Module 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CHARACTER FORMATION

Character formation -is that deeply internalized pattern of values and attitudes and the consequent actions that
are often established in precognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational patterns that are
appropriate for young children. Aristotle claims that character develops over time as one acquires habits from
parents and community, first through reward and
punishment. One acquires a good character much as one
may learn to play a musical instrument: initially, one may
be under some pressure to practice, but eventually, one
enjoys playing with skill and understanding. Aristotle
claims that one is partly responsible for one’s character,
but he thereby raises the question whether one freely
chooses one’s character. A person of good character does
choose freely, however, and is able to frame complex situations accurately. The full development of character
requires rational reflection: Aristotle argues that dialectic, to which Rawls’s reflective equilibrium bears some
resemblance, generates principles that can guide us, though they do not serve as unexceptionable rules. A
business ethics course, and in particular the case study method, may increase students’ understanding of ethical
principles and of the ways in which environmental influences may undermine ethical thought and language.
Moral Character -This is formed by one's actions. The habits,
actions, and emotional responses of the person of good
character all are united and directed toward the moral and
the good. Because human beings are body/soul units, actions
of the body are actions of the self, that is, human beings are
self-possessing, self-governing, and self-determining. In order
to be of good character, one must know the good, act in
morally good ways, and be disposed and inclined toward the good through the development of virtues. Character
and action are intertwined so intimately that one's professional duties, or even what is perceived by others as
one's duties, cannot override one's conscience without negatively affecting (and changing) one's character. For the
physician to be of good character, it is vital that he or she follow his or her conscience in all things: in private life
and also in his or her profession, i.e., in the treatment of patients.
Characters cannot be separated from the person. To be of good character means that one’s habits, actions, and
emotional responses all are united and directed toward the moral and the good. In this, public actions cannot be
separated from private actions. Both sets of actions affect one’s character. For example, a physician believes use of
contraceptives to be immoral yet prescribes them in the office because he or she feels a duty to provide what the
patient asks for, or a pharmacist who believes abortion to be immoral fills prescriptions for the abortifacient RU-
486. These public acts affect one’s character even if one’s private belief is the opposite of the action. They leave
traces on one’s character. Not only do actions reflect the goodness or badness of one’s character, one’s actions
also change one’s character. The more one does an immoral action or recommends an immoral action for others,
the more it becomes part of one’s character to be the type of person who condones that immoral action. In order
to be of good character one must not only know and desire the good, one must also pursue it in both private and
public actions. Virtue is an aid in this; it is the act of good character. Growing in the virtues, especially prudence
(knowing what to seek and what to avoid) forms good character. What is at stake is the integrity of the person. The
physician who believes that use of contraception is immoral must also act in ways that display that belief and avoid
actions that promote contraception use by his or her patients
HOW DOES CHARACTER FORMED?

Character does not conform itself to our beliefs. It is

deeper than that. It is formed through repeated
actions, often beginning at a young age, until the
behaviors become habits. And these habits shape the
very way in which we perceive ourselves and others.
We tend to speak of “values” rather than “virtues”
when talking about ethical traits. But the term “value”
was imported into ethics fairly recently from the field
of economics. “Value” is a term implying relative worth whereas “virtue” refers to a behavioral trait. Values
language has become popular because it is fairly easy for most of us to say what we value. It is what we believe to
be important. The problem is, we often don’t act according to our values. We act according to our virtues and
vices. The good news is good character knows no boundaries, too. Good character is exemplified every day and too
often goes unnoticed. Media attention gets attracted to the obvious places too often.
7. No task is too small and no person is too ordinary or extraordinary to extend a hand and help. -Never think or
do things that make others feel small. Always pitch in no matter the task. Our hands are meant to be extended in a
helpful way; it is why we have arms and elbows! We are designed to do the work, hug each other, and extend a
helpful hand.

Module 2 - MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Moral development -This refers to the ways we
distinguish right from wrong as we grow and mature.
Very young children generally do not have the same level
of moral development as adults. Think about your
behavior as a young child. How did you decide if
something was right or wrong, or good or bad? Did you
follow what your parents did? Did you copy the behavior
of your friends? At one time or another, you probably did
both. When were you able to decide for yourself what
was right and what was wrong? Do you currently base
your decisions on societal or cultural laws? For example, is it wrong to steal because the law says it is wrong? Do
you ever feel that the morally correct decision conflicts with the law? Let N#39;s say that your mother is dying and
needs a specific medicine to be cured. That medicine costs thousands of dollars that you and your mother do not
have. Would it be okay to steal the medicine to save her life? These are the types of questions that Lawrence
Kohlberg asked while studying moral development in human beings
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Kohlberg's theory proposes that there are
three levels of moral development, with each
level split into two stages. Kohlberg suggested
that people move through these stages in a
fixed order, and that moral understanding is
linked to cognitive development. The three
levels of moral reasoning include
preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional. By using children's
responses to a series of moral dilemmas,
Kohlberg established that the reasoning
behind the decision was a greater indication
of moral development than the actual.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle but wanted to
develop his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas.
In each case, he presented a choice to be considered, for example, between the rights of some authority and the
needs of some deserving individual who is being unfairly treated.One of the best known of Kohlberg’s (1958)
stories concerns a man called Heinz who lived somewhere in Europe. Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type
of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and Heinz
tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug, and
this was much more than Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family
and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or
pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to
make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s
and stole the drug. Kohlberg asked a series of questions such as:
1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug?
2. Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
3. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference?
4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman died?
E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going
against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg
doubted that few people reached this stage.

Problems with Kohlberg's Methods

1. The dilemmas are artificial (i.e., they lack ecological validity) -Most of the dilemmas are unfamiliar to most
people (Rosen, 1980). For example, it is all very well in the Heinz dilemma asking subjects whether Heinz should
steal the drug to save his wife. However, Kohlberg’s subjects were aged between 10 and 16. They have never been
married, and never been placed in a situation remotely like the one in the story. How should they know whether
Heinz should steal the drug?
2. The sample is biased -According to Gilligan (1977), because Kohlberg’s theory was based on an all-male sample,
the stages reflect a male definition of morality (it’s androcentric). Mens' morality is based on abstract principles of
law and justice, while women's is based on principles of compassion and care. Further, the gender bias issue raised
by Gilligan is a reminder of the significant gender debate still present in psychology, which when ignored, can have
a large impact on the results obtained through psychological research.
3. The dilemmas are hypothetical (i.e., they are not real) In a real situation, what course of action a person takes
will have real consequences – and sometimes very unpleasant ones for themselves. Would subjects reason in the
same way if they were placed in a real situation? We just don’t know. The fact that Kohlberg’s theory is heavily
dependent on an individual’s response to an artificial dilemma brings a question to the validity of the results
obtained through this research. People may respond very differently to real life situations that they find
themselves in than they do with an artificial dilemma presented to them in the comfort of a research environment.
4. Poor research design - The way in which Kohlberg carried out his research when constructing this theory may
not have been the best way to test whether all children follow the same sequence of stage progression. His
research was cross-sectional, meaning that he interviewed children of different ages to see what level of moral
development they were at. A better way to see if all children follow the same order through the stages would have
been to carry out longitudinal research on the same children. However, longitudinal research on Kohlberg’s theory
has since been carried out by Colby et al. (1983) who tested 58 male participants of Kohlberg’s original study. She
tested them six times in the span of 27 years and found support for Kohlberg’s original conclusion, which we all
pass through the stages of moral development in the same order

