GATE Civil 2021 February 10 930AM Converted 1

GATE Civil-2021_Set-1
FORENOON SESSION_2021_SET-1
Civil Engineering (CE, Set-1)
Q.1 – Q.16 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry ONE mark each (for each wrong
answer: – 1/3).
Topic : Linear algebra

Concept : Rank of matrix
Sub Concept : Row Echelon form
Concept Field : Rank of 4 × 4 square matrix
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec.
1 2 2 3
3 4 2 5
5 6 2 7
 9  is :
1. The rank of matrix 7 8 2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Ans (B)
Sol. Given a 4 × 4 square matrix
1 2 2 3
3 4 2 5
5 6 2 7
 9  44
A = 7 8 2
Using elementary transformation :

R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 – 5R1
and R4 → R4 – 7R1
So,
1 2 2 3
0 – 2 – 4 – 4 
0 – 4 – 8 – 8 
 
A = 0 – 6 – 12 – 12
R3 → R3 – 2R2, R4 → R4 – 3R2
So,
1 2 2 3
0 – 2 – 4 – 4 
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 
A=
According to Row Echelon form
Rank of matrix = Number of NON-zero rows.
So that,
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 (A) = 2
Hence, Right option is B.
Topic : Linear algebra

Concept : Algebra of matrices
Sub Concept : Transpose of matrix
Concept Field : Property of transpose
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60sec.
1 2  0 1
3 4   1 0 
2. If P = and Q =  then QTPT is :
1 2  1 3  2 1 2 4 
3 4  2 4  4 3   1 3 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given two square matrix
1 2  0 1
3 4  1 0
P=  and Q =
Then
1 2  0 1
3 4  1 0
PQ = 
1  0 + 2  1 1  1+ 2  0 
= 3  0 + 4  1 3  1+ 4  0
2 1
4 3 
PQ = 
Tanking transpose on both sides
T
2 1
(PQ) =  4 3
T
Now using Reversal low

2 4 
 1 3 
QT PT = 
Hence, Right option is D.
Topic : Probability and statistics

Concept : Probability distribution
Sub Concept : Cumulative distribution function
Concept Field : Shape of distribution
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30 Sec.
3. The shape of the cumulative distribution function of Gaussian distribution is
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(A) Horizontal line
(B) Straight line at 45 degree angle
(C) Bell-shaped
(D) S-shaped
Ans. (D)
Sol. Gaussian distribution know as normal distribution
So, probability density function Curve of normal distribution.
 2 2
ƒe(x) = e−(x– ) /(2 )
PDF :  2
But the shape of cumulative distribution function of gaussian distribution is S-
Shaped.
Hence, Right option is a D.
Topic : Structural analysis

Concept : Influence Line Diagram
Subconcept : Influence Line Diagram for Shear Force
Concept field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30sec
4. A propped cantilever beam EF is subjected to a unit moving load as shown in
the figure (not to scale). The sign convention for positive shear force at the left and
right sides of any section is also shown.
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The CORRECT qualitative nature of the influence line diagram for shear force at G is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Ans. (B)
Sol.
Topic : Building material

Concept : Cement
Subconcept : Ordinary Portland cement
Concept field : Compound composition of ordinary Portland cement
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30sec
5. Gypsum is typically added in cement to
(A) prevent quick setting (B) enhance hardening
(C) increase workability (D) decrease heat of hydration
Ans. (A)
Sol. Cement without gypsum sets quickly and workman does not get sufficient time
to handle it, so to prevent quick setting gypsum is added in it.
Ingredient of Chemical Percentage

cement form (%)
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Lime CaO 60-65%
Silica SiO2 17-25%
Alumina Al2O3 3-8%
Iron oxide Fe2O3 3-4%
Magnesia MgO 1-3%
Sulphur S 1-3%
Alkalies Na2O, K2O 0.2-1%
Topic : Construction planning management

Concept : Engineering Economy
Subconcept : Direct cost, Indirect cost
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time :40sec
6. The direct and indirect costs estimated by a contractor for bidding a project is
₹160000 and ₹ 20000 respectively. If the mark up applied is 10% of the bid price, the
quoted price (in ₹) of the contractor is
(A) 200000 (B) 198000 (C) 196000 (D) 182000
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : Direct cost = ₹160000
Indirect cost = ₹20000 quoted price = total costs involved + profit margin (mark up cost)
Markup applied is 10% of the bid price
 (1-0.1)×quoted price = Total cost
Totalcost
⇒ Quoted price = 0.9
(D.C + IDC)
= 0.9
160000 + 20000
= 0.9
= ₹200000
Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Concept : Consolidation of Soil
Subconcept : Primary Consolidation Characteristic
Concept field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time :60sec
7. In an Oedometer apparatus, a specimen of fully saturated clay has been
consolidated under a vertical pressure of 50 kN/m2 and is presently at equilibrium.
The effective stress and pore water pressure immediately on increasing the vertical
stress to 150 kN/m2, respectively are
(A) 150 kN/m2 and 0 (B) 100 kN/m2 and 50 kN/m2
(C) 50 kN/m and 100 kN/m
2 2
(D) 0 and 150 kN/m2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Vertical pressure (σV) = 50 kN/m2
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 Vertical stress is increased to 150 kN/m2
i.e., increase in vertical stress (ΔσV) = 150 – 50
= 100 kN/m2
This increase in vertical stress will cause pore water pressure generation of
same amount.
∴ ΔU = 100 kN/m2
Now, Effective stress = σV – ΔU
= 150 – 100
= 50 kN/m2

Concept : Prop. of Soil and Soil Water Rel.
Subconcept : Unit Wt
Concept field : Different Types
Level : Easy
Exp. Time :60sec
8. A partially-saturated soil sample has natural moisture content of 25% and bulk
unit weight of 18.5 kN/m3. The specific gravity of soil solids is 2.65 and unit weight of
water is 9.81 kN/m3. The unit weight of the soil sample on full saturation is
(A) 21.12 kN/m3 (B) 19.03 kN/m3 (C) 20.12 kN/m3 (D) 18.50 kN/m3
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Natural moisture content (wn) = 25%
Bulk unit weight of soil (γb) = 18.5 KN/m3
Specific gravity of soil solids (G) = 2.65
Unit weight of water (γw) = 9.81 KN/m3
G (1+ W n )
 w
 γb = 1+ e
2.65  (1+ 0.25)
 9.81
⇒ 18.5 = 1+ e
⇒ e = 0.7565
Unit weight of the soil sample on full saturation
G +e
 w
i.e., γs = 1+ e
2.65 + 0.7565
 9.81
= 1+ 0.7565
= 19.025 KN/m3
So, γs = 19.025 KN/m3
Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Concept : Open Channel Flow
Subconcept : Gradually Varied Flow
Concept field : Hydraulically Efficient Sections
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
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9. If water is flowing at the same depth in most hydraulically efficient triangular
and rectangular channel sections then the ratio of hydraulic radius of triangular
section to that of rectangular section is
1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2
Ans. (A)
Sol.
A
∴ Hydraulic Radius (R) = P
Where : A = Cross section area of the section
P = Wetted perimeter
For most efficient triangular channel θ = 90°
⇒ T = 2y
1
A = 2 ×(2y)×y =y2
P = 2 2y
y2 y
=
⇒ Rtriangle = 2 2y 2 2
For most efficient rectangular channel
B = 2y
⇒ A = B×y = 2y2
P = B + 2y = 4y
A 2y2 y
= =
⇒ Rrectangular = P 4y 2
y
R triangular 1
= 2 2 =
R rectangular y 2
⇒ 2
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Point s t o be remember
For m ost ef f icient t riangular sect ion
y
Rt rianglar =
2 2
For m ost ef f icient rect angular sect ion
y
Rrect angular =
2

