident
to follow road closures, traffic control, and temporary speed limits. The VMS is then
used to direct distant traffic to an alternate route. (Weber, et. al. 2014)
• It is obvious that roadside incident detection can save a lot of energy by redirecting
traffic away from the region that is backed up due to the incident and by controlling
traffic speeds as it approaches the incident to ease congestion.

ii. Variable Speed Limits

• Variable speed limits are flexible restrictions on how fast drivers can travel. An
electronic traffic sign displays the speed limit based on current environmental and
road conditions. Signs indicate maximum and lowest speeds. (Wigmore. 2022)
• Generally, the maximum speed restriction is deemed to apply when conditions are
ideal. For example, there is no precipitation or fog, and the roads are devoid of
snow, water, and ice. (Khondaker & Kattan. 2015)
• Drivers are expected to alter their speed based on the road conditions, although
there are no specific speed limits for specific scenarios. (Grumert, et. al. 2018)
 Intelligent Traffic System KA34802 Traffic Engineering Individual Assignment
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iii. Ramp control

• Ramp flow control, also known as ramp metering, employs customised traffic
signals to discharge vehicles into a freeway in a smooth and uniform manner.
(Carlson, et. al. 2010)
• Ramp control is used during peak hours to regulate the flow of traffic along a slip
road (ramp) onto a highway or other grade-separated route. (Zhang & Levinson.
2004)
• The optimal amount and spacing of joining traffic are computed, and its access
onto the main road is restricted by traffic signals, based on the detection of traffic
density by sensors located along the main road. (Lu, Zhao & Gong. 2015)
• In principle, this will reduce the impact of traffic joining the main road. (Lu, Zhao
& Gong. 2015)

iv. Traffiic Signal Control

• Traffic signal control, which includes sensors, communications, and complex timing
algorithms, is a form of transportation management that is always changing and
growing. (Al-Malik & Gartner. 2012)
• The main job of traffic control signals is to show who has the right-of-way at the
intersections of streets or highways, where a steady flow of cars on one road would
cause cars and/or people waiting on the other road to wait too long. (Qadri, et. al.
2020)
• They have a lot of extra features and can be used at crosswalks with multiple
information displays. (Qadri, et. al. 2020)

v. Parking Management
• The term park management system refers to modern parking industry technologies.
(Litman. 2021)
• Innovative technologies that tackle parking industry concerns are incorporated into
parking management systems. (Sadiku, et. al. 2021)
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• Figure 1 : Table provides a summary of the strategies for parking management

outlined in this paper. It reflects the average reduction in parking space needed at
a location and whether a plan helps reduce car traffic, hence reducing congestion,
accidents, and pollution taken from Parking Management-Strategies, Evaluation and
Planning Abstract. (Litman. 2021)

vi. Demand Responsive Transport Management

• Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) is a type of public transportation that, rather
than operating on predetermined routes at fixed times, operates with a degree of
flexibility to take people where they want, when they want. (McDonald. 2006)
• Using demand responsive transport, DRT, which matches passengers with nearest
supply or dispatches supply directly to service them. Demand responsive transport,
DRT responds to individual demand. Optimized matches are calculated using real-
time data from every car in the network, which is collected by a central system.
(Gorev, Popova & Solodkij. 2020)
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vii. Freight and Fleet Management

• Fleet management is a crucial function for any organisation with even a modest
fleet of cars. (McDonald. 2006)
• Fleet management is used to maximise the efficiency with which a fleet of vehicles
is utilised. (Sadiku, et. al. 2021)
• Each vehicle must be able to communicate its location, journey purpose, and
condition such as normal operation, malfunction to a central control room.
(Keerthisinghe. 2018)
• This is often accomplished via satellite and radio technologies, while certain bus-
only automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems make use of roadside
beacons. Although these are obviously only suited for locating cars within a limited
geographical area (Keerthisinghe. 2018)

