Community Health

Human Excreta and Sewage

The term "human waste" is used in the general
media to mean several things, such
as sewage, sewage sludge, blackwater – in
fact, anything that may contain
some human feces. In the stricter sense of the
term, human waste is in fact human excreta,
i.e. urine and feces, with or without water
being mixed in.
Human excreta and the lack of adequate
personal and domestic hygiene have been
implicated in the transmission of many
infectious diseases including cholera, typhoid,
hepatitis, polio, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.
Disease Control
 Its main goal is to protect
public health and safety
through the control and
.
prevention of disease, injury,
and disability.
 Reducing the number of new infections,
the number of people currently
infected, and the number of people who
. become sick or die from a disease in
local settings.
How can we control acquiring diseases?
Learn, practice, and teach healthy habits.
1. Handle & Prepare Food Safely. Food can carry germs.
2.Wash Hands Often.
3. Clean & Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces.
4. Cough and Sneeze into a Tissue or Your Sleeve.
5. Don't Share Personal Items.
.6. Get Vaccinated.

7. Avoid Touching Wild Animals.

8. Stay Home When Sick.
Methods of Infection Control
.
Standard Precaution
 Standard Precautions - are a set of
infection control practices used to prevent
transmission of diseases that can be
acquired by contact with blood, body fluids,
non-intact skin (including rashes), and
mucous membranes. These measures are to
. be used when providing care to all
individuals, whether or not they appear
infectious or asymptomatic.
1. Hand Hygiene.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
3. Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention.
4. Cleaning and Disinfection.
5. Respiratory Hygiene (Cough Etiquette)
6. Waste Disposal.
7. Safe Injection Practices.
Tuberculosis Prevention
 Tuberculosis Prevention - Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is transmitted in airborne particles
called droplet nuclei that are expelled when
persons with pulmonary or laryngeal TB cough,
sneeze, shout, or sing. The tiny infectious particles
can be carried by air currents throughout a room
or building. Tuberculosis is not transmitted via
contaminated surfaces or items.
Transmission-based Precautions
 Transmission-based precautions - are used in
addition to standard precautions when use of
standard precautions alone does not fully prevent
communicable disease transmission. There are
three types of transmission-based precautions:
contact, droplet, and airborne - the type used
. depends on the mode of transmission of a
specific disease. Some diseases require more
than one type of transmission-based precaution.
Contact Precautions
 Contact Precautions
1. Ensure appropriate patient placement in a
single patient space or room if available in acute
care hospitals. In long-term and other residential
settings, make room placement decisions
balancing risks to other patients. In
. ambulatory settings, place patients
requiring contact precautions in an exam
room or cubicle as soon as possible.
 2. Use personal protective equipment
(PPE) appropriately, including gloves and
gown. Wear a gown and gloves for all
interactions that may involve contact with
the patient or the patient’s environment.
.
Donning PPE upon room entry and
properly discarding before exiting the
patient room is done to contain pathogens.
 3. Limit transport and movement of
patients outside of the room to medically-
necessary purposes.  When transport or
movement is necessary, cover or contain the
infected or colonized areas of the patient’s body.
Remove and dispose of contaminated PPE and
.
perform hand hygiene prior to transporting
patients on Contact Precautions. Don clean PPE
to handle the patient at the transport location.
Peace and Order
Peace and order is an essential ingredient in maintaining
economic development, social order and political stability. A
condition of peace and order facilitates the growth of
investments, generates more employment opportunities and
attracts more tourists. Economic development generally
refers to the sustained, concerted actions of policymakers
and communities that promote the standard of living and
economic health of a specific area. Peace refers to absence of
hostility. It refers to an environment that is characterized by
healthy interpersonal and international relationships,
acknowledgment of equality and fairness.
Waste Disposal
Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act No. 9003 of 2000
 An Act providing for an Ecological
Solid Waste Management Program,
creating the necessary Institutional
Mechanisms and Incentives, declaring
certain Acts prohibited and providing
Penalties, appropriating funds
therefore, and for other purposes.
 This Act makes provision for the efficient solid waste
management, for the volume reduction of the waste, its
environment friendly disposal, composting, recycling,
re-use, recovery, green charcoal process; for the
collection, treatment and disposal in environmentally
sound solid waste management facilities whereas it shall
be possible to correctly dispose the proper segregation,
collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of
solid waste ;under this Act national research and
development.
Food Sanitation
Food Sanitation is the protection of food from
contamination. All food products must be protected
from contamination from receiving through
distribution. Sanitation is a dynamic and ongoing
function and cannot be sporadic or something that
can be turned on once a day, once a week, etc.
Therefore, another definition could be: "sanitation is
a way of life".
Water Supply
 A safe, reliable, affordable, and
easily accessible water supply is
essential for good health
 A poor water supply impacts health by causing
acute infectious diarrhoea, repeat or chronic
diarrhoea episodes, and non-diarrhoeal disease,
which can arise from chemical species such as
arsenic and fluoride. It can also affect health by
limiting productivity and the maintenance of
personal hygiene.
 Reasons for the limited progress towards universal
access to an adequate water supply include high
population growth rates, insufficient rates of
capital investment, difficulties in appropriately
developing local water resources, and the
ineffectiveness of institutions mandated to manage
water supplies (in urban areas) or to support
community management (in rural areas).
 Strenuous efforts must be made to
improve access to safe and sustainable
water supplies.
Drug Abuse Prevention and
Control in the Community
 Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug
abuse prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent
the onset of substance use or limit the development of
problems associated with using psychoactive's
substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the 
individual or their surroundings. A concept known as
"environmental prevention" focuses on changing
community conditions or policies so that the availability
of substances is reduced as well as the demand.
 Substance abuse prevention efforts typically focus on
minors – children and teens. Substances typically
targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol
 (including binge drinking, drunkenness and 
driving under the influence), tobacco (including 
cigarettes and various forms of smokeless tobacco), 
marijuana, inhalants (volatile solvents including among
, other things glue, gasoline, aerosols, ether, rugby, fumes
from correction fluid and marking pens), cocaine, 
methamphetamine, steroids