Concept : Property of Fluid
Subconcept : Viscosity
Concept field : Kinematic
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
10. ‘Kinematic viscosity’ is dimensionally represented as
M M T2 L2
2
(A) LT (B) L T (C) L (D) T
Ans. (D)
D ynam ic viscosity
Sol. Kinematic viscosity (ν) = density

= 
NS m ass kg
2
= 3
μ= m , ρ = volum e m
N → [M L T ]
1 1 –2
S → [T1]
m2 → [L2]
[M 1L1T −2 ][T1] 3
 [L ]
ν = [L ] [M ]
2 1
⇒
[L2 ]
ν = [T]
L2
Thus kinematic viscosity is represented as T
Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Air Pollution
Subconcept :
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
11. Which one of the followings statements is correct?
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(A) Pyrolysis is an endothermic process, which takes place in the absence of
oxygen.
(B) Pyrolysis is an exothermic process, which takes place in the absence of
oxygen.
(C) Combustion is an endothermic process, which takes place in the abundance
of oxygen.
(D) Combustion is an exothermic process, which takes place in the absence of
oxygen.
Ans. (A)
Sol. Pyrolysis : It is a process which takes place in the absence of oxygen and
energy is required to carry out the pyrolysis process, so it is also called endothermic
process.
Incineration : This process takes place in the presence of oxygen and energy is
released in this process, so it is also called as exothermic process.

Concept : Waste Water Engineering
Subconcept : Sewage Treatment
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
12. Which one of the followings is correct?
(A) The partially treated effluent from a food processing industry, containing
high concentration of biodegradable organics, is being discharged into a flowing river
at a point P. If the rate of degradation of the organics is higher than the rate of
aeration, then dissolved oxygen of the river water will be lowest at point P.
(B) The most important type of species involved in the degradation of organic
matter in the case of activated sludge process based wastewater treatment is
chemoheterotrophs.
(C) For an effluent sample of a sewage treatment plant, the ratio BOD5-day,20°C
upon ultimate BOD is more than 1.
(D) A young lake characterized by low nutrient content and low plant
productivity is called eutrophic lake.
Ans. (B)
Sol. Chemoheterotrophs are those which derives their energy from other organisms
and chemicals.
As in activated sludge process micro-organism are using energy from BOD thus
they are also termed as chemoheterotrophs.
Oligotrophic lakes are characterized by low nutrient content and low plant
productivity.
Eutrophic lakes are having high nutrient content and high plant productivity.

Subconcept : Air Pollutants and Their Sources
Concept field :
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Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30 sec
13. The liquid forms of particulate air pollutants are
(A) dust and mist (B) mist and spray
(C) smoke and spray (D) fly ash and fumes
Ans. (B)
Sol. The liquid forms of particulate air pollutants are mist and spray
Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Subconcept : Alignment
Concept field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30 sec
14. The shape of the most commonly designed highway vertical curve is
(A) circular (single radius) (B) circular (multiple radii)
(C) parabolic (D) spiral
Ans. (C)
Sol. The common practice has been to use parabolic curves in vertical curves. This
is primarily because of the ease with it can be laid out as well allowing a comfortable
transition from one gradient to another. Although a circular curve offers equal sight
distance at every point on the curve, for very small deviation angles a circular curve
and parabolic curves are almost congruent. Furthermore, the use of parabolic curves
were found to give excellent riding comfort.

Subconcept : Horizontal Alignment
Concept field : Superelevation
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
15. A highway designed for 80 km/h speed has a horizontal curve section with
radius 250 m. If the design lateral friction is assumed to develop fully, the required
super elevation is
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.05 (C) 0.07 (D) 0.09
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Design speed (V) = 80 kmph
Radius (R) = 250 m
As lateral friction is assumed to develop fully developed i.e. ƒ = 0.15
V2
 e + ƒ = 127R
V2
−ƒ
e = 127R
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(80)2
− 0.15
= 127  250
= 0.051
Thus required supper elevation = 0.051 < 0.07 (OK)
Topic : Surveying
Concept : Fundamental Concepts of Surveying
Subconcept : Introduction
Concept field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 45 sec
16. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
(A) The first reading from a level station is a ‘Fore Sight’.
(B) Basic principle of surveying is to work from whole to parts.
(C) Contours of different elevations may intersect each other in case of an
overhanging cliff.
(D) Planimeter is used for measuring ‘area’.
Ans. (A)
Sol. The first reading from a level station is a “Back sight”
Basic principle of surveying
(i) Working from whole to part
(ii) To locate the position of a point by measurement from two reference points.
Q. 17 Multiple Select Question (MSQ), carry ONE mark (no negative marks).
Topic : Surveying
Concept : Compass Surveying
Subconcept : Bearing
Concept field : Magnetic Bearing
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time :60 sec
17. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s) ?
(A) Back bearing of a line is equal to Fore Bearing ±180°.
(B) If the whole circle bearing of a line is 270°, its reduced bearing is 90° NW.
(C) The boundary of water of a calm water pond will represent contour line.
(D) In the case of fixed hair stadia tachometry, the staff intercept will be larger,
when the staff is held nearer to the observation point.
Ans. (A,B,C)
Sol. Back bearing of a line = F.B ± 180°
In option B, WCB = 270°
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So reduced bearing = 90° NW

Contour line is a line joining points of equal elevation.
In the case of fixed hair stadia tachometry the staff intercept will be smaller,
when the staff is held nearer to the observation point.
Q.18 – Q.25 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry ONE mark each (no negative
marks).
Topic : Calculus
Concept : Limit of a function
Sub Concept : Indeterminate form of function
Concept Field : Using L-hospital’s rule.
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 1 Min
18. Consider the limit :
 1 1 
lim  – 
x → 1  In x x – 1

The limit (correct up to one decimal place) is ___________
Ans. (0.5)
Sol. Given,
 1 1   (x – 1)– ln x 
lim  –  lim  
x → 1  In x x – 1
  = x→1
 In x.(x – 1) 
 (1− 1)− ln 1 0
= = form
=  ln 1(1− 1)  0
Using L Hospital’s Rule
 d  d 
 1 1   dx  (x − 1)− dx (ln x)
lim  − = lim   


x→1 ln x x − 1 x→1
 d
(ln x(x − 1) 
 dx 
 1 
 1− 
lim  x
x→1 1
 log x + (x − 1) 
=  x
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0
= 0
Again using L’ Hospital Rule
 d  1 
  1−  
 1 1  dx  x
lim  −  = li
m  
 n x x – 1 x→1  d  log x + (x − 1) 1  
x→1 l
 dx  
x  
 1 
 0+ 2 
= lim  x 
x→1
 (x − 1) − 1  + 1 1 + 1 
  2  
 x   x  x 
0+1
= 0 + 1+ 1
 1 1  1
lim  − =
 n x x − 1 2
x→1 l
 1 1 
lim  −  = 0.5
 n x x – 1
x→1 l
Hence, the value of limit is 0.5.
Topic : Calculus
Concept : Definite Integral
Sub Concept : Application of definite Integral
Concept Field : Volume of definite integral
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60sec
19. The volume determined from  v 8 xyz dV for V = [2, 3] × [1, 2] × [0,1] will be
(in integer) ________.
Ans. (15)
Sol. Given Integral
I=  V
8xyzdv
For V = [2, 3] × [1, 2] × [0, 1]
So that, 2  x  3, 1  y  2, 0 z 1
So,
I=  V
8xyzdv = 8 xyzdx·dy·dz
v
3 2 1
8 · · xyzdx·dy·dz
Volume = x=2 y=1 z=0
3 2 1
8· x·dx   y·dy   z·dz
V= 2 4 0
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3 2 1
 x2   y2   z2 
8       
=  2 2  2 1  2 0
 3 − 4   4 − 1  1− 0 
8   
V=  2   2   2 
5 3 1
8  
V= 2 2 2
V=5×3×1
V = 15
Topic : Solid Mechanics