viii. Vulnerable Road User Systems

• "Vulnerable" users include children, the elderly, and those with disabilities. They
are all overrepresented in road accidents, especially as pedestrians. (McDonald.
2006)
• Disabled people may not be able to use a regular transportation system to its fullest
extent because they have less mobility and less ability to sense things. (Giuffre,
Campisi & Tesoriere. 2017)
• Intelligent Transportion System, ITS can be used to change our transportation
systems so that they are easier and safer for these people to use. (McDonald. 2006)

ix. Multimodal Trip Planning

• Multimodal transportation is a way to get around that uses walking, biking, public
transportation, and carsharing, all of which are more environmentally friendly than
driving by. Multimodal transport is based on the idea that it combines the best parts
of different ways to get around in terms of access, mode of transportation, and
travel preferences, so that it is as efficient as possible. (Haas. 2019)
• Innovations in IT and web/mobile-based applications are making multimodal
transportation more accessible and useful in cities. This could have a number of
environmental, economic, and social benefits, such as better transportation routes,
less traffic, less air pollution, jobs, and easier access to transportation for people
with low incomes. (Haas. 2019)
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x. Passenger Information Systems

• Passenger Information Systems include any equipment, noticeboards, visual
displays, or other media used at the Station to provide train service or customer
service information. (Passenger Information Systems Definition. Nd)
• Theoretically, these systems should save energy by increasing car-to-bus modal
shift, but evidence is limited. (McDonald. 2006)

xi. Route Guidance and Navigation

• Route guidance is a part of travel and transportation management, which is in turn
a part of the Intelligent Transportion System, ITS. (Khaniary & Hashemi. 2012)
• Route guidance systems include all the tools that drivers use before a trip to choose
a route, a travel start time, and maybe even decide whether to go on the trip. They
also include tools that drivers use during a trip to change the route if something
unexpected happens. (Khaniary & Hashemi. 2012)

xii. Speeding Detection

• Point speed cameras : They assess a vehicle speed at a short point on the road,
such as an accident blackspot, utilising radar detection and traditional camera film
which is not always deployed, therefore the camera is not always effective.
(McDonald. 2006)
• Average speed cameras : These are installed along a road and linked to
numberplate recognition systems that compute average speed. (McDonald. 2006)
• Signs that tell drivers how fast they are going, but nothing is done about it. For
example, as a car enters a town, a sign that says "Slow Down – 50 kph Speed Limit"
will flash at it if it is going faster than the city speed limit. At different places, these
have been shown to cut speeds by 2 to 20 km/h. (McDonald. 2006)
• Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) uses GPS to show a vehicle its speed limit
location. "Active" ISA controls the engine and brakes so the driver can't exceed the
speed limit. (McDonald. 2006)

xiii. Variable Message Signs and Route Guidance

• Variable Message Signs, VMS refers to signs that can show an unlimited number of
messages because the user can use software to turn on or download new
messages. (Erke. 2007)
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• Variable Message Signs (VMS) are an ITS that informs travellers. As its name
implies, VMS messages alter in real time. This is commonly done with a display that
can be programmed remotely. (McDonald. 2006)
• They notify cars on important roadways of challenging driving conditions, such as
"Bridge closed to high vehicles due to heavy winds," and of diversionary routes
after an incident. (McDonald. 2006)

xiv. Road User Charging (RUC), Tolling and Access Control

• Road user charges frequently target big vehicles because they use more road space
and cause the most damage to the road network. Freight movement is crucial to
any economy or civilization. So, the current RUC system shapes freight
transportation worldwide. (Perera & Thompson. 2020)
• Tolls are collected from drivers to pay for a road, bridge, or tunnel. Existing
roadways are charged to manage demand (congestion) and/or fund new
infrastructure and services. (McDonald. 2006)

xv. Public Transport Payment

• Buses and railways with electronic ticket machines can issue more specific tickets,
benefiting passengers. Ticket machines collect a lot of useful management
information for example, the speed of a bus along a route for the operator.
(McDonald. 2006)
• Ticket machines at stations and stops cut boarding times and ticket waiting,
shortening public transport trips. (McDonald. 2006)
• Smartcards save user information such as concessionary permit and offer more fare
options than paper tickets. (McDonald. 2006)
 Intelligent Traffic System KA34802 Traffic Engineering Individual Assignment
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3.0 DISCUSSION

