Activity 6 Approaches to Research and Research Designs

1.Explain: Quantitative Research is deductive while qualitative research is inductive.

Deductive thinking /reasoning is better suited to working with quantitative data

because it is more focused on testing a hypothesis. On the other hand, since

qualitative research develops from specific observations about particular

occurrences to more generalizations and theories, it is frequently referred to use

inductive thinking or induction reasoning.

2.Consider your specific field of interest. Choose one of the qualitative research designs

and identify a problem to which you can apply this design.

I will be choosing qualitative research design which is the historical study. I could

apply this research design on the topics concerning our culture and tradition say

for example the courtship practices before that is very ideal and conservative.

This would help a lot in reviving the best practices of courtship practices that is

almost forgotten by many.

3. Consider your specific field of interest. Choose one of the quantitative research

designs and identify a problem to which you can apply this design.

I will be choosing quantitative research design which is the experimental study. I

could apply this research design to generate new knowledge in solving problems.

Say for example The level of awareness of teenagers to the causes of

malnutrition.

4.Which research approach is superior -qualitative, quantitative or mixed? Why?

I think there is no such thing as superior research designs. They Have their own

unique features. They both have their strengths and weakness. I believe that

using these designs in a more suitable research topics makes them best and

effective to use.

5.Compare and Contrast: ethnographic research and phenomenological research?

The major distinction between phenomenology and ethnography is that

phenomenology concentrates on the individual experiences of people, whereas

ethnography concentrates on the collective experiences of a community.

Phenomenological study research aims to comprehend the participants' point of

view, their actual experiences, and their subjective perceptions. Individualistic in

nature, this type of research allows for the collection of data regarding each

person's particular experience (Goulding, 2004). The goal of ethnographic study,

on the other hand, is to comprehend the collectivistic experiences that exist

inside a particular society. An extended period of time is usually spent observing

a group of individuals while documenting and interpreting their behavior in order

to conduct ethnographic research.

6.Can a study use two or more of these research designs: exploratory longitudinal,

cohort and cross sectional? Support your answer.

Yes. A study use could use two or more of these research designs: exploratory

longitudinal, cohort and cross sectional as long as it suits the topic or research

you are studying. This would help a lot for a more accurate research outcome.
7.Differentiate: True experiment and Quasi Experiment

Any randomized experiment is sometimes referred to as a true experiment. In

other cases, the phrase "true experiment" is used to refer to any investigations

that have at least one dependent or outcome variable and at least one

independent variable that is experimentally changed. On the other hand, A cause-

and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable is

established using a quasi-experimental design. A quasi-experiment, however,

does not rely on random assignment, unlike true experiment. Instead, non-

random criteria are used to classify participants into groups.

8.Explain the strengths of mixed research design.

Integration of mixed research designs, can help you obtain a more

comprehensive picture of your research outcomes. Furthermore, mixed research

design helps a lot as you contextualize your findings and provide your

conclusions richer detail. Mixed research design increases the credibility of your

findings. This could help a lot to fully explore your research question.

9.Differentiate etic data, emic data and negotiated data.

Data that are descriptive and dependable to produce even by someone with little

contextual knowledge are said to as etic. Emic, on the other hand, refers to

information that is explicative and pertains to the interpretations that participants

themselves make of their experiences. Lastly the negotiated data in research are

data’s that undergoes negotiation.

References:

https://uniquewritersbay.com/ethnography-research-vs-phenomenological-research-

compare-contrast-essay/

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quasi-experimental-design/

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/mixed-methods-research/

https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/global-disability-research-and-evidence/0/

steps/99204

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/14648849211016997#:~:text=In%20other

%20words%2C%20etic%20refers,attach%20to%20their%20experi%2D%20ence.

Activity 7:

Ethics In Research

1.Why there is a need to observe ethical principles /standards in research?

To observe ethical principles /standards in research is very important in order to

ensure a more credible and reliable outcomes. It will help you a lot to avoid

making wrong decisions that could cause academic dishonesty like plagiarism. It

is also helpful way to protect the rights, dignity and welfare of your research

participants.

2.Explain briefly the following ethical concepts in research involving human participants

autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence.

Autonomy- The right of people to decide whether or not to engage in research

must be respected by researchers.

Beneficence- is an action that is done for the benefit of others. It doesn’t cause

harm and it maximize benefits for participants and minimize risks for participants

Justice- Fairness is the subject of this principle. The principle of justice also

indicates that questions being asked in trials should be of relevance to the

communities participating in the study.

non-maleficence- The principle of nonmaleficence is in place to make sure that

researchers do not create studies that are designed to intentionally hurt or harm

people.

3.Explain briefly the 3rs in research involving animal subjects: reduction, replacement,

refinement.