Concept : Transformation of Stress & Strain
Subconcept : Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
20. The state of stress in a deformable body is shown in the figure. Consider
transformation of the stress from the x-y coordinate system to the X-Y coordinate
system. The angle θ, locating the X-axis, is assumed to be positive when measured
from the x-axis in counter-clockwise direction.
The absolute magnitude of the shear stress component σxy (in MPa, round off
to one decimal place) in x-y coordinate system is ___________
Ans. 96.2 ( 95 to 97)
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Sol.
At any plane inclined at an angle θ from vertical Axis.
σX' = σXcos2θ + σYsin2θ + 2τXY sinθ cosθ
Here θ = 90° – 30° = 60°
σX = 40 MPa, σX' = 120 MPa
σY = 35.6 MPa
τXY = ?
⇒ 120 = 40×cos260° + 35.6 sin260° + 2τXYsin60°cos60°
⇒ τXY = 96.186 MPa
So, the absolute magnitude of the shear stress component
σXY = 96.2 MPa
Topic : Solid Mechanics

Concept : Deflection of Beam
Subconcept : Finding slope and deflection
Concept field : Double Integration Method
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
21. The equation of deformation is derived to be y = x2 – xL for a beam shown in
the figure.
The curvature of the beam at the mid-span (in units, in integer) will be ____
Ans. (2)
Sol. Given : Equation of deformation
Y = x2 – xL
Equation of curvature is given as follows
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d2 y
1 dx2
= 3
R 
 dy  
2 2
 1+   
  dx  
dy d 2
= (x − xL)= 2x − L
dx dx
d2 y d
2
= (2x − L) = 2
dx dx
L dy L
= 2 −L = 0
At x = 2 ⇒ dx 2
d2 y
=2
d x2
1 2
= =2
R [1+ (0)2 ]3 2
⇒
Thus curvature of the beam at the mid-span = 2 units.
Topic : Structural analysis

Concept : truss
Subconcept : horizontal displacement
Concept field :
Level : moderate
Exp. Time : 75sec
22. A truss EFGH is shown in the figure, in which all the members have the same
axial rigidity R. In the figure, P is the magnitude of external horizontal forces acting at
joints F and G.
If R = 500×103 kN, P = 150 kN and L = 3 m, the magnitude of the horizontal

displacement of joint G (in mm, round off to one decimal place) is ________
Ans. (0.9 mm)
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Sol.
Memb P- R- L KP
er force force L
EF 0 0 L 0
FG P 1 L PL
GH 0 0 L 0
EH 0 1 L 0
FH 0 0
− 2 2L
ΣKPL = PL
Given : L = 3m
P = 150 KN
Axial Rigidity (R) = 500×103
or (AE)
PKL PL 1 150  3  1000
= = = 0.9m m
δGH = AE AE 500  103
So, the magnitude of the horizontal displacement of joint G = 0.9 mm

Concept : Earth Press. and Retaining Walls
Subconcept : Earth Pressure Theories
Concept field : Rankine Theory
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
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23. The cohesion (c), angle of internal friction (  ) and unit weight (γ) of a soil are
15 kPa, 20° and 17.5 kN/m3, respectively. The maximum depth of unsupported
excavation in the soil (in m, round off to two decimal places) is _________
Ans. 4.89 (4.80to5.00)
Sol. Given : Angle of internal friction (φ) = 20°
Cohesion (c) = 15 KPa
Unit weight (γ) = 17.5 KN/m3
 Maximum depth of unsupported excavation in the soil is given as
4c
ZC =  Ka
Where Ka = coefficient of active earth
 
tan2  45 − 
Pressure =  2 
 20 
tan2  45 − 
=  2 
Ka = 0.49
4  15
⇒ ZC = 17.5 0.49 = 4.89 m
So, ZC = 4.89 m

Concept : Perm., Capi. & Effect. Stress
Subconcept : Darcy Law
Concept field : Coeff of Permeability
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
24. Two reservoirs are connected through a homogeneous and isotropic aquifer
having hydraulic conductivity (K) of 25 m/day and effective porosity (η) of 0.3 as shown
in the figure (not to scale). Ground water is flowing in the aquifer at the steady state.
If water in Reservoir 1 is contaminated then the time (in days, round off to one
decimal place) taken by the contaminated water to reach to Reservoir 2 will be
18 | Page
Ans. (2400)
Sol. Given : Hydraulic conductivity (K) = 25 m/day
Effective porosity (η) = 0.3
As per Darcy’s law v = Ki
g
Where i = hydraulic gradient = L
Head loss between two reservoirs Δh = 30 – 10
= 20 m
L = 2 km = 2000 m
20
= 0.01
⇒ i = 2000
v Ki 25  0.01
= =
Velocity of flow (ve) =   0.3
Time taken by the contaminated water to reach reservoir 2 =
L 2000
=  0.3
Ve 25  0.01
= 2400 days

Subconcept : Traffic Control Devices
Concept field : Design of Signal Timing
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
25. A signalized intersection operates in two phases. The lost time is 3 seconds
per phase. The maximum ratios of approach flow to saturation flow for the two
phases are 0.37 and 0.40. The optimum cycle length using the Webster’s method (in
seconds, round off to one decimal place) is
Ans. 60.87 (60.7to61.1)
Sol. Given : Number of phases = 2
Time lost per phase = 3 sec
Ratio of approach flow = 0.37, 0.40
Total time lost (L) = 2×3 = 6 sec
1.5L + 5
Optimum cycle length as per Webster’s method is given as (C) = 1− 
=
1.5  6 + 5
1− (0.37 + 0.4)
= 60.869 sec
So optimum cycle length = 60.87 sec.
Q.26 – Q.35 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry TWO mark each (for each
wrong answer: – 2/3).
19 | Page
Topic : Differential equation

Concept : Homogeneous linear equation
Sub Concept : Second order differential equation
Concept Field : Second order D.E. with initial condition
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120sec.
d 2y dy
+2 +y =0
26. The solution of the second-order differential equation dx 2
dx with
boundary conditions y (0) = 1 and y (1) = 3 is :
(A) e–x + (3e – 1) xe–x (B) e–x –(3e – 1) xe–x
  x     x  
3e sin   – 1 3e sin   – 1
(C) e–x +  2   xe–x (D) e–x –  2   xe–x
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given differential equation is
d2 y 2dy
+ +y=0
dx2 dx ……..(1)
With initial condition is
y (0) = 1 and y (1) = 3
Equation (1) is form of Homogeneous linear equation
So, [ƒ(D )] y = 0
The auxiliary equation is given by
ƒ(m) = 0
m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)2 = 0
m = –1, –1
the roots are real and equal, So the complementary function is :
C .F.= c1 + c2x) em x
y = (c1 + c2x) e− x ….…(2)

