Ethical Issues in

Research
Some of the ethical issues today that we need to
consider in doing research are the following:

Considerations on using animals on research

Considerations involving human participation
Scientific Misconduct
Ethical Considerations in Animal Research
Some animal rights and animal welfare
advocates are trying to justify that it is not
necessary to involve animals in research
while some groups of researchers would say
that it is better to use animals to minimize the
harm for human beings.
3 Rs in Animal Research

Reduce Refine
Replace
Republic Act No. 8485: The Animal Welfare Act
Of 1998
The purpose of this act is to protect and promote the welfare of
all animals in the Philippines by supervising and regulating the
establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for
breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating, or training of all
animals either as objects of trade, subjects of research, or as
Republic Act No. 8485: The Animal Welfare Act
Of 1998
The purpose of this act is to protect and promote the welfare of
all animals in the Philippines by supervising and regulating the
establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for
breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating, or training of all
animals either as objects of trade, subjects of research, or as
Rights of Human Research Participants
1.Right to voluntary participation.
2.Right to informed consent.
3.Right to be protected from harm.
4.Right to confidentiality.
5.Right to anonymity.
The Data Privacy Act Of 2012
Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the Data Privacy
Act of 2012, is an act protecting individual personal
information in information and communications systems in
the government and the private sector, creating for this
purpose a national privacy commission, and for the other
purposes.
Scientific Misconduct
Scientific misconduct is when we deviate
from the universally accepted behavior of
conducting research committing scientific
dishonesty.
Areas of Scientific Dishonesty
1.Fabrication and falsification of data.
2.Non-publication of data.
3.Faulty-data gathering procedures.
4.Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of owning one’s ideas, work,
or publication as your own. It is considered as
form of stealing intellectual property and
dishonesty or lying because you claim the work of
others as your own.
Types of Plagiarism

1. Clone. An act of submitting other’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own.

2. Ctrl + C (Copy-Paste). A written piece that contains significant portions of
text from a single source without alterations.
3. Find-Replace. The act of changing key words and phrases but retaining the
essential content of the source in a paper.
4. Remix. An act of paraphrasing from other sources and making the content fit
together seamlessly.
5. Recycle. The act of borrowing generously from one’s own previous work
without citation. This is also called self-plagiarism.
1. Hybrid. The act of combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages –
without citation – in one paper.
2. Mash-up. A paper that represents a mix of copied materials from several
different sources without proper citation.
3. 404 Error. A written piece that includes citations to nonexistent or inaccurate
information about sources.
4. Aggregator. The paper includes proper citation, but contains almost no
original work.
5. Re-tweet. This paper includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the
text’s original wording and/or structure.
1. Hybrid. The act of combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages –
without citation – in one paper.
2. Mash-up. A paper that represents a mix of copied materials from several
different sources without proper citation.
3. 404 Error. A written piece that includes citations to nonexistent or inaccurate
information about sources.
4. Aggregator. The paper includes proper citation, but contains almost no
original work.
5. Re-tweet. This paper includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the
text’s original wording and/or structure.
Which statement cannot be considered as a definition of research?
a. It is the process of gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in a scientific manner.
b.It is a jumbled process of inquiry that seeks to find clarifications to
broad topics which involves indefinite method or process to deal
with the inquiry.
c. It is a scientific investigation which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links human’s
speculation with reality.
d.It is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and
method according to the nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution (or both) of
The following are goals of research, except
_____________.
a.Prevention of the expansion of new knowledge
b.Discovery of new facts about known phenomena
c.Preservation and improvement of the quality of
human life
d.Improving existing techniques to develop new
instruments or products
Eric identifies a problem for his research. After he
has his findings for the first problem, he found out
and identified another problem that arose from his
previous problem. He suggested that other
researchers continue to research on the newly
found problem.
Irvin, after finishing his data analysis, still
examines the results of the data analysis.
Before he accepts or rejects his hypothesis, he
makes sure that he has established a high level
of confidence in his data analysis so that he is
confident and precise in his interpretations
whether the results are significant or not.
Irvin, after finishing his data analysis, still
examines the results of the data analysis.
Before he accepts or rejects his hypothesis, he
makes sure that he has established a high level
of confidence in his data analysis so that he is
confident and precise in his interpretations
whether the results are significant or not.