Unit-1 Introduction of Sanitary Engineering (6 Hours) R4

Sanitary Engineering/Unit-1: Introduction of Sanitary Engineering September 7, 2017
Unit-1: Introduction of sanitary engineering [6 hours]
 Sanitary Engineering is the branch of Public Health Engineering which deals with
the preservation of health of the individual and the community, by preventing
communicable diseases.
 It consists of scientific and methodical collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal of waste matter, so that public health can be protected from offensive and
injurious substances.
 Sanitary engineering is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation
of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human
waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water.
 Skills within this field are usually employed for the primary goal of disease
prevention within human beings by assuring a supply of healthy drinking water,
treatment of waste water, removing garbage from inhabited areas, and so on.
1.1. Sanitation and health
 Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human

contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of
sewage or wastewater.
 Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of
disease.
 Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid
wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or greywater) industrial wastes and
agricultural wastes.
 Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g.,
sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste
management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry
toilets, urine diverting dry toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by behavior
changes in personal hygiene practices, such as hand washing with soap.
 Adequate sanitation in conjunction with good hygiene and safe water are essential
to good health. Lack of proper sanitation causes diseases. Most of the diseases
resulting from sanitation have a direct relation to poverty.
 The lack of clean water and poor sanitation causes many diseases and the spread
of diseases. It is estimated that inadequate sanitation is responsible for 4.0
percent of deaths and 5.7 percent of disease burden worldwide
 Lack of sanitation is a serious issue that is affecting most developing countries
and countries in transition.
Er KM Gurung Page 1 of 24
 The importance of the isolation of excreta and waste lies in an effort to prevent
diseases which can be transmitted through human waste, which affect both
developed countries as well as developing countries to differing degrees.
 It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable
waterborne diseases, as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
The effects of sanitation has impacted the society of people throughout history.
1.2. Main diseases transmitted by unsanitary excreta disposal
Unsanitary excreta disposal (Open defecation - or lack of sanitation) - is a major
factor in causing various diseases, most notably diarrhea and intestinal worm
infections. It can also lead to malnutrition and stunted growth in children. Unsanitary
excreta disposal is a leading cause of diarrheal death; 2,000 children under the age
of five die every day, one every 40 seconds, from diarrhea.
List of relevant diseases and conditions caused by lack of sanitation and hygiene
include:
1) Waterborne diseases, which can contaminate drinking water
2) Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route
3) Infections with intestinal helminthes (worms) - approximately two billion
people are infected with soil-transmitted helminthes worldwide; they are
transmitted by eggs present in human faeces which in turn contaminate soil in
areas where sanitation is poor.
4) Stunted growth in children
5) Malnutrition, particularly in children most notably diarrhea and intestinal worm
infections. It can also lead to malnutrition and stunted growth in children.
6) Anaemia, malnutrition
7) Ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection)
8) Campylobacteriosis (an infection by the Campylobacter bacterium, most common
bacterial infections of humans, often a foodborne illness. It produces an
inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea or dysentery syndrome, mostly
including cramps, fever and pain.
9) Cholera
10) Cyanobacteria toxins also (toxins produced by bacteria known as Cyanophyta
group, is a phylum of bacteria.
11) Dengue
12) Hepatitis
13) Japanese encephalitis ( JE )
14) Leptospirosis an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called
Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as
headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or
meningitis.
15) Malaria
16) Ringworm or Tinea (a type of intestinal worm infection)
17) Scabies
18) Schistosomiasis (snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called
schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. Signs and
symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the
urine. Those who have been infected a long time may experience liver damage,
kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer(squamous cell carcinoma). In
children, it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty.
19) Trachoma
20) Typhoid and paratyphoid enteric fevers
21) Polio is another disease which is related to improper sanitation and hygiene.
Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease
caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness
resulting in an inability to move.
1.3. Transmission routes
Diseases are spread and transmitted by unsanitary excreta disposal of sewage
and faeces from where pathogenic organisms are transmitted by water, insects,
fly, food or any other ways as shown below diagrammatically.
Faecal Oral Transmission Route of Disease
1.4. Preventive measures (continued)