Using boundary condition
(I) When y(0) = 1 ⇒ x = 0, y = 1
From equation (2)
1 = (c1 + 0)e0
c1 = 1
(II) When y(1) = 3 ⇒ x = 1, y = 3

From equation (2)
3 = e–1 + c2 e–1
c2 = 3e – 1
20 | Page
Put the value of c1 and c2 from equation 2
y = e–x + (3e – 1).x.e–x
Hence, Right option is A.
Topic : Numerical method

Concept : Numerical integration
Sub Concept : Trapezoidal rule
Concept Field : Numerical value of exponential
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 2 Min.
1
27. The value of 0

ex dx
using the trapezoidal rule with four equal subintervals is :
(A) 1.718 (B) 1.727 (C) 2.192 (D) 2.718
Ans. (B)
b 1
  e dx.
x
f(x)dx =
Sol. Let a 0
And n = 4
Then a = 0, b = 11, ƒ(x) = ex
b − a 1– 0
= = 0.25
and h = n 4
X 0 0 0 0 1
. . .
2 5 7
5 0 5
y= 1 1 1 2 2
ƒ(x) = . . . .
ex 2 6 1 7
8 4 1 1
4 9 7 8
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4
The formula of trapezoidal rule to the given data is
b b h
 f(x)dx   f(x)dx = ( y0 + y4 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 + y3 )
a a 2
0.25
(1+ 2.718)+ 2(1.284 + 1.640 + 2.117)
1
 e dx =
x
0 2
0.25
[(3.718)+ 2(5.041)]
= 2
0.25
[3.718 + 10.082]
= 2
1
0
exdx = 1.727
21 | Page
Hence, Right option is B.

Subconcept : Wastewater Characteristics
Concept field : Physical Characteristics
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
28. A 50 mL sample of industrial wastewater is taken into a silica crucible. The
empty weight of the crucible is 54.352 g. The crucible with the sample is dried in a
hot air oven at 104 °C till a constant weight of 55.129 g. Thereafter, the crucible with
the dried sample is fired at 600 °C for 1 h in a muffle furnace, and the weight of the
crucible along with residue is determined as 54.783 g. The concentration of total
volatile solids is________.
(A) 15540 mg/L (B) 8620 mg/L (C) 6920 mg/L (D) 1700 mg/L
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Volume of industrial waste water sample = 50 mL
Empty weight of crucible = 54.352 g
After drying at 104°C, weight = 55.129 g
 Separation of volatile solids happen at higher temperature (i.e. above 104°C)
Weight after drying at 600°C = 54.783 g
So, total weight of volatile solids = 55.129 – 54.783
= 0.346 g
0.346
g /m l
Concentration of total volatile solids = 50
0.346
 106 m g /L
= 50
= 6920 mg/L
Topic : Engineering mechanics

Concept : Fundamental of engineering mechanics
Sub concept : Friction and its application
Concept field : equilibrium of a body
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 150sec
29. A wedge M and a block N are subjected to forces P and Q as shown in the
figure. If force P is sufficiently large, then the block N can be raised. The weights of
the wedge and the block are negligible compared to the forces P and Q. The
coefficient of friction (μ) along the inclined surface between the wedge and the block
is 0.2. All other surfaces are frictionless. The wedge angle is 30°.
22 | Page
The limiting force P, in terms of Q, required for impending motion of block N

to just move it in the upward direction is given as P = αQ. The value of the coefficient
‘α’ (round off to one decimal place) is :
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.5 (C) 2.0 (D) 0.9
Ans. (D)
Sol. There are three normal reactions from surfaces 1, 2 and 3.
Consider free body diagrams of block N and wedge M.
ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
⇒ N2sin60° – 0.2N2sin30°–Q = 0 ⇒ N2cos60° + 0.2N2cos30°–P = 0
Q = 0.766 N2 P = 0.67 N2
Q
Hence P = 0.67 × 0.766
⇒ P = 0.875 Q
or say P = 0.9Q
Topic : Construction planning management

Concept : contracts
Subconcept :
Concept field :
Level : tough
Exp. Time : 160sec
30. Contractor X is developing his bidding strategy against Contractor Y. The ratio
of Y’s bid price to X’s cost for the 30 previous bids in which Contractor X has
competed against Contractor Y is given in the Table
Ratio of Y’s bid Numb
price to X’s cost er of
bids
23 | Page
1.02 6
1.04 12
1.06 3
1.10 6
1.12 3
Based on the bidding behaviour of the Contractor Y, the probability of winning
against Contractor Y at a mark up of 8% for the next project is
(A) 0%
(B) more than 0% but less than 50%
(C) more than 50% but less than 100%
(D) 100%
Ans. (B)
Sol.
Ratio of Y’s bid price Number of bids Mark-up of Y’s bid |X– x |
to X’s cost (X)
1.02 6 2% 0.038
1.04 12 4% 0.018
1.06 3 6% 0.002
1.1 6 10% 0.042
1.12 3 12% 0.062
Σn = 30
Mean of bid to cost Ratio ( x )
 1.02  6 + 1.04  12 + 1.06  3 + 1.1 6 + 1.12  3 
x= 
 30
= 1.058
(X − x)2
Standard deviation σ = n
(σ) =
6  (0.038)2 + 12  (0.018)2 + 3  (0.002)2 + 6  (0.042)2 + 3  (0.062)2
30
= 0.034
 X − x
 
Thus, Z at 8% markup level =   
1.08 − 1.058
= 0.034
= 0.647
 At Z = 0 ⇒ Probability = 50%
For Z > 0 ⇒ Probability will be more than 50%.
So, For Z = 0.647, probability will be between 50% to 100%
Thus probability of winning against contractor
Y = 1 – 0.5 and 1 – 1 = 0
Thus winning probability between 0 to 50%.
Note : For exact solution refer the table. As table is not given in the GATE 2021
so approximate solution is provided
24 | Page

Concept : Shear Strength of Soil
Subconcept : Shear Test
Concept field : Triaxial Test
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
31. Based on drained triaxial shear tests on sands and clays, the representative
variations of volumetric strain (∆V/V) with the shear strain (γ) is shown in the figure.
Choose the CORRECT option regarding the representative behaviour exhibited

by Curve P and Curve Q.
(A) Curve P represents dense sand and over consolidated clay, while Curve Q
represents loose sand and normally consolidated clay
(B) Curve P represents dense sand and normally consolidated clay, while Curve
Q represents loose sand and over consolidated clay
(C) Curve P represents loose sand and over consolidated clay, while Curve Q
represents dense sand and normally consolidated clay
(D) Curve P represents loose sand and normally consolidated clay, while Curve
Q represents dense sand and over consolidated clay
Ans. (A)
Sol.