Module 3 - CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION

1. Parental Influence Parental influence is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality
development . The way parents behave with the child, how much he is allowed to socialize, the kind of culture he
is subjected to by them, and the emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a great bearing on the child’s
mental growth. In the early stage of their human existence, children adapt their parent’s mannerisms. Thus,
parents should be careful in their ways for they establish a great influence on their children’s character.
2. Home Environment -Home as cradle of human character and personality largely contribute to the character
formation of a child. It is said that the parents are the first educators of the children. It is their parental guidance
and discipline that creates the kind of character, personality and attitude the child has . Parents should make sure that
the child incorporates the positive emotions in his personality and stay away from the negative ones. A child needs both his
parents to develop his personality. An absentee father can be a negative influence on the child. To make a child a confident,
positive person, parents should avoid being too authoritative, trying to discipline excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging
him, comparing him with others, and being partial.
3. School Environment -To perfect the total development of a child’s character and attitude, besides the home environment, a
child’s school environment too plays a major role in shaping a child’s personality. Once a child starts going to school, he learns
how to interact and deal with his peers. He comes to know how to engage in playing according to the rules and regulations. He
gets educated, learns how to read, write and communicate effectively. A child’s personality is greatly influenced by the way he
is treated at school both by his teachers as well as his peers. The school reinforces the education that the child needs that home
fails to provide.
COVETOUS CHARACTER - This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character. It is held that, persons with greed will
endeavor to go all out in collecting worldly possessions and fulfilling his personal petty ambitions by adopting any
means open to him, even crossing all the limits of moral and ethical limits. In effect the person will become
arrogant, repulsive. slanderer and fully bereft of any normal feelings for the humans. He is a burden not only on
the family but also the society in which he lives.
SUPERSTITIOUS CHARACTER -In a way all are superstitious but when we're superstitious then problem starts. It is
not merely bad for the individual concerned but also for those who come in contact with this unpredictable
person, who may change his tag any moment thus leaving everybody around in the lurch. Too much reliance on
superstition also robs us of scientific temper and forward looking approach in our life. But we should t compare
superstitious and traditionalists.
EGOISTIC/OVERBEARING/BOSSY/TALL-TALKER- The person who thinks that world runs due to him and everything
and everybody should respect him as such. His overbearing and bossy disposition puts him in the category of hard-
to=please (fastidious). This person learns his lesson after some time. This fellow with “I-DAMN-CARE ATTITUDE”
hardly cares for others. This sort of egocentric character is the bane of any society, irrespective of their status in
the society.

ANTI-SOCIAL CHARACTER -A person who neither cares for the norms set by the society nor cares for the moral or
ethical values as an anti-social character. This character is both a sinner and criminal. He could also be termed as
an offensive character. This like character resorts to offense besides being abusive on even a pettiest pretext. This
anti-social behavior cuts him off from the community in which he is living and has to fend for himself ultimately for
his acts of omissions and commissions.
INSINCERE CHARACTER-When a person does something good for us, we express our sincere thanks and go the
extra mile in being sincere to that person in
whatever way it is possible for us. Contrarily,
a person who thinks others are there for
serving him and is without any warmth in the
feeling for others. This like person is not only
insincere to his own family , society and even
to the Creator who had created him.
COMPLACENT CHARACTER- We all should
have confidence in ourselves. It is good for
day to day functioning of our society. It is
good for day to day functioning of our
society. But when we cross the threshold of confidence and step into the realm of complacency then the problem
starts. A person who imbibes this trial finally faces ignoble defeat for being so and learns a lesson.

Module 4 - THE SIX PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

1. LOYALTY -To be trusted one must be loyal to his or her husband or wife, friends, employer, employee,
organizations, citizen and country. Our relationship with other people creates an expectation of allegiance,
fidelity and Devotion. Hence, loyalty is a responsibility that each should develop and maintain to promote the
interest of certain people, organizations or affiliations. This duty goes beyond the normal obligation we all
share to care for others. However, one should not sacrifice the ethical principles when giving allegiance,
fidelity and devotion to the other people to preserve his or her integrity. He should prefer not to be loyal than
lose his credibility, integrity and dignity. We are only demanded to go with what is right and legal. We should
rather choose to lose our relationship with others than our legitimacy. So many individuals and groups make
loyalty claims on us that we must rank our loyalty obligations in some rational fashion. For example, it’s
perfectly reasonable, and ethical to look out for the interests of our children, parents and spouses even if we
have to subordinate and our obligations to other children, neighbors or co-workers in doing so. To be loyal we
must develop the ability of safeguarding confidential information. However, when keeping a secret breaks the
law, threatens or jeopardizes others, it is more important to “blow the whistle.” Employees and public
servants have a duty to make all professional decisions on merit, unimpeded by conflicting personal interest.
They owe ultimate loyalty to the public.
2. RESPECT -The Golden Rule in Human Relations, “Do
unto others as you would them do unto you.” perfectly
illustrates “respect.” When respect is observed we would
prevent and pre-empt violence, humiliation, manipulation
and exploitation. It reflects notions such as civility,
courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and
acceptance. Everyone has a right to be treated with
dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty to hold all
people in high esteem, but we should treat everyone with
respect, regardless of who they are and what they have
done. We have a responsibility to be the best we can be in
all situations ,even when dealing with unpleasant people

Qualities of a Respectful Person

Ability to Listen – when somebody is talking he is attentively listening.
Treats Others with Consideration - Respectful person doesn’t resort to intimidation, coercion or violence
except in extraordinary and limited situations to defend others, teach discipline, maintain order or achieve
social justice, They allow all individuals, including maturing children to have a say in the decisions that affect
them.
Capable of Accepting Individual Differences and Beliefs – Respectful individuals without prejudice openly
accept principles and ideologies on others. They judge others only on their negative character, abilities and
conduct.
3. Responsibility -It is understood that life is full of choices
and everyone has its own judgment and decisions to take
in life. However, we are expected to be responsible for
our actions and behaviors as rational beings. Being
responsible means to take charge and be accountable for
the consequences of what we think and do. Our capacity
to reason and our freedom to choose make us morally
autonomous and, therefore, answerable for whether we
honor or degrade the ethical principles that give life
meaning and purpose. Thus, an individual must be
responsible and accountable, pursue excellence and
exercise self-restraint, They exhibit the ability to respond
to expectations.
Qualities of a Responsible Person
Sense of Accountability -An accountable person leads by example and doesn’t shift or claim credit for the work
of others. He considers the likely consequences of his behavior and associations. He recognizes the common
complicity in the triumph of an evil when nothing is done to stop it.
Pursuit of Excellence -Responsible person shows diligence what he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared and
informed. They finish what they started, overcoming rather than surrendering to obstacles. They avoid
excuses such as, “That’s just the way I am”, “or It’s not my job”, or “It was legal”, and “always look for ways to
do their work better.”
Self-Restraint -Responsible people exercise self-control, restraining passions, and appetites (such as lust,
hatred, gluttony, greed and fear) for the sake of longer term vision and better judgment, They delay
 gratification if necessary and never feel it is necessary to “win at any cost” They realize they are as they choose
to be, every day.
Security – structuring one’s life around that which cannot be destroyed or taken away.
Self-Control – rejecting wrong desires doing what is right.
Sensitivity – perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others.
Sincerity – eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives.
Thoroughness – knowing what factor will diminish the effectiveness of one’s work or words is neglected.
Thriftiness – allowing oneself and others to spend what is necessary.
Tolerance – realizing that everyone is at varying levels of character development.
Truthfulness – earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts.
Virtue – the moral excellence evident in one’s life as consistently doing what is right.
Wisdom – seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends current circumstances.