At this era, the traffic problem can frequently be traced back to an absence of information.
Of course, when deciding how to get from point A to point B, people who use roads continually
integrate information from a variety of sources and their predictions of how the traffic will be, but
it is extremely difficult for them to receive information about the overall situation. As a result, they
have only a limited and erroneous understanding of the traffic circumstances in the network, and
it is not possible for them to coordinate their behaviour with one another to, for example, adjust
the time that they depart to make the situation more manageable. Additionally, predictive
information is the type of information that is the most helpful to a driver because it enables drivers,
passengers, and pedestrians to calculate an approximate travel time for their journeys while
considering potential changes in the flow of traffic. (McDonald. 2006) Therefore, Intelligent
Transportation System, ITS is dependent on a wide variety of technologies and functions, including
Communications such as Microwave, Internet, and Bluetooth, Geographical Locations,
Geographical Information System, Data Acquisition and Exchange, Camera Systems and Artificial
Vision, Detection and Classification, In-Vehicle Systems, and Digital Mapping. (Mallik. 2014) Thus,
there is room for integration within Intelligent Transportation System, ITS, and some people
believe that this is the only way that ITS will be able to realise its entire potential and achieve its
maximum impact. Intelligent Transportation System, ITS includes a wide variety of information
data depending on the requirements of the implementation theme, and simultaneously integrating
these components together to get a good "Info structure" environment for the traffic planning,
control, and management, as well as increasing the efficiency of the system. (Chen & Miles. 2004)
There are many advantages of Intelligent Transportion System that can be applicate in our
life. One of it is the implementation of an ITS has the potential to reduce travel times for road users
and make a city more intelligent. (Deakin, Frick, & Skabardonis. 2009) On the other hand, an
Intelligent Transportation System, ITS makes life better by delivering prior and up-to-date
information about traffic, information on real-time running, seating availability, and many other
things. In total, these things cut down on the amount of time commuters spend travelling while
also improving their comfort and safety. An ITS not only helps alleviate traffic congestion, but it
also makes roads safer and makes better use of existing infrastructure. (Pina. 2017) However, to
every advantage, there is a corresponding disadvantage of Intelligent Transportation System, ITS.
It is typically complicated to use in normal mixed traffic conditions. It also presents initial
challenges in terms of comprehension, and clearly can be seen that it is too expensive of ITS
equipment. The last is the software in Intelligent Transportation System that controls the control
system could be compromised by hackers. (Mimbela & Klein. 2007). The good news is that ITS is
 Intelligent Traffic System KA34802 Traffic Engineering Individual Assignment
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not overly complicated and it is possible to discover these drawbacks. Users are provided with the
best option available across a variety of criteria when they make use of intelligent transportation
systems.

4.0 CONCLUSION

All in all, congestion caused by vehicles travelling in the same direction is a significant issue
in cities. Because of the local roads and traffic patterns, this is a challenging but interesting subject
to solve. There is room for analysing existing ideas in a variety of demanding traffic scenarios,
coming up with innovative new solutions, and conducting empirical evaluations of ideas in
conjunction with the public and commercial sectors. Intelligent Transportation System
implementation is certain to benefit us in the long run. Customer satisfaction is a key factor in
promoting public transportation and reducing the usage of private vehicles. This has a big impact
on lowering traffic on city roads and protecting the environment from high automobile pollution.
To sum up the findings, it is reasonable to say that Intelligent Transportation System, ITS is the
best option for a safe and enjoyable trip.

5.0 REFERENCES
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7. Giuffrè, T., Campisi, T., & Tesoriere, G. (2017). Implications of Adaptive Traffic Light
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review, 12(1), 1-23.

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