Exhibit 1.

1: Average Mathematics Achievement and Scale Score Distributions

Mathematics Achievement Distribution

Average
Country 5th 25th 75th 95th
Scale Score 95% Confidence Interval (±2SE)
Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile
3 Singapore 625 (3.9) p 481 578 618 633 682 741
† Hong Kong SAR 602 (3.3) p 479 558 595 608 649 710
Korea, Rep. of 600 (2.2) p 477 556 595 604 648 710
Chinese Taipei 599 (1.9) p 483 557 595 603 645 701
Japan 593 (1.8) p 474 548 590 596 641 703
2 Russian Federation 567 (3.3) p 451 524 560 573 613 675
† Northern Ireland 566 (2.7) p 410 510 560 571 627 699
2 England 556 (3.0) p 411 499 550 562 615 693
Ireland 548 (2.5) p 414 501 544 553 601 665
2 Latvia 546 (2.6) p 427 501 541 551 594 650
† Norway (5) 543 (2.2) p 416 493 538 547 595 660
2 Lithuania 542 (2.8) p 410 493 537 548 596 660
Austria 539 (2.0) p 430 495 535 543 584 643
≡ Netherlands 538 (2.2) p 432 495 533 542 581 634
2 † United States 535 (2.5) p 383 480 530 540 594 663
Czech Republic 533 (2.5) p 406 484 528 538 585 650
† Belgium (Flemish) 532 (1.9) p 419 487 529 536 580 641
Cyprus 532 (2.9) p 397 480 526 538 587 657
Finland 532 (2.3) p 402 483 527 537 585 653
2 Portugal 525 (2.6) p 398 472 520 530 580 644
† Denmark 525 (1.9) p 402 474 521 528 577 644
Hungary 523 (2.6) p 388 472 518 529 578 645
2 Turkey (5) 523 (4.4) p 346 459 514 532 595 671
Sweden 521 (2.8) p 396 474 516 527 571 640
Germany 521 (2.3) p 405 474 517 525 570 630
Poland 520 (2.7) p 386 471 515 525 573 642
Australia 516 (2.8) p 364 460 510 521 575 654
Azerbaijan 515 (2.7) p 371 467 510 521 574 640
Bulgaria 515 (4.3) p 360 461 507 523 575 642
Italy 515 (2.4) p 403 470 510 520 560 619
2 Kazakhstan 512 (2.5) p 401 466 507 517 558 622
1 2 Canada 512 (1.9) p 383 460 508 515 564 633
2 Slovak Republic 510 (3.5) p 368 466 503 517 561 626
Croatia 509 (2.2) p 398 465 505 514 556 617
Malta 509 (1.4) p 373 460 506 512 563 625
2 Serbia 508 (3.2) p 356 456 502 514 566 639
Spain 502 (2.1) 378 453 498 507 554 617
TIMSS Scale Centerpoint 500
Armenia 498 (2.5) 381 453 493 503 545 607
Albania 494 (3.4) 346 441 487 501 552 627
2 New Zealand 487 (2.6) s 338 425 482 492 549 634
France 485 (3.0) s 347 431 479 491 540 611
1 Georgia 482 (3.7) s 340 429 475 489 538 608
United Arab Emirates 481 (1.7) s 316 412 478 485 553 638
Bahrain 480 (2.6) s 331 421 475 485 540 618
North Macedonia 472 (5.3) s 295 411 461 482 540 622
Montenegro 453 (2.0) s 298 402 449 457 512 578
Bosnia and Herzegovina 452 (2.4) s 320 403 447 456 504 569
Qatar 449 (3.4) s 300 384 443 456 515 599
2 Kosovo 444 (3.0) s 305 393 438 450 500 568
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 443 (3.9) s 278 379 435 451 512 592
Chile 441 (2.7) s 318 389 436 446 493 565
Oman 431 (3.7) s 263 362 424 438 499 602
2 Saudi Arabia 398 (3.6) s 223 331 391 405 469 558
Morocco 383 (4.3) s 220 312 375 392 452 555
Kuwait 383 (4.7) s 190 307 374 393 463 555
South Africa (5) 374 (3.6) s 222 301 367 381 439 552
2 ψ Pakistan 328 (12.0) s 156 249 304 351 407 493
2 ψ Philippines 297 (6.4) s 121 216 284 309 376 480
Benchmarking Participants
Moscow City, Russian Fed. 593 (2.2) p 483 554 588 597 636 686
2 Dubai, UAE 544 (1.6) p 400 491 541 547 601 671
Quebec, Canada 532 (2.3) p 421 487 528 537 578 638
Madrid, Spain 518 (2.2) p 405 474 514 522 565 623
2 Ontario, Canada 512 (3.3) p 383 458 505 518 567 637
Abu Dhabi, UAE 441 (2.2) s 283 369 436 445 510 604

p Average significantly higher than

the centerpoint of the TIMSS scale

s Average significantly lower than

the centerpoint of the TIMSS scale

The TIMSS achievement scale was established in 1995 based on the combined achievement distribution of all countries that participated in TIMSS 1995. To provide a point of reference for country
comparisons, the scale centerpoint of 500 was located at the mean of the combined achievement distribution. The units of the scale were chosen so that 100 scale score points corresponded to the standard
deviation of the distribution.
Ψ Reservations about reliability because the percentage of students with achievement too low for estimation exceeds 15% but does not exceed 25%.
See Appendix B.2 for population coverage notes 1, 2, and 3. See Appendix B.5 for sampling guidelines and sampling participation notes †, ‡, and ≡.
( ) Standard errors appear in parentheses. Because of rounding some results may appear inconsistent.