Module 5 - FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

The Philippines is a meeting point for
cultures from all over Asia and the Pacific
because it has been a crossroads between
east and west and the merging of cultures
reflects the country’s culture and its people.
It comes from various ethno-linguistic groups
that are native to the islands or migrants
from various Asia-Pacific regions. Filipinos are
the people who are naturally born to or
recognized with the Philippine country.
China, the United States, and Spain
mainly influence the modern Filipino identity.
Though Filipinos are racially similar to Malays but in terms of culture they are more like Spaniards. Thus, it
could be claimed that Filipinos are the most hot-blooded and brave citizens in the tropical Asian cultures. Like
other countries, the Philippines has its opposing values and labels, it is believed by the Filipinos that the
country has the best values in the world. Though it has experienced colorizations by several countries, but the
core values, but the core values it has gained from the Filipino ancestors remained intact and are still honored
today like the bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie implanted by Malay ancestors and close family
ties inherited by the Chinese ascendants.
The Most Well-Known Traits and Attitudes of the Filipino
POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Hospitality -Hospitality is a trait displayed by every
Filipino characterized by heart-warming generosity
and friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals
alike. Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable.
This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos.
Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in
love with the warm hospitality they have experienced
while staying in the country. This is a kind of value
system which existed in the country thousands of
years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to fellow
Filipinos as well. Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations: When a person visits a friend’s
house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome . The host will immediately let their visitor sit down
and will prepare a meal or snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house
with an empty stomach. The host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them. People offer their guest
room or visitors if they’re going to spend the night. Meals offered to guests are very special. A house always finds a
way to prepare great tasting food that her visitor wants to eat
 2. Respect -This is often observed—not just by younger people --- but also by
people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a tradition, PO
and OPO – these words are often spoken by
the Fiipinos when talking to elders, or in
order to show respect to persons in
authority. These Filipino words mean YES,
when answering or talking to the elders.
Pagmamano – another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting
them. This is done by putting their elders’ hands on their foreheads. Filipinos –
also show respect at work by making a bow to their employees.
4. Hypocrisy -This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to other’s failure to live with the moral standards of the
society are inevitable. In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the standard set by
the traditional society. However, as no one is perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards.
The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double standard life. To hide our feelings in
following a norm, we tend to be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect example could be the
criticisms faced by those who become pregnant outside marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is that some of
these critics could have actually engaged in premarital sex too – and that no proof is visible
5. Ningas Cogon -Most Filipinos are very good at the start
when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or
days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is
lost and we become too lazy to finish what we have
started.

6. Tardiness -Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called “Filipino time” but not exactly referring to the
Philippines standard time, but then again we use it to refer to the “tardiness” of the persons that we are waiting or
who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events. Instead of being something to be proud of, “Filipino
time”brings a negative impression to our people. When the invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is
expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only caused conflicts in relationships, it has also discouraged others
including foreigners from getting involved in supposedly productive activities as too much time can be wasted on
waiting.
7. Gossiping -Filipinos are fond of talking about others' business. It
is not true that only women are into gossiping. Even men can also
be nosy on people's lives. Secrets are brought out: failures and
flaws are emphasized; and relationships are destroyed. Worse, s
gossips are passed around, they tend to be twisted until their final
story becomes too far from the original----thus, causing more
damage.

8. Blaming -Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the
blame, we lack humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how irresponsible we are
in our actions. This attitude destroys the team work and reliability becomes an issue.
9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others) -Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others.
This could be an outcome of having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on
their own needs first before others.
10.Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions -Some Filipinos, despite understanding the purpose of laws and
ordinances, have an inability to observe and follow them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in
the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.
11. Attention Taker -Filipinos are fun and people love race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them.
Nevertheless it is a different thing to be an “epal” or “kapal mukha” simply, being an attention grabber.
Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of attention. We do things that are already embarrassing like
butting in conversations as a know=it=all being scandalous. This habit is also common to being scandalous. This
habit is also common to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service to the people, they
rather prioritize their thick faces to grab attention that will bring them more chances of winning in the next
election. But thanks to our vigilant netzines, this kind of politicians earns more shame than fame
12. Being-onion-skinned or too sensitive -Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud
which unusually results in being oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves then we have the tendency to put a
wall around us and be respected. “I must be respected” Therefore, when someone makes a joke or is not
respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not know how to accept constructive criticism, then
we can never expect unity.
13. Living Beyond their Means (social climbing) -One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty because
of overspending. Since most people want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond
their means. Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear designer clothes and shoes, and we send our
children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in credits and loans.
14. Passivity (lack of leadership) -Filipinos’ lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not
progress. We keep on complaining against the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do
anything about them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small actions can bring change. However, the
worst reason for this could be our lack of care for what is happening around us. Common Filipinos also lack
courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, churches, or conference rooms, most of us don’t like to
sit in the front seat.
Types of Nationalism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions
of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism. Although these categories are not mutually exclusive
and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of the components.
Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism) -The country we
decried from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and
descent. It also involves the concept of shared culture among
group members , and generally a shared language. The nation
is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its
status as the ethnic group’s homeland and from its obligations
to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to
promote its family and social life. In contrast to Western
opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory,
theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word ethnic nationalism
for now Western notions of nationalism. The word
“ethnonationalism” is usually used only in relation to
nationalists who support an explicit ideology along these lines : the more generic word is “ ethnic nationalism” and
is used by nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive or unsystematic manner. The pejorative type
of both is “ethnocentric nationalism” or “tribal nationalism” although “tribal nationalism” may have a non-
pejorative significance when debating African Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal
identity.
Civic Nationalism -The state derives political legitimacy
from its citizens’ active involvement and the extent to
which it reflects “the will of the individual”. Civic
nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and
liberalism but it is concentrated with ethnic nationalism as
a type of nationalism. Civic nation membership is regarded
to be voluntary. The growth of representation and
democracy in nations such as the United States and France
was affected by civic-national values. State nationalism,
often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic
nationalism. It means that the country is a community of
those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and
strength, and that there is the person to contribute to that
objective. The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and
strength, and where the person exist expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often results in
fascism – generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology
Expansionist Nationalism -A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19 th century as European
powers indulged in the “Scramble for Africa '' in the name of democratic glory, but was most closely in the name of
domestic glory, but was most closely linked with military governments in the 20th century including Fascist Italy,
Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Greek Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria),
Croatia (Greeter Croatia) Hungary. Nations are not believed to be equivalent to the right to self-determination;
some countries are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore,
expansionist nationalism argues for the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the costs of its neighbor.
Romantic Nationalism -It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation’s nature. It is
 based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that
meets the romantic ideal. It expressed Romaticism’s values
and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical
ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized
by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic
nationalist notion.
Left-Wing Nationalism -Left wing nationalism, also
sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any
political movement combining left-wing or socialism with
nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 th of July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American backed Fulgencio
Batista, Ireland’s Sinn Fein, Israel’s labor Zionism and the African National Congress.

Module 7 - PATRIOTISM
Patriotism -Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love,
dedication and attachment to a country an alliance with
other people who share the same impression. This
attachment can be a mixture of many distinct emotions,
including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements
related to one’s own country. It is a predominant virtue
to a nation’s love, with greater emphasis on values and
beliefs. One who is patriotic will be willing to offer any
sacrifice to his nation, He’ll never live along egotistically
For example, for the sake of his country a soldier makes
the ultimate sacrifice for his life. For no other reason,
than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one’s nation, In essence, patriotism is a sense of
attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love. The English word
patriot is first known in the Elizabeth period it original from Latin (6 th century), patriota via Middle French,
meaning “countryman,” finally from Greek (patriots), meaning “from the same nation” (patris), meaning
“fatherland” (Liddel & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18 th century. By adhering to
a national religious, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of the church-states requested by the
Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and
Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism and faith and
depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label. (Bilig, 1995).
Kinds of Patriotism

Patriotism of Duty -This includes fidelity

to one’s nation through material acts.
This is military service patriotism and
other selfless sacrifice types. This is
where patriotism because embodied
and its ideal tale praiseworthy particular
actions.