Preventive measures for diseases transmitted by unsanitary excreta disposal:
1) Break the chain
 Main barrier of chain breaking is use of toilets and wear shoes/sandals in the toilet.
 Hand washing practice after use of toilet.
 Improvements in drinking water and sanitation (WASH) lead to decreased risks of
diseases.Such improvements might include for example use of water filters,
provision of high-quality piped water and sewer connections etc.
2) Eating hygienic food:
Cover food with net, use hygienic food and safe water.
 Always wash your hands before touching or eating food etc.
Finger
Flies
Faeces of Infected host Food/Drink Mouth
Ground (New host)
Water
Safe Water Hygiene & hand
Toilet barrier
barrier Washing barrier
Faecal Oral Transmission Route of Disease
1.5. Importance of sanitation, awareness of public health engineering
Awareness of public health engineering:
 Public health refers to "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.
 It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis. The
population in question can be as small as a handful of people, or as large as all the
inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic).
 The dimensions of health can encompass "a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity", as defined by
the United Nations' World Health Organization.
 Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology,
biostatistics and health services.
 Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics,
public policy, insurance medicine, mental health and occupational safety and health
are other important subfields of public health engineering.
Public health awareness include following works:
1) Collection of public health data: The second category is to find ways to improve the
efficiency of different public health systems. This is done through various
collections methods, storage of data and how the data is used to improve current
health problems. In order to keep everything standardized, vocabulary and word
usage needs to be consistent throughout all systems. Finding new ways to link
together and share new data with current systems is important to keep everything
up to date.
2) Study models of different systems: The first category is to discover and study
models of complex systems, such as disease transmission. This can be done
through different types of data collections, such as hospital surveys, or electronic
surveys submitted to the organization
3) Storage of public health data: The second category is to find ways to improve the
efficiency of different public health systems. This is done through various collections
methods, storage of data and how the data is used to improve current health
problems. In order to keep everything standardized, vocabulary and word usage
needs to be consistent throughout all systems. Finding new ways to link together
and share new data with current systems is important to keep everything up to date.
4) Analysis of public health data: Finally, the last category can be thought as
maintaining and enriching current systems and models to adapt to overflow of data
and storing/sorting of this new data
5) Applications in health surveillance and epidemiology: There are a few organizations
out there that provide useful information for those professionals that want to be
more involved in public health informatics.
1.6. Definitions of common terms used in sanitary engineering
1.6. Definitions of common terms used in sanitary engineering (continued):
Anti-siphonage:
The device to preserve the water seal in traps by providing ventilation.
Barrel:
The portion of a pipe in which the diameter and wall thickness remain uniform
throughout.
Bedding:
The layer of concrete or other suitable material on the trench floor to provide
continuous support for the pipes.
Benching:
The sloped floor of a manhole or an inspection chamber on both sides and
above the top of the channel
Cover:
The vertical distance between the ground level to the top of the barrel of a
buried sewer.
Drain:
A line of pipes including all fittings and equipment, such as manhole, traps,
gullies and floor traps used for the drainage of a building or a number of
buildings or yards appurtenant to the buildings within the same cartilage. Drains
also include open channels used for conveying surface water.
Drainage:
Drainage is the removal of any liquid by a system constructed for the purpose.
Subsoil water drain:
A drain conveying sub-surface water including storm water.
Surface water drain:
A drain conveying surface water including storm water.
Ashes:
These are the residues which remain after combustion of coal, coke, timber in a
hearth and furnaces and furnaces of houses and industries.
Invert:
The lowest point of the interior of a sewer or drain at any cross-section. In
manhole chamber, the channel in the floor of the chamber which carries the
flow of sewage through the manhole.
Cleaning eye:
An access opening having a removable cover to enable obstructions to be
cleaned by means of drain rod.
Manhole:
An opening by which a man may enter or leave a drain, a sewer or other closed
structure for inspection, cleaning and other maintenance operations, fitted with
a suitable cover.
1.6. Definitions of common terms used in sanitary engineering (continued):….
Soakaway:
 A pit suitably prepared to receive soil waste water or partially
treated sewage for seepage into the surrounding ground.
 A dry well or soak pit is an underground structure that
disposes of unwanted water, most
commonly stormwater runoff, by dissipating (dissolving) it
into the ground, where it merges with the local groundwater.
 Often called a soakaway in the UK, a soakwell in Australia Old dry well
and known as a soak pit in India.
Soil waste:
The discharge from water closets, urinals, slop sinks, stable
or cow shade galleries and similar appliances.
Polypropyline soakwell
Soak pit: A soak pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber
that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.
Soil pipe:
 The pipe which receives the discharges from soil fitments
(fixtures).
Vent pipe:
 A pipeline installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide
circulation of air within such a system to protect trap sills, from siphonage and
backflow.
Ventilating pipe:
 The pipe which provide the safe outlet into the
atmosphere for the foul gasses in the drain or sewer.
Anti-siphonage:
 The device to preserve the water seal in traps by
providing ventilation.
1.6.1. Sewage/wastewater, domestic sewage, industrial sewage,

