Name 3 reasons how to acquire waterborne diseases.

According to Lifewater, water borne diseases are illnesses caused by

microscopic organisms such as viruses or bacteria who are being ingested through
contaminated water or in contact with feces. The following are the examples of the
waterborne diseases.

(1). Typhoid Fever- a fever being spread through contaminated

food, unsafe water, and poor sanitation which is highly contagious.

(2) Cholera- a disease that is being spread through contaminated

water and causes severe dehydration and diarrhea.

(3). Dysentery- an intestinal water borne infection.

(4). Escherichia coli- a bacteria with various strains and dangerous.

(5) Hepatitis A- a liver infection caused by consuming contaminated

food.

These waterborne diseases have a negative impact on both the environment and
living organisms on the planet Earth. And the following are the three reasons on how to
acquire this kind of disease according to the World Health Organization (2007) .

(1) . Highly attributable to lack of clean and safe drinking water.

(explanation)

Clean water that is readily available and safe is important to the

public health of the people even though the purpose of the use of it is
through domestic use, recreational uses, and etc. When the water is
contaminated and is still used by the public, transmission of the diseases
[waterborne diseases to be specific] is likely to occur. Waterborne
diseases such as Typhoid Fever, Cholera, . Dysentery, Escherichia coli,
 and Hepatitis A are diseases that are highly contagious and risky for
everyone who uses water with poor sanitation. Water that is not clean due
to poor sanitation can cause health problems like the diseases mentioned
above and the worst is, -death.

(2) Poor sanitation and hygiene practices.

(explanation)

Poor sanitation in one community is one of the factors that

triggers the waterborne diseases to arise. Many of the water-borne
pathogens and infections do spread through contaminated water
that causes lethal effects in every individual who will be affected by
it. The reduction of such things [transmittable water diseases] will
be only be possible if and only if the community will be able to do
the following things:

I. Promotion of a healthier and happier

community.
II. Right education
III. Promoting health sanitation practices.

The 3 practices mentioned above through [numerical

symbols] will be a big help to fix the poor sanitation of water in the
public health in one community. However, if these will not be done
accordingly and will not be practiced by everyone, it will cause a
large range of issues from health and well-being of the public.
(3). Consuming contaminated food or beverages.

(explanation)

Contaminated food and beverages are dangerous especially

to children and people whose age are 56 above. When a water is contaminated
and is drunk by these ages, foodborne and waterborne illness would likely occur.
The pathogens present in [contaminated food and beverages] will result in health
problems such as diarrhea, hepatitis, and etc. These health problems are risky to
the ages mentioned above as their immunity system is not strong enough to hold
this kind of disease compared to the middle age.

Reference/s:

Lifewater (2019, May 23). 7 Most Common Waterbone Diseases (and How to Prevent Them). Retrieved from
https://lifewater.org/blog/7-most-common-waterborne-diseases-and-how-to-prevent-them/#:~:text=Waterborne%20diseases
%20are%20illnesses%20caused,coming%20in%20contact%20with%20feces.

World Health Organization (2007) The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage.
World Health Organization Geneva.
SE Role in Public Health

Sanitary Engineering Role in Public Health of the people in every country is important. Sanitary
Engineers have lots of responsibilities. They are responsible for the public health of the
general. Their work is difficult like the other engineering courses as they are fulfilling
their responsibilities (see the functions of sanitary engineers below).

1. Act as adviser on environmental health.

2. Attend problems related to environmental health.
3. Develop, implement, monitor, and evaluate policies, projects
and programs.
4. Develop design, prepare and supervise sanitaria works.
5. Perform regulatory functions.
6. Act as a resource speaker, trainer and facilitator.
7. Respond and provide WASH.
8. Act as agency representative.
9. Provide technical assistance to stakeholders and LGU’s.
10. Assist other health programs and activities.
11. Prepare reports.

The roles mentioned above might seem easy for others but for the Sanitary Engineers, the
sacrifices and hard work of them are all worth it not just for them but to the public health of the
people. SE Role in public health is very significant despite the circumstances that they are
experiencing throughout the process.
Significance of Public Health

Public Health is important in every country. It SHOULD be one of the TOP

priorities of everyone, especially the government. However, public health in the
Philippines is neglected most of the time. There are lots of emerging factors or serious
risks causing or leading the public health of everyone in a bad condition or result. In line
with this, the Public Health in Sanitary Engineering is important especially to those who
decide to master or get a licensure exam as Public Health Officer or anything that is
related in this field as this contributes more knowledge, skills, or even experiences to
Sanitary Engineers. It also influences the actions of the Sanitary Engineers with skills
and knowledge that can be used for sanitation in the Philippines. Furthermore, Public
Health is significant because it will help the Sanitary Engineer to know the problems that
they need to address in the present and future.