Concept : Fluid Dynamics
25 | Page
Subconcept : Vortex Motion
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
32. A fluid flowing steadily in a circular pipe of radius R has a velocity that is
everywhere parallel to the axis (centerline) of the pipe. The velocity distribution along
 r2 
 1– 2  ,
the radial direction is Vr = U  R  where r is the radial distance as measured from
the pipe axis and U is the maximum velocity at r = 0. The average velocity of the fluid
in the pipe is
U U U 5
 U
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D)  6 
Ans. (A)
 r2 
U  1− 2 
Sol. Given : Velocity distribution Vr =  R 
Where r is the radial distance as measured from the pipe axis
Let the average velocity of flow = Uavg

 R
r2 
 U  1− 2 
2rdr
Uavg×πR2 = 0  R 
R
 r2 r4 
 − 2
= 2πU  2 4R  0
R2 R2 
 − 
Uavg×R2 = 2U  2 4
U
U avg =
⇒ 2

Concept :Water Supply Engineering
Subconcept : Quality Parameters of Water
Concept field : Biological Water Quality Parameters
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
33. A water sample is analyzed for coliform organisms by the multiple-tube
fermentation method. The results of confirmed test are as follows:
Sampl Number of positive Number of
e size results out of 5 tubes negative results
(mL) out of 5 tubes
26 | Page
0.01 5 0
0.001 3 2
0.0001 1 4
The most probable number (MPN) of coliform organisms for the above results
is to be obtained using the following MPN Index.
MPN Index for Various Combinations of Positive Results when Five
Tubes used per Dilution of 10.0 mL, 1.0 mL and 0.1 m
Combination of positive MPN Index per 100 mL
tubes
0–2–4 11
1–3–5 19
4–2–0 22
5–3–1 110
The MPN of coliform organisms per 100 mL is
(A) 1100000 (B) 110000 (C) 1100 (D) 110
Ans. (B)
Sol. Three samples have been taken number of positive results out of 5 tubes are
5–3–1
So as 10 mL, 1 mL and 0.1 mL ⇒ MPN for 5–3–1 Combination will be 110.
10
For 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, MPN Index per 100 mL will be = 110× 0.01
= 110000 per 100 mL
Thus, MPN of coliform organism per 100 mL is equal to 110000.

Subconcept : Wastewater Characteristics
Concept field : Chemical Characteristics
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
34. Ammonia nitrogen is present in a given wastewater sample as the ammonium
+
ion ( NH4 ) and ammonia (NH3). If pH is the only deciding factor for the proportion of
these two constituents, which of the following is a correct statement ?
+
(A) At pH above 9.25, only NH4 will be present.
(B) At pH below 9.25, NH3 will be predominant.
+
(C) At pH 7.0, NH4 and NH3 will be found in equal measures.
+
(D) At pH 7.0, NH4 will be predominant.
Ans. (D)
Sol. Ammonia in waste water sample exists in two forms NH 4+ and NH3 depending
upon the PH of waste water.
At PH > 11, All ammonia is present in the form of NH3
At PH = 9.5, 50% NH3 and 50% NH4+
At PH < 8, All ammonia is present in the form of NH4+
27 | Page
Subconcept : Traffic Studies
Concept field : Traffic capacity study
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
35. On a road, the speed – density relationship of a traffic stream is given by u =
70 – 0.7k (where speed, u, is in km/h and density, k, is in veh/km). At the capacity
condition, the average time headway will be
(A) 0.5 s (B) 1.0 s (C) 1.6 s (D) 2.1 s
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : Speed-density relationship
U = 70 – 0.7 K
Where u ⇒ speed in kmph and density K is in veh/km.
 Capacity (q) = UK
q = (70 – 0.7 K)K
q = 70 K – 0.7 K2
For q to be maximum
dq
=0
dK ⇒ 70 – 1.4 K = 0 ⇒ K = 50 kh/km
⇒ qmax. = 70×50 – 0.7×(50)2
= 1750 veh/hr
3600 3600
= sec
Average time head way = qm ax 1750
= 2.057 sec
 2.1 sec
Thus average time headway = 2.1 sec
Q.36 – Q.55 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry TWO mark each (no negative
marks).
Topic : Numerical methods

Concept : Numerical integration
Sub Concept : Simpson’s integration
Concept Field : Simpson’s 1/3rd Rule
Level : Area under the curve by Simpson’s 1/3rd rule
Exp. Time : 60sec.
36. The values of abscissa (x) and ordinate (y) of a curve are as follows:
X y
2.0 5.00
2.5 7.25
3.0 10.0
0
28 | Page
3.5 13.2
5
4.0 17.0
0
By Simpson’s 1/3 rule, the area under the curve (round off to two decimal places) is
rd
___________.
Ans. 20.67(20 to 21)
Sol. Given data are
x 2 2 3 3 4
. . . . .
0 5 0 5 0
y 5 7 1 1 1
. . 0 3 7
0 2 . . .
0 5 0 2 0
0 5 0
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4
Let
x0 = 2, x1 = 2.5, x2 = 3, x3 = 3.5, x4 = 4
and y0 = 5, y1 = 7.25, y2 = 10, y3 = 13.25, y4 = 17
then h = 0.5
The formula of Simpson’s 1/3rd rule of the
x0 +nh h
 f(x)dx = ( y0 + yn ) + 4 ( y1 + y3 + __ yn–1) + 2 ( y2 + y4 + __ yn−2 )
x0 3
x0 +nh h
 f(x)dx = ( y0 + yn ) + 4  0 + 2E
x0 3
4  0.5 

2
f(x)dx = 
 3 
 [(5 + 17)+ 2(10)+ 4(7·25 + 13·25)]
 0.5 
  [22 + 20 + 4(20.5)]
=  3 
0.5 62
 124 =
= 3 3
4

2
f(x)·dx
= 20.67
Hence, the area under the curve is 20.67 unit2.
Topic : Probability and statistics

Concept : Probability distribution
Sub Concept : Poisson distribution
Concept Field : Determine probability of distribution
29 | Page
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60sec
37. Vehicular arrival at an isolated intersection follows the Poisson distribution.
The mean vehicular arrival rate is 2 vehicle per minute. The probability (round off to
two decimal places) that at least 2 vehicles will arrive in any given 1-minute interval
is
Ans. 0.59 (0.58to0.60)
Sol. Given mean of Poisson distribution is
m = 2 = 2 veh/min
formula of Poisson distribution is
m re−m
P(r) =
r!
Let r = Number of vehicles arrive in a minute
P(r  2) = 1− P(r  2)
= 1 – P(r = 0)+ P(r − 1)
m 0e−m m 1e−m 
1−  + 
=  0! 1! 
1− e−2 + 2e−2 
=
= 1 – 3e–2
= 1 – 0.406
P(r  2) = 0.593  0.59

Hence, required probability is 0.59.
Topic : Structure Analysis

Concept : Analysis of Truss
Subconcept :force calculation
Concept field :
Level : Hard
Exp. Time : 120 sec
38. Refer the truss as shown in the figure (not to scale).
30 | Page
If load, F = 10 3 kN , moment of inertia, I = 8.33 × 106 mm4, area of cross-

section, A = 104 mm2, and length, L = 2 m for all the members of the truss, the
compressive stress (in kN/m2, in integer) carried by the member Q-R is _____.
Ans. 500 (490 to 510)
Sol.
Given : F = 10 3 KN
Moment of inertia (I) 8.33×106 mm4
Area of cross section, A = 104 mm2
Length, L = 2m
RP + RS = F ⇒ RP + RS = 10 3 KN
ΣMP = 0 ⇒ RS×4 – 10 3  2 = 0
10 3
=5 3
RS = 2
Cut the truss along 1-1
Taking moment about T