sanitary sewage, storm water:
Sewage:
 Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension that is intended to be
removed from a community.
 Sewage is also known as domestic or municipal wastewater, it is characterized by
volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its
bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities).
 It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and
clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the
human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so
in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper). Whether it also contains
surface runoff depends on the design of sewer system.
Waste water:
 Waste water is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence.
 It can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or
agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or
infiltration.
 Municipal wastewater (also called sewage) is usually conveyed in a combined
sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant.
1.6.1. Sewage/wastewater, domestic sewage, industrial sewage, sanitary

sewage, and storm water (continued):
Domestic sewage:
 The wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying bodily wastes (primarily
feces and urine), washing water, food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and
other waste products of normal living, are classed as domestic or sanitary sewage.
Industrial sewage:
 Wastes that result from an industrial processes such as the production or
manufacture of goods are classed as industrial wastewater, not as sewage .
Sanitary sewage:
 Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments serving the
immediate community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary but
if their characteristics are similar to household flows then they are included in
domestic sewage category.
Storm water:
 Storm water is water that originates during precipitation events and snow/ice melt.
 Storm water can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and
evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies
(surface water).
1.6.2. Sullage, sewer, sewerage, rubbish, garbage, refuse and solid waste
Sullage:
 Sullage is a term used to indicate the wastewater from bathe rooms, kitchens,
washing places, and wash basins etc. It does not create bad smells since organic
matters in it is either absent or of negligible amount.
 Greywater, by definition, does not include the discharge of toilets or
faecally contaminated wastewater of any kind, which is designated
sewage or blackwater to indicate it contains human waste. However,
under certain conditions traces of feces, and therefore pathogens,
might enter the greywater stream via effluent from the shower or
washing machine.
Sewer:
 It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is carried
to a point of discharge or disposal.
Various sewers are as under mentioned:
Separate sewers are those which carry the household and industrial wastes
1.6.2. Sullage, sewer, sewerage, rubbish, garbage, refuse and solid waste (continued):
Solid waste:
 Solid waste (Municipal Solid Waste), commonly known as trash or garbage in the
United States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday
items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste,
as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately.
 Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration (burning),
recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues.
 In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with
topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols.
 The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of
pathogens.
1.7. System of sanitation
1.7.1. Conservancy System with merits & Demerits:
1.7.1. Conservancy System with merits & Demerits (continued):
1.7.2. Water carriage system with merits and demerits
1.7.2. Water carriage system with merits and demerits (continued):