Thus, public health, despite being one of the hard degrees to study in
engineering courses, will help both the licensed engineers and aspiring engineers to
have a solid foundation about their chosen field. Aside from these, the following are the
significances of it:

I. Promotes the welfare of the people.

II. Ensures security
III. Prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.
IV. Ensures the safe and quality access of sanitation in the Philippines.
V. Bring greatest health benefits to the public.
What is the difference between sewage, sewer, and sewerage? (min 200 words)

Sewage is characterized by water that has seen its qualities altered by residential,
commercial, or agricultural-industrial effluent. Sewage is wastewater discharged from residential
areas as well as commercial, institutional, and public facilities in the neighborhood. Raw
sewage, industrial wastewater, and septic systems waste are all examples of sewage. Raw
sewage has mostly been water with excretions, industrial waste, and unwanted materials like
sanitation facilities, contraceptives, and plastic. Excrement is a primary component of
pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viral infections, and protozoans. Sewage treatment
reduces the quantity in the structure and eliminates debris, but it really doesn't kill or discard all
microorganisms. A sewer is a valve that transports wastewater from its own original location to a
point of processing and disposal. Sewers that acquire wastewater from residential and
commercial properties almost always utilize accessible channels or natural flow passageways.
Pressure sewers are commonly used in a few places; but they are expensive to operate and are
only valuable whenever there are strict regulations on water use or when natural flow pipework
cannot be proficiently sustained due to terrain. Sewers, despite being underground and not
visible from sight, are essential parts of urban infrastructure for transferring used, industrial
wastewater for safe treatment. During the transport of polluted water, though, the sewers,
processes occur that convert the chemical compositions of the waste water. These operations
are mostly carried out by microbial species, the majority of which currently reside in biofilms.
These microbial processes have quite an implication on sewers by causing odor and oxidation
in sewer pipes, requiring careful complex and expensive maintenance and control strategies.
Even though wastewater systems have been ascertained as a journey for the distribution of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, little is known about the microbial populations of the sewer
environment. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transporting bacteria conquering sewer biofilms
may directly affect perspectives of sewage epidemiology data, worsen quality of the water
during sewer leakages, and constitute a risk to maintenance workers. Sewerage serves as the
most significant ingredient in a wastewater system. The septic system is the basic unit that
shows up multiple times in the structure of a sewerage system. Any income made during the
construction of this unit will have an influence on the overall cost of the sewerage system. A
study of the literature discovered that the present condition of sewer line design algorithms
utilizes linear programming and dynamic programming. Complex computer time is necessitated
for linear programming, which implements piecewise quantization of the constraints and the
goal function in each process. Dynamic programming algorithms, while on the other hand, suffer
from the "curse of dimensionality," prompting a large volume of computer memory. A sewerage
system consists of various sewer lines that are linked to a larger sewer line. The large sewer
line also reaches its conclusion at the intersections of a further larger sewer system. The main
sewer line eventually comes to an end at the discharge point. Thus, a sewerage system can be
conceived of as a network of sewer lines that gather leakage at nodes and drained into another
channel of sewer lines. This study focuses on the optimal operation of a sewer line, which is a
basic unit of a sewerage system. The concern is to mitigate a nonlinear cost function while
keeping dynamical limitations in mind. To sum it all up, sewage is human waste that is
transferred through drainage systems to the town's treatment facility for sewage. The word
"sewer" refers to the infrastructure that carries human waste from residences and communities
to sewage plants, while sewerage is the method by which waste is removed in sewers and
produced harmlessly.

References:

OS H F Gjd - Researchgate. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2022, from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prabhata-Swamee-5/publication/245300325_Design_of_Se
wer_Line/links/00b4953940f8545b11000000/Design-of-Sewer-Line.pdf

Delaware. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2022, from

https://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/sewagefaq.pdf

Sewers. Sewers - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2022,
from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/sewers?fbclid=IwAR2oLAFnb-P18sB0tGmgvp
m8H573OUfOokE3cFRLiBuQzusztWm17zhuKU4

https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wat2.1144?fbclid=IwAR1VXwcEzimZ-mHzw
WNLy-6_gprIe63DfU_LvO1-G59hEhNBXpk0mQ7MCeo