Patriotism of Affection- This is the patriotism of the heart. It

is about one’s internal desire for his country’s well-being .The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty,
but it does not necessarily result in it one can truly love his
country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically
fulfill a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the
country’s welfare.

Patriotism of Manners- This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place
one’s hand over the heart during the singing of national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually
 needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above
types of patriotism show at least in part, the real beliefs
and hopes of person the patriotism of manners establishes
mostly a set of protocols.

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism- Originally, the

word “Filipino” referred to the Philippines, “Spanish
criollos”. The Spanish leader described the natives as
Indians during their 333year rule over the Philippines
(Royeca, 2012). The Spaniards born in the Philippines
more known as insular criollos, or creoles, were also
called “Filipinos” during the colonial era as well Spanish-
born Spaniards Philippines bases continental Spanish-
born to as Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed
numerous roles of state and the church, and composed
most of bureaucracy of government. The feeling of
domestic awareness originated from the Creoles, who
now consider themselves “Filipinos”. Three significant
factors economy, education, and parish secularization
bought it to the emergence. These factors led to the Filipinos Nationalism’s birth. The Philippines opening to global or world
trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe’s liberal thoughts were just a few instances of how the
Philippines became a stable nation. “The first manifestation of Philippines nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a
reform or propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of “propagandizing” the
circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the Philippines would be change by
peaceful mean (History of the Philippines Revolution ” (2015 )
Other Concepts of Filipino Nationalism -Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people
with the Filipino nation and domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It goes beyond our
family, clan, tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture and religion. First and foremost, it is being a pro-
Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride in our national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraint
being realized. It involves pride in our heroes. Pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our
nationhood, national pride and dignity inspired by willingness to serve our nation alone and with dedication, and
to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our own lives. It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual
regeneration, our liberation from ignorance, bigotry (Intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of
themselves), parochialism (narrow-mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher-ranking individuals gave land
and protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); colonial mentality and fought for them in exchange
(the internalized attitude of people’s racial or cultural inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and
distorted elitism (an elite’s advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or community . In other
words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful national identity send and a high-minded intent.
Filipino National Identity Based in Part on Indigenous Values
Pagsasarili (self-reliance)
Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
Pagkabayani (patriotism)
Pagkakaisa ( national unity, national consensus and discipline)
Pakikitunog – (consideration)
Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation), Pagkakapantay-pantay
((equality and equity)

Different Ways to Show Filipino Sense of Nationalism -Filipino had already shown their way of nationalism in the
Spanish-colonial period. Some fought with their pens and tongues, whole others used their arms and weapons
authority. Everyone had their own way of showing our country their love and respect. Some even died and were
able to get ack our country freedom that we enjoy nowadays. But have we ever notice how some Filipinos
demonstrate their feeling of nationalism nowadays? You could read some thoughts in this portion about how some
Filipinos show our nation their nationalism.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism everyone must : WORK – ACT – PARTICIPATE- RESPECT – STAND
PROUD – LOVE. Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the government. Respect everyone including
others’ race. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how expect they would love you back.
Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity -Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and
its purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our
fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us our
identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
Be Productive -Do not rely on everything and then blame out government but instead make yourself productive
and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the government but any adverse things our
nation would strike. True, there ae some corrupt political position holders, But they’re not all. The only issue here
is that we rely too much on our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn to stand on our own
feet and be productive and helpful not only for ourselves but also for everyone.

Carinosa or Tinikling – The Philippines national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
Carabao (water buffalo) – The Philippines national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work due to its
on many farms in the country.
Bangus (milk fish) – The Philippine national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways in which it can
be cooked.
Mango – The national fruit. Philippines mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
Barong – The Philippines national costume or clothing style for men – (untucked shirt if thin fabric displaying
Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influence) for Women:
Baro’t Saya (skirt and blouse with no collar).
“Bayan Ko“ and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” – are the Philippines national songs.
Arnis – the Philippines national sport (stick fighting).
Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia) – The Philippines national plant. This plant is often used as hat umbrella or fan
symbolizing the Filipino resourcefulness.
Nipa Hut – The Philippines national house typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

Module 9 - Important Dates, Events and Persons in the Rise of Filipino Nationalism

The Opening if the Philippines to World Commerce On 1934,

Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing
different economic policies 1834-1873. This is the period of the
development of agriculture in the country because foreigners share
their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1856 in Sual,
Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 Cebu and 1873 in
Tacloban. Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was
stimulated that made the lives of the Filipinos prosperous. Modern
farming techniques were introduced and the means of
transportation and communication were that boost financial
advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.
How Some Filipinos Become Illustrados? The middle class or the
“Illustrados” were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles, novels or publication in news journal
called “La Soliridad”, campaigned for reform in the colony in peaceful way. They were made up of the “principalia”
or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families were
“inquilinos” who leased property to the friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine’s opening to world
trade, which led them to become rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their children to
European schools. They later clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became propaganda movement
members.
Influx of Liberal Ideas Suez Canal’s opening
shortened the distance between the Philippines and
Spain. This paved the way for liberalism to enter the
nation. Europe bought liberal concepts such as
equity, freedom and brotherhood and the
establishment of the Spanish Republic, more
Spaniards came thoughts to the Philippines, They
carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not
only in Manila, but also in the provinces that
occupied positions in municipal in the provinces that
occupied positions in municipal government, the
amount of Spaniards is increasing. With only a
concern to improve material wealth and gain social
prestige by gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing, Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly protected
Secularization Movement -The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the
effects of Europe’s spreading of liberal ideas.
There Are Two Types of Priests:
Regular Priests or Friars Curates – They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians,
Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could regular priests.
Secular Priests or Parish Priests – These priests were not religious orders and were under the archbishop
oversight
1565 -Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican and
Franciscan,
Council of Trent -It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and priest who are monastics
or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because some of them have been sent to America.
Garrote – is a execution technique previously practice in
Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or
break a convicted person’s neck. It is said to be form of
execution performed to the three priests

The Importance of 1872, GomBurZa Execution -It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the
Philippine history because the three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.
Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement -Also known as Junta de Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios
and La Solidaridad, was founded in 19 th century by the illustrados to improve the lies of low Indios thru reforms or
changes implementing in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco. Doctors of
law who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.
Propaganda -Refers to the systematic efforts spread opinion by means of pens and tongue literally means to
propagation of a given opinion.
Propaganda or Reformists -These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872.
They didn’t have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather they
campaign for reform or change by way of writing books, pamphlets and newspapers. They were popularly known
as Illustrados (Intellectual) in Spain, England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
To make Philippines the province of Spain.
Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish Government)
Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
Secularization or granting Filipino priests the rights to hold parishes Gaining freedom of speech, expression and
assembly.
Major Causes of the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement The following causes the creation of the
Propaganda Movement:
Emergence of Middle Class.
The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada.
Execution of GOMBURZA.
Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos.