Table-1.1: Comparison in tabular form between conservancy & water carriage
systems
1.8. Sewerage systems (Water carriage system) and type:
1.8.1.
1.8.2
.
1.8.3.
1.8.1.
of separate system:.
1.8.4. Comparison in tabular form between separate and

combined systems:
SN Separate system SN Combined system
1. The quantity of sewage to be 1. As the treatment of
treated is less, because no sewage as well as
treatment of storm water is to be storm water is to be
done. done, the treatment
cost is high.
2. In the cities having more intensity 2. In the cities having
of rainfall this system, is most less intensity of
suitable. rainfall this system is
more suitable.
3. If due to topographical feature the 3. In this case the cost
sewage, pumping is require, this of pumping is high,
system is more suitable. as storm water is to
be pumped along
with the sewage.
4. As two sets of sewer lines are 4. Overall construction
laid, this system is cheaper, cost is more than
because sewage is taken in separate system.
underground sewer and the storm
water in open drains.
5. Less degree of sanitation is 5. High degree of
achieved in this system, as storm sanitation is
water is directly disposed of achieved in this
without treatment. system.
6. In narrow streets it is difficult to 6. It is more suitable in
use this system. narrow streets.
7. If the rainfall is throughout the 7. In such cases this

year and intensity is less, this system is more
system is not suitable. suitable
Methods of carrying refuse for a home by water carriage system
General principles of good house drainage:
1. Provide by the side of building
2. Provide adequate size
3. Ensure appropriate level to drain out from lowest level
4. Provide proper gradient for self-cleaning velocity
5. Provide non-absorbent type foundation
6. Provide straight lines with successive inspection chambers
7. Provide properly ventilated system
8. Provide house drain intercepting trap to connect to public sewer (this prevents
entry of unwanted gases).
Types of drainage for sewer and waste:
1. Public drainage
2. Private drainage
When planning the connections of houses to the main or public sewer one method
is to consider each dwelling in isolation but important economics in design can be
achieved by the use of a private sewer in which a number of houses are connected
to the single sewer which in turn is connected to the public sewer and the distance
from the public sewer the following savings are possible:
1. Total length of drain pipe
2. Number of connections to public sewer
3. Amount of opening in the road
4. Number of inspection chambers
The comparative methods of connecting house drainages has been shown below in Fig
This is not a good planning which is uneconomic.
This planning is better and economical
Rain water pipes and gutter

• A rainwater drainage installation is required to collect the discharge from roofs
and paved areas, convey it to a suitable drainage system.
• Paved areas such as garage forecourts or hardstands are laid to fall so as to
direct the rainwater into yard gully which is connected to the surface water
drainage system.
• A rainwater installation for roof consists of a collection of channels called ‘gutter’
which is connected to vertical rainwater pipes.
• If a separate system of drainage or soakways are used it may be possible to
connect the rainwater pipe direct to the drains, providing there is an alternative
means of access for cleaning
A rainwater pipes and gutter installation consists of following works:

• Drainage of rain water from roof and premises.
• Water drain from the roof through pipes and gutters
• Water drain from the ground to sewer line by the road-sides
Pipe and gutter size depend upon:

i. the roof area
ii. the intensity of rain
iii. material of gutter and downpipe
• The rainwater pipe is terminated as its

lowest point by means of a rainwater shoe
for discharge to a surface water drain or a
trapped gully of the discharge is to combined
drain as shown in Fig IV.11
• Water drain from the roof through pipes and
gutters
• Water drain from the ground to sewer line by
the road-sides

Unit-1 Introduction of Sanitary Engineering (6 Hours) R4

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Sanitary Engineering/Unit-1: Introduction of Sanitary Engineering September 7, 2017

Unit-1: Introduction of sanitary engineering [6 hours]

1.1. Sanitation and health

 Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human

Faecal Oral Transmission Route of Disease

1.4. Preventive measures (continued)

1.6.1. Sewage/wastewater, domestic sewage, industrial sewage,

1.6.1. Sewage/wastewater, domestic sewage, industrial sewage, sanitary

1.7. System of sanitation

1.7.1. Conservancy System with merits & Demerits:

1.7.1. Conservancy System with merits & Demerits (continued):

1.7.2. Water carriage system with merits and demerits (continued):

1.8. Sewerage systems (Water carriage system) and type:

1.8.4. Comparison in tabular form between separate and

7. If the rainfall is throughout the 7. In such cases this

Methods of carrying refuse for a home by water carriage system

This is not a good planning which is uneconomic.

This planning is better and economical

Rain water pipes and gutter

A rainwater pipes and gutter installation consists of following works:

Pipe and gutter size depend upon:

• The rainwater pipe is terminated as its

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