ΣMT = 0 ⇒ FQR× 3 + RS ×2 = 0
RS  2
−
FQR = 3
−5 3  2
= 3
= –10 KN
Thus force in member Q-R = 10 KN (Compression)
31 | Page
F 10  103
= N /m m 2
∴ Compressive stress (σ) = A 2  104
= 0.5 N/mm2
= 500 KN/m2
Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Bending Stress
Subconcept : Theory of Pure Bending
Concept field : Bending Distribution
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
39. A prismatic cantilever prestressed concrete beam of span length, L = 1.5 m has
one straight tendon placed in the cross-section as shown in the following figure (not
to scale). The total prestressing force of 50 kN in the tendon is applied at d c = 50 mm
from the top in the cross-section of width, b = 200 mm and depth, d = 300 mm.
If the concentrated load, P = 5 kN, the resultant stress (in MPa, in integer)
experienced at point ‘Q’ will be
Ans. (0)
P P.e M
+ −
Sol. Stress at Q, σQ = A Z Z ........(1)
As, nothing is mentioned about dead load, so dead load will be neglected.
D 300
− dC = − 500 = 100mm
e= 2 2
P = 50 KN (total prestressing force)
A = 200×300 = 6×104 mm2
200  (300)2
Z= 6 = 300×104 mm3
M = moment due to applied load of 5 kN
= 5×1.5
= 7.5 kN-m
Substituting above value in equation (1), we get,
32 | Page
50  10 3 50  10 3  100 7.5  10 6
+ −
σQ = 6  10 4 300  10  300  10 
 Q = 0
Topic : Steel
Concept : Bolt
Subconcept : Eccentric connection
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 130sec
40. A column is subjected to a total load (P) of 60 kN supported through a bracket
connection, as shown in the figure (not to scale).
The resultant force in bolt R (in kN, round of to one decimal place) is ________.
Ans. 28.2(27.0 to 29.0 )
Sol. It is the case of inplane eccentric loading. Due to the direct load of 60 KN direct
shear stress (ƒ1) is developed in bolt and due to eccentricity there will be twisting
moment which cause torsional /indirect shear stress (ƒ2) in bolt.
P(direct load) 60
= = 10KN()
F1 = n(No.of bolt s) 6
M P.e
n
.rR = n
.rR
r i
2
r i
2
F2 = i=1 i=1
60  100  40
= 18.18KN()
F2 = (40 + 40 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 )
2 2 2 22 2
F12 + F22 + 2F1.F2 , cos 

FR =
θ = Angle between F1 and F2
Here θ = 0°
∴ FR = F1 + F2 = 28.18 KN
FR = 28.18 KN
33 | Page
Topic : Structural Analysis

Concept : Matrix Method
Subconcept : Stiffness Matrix
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 Sec
41. Employ stiffness matrix approach for the simply supported beam as shown in
the figure to calculate unknown displacements/rotations. Take length, L = 8m;
modulus of elasticity, E = 3 × 104 N/mm2 ; moment of inertia, I = 225 × 106 mm4.
The mid-span deflection of the beam (in mm, round off to integer) under P =
100 kN in downward direction will be________
Ans. 119 (100 to 130 )
Sol. We will choose the coordinate (1) and (2) as shown in figure below,
To generate the stiffness matrix :

First column : Give unit displacement in direction of coordinate (1)
∴ ΔB = 1↓ & θB = 0
3E (2I) 3E (I) 72EI
3
+ 3
=
K11 = (L/ 2) (L/ 2) L3
3E(2I) 3E(I) 12EI

(– ) 2
+ 2
=–
K21 = (L/ 2) (L/ 2) L2
Second column : Give unit displacement in direction of coordinate (2).
∴ θB = 1 and ΔB = 0
12EI
( −)
K12 = L2 (Can be written directly & symmetric matrix)
3E(2I) 3E(I) 18 EI
+ =
K22 = L/ 2 L/ 2 L
34 | Page
K 11 K 12 
 
K K22 
∴ Stiffness matrix [K] =  21
Now, {P} = [K]⋅{Δ}
 72EI 12EI 
P  − 
3
L2   B 
 =
L
 
0   12EI 18 EI  B 
− 2 L 
 L
EI EI
72 3
.B − 12 2 .B = P
∴ L L .......(1)
12EI 18 EI
− 2
.B + .B = 0
L L
 18 
  .L.B
∴ ΔB =  12  .......(2)
Putting (2) into (1)
PL3
( )
∴ ΔB = 64 EI
(100  10 3 )  (8000)3
ΔB = 64  3  10 4  225  10 6
B = 118.5mm
Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Property of Metals
Subconcept : Stress Strain
Concept field : Definition of Stress and Strain
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
42. A square plate O-P-Q-R of a linear elastic material with sides 1.0 m is loaded
in a state of plane stress. Under a given stress condition, the plate deforms to a new
configuration O-P'-Q'-R' as shown in the figure (not to scale). Under the given
deformation, the edges of the plate remain straight.
35 | Page
The horizontal displacement of the point (0.5 m, 0.5 m) in the plate O-P-Q-R
(in mm, round off to one decimal place) is ______________
Ans. 2.5 (2.4 to 2.6 )
Sol. The question can be simply solve by interpolaction by assuming linear
variations. Considering only horizontal displacements, point 'P' moves forward by 20
mm.
So, the mid-point of OP moves forward by 10 mm.
Point Q moves backward by 10 mm. So the mid-point of QR moves backward
by 5 mm.
Assuming linear variation and interpolating the value of line joining mid-point
of OP and QR.
∴ Horizontal displacement of (0.5, 0.5) = 7.5 – 5

= 2.5 mm
Topic : Construction Management

Concept : CPM & PERT
Subconcept : CPM
Concept field : Float
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
43. A small project has 12 activities – N, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z. The
relationship among these activities and the duration of these activities are given in
the Table.
A Duration Depe
c (in nds
t weeks) upon
i
v
i
t
y
N 2 -
P 5 N
Q 3 N
R 4 P
S 5 Q
T 8 R
U 7 R, S
V 2 U
W 3 U
36 | Page
X 5 T, V
Y 1 W
Z 3 X, Y
The total float of the activity “V” (in weeks, in integer) is ______________
Ans. (0)
Sol.
Total float of any activity = Latest finish time – Early stat time – duration of
activity
FT
V = 20 – 18 – 2 = 0

Concept : Consolidation of Soil
Subconcept : Over Consolidated Soil
Concept field : Over Consolidation ratio
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
44. The soil profile at a construction site is shown in the figure (not to scale).
Ground water table (GWT) is at 5 m below the ground level at present. An old well
data shows that the ground water table was as low as 10 m below the ground level
in the past. Take unit weight of water, γw = 9.81 kN/m3.
The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) (round off to two decimal places) at the mid-
point of the clay layer is ________________
Ans. 1.21 (1.18 to 1.26 )
37 | Page
Sol. Over consolidation ratio is given by the ratio of preconsolidation stress to
present effective stress,
Present effective stress ( 0 ) = 17.5×5 + (18.5 – 9.81) × 10 + (17 – 9.81) × 4

= 203.15 KN/m2
Preconsolidation stress ( 1) = 17.5×10 + (18.5 – 9.81) × 5 + (17–9.81)×4