Module 10 - Reform in the 19th Century

THE SAGA OF THE PHILIPPINE REFORM MOVEMENT FROM PROVINCIAL TO INDEPENDENCIA

The 19th century forms a crucial part in the development of Philippine nationalism and the Filipino nation.
Developments within and outside the Philippines led to the emergence of factors that led to the creation of a
Filipino sentiment and identity. The country had entered a new period of international trade. Though officially
prohibited by Madrid, foreign merchants were already trading with the Philippines by bringing in western goods
and exporting Philippine products like sugar and dyestuff. The presence of new players was an important factor in
the formation of a middle class. This middle class rose from entrepreneurs and middlemen who gained a level of
wealth and enabled their families to provide their children with education. Since the country’s educational system
was centered on the promotion of religion, it was inevitable that many of the families sent their sons to take up
the religious vocation. Also having a member of the family as one of the cloth was seen both as a status symbol
and a fulfillment of religious obligation. At that time the shortage of priests allowed natives to assume the
leadership of some parishes.
Taste of Liberalism and reprisals
 A brief liberal administration in Spain and in the Philippines under Governor General Carlos Ma. De la Torre
allowed native priests to be joined by laymen demanding greater freedom and liberalism. These laymen who
comprised the cream of Filipino intelligentsia demanded the end of the domination by the friars and
representation in the Spanish Cortes. The end of the brief liberal administration and the restoration of the old
order under Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo targeted them for reprisal. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was seen as a
separatist movement and members of Filipino clergy led by Mariano Gomes, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose Burgos and
prominent Filipinos led by Jose Basa, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Crisanto de los Reyes were considered plotters of
the movement. The three priests were given a swift trial and publicly executed while the laymen were deported
never to return to the Philippines. The events of 1872 practically decimated the ranks of the early reformers.

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR Marcelo H. Del Pilar

was regarded as the greatest journalist of
Reform Movement, Born on August 30, 1850
in San Nicolas, Bulacan, He used his
grandmother’s surname based on Gov.
General Narciso Cleaverias decree in 1849.
“Filipinos should adopt a Spanish surname.”
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully
obtained the degree of Arts at Colegio de San
Jose. He took up Law at University of Sto.
Tomas but unable to finish it because he was
suspended when he inquired the increase in
baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30
days for this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2
survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered speeches in
baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the injustices his family
experienced from them. Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of
humor, criticize exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the
context of contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was the co-founder of the first bilingual
newspaper in the Philippines “Diarong Tagalog” where he published his nationalistic article including the
Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal’s “El Amor Patrio”. His other writings were: Caingat Cayo – He defended here
the Noli Me Tangere of Rizal. Dasalan at Toksohan – Collection of the revised Catholic Prayers where he
exposed the true nature of friars. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Barya. Sampung Utos
ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa, La Soberania
Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines) La Frailocracia Filipina (The Frailocracy in the
Philippines). Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first
president of the Katipuan, He organized the 1 st political group to the Philippines known as the “Juanta de
Propaganda”. He pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat. Piping dilat, V. Gracia and Plarided.
 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA He was born
in Jaro, Iloilo on December 18, 1856.
His parents encourages him to
become a priest. However, Graciano
wanted to become a doctor. He left
the seminary and enrolled in the
School of Medicine of University of
Sto. Tomas but due to financial
difficulties he wasn’t able to finish his
medical degree and forced to go back
in Iloilo, The poor people of Iloilo
consulted him for medical problems,
He started the campaign for freedom
in 1874 by writing “Fray Batod”( La Hia
de Fraile) means “Big -Bellied Friar.” In his work revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as
represented b Fray Botod. He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then went to Valencia,
Spain and continues his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff
of LOS DOS MUNDO – New organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the “Prince of the Filipino Orators” and the
great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura and he founded the mouthpiece of the
Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of
the freemansory and founded mansonic lodge for Filipinos on 1889. For him and Marcel H. Del Pilarm
frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root cause of improverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish
colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear
it the next day without laundry

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMITS

DR. PEDRO PATERNO A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled “Ninay”, the firt Filipino that shows the
Filipino’s developed culture.
ANTONIO LUNA Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the
Philippines, La Maestra de mi pueblo describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen name is
Taga-ilo.

Filipino Values Systems -Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta have derived Filipino values.
Indonesians, Malayan, Hindi and Chinese who created our moral scruples core. Cultural individuality combined
with Spain- derived cultural components. The U.S. and the contemporary planetary society (Panopio and Rolda
2000). You can find Filipinos in almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the sight of other co-Filipinos
when we’re in a foreign nation as if there’s something that connects us. Sometimes, if we don’t know a
person’s nationality, but he or she looks like a Filipino, we often ask, “Filipino ka ba?” And we are happy when
he or she answered “yes”. However if someone fails to satisfy our expectations in the manner they answer
questions or in the manner they act, we say in frustrations, “Filipino pa naman.” Landa Jocano, a famous
sociologist says that “there are no negative Filipino values only the wrong use of values.” Values slowly alter,
but it depends on how powerful families are to preserve, promote and passion our cultural values from one
generation to the next. Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and should be respected . As
we grow older, our parents shaped us different values. From the time we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-aruga at
pakialam (Care) were given by them. This values shapes our real Filipinos culture, showing that we are
conscious of others. The Filipino value system relates to the set of values or the value system that has
historically been held by majority of Philippine values involves the distinctive combination of coherent
ideologies, moral codes, ethical proceedings cultural etiquette and private values promoted by Philippines
society. However, as with any culture,, the values held sacred by any person may vary on the grounds of
religion, education and other variables. As a general description, Filipinos’ separate value system is mainly
rooted in private alliance systems, particularly those on kinship, duty, friendship, religion (especially
Christianity) and business intersections.
Philosophical Foundation of Filipino Values -For the most art, Filipino values are focused on social harmony,
mainly driven by a group’s preserving social harmony , mainly driven by a group’s willingness to be accepted.
The primary sanction willingness to be accepted. The primary sanction against diverging from these values are
“Hiya” ideas approximately translated as “a sense of shame ” and “Amor proper” or “self-esteem”. Social
approval, group recognition and group membership are significant issues. Caring for what others believe, say
or do is a powerful influence on Filipinos “social behavior”.
The Filipino philosophy is basically “non-idealistic,”
according to anthropologist, Leonardo Mercado. He
concludes, based on linguistic analysis of Filipino
value terms such as “loob” (Cebuano buot), that
Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal
relationships, but also with nature and religion,
while remaining non-dichotomous. The Filipino
wants to harmonize the object and the subject
while keeping both as distinct at the same time.

Models of The Filipino Values

Sikolohiyang Filipino is rooted in the history, language, arts, and common experience of a people of the Malay-
Polynesian and Asian heritage. As such, it affirms the native history, values and characteristics of a region, and
develops theories, concepts and methods with the Filipino culture as source. The emerging culture-fair models are
then tried, tested and compared with standard theories and methods in psychology. They are altered or adjusted,
as new aspects are realized. Psychology, as presented by the proponents of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a multi-faceted
human science. It accommodates the findings from the academic-scientific psychologies of industrialized nations
and the clerical psychology of the academic-philosophical schools. However, it enlarges this scope by including
ethnic psychology and oral traditions, for example the ancestral psycho-medical systems which are rooted in
religious experience. The discipline further considers Filipino art (traditional and contemporary) and the findings
from the fields of anthropology, history, humanities, linguistics, sociology, and more, as sources for psychological
knowledge.
Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model A “legal and
formal” model is defined as the international model.
Filipinos from Western cultures particularly Spaniards
and the Americans inherited the foreign model. An
example of exogenous impact is the bureaucracy
displayed in the Philippines government.
Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model Describe as a
“traditional and non-formal” model or guide, the
indigenous model is deeply integrated in Filipino’s
subconscious

The Philippine National Police Core Values- Being a noble profession, the police service demands from its
members specialized understanding and abilities, as well as great standard of ethics and morality. The members of
the Philippines National Police must therefor confirm to and internalize the key principles of:
Love of God Respect for authority.
Respect for women Respect for sanctity of marriage
Stewardship over material things. Responsible dominion Truthfulness
The Police service in the Philippine is experience in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE stands for:
SERVANT HOOD -As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals. Police value a supporting and
professional role serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty, utmost devotion and commitment above
private concern.
EXCELLENCE -Police are committed in doing and making thins occur effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts as they strive
to accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible outcomes and far beyond their best.
RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY -Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is to
serve the public with the diligence and always bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to promote the public
interest.
VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS- Police always maintain their fellow human beings’ dignity whenever
they cater their needs and are delicate and cautious in serving and protecting them, with compassion and utmost regards for
their human rights.
INTEGRITY -Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfillment of their obligation to live in honest, upright
and life according to the highest ethical and moral norms where their advocacy, values and convictions are compatible with
their words and actions.
COURAGE -From their moral strength, police draw their collective and individual power of approach to always accept difficult
duties, and they are courageous enough to speak out against temptation, anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm
EMPOWERMENT -Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture, volunteerism and operate in
harmony with their clientele by training individuals for a better and safer society in the process.

