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TORQUE
The force that tends to cause rotation
Or
The turning effect of a force
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Torque
Lever arm length (m)
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Example 4.1 (page 10)
Given 90o
r= 0.3 m
F= 200 N
(a) 𝝉=?
As we know that
𝝉 = r x F sinθ
𝝉 = 60 Nm
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Exercise 4.6 (page 23)
Given
r= 0.4 m
F= 100 N
(a) 𝝉=? (b)
r= 0.15 m
As we know that
𝝉 = 40 Nm
𝝉 = r x F sinθ F=?
F= 𝝉/(r sinθ)
𝝉 = 0.4x 100 sin90
F=40Nm/0.15m
𝝉 = 40 Nm F= 266.66 N
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Couple
A pair of forces with equal magnitudes but
acting along the different line of action is called
a couple
F1
Line of action
Couple
F2
Line of action
F1 F2
Same Line of action
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Examples of couple forces
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Rigid Bodies
Rigid body
The center of mass of a rigid body remains constant.
The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant
in time regardless of external forces exerted on it.
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Equilibrium Conditions of Rigid Bodies
∑F=0
∑𝝉=0
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𝝉 = 640 ft.lb 𝝉 = 640 ft.lb
Anticlockwise Clockwise
Torque Torque
If Anticlockwise Torque = Clockwise Torque
The see saw is in equilibrium (balanced)
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Example 4.4 (page 14)
𝝉1 𝝉2
On Equilibrium
N
𝝉1 + 𝝉2 = 0
x1w1 – x2w2 = 0 x1 x2
x1w1 = x2w2
𝝉1 𝝉2
X2/X1 = W1/W2
pivot
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1st Condition: Example 4.6 (page 15) T Cable
Pivot
∑F=0
T- E - W = 0 (Eq. 1) 0.05 m
2nd Condition:
∑𝝉=0 0.15 m
W = 12N
-0.15(W) + 0.05(T) = 0 E
T- E - W = 0 (Eq. 1)
+ 0.05(T) = 0.15(W)
36- E - 12 = 0
T = 0.15/0.05 (W) 24- E = 0
T=3W - E = -24
T = 3 x 12 E = 24N
T = 36N
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Exercise 4.13 (page 23) F = 0.5 N
0.02(F1) - 0.5(0.03) = 0 F2
pivot
0.02(F1) = 0.5(0.03)
0.02(F1) = 0.015 F + F2- F1 = 0 (Eq. 1)
(F1) = 0.015/0.02 0.5 + F2- 0.75 = 0
F1 = 0.75N F2-0.25 = 0
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Center of Gravity (CG)
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Center of Gravity (CG)
• The center of gravity is the average location of
the weight of an object.
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Equation for CG
x1 x2
0 x
w1 w2
𝑥1 𝑤1 +𝑥2 𝑤2
𝑋=
𝑤1 + 𝑤2
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Example 4.8 Page#18
2𝑁𝑚+10𝑁𝑚 + 40𝑁𝑚
⇒𝑋=
17𝑁
52𝑁𝑚
⇒ 𝑋=
17𝑁
⇒ 𝑿 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎
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Exercise 4.21 (Page#24)
0 + 21000𝑁𝑚
⇒𝑋=
16000𝑁
⇒ 𝑋= 1.31 𝒎
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Levers
• A lever is a rigid object that is used with a fulcrum to multiply
the mechanical force (effort).
Load (weight)
Force (effort)
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MA of Levers
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
MA = FL/Fa = Xa/XL
Fa
FL
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MA of Levers
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
𝑭𝑳 𝑿𝒂
𝑴𝑨 = =
𝑭𝒂 𝑿𝑳
FL Fa
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Example 4.10 (Page#19)
• Given 𝐹𝐿 =2000N, 𝐹𝑎 =500N
𝑥𝑎
Find ???
𝑥𝐿
• Solution
(a)
𝑥𝑎 𝐹𝐿 2000𝑁
= = =4
𝑥𝐿 𝐹𝑎 500𝑁