MTE 427 Machine Design

EMD 3703 (MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING DESIGN)
Shaft and Shaft Components
What will be learned today?

What is Shaft and Axle?

Shaft Materials
Shaft Components and Layout
Factors Effecting on Shaft Design
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections
Critical Speed for Shafts
What is Shaft and Axle?

Shaft is a rotating member.

Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Shaft transmits power or motion.

Shaft
What is Shaft and Axle?

Shaft is a rotating member.

Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Shaft transmits power or motion.

Axle is a non-rotating member.

Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Axle transmits no power or motion.
Axle is used to support rotating
wheels, pulleys and the like.

Axle
Shaft Materials and Geometry

Stress is affected by strengths. Then the decision is based on the

Material properties.
Low carbon steel
Cold-drawn steel ANSI 1020 - 1050
Hot-rolled steel

Deflection is affected by rigidity (stiffness as represented by modulus of

elasticity). Then the decision is based on the Material geometry.

If strength considerations turn out to dominate over deflections, then a

higher strength materials should be tried, allowing the shaft sizes to be
reduced until excess deflection become and issue.
Shaft Components and Layout1

Shaft Components
Shaft Components and Layout2

Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to

perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.

Axial layout of components

Shaft Components and Layout3

Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to

perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.

Axial layout of components

Supporting axial load
Shaft Components and Layout4

Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to

perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.

Axial layout of components

Supporting axial load
Torque transmission
Keys
Splines
Stescrews
Pins
Shaft Components and Layout5

Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to

perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.

Axial layout of components

Supporting axial load
Torque transmission
Assembly and disassembly
Factors Effecting on Shaft Design

Stress and strength

Static strength
Fatigue strength
Deflection and rigidity
Bending deflection
Torsional deflection
Slope at bearings and shaft-supported elements
Vibration due to natural frequency
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections1

Critical locations are the locations agreed with the followings.

Outer surface
Axial location where the bending moment is large or torque is present
Location where the stress concentration exist

Shaft stresses

where and are the midrange and alternating bending moments

where and are the midrange and alternating bending moments
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections2

von Mises stresses

Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into

fatigue failure criteria
DE-Goodman (Eq. 7-7 and 7-8)
DE-Gerber (Eq. 7-9 and 7-10)
DE-Soderberg (Eq. 7-13 and 7-14)
DE-ASME Elliptic (Eq. 7-11 and 7-12)
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections3

For yielding

Ex. 7-1
Example 1
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections4

Stress concentration
The problem occurs when one start to design a shaft for the first time
since one cannot know the stress concentration factors.
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections4

Stress concentration
The problem occurs when one starts to design a shaft for the first
time since one cannot know the stress concentration factors.
How to figure it out?
Critical Speed for Shafts1

If shaft is unbalance due to the imperfection of the materials, it will

vibrate at some values of speed of shaft. This speed is called critical
speeds.
When the shaft speed reaches the critical speed the shaft is unstable,
with deflections increasing without upper bound. Then it fails.
There are two methods to find the critical speed.
Rayleigh’s method
Dunkerley’s method
Critical Speed for Shafts2

Rayleigh’s method: first critical speed

where is the weight of the ith location and is the deflection at the
ith body location and is the gravitational acceleration.
Critical Speed for Shafts3

Influence coefficient is the deflection at i due to a unit load at j.

Critical Speed for Shafts3

Influence coefficient matrix

where n is the shaft segments.

Critical Speed for Shafts3

Dunkerley’s method: first critical speed

Ex. 7-5
Fluctuating Stresses6: Nominal mean stress method

Absence of a Presence of a
notch notch
Fluctuating Stresses7: Residual stress method

Absence of a Presence of a
notch notch
Fluctuating Stresses8: Dowling’s method

No notch Notch yielding

yielding