SOURCE: IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019
Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/download
Exhibit 1.2: Significance of Differences Between Countries’ Average Mathematics Achievement

Read across the row for a country to compare performance with the countries listed along the top of the chart. If no statistically significant difference was found, no symbol is present. If the difference is
significant (p < 0.05), a symbol indicates whether the estimated achievement of the country in the row is higher (p) than that of the comparison country, or lower (s).

Benchmarking Participants
Moscow City, Russian Fed.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
United Arab Emirates
Average

Iran, Islamic Rep. of

Russian Federation

Belgium (Flemish)
Country Scale

North Macedonia

Abu Dhabi, UAE

Hong Kong SAR

Northern Ireland

Slovak Republic

South Africa (5)

Quebec, Canada

Ontario, Canada
Czech Republic
Chinese Taipei
Score

Korea, Rep. of

Madrid, Spain
New Zealand
United States

Saudi Arabia

Dubai, UAE
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway (5)

Kazakhstan

Philippines
Azerbaijan
Turkey (5)
Singapore

Lithuania

Denmark

Germany

Australia

Morocco
Hungary

Armenia
Bulgaria
Portugal

Pakistan
England

Georgia
Sweden

Albania

Bahrain

Kosovo
Finland

Canada

Kuwait
Austria

Croatia
Cyprus
Ireland

Poland

France
Serbia
Latvia

Oman
Malta
Japan

Spain

Qatar

Chile
Italy
Singapore 625 (3.9) p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Hong Kong SAR 602 (3.3) s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Korea, Rep. of 600 (2.2) s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Chinese Taipei 599 (1.9) s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Japan 593 (1.8) s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Russian Federation 567 (3.3) s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p p
Northern Ireland 566 (2.7) s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p p
England 556 (3.0) s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p p
Ireland 548 (2.5) s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Latvia 546 (2.6) s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Norway (5) 543 (2.2) s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Lithuania 542 (2.8) s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Austria 539 (2.0) s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Netherlands 538 (2.2) s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
United States 535 (2.5) s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Czech Republic 533 (2.5) s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Belgium (Flemish) 532 (1.9) s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Cyprus 532 (2.9) s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Finland 532 (2.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Portugal 525 (2.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p p
Denmark 525 (1.9) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p p
Hungary 523 (2.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p
Turkey (5) 523 (4.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p
Sweden 521 (2.8) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p
Germany 521 (2.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p
Poland 520 (2.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p p
Australia 516 (2.8) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Azerbaijan 515 (2.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Bulgaria 515 (4.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Italy 515 (2.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Kazakhstan 512 (2.5) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Canada 512 (1.9) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s p
Slovak Republic 510 (3.5) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s p
Croatia 509 (2.2) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s p
Malta 509 (1.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s p
Serbia 508 (3.2) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s p
Spain 502 (2.1) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Armenia 498 (2.5) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Albania 494 (3.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
New Zealand 487 (2.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
France 485 (3.0) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Georgia 482 (3.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
United Arab Emirates 481 (1.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Bahrain 480 (2.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
North Macedonia 472 (5.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Montenegro 453 (2.0) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Bosnia and Herzegovina 452 (2.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Qatar 449 (3.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p s s s s s p
Kosovo 444 (3.0) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p s s s s s
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 443 (3.9) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p s s s s s
Chile 441 (2.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p s s s s s
Oman 431 (3.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p s s s s s s
Saudi Arabia 398 (3.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p s s s s s s
Morocco 383 (4.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p s s s s s s
Kuwait 383 (4.7) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p s s s s s s
South Africa (5) 374 (3.6) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p s s s s s s
Pakistan 328 (12.0) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p s s s s s s
Philippines 297 (6.4) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
Benchmarking Participants
Moscow City, Russian Fed. 593 (2.2) s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Dubai, UAE 544 (1.6) s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s p p p p
Quebec, Canada 532 (2.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s p p p
Madrid, Spain 518 (2.2) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Ontario, Canada 512 (3.3) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s s s p
Abu Dhabi, UAE 441 (2.2) s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p p p p s s s s s
p Average achievement significantly higher than comparison country
s Average achievement significantly lower than comparison country
Significance tests were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Five percent of the comparisons would be statistically significant by chance alone.
( ) Standard errors appear in parentheses. Because of rounding some results may appear inconsistent.
SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019
Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/download