Module 12 - Related Philippines Laws That Promotes Nationalism and Patriotism

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10086 An act strengthening people’s nationalism through Philippines history by changing the
nomenculture of the National Historical Institute of the Philippines into the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines, strengthening its power and functions, and for other purposes also known as the Philippines Cultural
heritage Act of 2010.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8044 Also known as the Youth in the Nation-Building Act; an act creating the National Youth
Commission, establishing a National Comprehension and Coordinated Program on Youth Development.
Appropriating funds therefore, and for the other purposes.
REPUBLIC ACT NO, 1425 An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities
courses on the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
authorizing the printing and distribution thereof and for the other purposes.
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION REPUBLIC ACTNO. 10390 An act amending the republic act no. 7306, entitled “an act
providing for the establishment of the people’s television network incorporated , defining its papers and functions,
providing for its sources of funding and for other purposes; also known as “An Act Revitalizing the People’s
Television Network Incorporated”.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512 Approved last December 12, 2008, also known as an act to promote environmental
awareness through environmental education and for other purposes or the National Environmental Awareness
and Education Act of 2008.
It is an act to promote environmental awareness through Environmental Education (EE) and covers the integration of EE, in the school, curricula
at all levels be it public or private including day care, preschool, non-formal, technical, vocational, indigenous learning and out-of-school youth
courses or programs. Section 6 of the Act says that the DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST and other relevant agencies, in consultation with
experts on the environment and the academe, shall lead in the implementation of public education and awareness programs on environmental
protection and conservation through collaborative interagency and multi-sectoral efforts at all level , It also declares November as the
Environmental Awareness Month in the Philippines.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT -Philippines Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the development
perspective and process that is participatory and empowering equitable, sustainable, free from violence respectful of human
rights, supportive if self-determination and actualization of human potentials. Gender and Development (GAD) approach
focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge
existing gender roles and relations. GAD was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the Women in Development (WID)
approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in which in a society
assign roles, responsibilities and expectations to both women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in
which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency. The World Bank was
one of the first international organizations to recognize the need for Women in Development, appointing a WAD Adviser in
1977. In 1984 the bank mandated that its programs consider women’s’ issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper on Gender
and Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject, This policy aims to address policy and institutional constraints that
maintain disparities between the genders and thus limit the effectiveness of development programs.

The factors that determine our assigned sex begin as early as fertilization. Each sperm has either an X or a Y chromosome in it.
All eggs have an X chromosome. When sperm fertilizes an egg, its X or Y chromosome combines with the X chromosome of the
egg. A person with XX chromosomes usually has female sex and reproductive organs, and is therefore usually assigned
biologically female. A person with XY chromosomes usually has male sex and reproductive organs, and is therefore usually
assigned biologically male.
What’s gender? Gender is much bigger and more complicated than assigned sex. Gender includes gender roles, which are
expectations society and people have about behaviors, thoughts, and characteristics that go along with a person’s assigned sex.
For example, ideas about how men and women are expected to behave, dress, and communicate all contribute to gender.
Gender is also a social and legal status as girls and boys, men, and women. It’s easy to confuse sex and gender. Just remember
that biological or assigned sex is about biology, anatomy, and chromosomes. Gender is society’s set of expectations, standards,
and characteristics about how men and women are supposed to act.
What’s gender identity? Your gender identity is how you feel inside and how you express those feelings. Clothing, appearance,
and behaviors can all be ways to express your gender identity. 7 Most people feel that they’re either male or female. Some
people feel like a masculine female, or a feminine male. Some people feel neither male nor female. These people may choose
labels such as “genderqueer,” “gender variant,” or “gender fluid.” Your feelings about your gender identity begin as early as age
2 or 3. Some people’s assigned sex and gender identity are pretty much the same, or in line with each other. These people are
called cisgender. Other people feel that their assigned sex is of the other gender from their gender identity (i.e., assigned sex is
female, but gender identity is male). These people are called transgender or trans. Not all transgender people share the same
exact identity. Gender identity/ gender roles includes knowledge if a large set of rules and expectations for what boys and girls
should wear and their place in the overall structure of the society. It can be affected by:
Race – each of the major divisions of human kind having distinct physical characteristics.
Ethnicity – the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
Social Class – a division of a society based on social and economic status, upper class, new money, middle class, working class,
working poor and poverty level.
Religion – a particular system of faiths and worship. Geographical Region – a demarcated area of the Earth.

Module 13 - GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

 Common Myths About Gender Most of us have had little or no education about gender. So it's important to understand and
address some common myths many of us hold about gender, children and youth.
Myth: Children are too young to know their gender. Understanding of our gender comes to most of us fairly early in life.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “By age four, most children have a stable sense of their gender identity.” This
core aspect of one’s identity comes from within each of us; it is an inherent aspect of a person’s make-up. We don’t question
when cisgender children know their gender at a young age, so why do we question when transgender or nonbinary children
know their gender at the same age?
Myth: We shouldn't talk to young children about gender diversity. We communicate with children about gender from the
moment they are born. They are receiving messages and stereotypes about how boys and girls are supposed to look and
behave, not only from adults, but also from peers, books, media, and through product marketing and advertising. Research
indicates that these messages place children in strict boxes which can prevent them from reaching their full potential. Studies
show how the messages kids receive about gender influence them at very early ages. For example, one study published in
Science in 2017 showed that “At age 5, children seemed not to differentiate between boys and girls in expectations of 'really,
really smart' — childhood’s version of adult brilliance. But by age 6, girls were prepared to lump more boys into the 'really,
really smart' category and to steer themselves away from games intended for the 'really, really smart.' ” If we don’t proactively
teach different messages to children about gender, they will simply absorb the messages out there – and we all lose out.
Myth: A person is only transgender if they declare it at a very young age. While many transgender people say that they knew
they were transgender as soon as they knew what “boys” and “girls” were, for many others, the journey to living openly as their
affirmed gender is longer. For some, understanding their gender identity is a complex process that lasts into their teens,
adulthood, or even old age. Many people have a general feeling of being “different” but don’t connect that feeling to their
gender until they are exposed to new language or find role models in whom they can see themselves reflected. While early
childhood is one common time for kids to name their gender, people can come to understand their gender at any age.
The onset of puberty is another very common time children come to better understand - and communicate - matters regarding
their gender, as is during college. Sometimes a transgender or nonbinary person will come out as gay, lesbian, or bisexual
before recognizing that it is their gender, not their sexuality, that they are struggling with. Stigma, lack of knowledge and fear of
rejection by family and peers can keep transgender people from sharing their gender as children or teens. Research indicates
that there is a significant gap between a child’s understanding that their gender doesn’t conform to expectations and when
they communicate with others (namely parents) about it. In one study, the average age of self-realization for the child that they
were transgender or non-binary was 7.9 years old, but the average age when they disclosed their understanding of their gender
was 15.5 years old
Myth: There are only two genders. The two most common genders are boy and girl (or man and woman), and often people
think that these are the only two genders. This idea that there are only two genders is called the “gender binary.” If a child has a
binary gender, that means they identify as either a boy or a girl, regardless of the sex they were assigned at birth. But gender is
a spectrum, and not limited to just two possibilities. A person may have a nonbinary gender, meaning they do not identify
strictly as a boy or a girl – they could identify as both, or neither, or as another gender entirely. Agender people do not identify
with any gender.