= 247.22 KN/m2
1 247.22
=
Over consolidation ratio = 0
203.15 = 1.21

Concept : Earth Press. and Retaining Walls
Subconcept : Earth Pressure Theories
Concept field : Rankine Theory
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
45. A retaining wall of height 10 m with clay backfill is shown in the figure (not to
scale). Weight of the retaining wall is 5000 kN per m acting at 3.3 m from the toe of
the retaining wall. The interface friction angle between base of the retaining wall and
the base soil is 20°. The depth of clay in front of the retaining wall is 2.0 m. The
properties of the clay backfill and the clay placed in front of the retaining wall are
the same. Assume that the tension crack is filled with water. Use Rankine’s earth
pressure theory. Take unit weight of water, γw = 9.81 kN/m3.
The factor of safety (round off to two decimal places) against sliding failure of
the retaining wall after ignoring the passive earth pressure will be
Ans. 4.29 (4.20 to 4.35 )
1− sin 
Sol. As φ = 0°, Ka = + sin  = 1
1
Depth of tension crack is given as,
2.c 2  30
= = 3.49 m
 Ka 17.2 1
HC =
38 | Page
As tension crack is developed,
So active earth pressure diagram will be triangular of height (H – HC)
i.e., (10 – 3.49) = 6.51 m
1
 (H − Hc )  ( H − 2c Ka )
∴ Active thrust = 2
= 364.56 kN/m
Also crack is filled with water, so water will also apply thrust on retaining wall
1
 HC   w  HC
Active thrust by water = 2
= 59.74 KN/m
∴ Total active thrust = 364.56 + 59.74 = 424.3 KN/m
Thus active thrust will act as a destabilizing force.
Now, resisting force will be the frictional resistance by weight of retaining
wall
Resisting force = W⋅tanδ
= 5000×tan70°
= 1819.85 KN
Resist ing f orce 1819.85
=
∴ Factor of safety = Dest abilizing f orce 424.3
FOS = 4.29

Concept : Shallow Foundation
Subconcept :
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
46. A combined trapezoidal footing of length L supports two identical square
columns (P1 and P2) of size 0.5 m × 0.5 m, as shown in the figure. The columns P1 and
P2 carry loads of 2000 kN and 1500 kN, respectively.
39 | Page
If the stress beneath the footing is uniform, the length of the combined footing
L (in m, round off to two decimal places) is ______________
Ans. 5.83 (5.70 to 5.90 )
Sol. Let, resultant of both load (R) will act at 'x' from 'P2' load.
∴ Taking moment about 'P2'

R⋅x = P1⋅5
P1
.5
∴ x= R = 2.857 m
This resultant will act at CG of footing to have uniform stress.
L  B1 + 2B2 
 
3  B1 + B2 
C.G. of footing from longer side =
L  5 + 2  1.5 
 
5 + 0.25 – x = 3  5 + 1.5 
 L = 5.83m

Concept : Stability of slope
Subconcept :
Concept field :
40 | Page
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
47. An unsupported slope of height 15 m is shown in the figure (not to scale), in
which the slope face makes an angle 50° with the horizontal. The slope material
comprises purely cohesive soil having undrained cohesion 75 kPa. A trial slip circle
KLM, with a radius 25 m, passes through the crest and toe of the slope and it subtends
an angle 60° at its center O. The weight of the active soil mass (W, bounded by KLMN)
is 2500 kN/m, which is acting at a horizontal distance of 10 m from the toe of the
slope. Consider the water table to be present at a very large depth from the ground
surface.
Considering the trial slip circle KLM, the factor of safety against the failure of
slope under undrained condition (round off to two decimal places) is ______
Ans. 1.96 (1.94 to 1.98 )
C.L.R.
Sol. Factor of safety = W.x
L = Length of arc ; x = Distance of 'W' from toe
 2 
C  R     R
C  [R  ]  R  360 
=
FOS = Wx W.x
 2 
75  25   60   25
 360 
FOS = 2500  10
FOS = 1.963
Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Concept : Canal Design
Subconcept : Design of Unlined Canal
Concept field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
48. An unlined canal under regime conditions along with a silt factor of 1 has a
width of flow 71.25 m. Assuming the unlined canal as a wide channel, the
41 | Page
corresponding average depth of flow (in m, round off to two decimal places) in the
canal will be
Ans. 2.95 (2.80 to 2.95 )
Sol. As unlined canal is given as wide channel
∴ R = y (depth of flow)
1
 Q.f 2  6
 
Now, ν =  140 
Q.f 2
ν6 = 140
.A.f 2
ν6 = 140
1
 A.f 2  5
 
ν =  140 
1
 2Rf 2
5 2  
 5
Also, R = 2 f ⇒ ν=  
5
2 2
140   f R 
∴ Af2 = 5 
5
2 2
  f .y 
(B×y)f2 = 140×  5 
As given, B = 71.25 m and f = 1
 y = 2.95m

Concept : Fluid Statics
Subconcept : Hydrostatic Pressure on Surfaces
Concept field : Curved Surface
Level : moderate
Exp. Time : 120sec
49. A cylinder (2.0 m diameter, 3.0 m long and 25 kN weight) is acted upon by
water on one side and oil (specific gravity = 0.8) on other side as shown in the figure.
42 | Page
The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of vertical forces to the net magnitude
of horizontal forces (round off to two decimal places) is
Ans. 0.38 (0.35 to 0.40 )
Sol. Net vertical force due to liquids :
F +F
FV = Vwat er Voil – Weight of cylinder
= ρw.g.[Volume of water contained in half cylinder] + ρoil.g.[Volume of oil

contained in quarter cylinder] – Weight of cylinder.
   (1)2  3     (1)2  3 
9810    + 800  9.81  
=  2   4  – 25×103
= 39.72 KN (↑)
Net horizontal force due to liquids :
FH − FH
FH = wat er oil
FH = ρw.g. hw . Awater – ρoil .g. hoil .Aoil

 2  1
 1+   
FH = 9810×  2  ×(2×3) – 800×9.81×  2  ×(1×3) ; F =105.95 KN
H
FH 39.72
= = 0.38
∴ FV 105.95
Topic : Hydrology
Concept : Ground Water
Subconcept : Geological Formation
Concept field : Aquifer
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
50. A tube-well of 20 cm diameter fully penetrates a horizontal, homogeneous and
isotropic confined aquifer of infinite horizontal extent. The aquifer is of 30 m uniform
thickness. A steady pumping at the rate of 40 litres/s from the well for a long time
results in a steady drawdown of 4 m at the well face. The subsurface flow to the well
due to pumping is steady, horizontal and Darcian and the radius of influence of the
well is 245 m. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer (in m/day, round off to integer)
is
43 | Page
Ans. 36 ( 34 to 38 )
Sol. Discharge of a tubewell in a confined aquifer is given as,
2K.B.(H1 − H2 )
Q= ln(R / r )
S = H1 – H2 = draw down = 4m
B = Thickness of aquifer = 30 m
R = Radius of influence = 245 m
r = Radius of tubewell = 0.1 m
Q = Discharge = 40 litres/sec
= 40×10–3×86400 m3/day
= 3456 m3/day
K = Hydraulic conductivity,
Q.ln(R / r )
∴ K = 2.B.S.
K= 35.77 m / day