Questioning: This term is used to describe someone who is unsure of their sexual orientation and/or gender.
Queer: While still considered a derogatory term by many, some LGBT individuals have reclaimed this term as a
more inclusive way of describing their community and their own identity

Gender, Stereotype Involves the Differentiations Attributed by a given culture to women and men in the
following aspects: Social Role Capacities Traits and Characteristic
GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
Men Women
Provides financially for the family Takes care if the house and children.
Works as manages, construction builders or Works as a nurse, teacher or secretary.
engineers.
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers.
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
Men Women
Good in math and science. Good in arts and less intellectual pursuits.
Physically strong Physically weaker and fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy- washy or fickle minded in decision making.

GENDER STEREOTYPE OM TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

Men Women
Active Passive
Aloof Loving
Aggressive Peaceful
Independent Dependent
Brave Fearful

Gender stereotyping A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or

characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by, women and men. A gender
stereotype is harmful when it limits women’s and men’s capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their
professional careers and/or make choices about their lives. Whether overtly hostile (such as “women are
irrational”) or seemingly benign (“women are nurturing”), harmful stereotypes perpetuate inequalities. For
example, the traditional view of women as care givers means that child care responsibilities often fall exclusively
on women. Further, gender stereotypes compounded and intersecting with other stereotypes have a
disproportionate negative impact on certain groups of women, such as women from minority or indigenous
groups, women with disabilities, women from lower caste groups or with lower economic status, migrant women,
etc. Gender stereotyping refers to the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes,
characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men. Gender
stereotyping is wrongful when it results in a violation or violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Examples include: Not criminalizing marital rape, perceiving that women are the sexual property of men; and Failing to investigate, prosecute
and sentence sexual violence against women, believing that victims of sexual violence agreed to sexual acts, as they were not dressing and
behaving “modestly”. Wrongful gender stereotyping is a frequent cause of discrimination against women. It is a contributing factor in violations
of a vast array of rights such as the right to health, adequate standard of living, education, marriage and family relations, work, freedom of
expression, freedom of movement, political participation and representation, effective remedy, and freedom from gender-based violence.
Prohibition of gender stereotypes and gender stereotyping `Two international human rights treaties contain express obligations concerning harmful stereotypes and
wrongful stereotyping. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Article 5: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures… to
modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices
which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women;
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Article 5:
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures… to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to
achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of
either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women;
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Article 8(1)(b):
States Parties undertake to adopt immediate, effective and appropriate measures to combat stereotypes,
prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all
areas of life.

The rights to non-discrimination and equality provided under other international human rights treaties, such as the Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, have also been interpreted to include discrimination and
inequality that are rooted in stereotypes, including gender stereotypes.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.1.2

 Citizenship

Meaning of a Subject and Alien

A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights, In
Monarchial State. He is often called Subject.
An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing or passing through another country. He is a
popularly called “foreigner.” He is not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive
protection as to his person or property.

General Ways of Acquiring Citizenship

Involuntary method – by birth because of blood relationship or place of birth.
Voluntary method – by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a
territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of a conquest or treaty.

What are the Modes in Acquiring Philippine Citizenship?

Filipinos by Birth / Natural Born Filipino
Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person’s nationality at birth is determined by the
place of birth (e.g. the territory of a given state).
Jus Sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual acquires the
nationality of his/her natural parent/s. The Philippines adheres to this principle.
Filipino by Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen – which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and
clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former
nationality and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new body.

Classification of Filipino Citizens (Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)

Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching
the age of majority; and
Those who are naturalized in accordance of law

Ideals Policy of Naturalization

An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested right to be admitted to citizenship in a
state. Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or privilege which a sovereign government may confer on, or
withhold from, an alien or grant to hum under such conditions as it seen fit without the support of any
reason or whatsoever.
Citizenship in our republic be it ever mot powerful nation. If the world, can take such citizenship
for granted or assume it is a matter of right. In view of the above principles, the rule is that in case of
doubt concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in favor of the state and against the
applicant for naturalization.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.1.3

Citizenship

Three Ways of Acquiring by Naturalization

By judgment of the court

The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must apply for naturalization with
the proper Regional Trial Court / Court of First Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act is the
present naturalization law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to the transitory
provision of the Constitution. (Art. XVIII, Sec. 3)

By direct Act of Congress

 In this case our law – making body simply enacts an act directly conferring citizenship to
a foreigner.

By Administrative Proceeding
Under R.A. No. 9139, known as the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, “aliens
born and residing in the Philippines may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative
proceedings before a special committee or naturalization. The petition for citizenship shall be
filled with the committee which has the power to approve, deny or reject application as
provided in the law.”

Who May Qualify As Philippine Citizen by Naturalization Under the Revised Naturalization Act?
Under Section 2, CA. 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law the applicant must possess the
following qualifications:
He must not be less than twenty-ne years of age on he day of the hearing of the petition.
He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less that ten years.
He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippines
Constitution, and must have conducted himself/ herself in a proper and irreproachable manner during
the entire period of his/her residence in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government
as well as with the community in which he/she is living.
He must own a real estate in the Philippines not less than five hundred pesos, Philippines currency, or
must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation.
He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or anyone of the principal languages.
He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any of the public or private schools recognized
by the Bureau of Public Schools of the Philippines where Philippines history, government and civics are
taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the
Philippines required of him prior to the hearing if the petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.2.1

Citizenship

Who are Not Qualified to Apply for Naturalization of the Revised Naturalization Law?
Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who
uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments;
Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination
for the success and predominance of their ideas;
Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;
Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;
Persons who, during the period of their residence in the Philippines, have not mingled socially with the
Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions, and
ideals of the Filipinos;
Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the United States and the Philippines are at war, during the
period of such war;
Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States whose laws do not grant Filipinos
the right to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof.

Loss of Citizenship
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
(1) By naturalization in a foreign country;
(2) By express renunciation of citizenship;
(3) By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution or laws of a foreign country upon
attaining twenty-one years of age or more: Provided, however,  That a Filipino may not divest himself of
Philippine citizenship in any manner while the Republic of the Philippines is at war with any country;
(4) By rendering services to, or  accepting commission in, the armed forces of a foreign
country: Provided,  That the rendering of service to, or the acceptance of such commission in, the armed
forces of a foreign country, and the taking of an oath of allegiance incident thereto, with the consent of
the Republic of the Philippines, shall not divest a Filipino of his Philippine citizenship if either of the
following circumstances is present:
(a) The Republic of the Philippines has a defensive and/or offensive pact of alliance with the said foreign
country; or

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.2.2

Citizenship

(b) The said foreign country maintains armed forces on Philippine territory with the consent of the
Republic of the Philippines: Provided, That the Filipino citizen concerned, at the time of rendering said
service, or acceptance of said commission, and taking the oath of allegiance incident thereto, states that
he does so only in connection with his service to said foreign country: And provided, finally,  That any
Filipino citizen who is rendering service to, or is commissioned in, the armed forces of a foreign country
under any of the circumstances mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), shall not be permitted to participate
nor vote in any election of the Republic of the Philippines during the period of his service to, or
commission in, the armed forces of said foreign country. Upon his discharge from the service of the said
foreign country, he shall be automatically entitled to the full enjoyment of his civil and political rights as
a Filipino citizen;
(5) By cancellation of the of the certificates of naturalization;
(6) By having been declared by competent authority, a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in time of
war, unless subsequently, a plenary pardon or amnesty has been granted; and
(7) In the case of a woman, upon her marriage to a foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in her
husband's country, she acquires his nationality. 1
The provisions of this section notwithstanding, the acquisition of citizenship by a natural born Filipino
citizen from one of the Iberian and any friendly democratic Ibero-American countries or from the United
Kingdom shall not produce loss or forfeiture of his Philippine citizenship if the law of that country grants
the same privilege to its citizens and such had been agreed upon by treaty between the Philippines and
the foreign country from which citizenship is acquired.

How citizenship may be reacquired. – Citizenship may be reacquired:

(1) By naturalization: Provided,  That the applicant possess none of the disqualification's
prescribed in section two of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and twenty-seven, 3
 (2) By repatriation of deserters of the Army, Navy or Air Corp: Provided, That a woman who lost
her citizenship by reason of her marriage to an alien may be repatriated in accordance with the
provisions of this Act after the termination of the marital status; 4 and
(3) By direct act of the National Assembly.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.2.3

Citizenship

Retention and Acquisition of Citizenship

Under Republic Act No. 9225 or the Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 grants
natural-born Filipinos who have lost their Filipino citizenship through naturalization in a foreign
country the opportunity to retain or re-acquire their Filipino citizenship. Upon reacquiring their
Philippine citizenship, they shall enjoy full civil, economic and political rights as Filipinos.
Kindly note that having dual citizenship (Filipino and foreign citizenship) is not automatic upon acquiring
a foreign citizenship. A Filipino will lose their Filipino citizenship upon being naturalized as a foreigner,
and will have to undergo the process below to reacquire/retain their Filipino citizenship.
This law shall equally apply to unmarried children below eighteen (18) years of age, whether legitimate,
illegitimate, or adopted if they are included in the parent’s petition for reacquisition of Philippine
citizenship.

Oath of Allegiance
 Retention of Philippine Citizenship  -  Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding,
natural-born citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are hereby
deemed to have re-acquired Philippine citizenship upon taking the following oath of allegiance to the
Republic:

"I _____________________, solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution
of the Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly
constituted authorities of the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the supreme
authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and that I imposed this
obligation upon myself voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion."

The natural born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of this Act, become citizens
of a foreign country shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

Civil and Political Rights and Liabilities

Those who shall retain or re-acquire Philippine citizenship under the Act shall enjoy full civil and
political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the
Philippines and the following conditions:
Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must Meet the requirements under Section 1, Article
V of the Constitution, Republic Act No. 9189, otherwise known as "The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003" and other existing laws;

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.3.1

Citizenship

(2) Those seeking elective public in the Philippines shall meet the qualification for holding such
public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the
certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign
citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer an oath;
(3) Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance to the
Republic of the Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their assumption of
office: Provided, That they renounce their oath of allegiance to the country where they took that
oath;
(4) Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the proper
authority for a license or permit to engage in such practice; and
(5) That right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines cannot be
exercised by, or extended to, those who:
(a) are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they are
naturalized citizens; and/or
(b) are in active service as commissioned or non-commissioned officers in the armed forces of
the country which they are naturalized citizens.

What is the Effect of Marriage of a Citizen to an Alien?

Under the Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does not automatically lose his or her
citizenship, even if his nor her nationality was granted by his or her husband’s pr wife country.
Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law to have renounced their citizenship such as
taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country.
If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her husband’s citizenships, Philippine citizenship and
that of her husband.

What is an Allegiance?
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits more particularly
naturalized Filipinos from practicing what is called “dual-allegiance” declaring it inimical to national
interests, note that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of citizens.
Dual Citizenship refer to the possession of two citizenship by an individual, that of his original
citizenship and that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. It arises because our laws not
control laws of other states on citizenship but dual allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or
decision.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.3.2

Citizenship

What are the Duties and Obligations of the Citizens?

To be loyal to the republic.
Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love and devotion to the county.
The citizen must be proud of his country, its customs, traditions, languages and institutions, He must
hare in its glories and feel said in its misfortunes. It is the “home of our people, the seal of or
affections and the source of our happiness and well-being.”

To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds, government policies, the
wisdom and validity of laws even the correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in field of
love of country, national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ for these are
matters in which they are mutually and vitally interested, for to them they mean national
existence or survival as a nation or national extinction.

To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.

The development and welfare of the stated should be the concern of every citizen for he or
she will be the first to enjoy the benefits thereof. Anything that affects him individually and
personally. He is affected by its ills and disorders, growth and stability.

To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and vision for our nation. Laws are enacted in accordance
with it for the good of all. It is therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the
constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, the government would
collapse, and this would mean lawlessness and the disintegration of the social order. The
constitution contains provisions designed to insure that is the accord.

To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.

The larger interest of the group and the nation that he/she must serve necessarily involve
his/her own. And he /she would be recreant to the claims of that interest if he did not actively
concern himself/herself with the affairs of his/her government. It is not enough for example that
a citizen should take care that in in his daily life he does not violate any of the multitudinous
rules.

To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the right of others.

Society is composed of men and women, each with interest of his/her own. In the course of
life, the interest of man conflicts with those of many others. Amidst the continuous clash on
interest, the ruling social philosophy should be that, in the ultimate social order, the welfare of
every man depends upon the welfare of all.

INFORMATION SHEET FN15.3.3

Citizenship

To engage in gainful works.

Employment is not the obligation solely of the state. Every citizen should consider it his own
responsibility and should strive to become a useful and productive member of society to assure
not only himself/herself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life worthy of human dignity.

To register and vote.

Suffrage us both a privilege and a duty which every qualified citizen must perform. It is
through suffrage that the will of the people is expressed. The quality of public official of the
government, depend, direct or indirectly, upon the voters.
 REFERENCE:-. https://www.thindifference.com/2016/01/what-builds-character/
-Character Formation 1 (Nationalism and Patriotism by Nicholas S. Caballer (PhD) Liza Joy B. Barican,
MS Crim.

SELF-CHECK FN 15.1.1

This is the legal principle that a person’s nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth (e.g. the
territory of a given state).
Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, natural-born citizenship by reason of their
naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are hereby deemed to have re-acquired Philippine
citizenship upon taking the following oath of allegiance to the Republic.
A member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights, In Monarchial State.
This is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born
citizen.
This is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent/s.
The Philippines adheres to this principle.
This is the Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 grants natural-born Filipinos who have
lost their Filipino citizenship through naturalization in a foreign country the opportunity to retain or re-
acquire their Filipino citizenship.
In this case our law – making body simply enacts an act directly conferring citizenship to a foreigner.
This method is by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a
territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of a conquest or treaty.
This is a citizen of a country who is residing or passing through another country. He is a popularly called
“foreigner.”
This refer to the possession of two citizenship by an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of
the country where he became a naturalized citizen

SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY FN 15.1.1

Jus Soli (right of soil)

Retention of Philippine Citizenship 
Citizen
Filipino by Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen
Jus Sanguinis (right of blood)
Republic Act No. 9225
By direct Act of Congress
Voluntary method
Alien
Dual Citizenship