Subconcept : Control of Air Pollution
Concept field : Control Devices for Particulates
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
51. A baghouse filter has to treat 12 m3/s of waste gas continuously. The baghouse
is to be divided into 5 sections of equal cloth area such that one section can be shut
down for cleaning and/or repairing, while the other 4 sections continue to operate.
An air-to-cloth ratio of 6.0 m3/min-m2 cloth will provide sufficient treatment to the
gas. The individual bags are of 32 cm in diameter and 5 m in length. The total number
of bags (in integer) required in the baghouse is _____
Ans. (30)
Sol. Dimension of each bag,
Diameter = 32 cm; length = 5m
∴ Surface area of each bag = π × Dia × length
= 5.03 m2
Air to total waste gas discharge = 12 m3/sec
Cloth ratio = 6 m3/m2.min
12
6
∴ Area of cloth required (i.e. surface area) = 60 = 120 m2
120
∴ Number of bag filter required at time = 5.03 = 23.8
= 24 bag filter
This 24 bag filter will have to work continuously, so to include stand by unit.
Total number of bags to be provided
44 | Page
5
= 24× 4
= 30 bag f ilt ers

Concept : Waste Supply Engineering
Subconcept : Purification of Water Supplies
Concept field : Aeration Tank
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
52. A secondary clarifier handles a total flow of 9600 m3/d from the aeration tank
of a conventional activated-sludge treatment system. The concentration of solids in
the flow from the aeration tank is 3000 mg/L. The clarifier is required to thicken the
kg
2
solids to 12000 mg/L, and hence it is to be designed for a solid flux of 3.2 m h kg .
The surface area of the designed clarifier for thickening (in m 2, in integer) is
_____________
Ans. (375)
Sol. Total flow; Q = 9600 m3/day = 9600×103 litre/day
Solid loading rate = 3.2 kg/ m2h
= 76.8 kg/m2day
X = 3000 mg/l ; xu = 12000 ng/l
Tot al quant it y of solid ent ering
Surface area, A = Solid loading Rat e
Q.X 9600  10 3  3000

=
= SLR 76.8  10 6
 A = 375m 2

Subconcept : Traffic Studies
Concept field : Traffic Speed Study
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60sec
53. Spot speeds of vehicles observed at a point on a highway are 40, 55, 60, 65
and 80 km/h. The space-mean speed (in km/h, round off to two decimal places) of
the observed vehicles is _________
Ans. 57 (55.50 to 58.50 )
Sol. Space mean speed is given as,
45 | Page
N
N
1
V
Vs = i = 1 i
Here, N = 5, V1 = 40 km/hr ; V2 = 55 km/hr, V3 = 60 km/hr, V4 = 65 km/hr, V5 =
80 km/hr
5
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
∴ Vs = 40 55 60 65 80
 Vs = 57Km / hr
Topic : Transportation engineering

Concept : Airport Engineering
Subconcept : Geometric Design of Airport
Concept field : Runway Length
Level : moderate
Exp. Time : 90sec
54. The longitudinal section of a runway provides the following data :
End-to-end Gradie
runway (m) nt (%)
0 to 300 + 1.2
300 to 600 – 0.7
600 to 1100 + 0.6
1100 to 1400 – 0.8
1400 to 1700 – 1.0
The effective gradient of the runway (in %, round off to two decimal places) is
________________
Ans. 0.32 (0.30 to 0.34 )
Sol.
Chainage Gradient Change in elevation (m) Cumulative
(m) (%) change in
elevation (m)
0-300 +1.2 % 1.2 +3.6
+
100 ×(300 – 0) = +3.6
300-600 –0.7% 0.7 +1.5
−
100 ×(600 – 300) = –
2.1
600-1100 +0.6% 0.6 +4.5
+
100 ×(1100 – 600) = +3
1100-1400 –0.8% 0.8 –2.1
−
100 ×(1400 – 1100) = –
2.4
46 | Page
1400–1700 –1.0% 1.0 –0.9
−
100 ×(1700 – 1400) = –
3.0
Assuming R.L. = 0 m
[Maximum difference in elevat ion (R.L.]
Now, Effective gradient = Tot al runway lengt h
4.5 − ( −0.9)
 100
= 1700
Ef f ect ive Gradient = 0.318%
Topic : Surveying
Concept : Compass Surveying
Subconcept : Bearing
Concept field : Magnetic Bearing
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 90 sec
55. Traversing is carried out for a closed traverse PQRS. The internal angles at
vertices P, Q, R and S are measured as 92°, 68°, 123°, and 77°, respectively. If fore
bearing of line PQ is 27°, fore bearing of line RS (in degrees, in integer) is _____________
Ans. (196°or 218°)
Sol. This question can be solved by two ways.
Both are correct.
1st option : Considering traverse clockwise.
47 | Page
F.B. of PQ = 27°
F.B. of QR = 27° + (180° – 68°) = 139°
F.B. of RS = 360° – (180° – 139°) – 123° = 196°
F.B. of SP = 360° – [77° – (196° – 180°)] = 299°
B.B. of SP = 27° + 92° = 119°
Also, B.B. of SP = 299° – 180° = 119°
∴ OK
 F.B.of RS = 196 
2nd option : Considering traverse anticlockwise.
F.B. of PQ = 27°
F.B. of QR = 27° + 180° + 68° = 275°
F.B. of RS = 123° + (275° – 180°) = 218°
F.B. of SP = 77° + (218° –180°) = 115°
B.B. of SP = 360° – (92°) + 27° = 295°
Also, B.B. of SP = 115° + 180° = 295°
∴ OK.
 F.B.ofRS = 218
48 | Page
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GATE Civil-2021_Set-1

Civil Engineering (CE, Set-1)

Topic : Linear algebra

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Using elementary transformation :

Topic : Linear algebra

Now using Reversal low

Topic : Probability and statistics

Hence, Right option is a D.

Topic : Structural analysis

Topic : Building material

Ingredient of Chemical Percentage

Topic : Construction planning management

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Topic : Transportation Engineering

So reduced bearing = 90° NW

Hence, the value of limit is 0.5.

Topic : Solid Mechanics

Topic : Solid Mechanics

Topic : Structural analysis

If R = 500×103 kN, P = 150 kN and L = 3 m, the magnitude of the horizontal

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Topic : Differential equation

C .F.= c1 + c2x) em x

y = (c1 + c2x) e− x ….…(2)

(II) When y(1) = 3 ⇒ x = 1, y = 3

Topic : Numerical method

27. The value of 0

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Engineering mechanics

The limiting force P, in terms of Q, required for impending motion of block N

Topic : Construction planning management

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg

Choose the CORRECT option regarding the representative behaviour exhibited

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Let the average velocity of flow = Uavg

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Topic : Numerical methods

Topic : Probability and statistics

= 1 – P(r = 0)+ P(r − 1)

P(r  2) = 0.593  0.59

Topic : Structure Analysis

If load, F = 10 3 kN , moment of inertia, I = 8.33 × 106 mm4, area of cross-

Taking moment about T

Topic : Strength of Materials

F12 + F22 + 2F1.F2 , cos 

Topic : Structural Analysis

To generate the stiffness matrix :

3E(2I) 3E(I) 12EI

Topic : Strength of Materials

∴ Horizontal displacement of (0.5, 0.5) = 7.5 – 5

Topic : Construction Management

Topic : Geo-technical Engg & Found. Engg