REPLACEMENTS

Methods that eliminate or replace the usage of animals are referred to as

replacement options. This covers both absolute and relative substitutes, such as

the use of computer models in place of actual animals

Reduction

The term "reduction options" refers to any method that will employ fewer animals

while still providing enough data to solve the research issue, or that will

maximize the data collected from each animal while minimizing or preventing the

use of new animals in the future.

Refinement

Refinement alternatives relate to changing husbandry or experimental methods to

lessen suffering and improve the welfare of an animal used in research from the

time of birth to the time of death.

4.Why is plagiarism considered an ethical issue in research?

It is unethical since it amounts to theft. You are stealing someone else's

intellectual property when you use their words and ideas and claim them to be

your own.

5.Differentiate gift authorship and ghost authorship.

Ghost authorship is likewise problematic and unethical, as it does not provide

credit where credit is due and can be used to manipulate the data and findings.it

occurs when someone that participated actively in the research is not disclosed

in the author's byline or acknowledgments section. On the other hand, Gift

authorship is defined as co-authorship awarded to a person who has not

contributed significantly to the study. Gift authorship is when an individual who

did not contribute to the manuscript is listed as an author.

6.Give an instance in which withholding information from research participant is

considered ethical.
Withholding information with the knowledge or consent from the research

participant is considered ethical.

7.Why must research participants informed consent be obtained.

In order to guarantee the researcher that the participant is aware of every aspect

of their involvement in the trial, including what the procedures or treatments will

entail and the potential outcomes, including the advantages and hazards,

informed consent is acquired.

8.Discuss the implications of the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration

The Declaration of Helsinki emphasizes on the duties of physician-investigators

to study subjects, the Nuremberg Code focuses on the human rights of research

subjects. They are all beneficial and important.

9.Differentiate the functions of an ethics committee and a technical committee.

Studies that do not meet the recognized standards may be approved, rejected,

modified, or stopped by ethics committees. On the other hand, technical

committee provide expertise and advice on technical issues.

10.Differentiate the following types of research ethics review: full committee review and

expedited review.

Full committee review is intended for research that involves risks to participants

which are greater than those found in everyday life while expedited review

process entails the chairperson of the IRB or one or more experienced reviewers

chosen by the chairperson from among IRB members reviewing research

involving human subjects in accordance with the guidelines outlined in 45 CFR

46.110.

11.Discuss three ways by which your organization ensures the ethical soundness of

research.

1.Following informed consent roles.

This would give the research participants assurance and security.

2.Respect Confidentiality.

This will give more value and appreciation to your research participants that

deserves respect.

3.Follow ethical guidelines in research.

This will help a lot to avoid mistakes and unethical issues on your research.

https://www.avac.org/principles-research-ethics#:~:text=Research%20ethics%20are

%20based%20on%20three%20fundamental%20principles%3A&text=The%20term

%20autonomous%20means%20that,whether%20to%20participate%20in%20research.

https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/non-human-

primates/glossary/tuv/three-rs-principle.htm#:~:text=The%20Three%20Rs%20principle

%20was,replace%20the%20use%20of%20animals.

https://www.student.unsw.edu.au/what-plagiarism#:~:text=Plagiarism%20is

%20unethical%20for%20three,subsequently%20benefits%20from%20this%20theft.
https://www.cwauthors.com/article/Ethics-in-academic-publishing-Understanding-gift-

authorships

https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/fact-sheets/why-is-

informed-consent-required

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199711133372006#:~:text=The

%20Nuremberg%20Code%20focuses%20on,institutions%20that%20receive%20federal

%20funds.

https://www.enago.com/academy/importance-of-ethics-committees-in-scholarly-

research/

Activity 8 Writing Research Proposal

1.What are the key elements of a good research title?

a good research title must be direct, accurate, appropriate, and not

misleading. It should give the reader an idea about the expected content of the

research paper. Most importantly it should be interesting, relevant and

meaningful.

2.What is a research gap? Why must a researcher establish a research gap?

Any subject or issue that hasn't been addressed by prior studies or research in

your field is referred to as a research gap. A researcher must need to establish a

research gap in order to develop and formulate an answer to it.

3.Explain the role of review of related literature and studies (rrls)

A review of related literature and related studies is to support your research to

make it more valid and reliable. It is very important for obtaining an overview of

the current knowledge on the topic. It provides the investigator with a framework

on which to build an appropriate hypothesis. Moreover, it demonstrates how the

topic has been investigated in the past, it exposes shortcomings in earlier

research and lastly it helps to identify research gaps. Research studies and

literature provide foundation in your research.

4.What is an operational definition

A full explanation of the technical phrases and measures used during data

gathering is referred to as an operational definition of terms. An operational

definition is a clearly defined description of some characteristic. It should be

specific and describe not only what you are measuring but how.

5.Differentiate theoretical framework, conceptual framework, research paradigm.

The theoretical framework provides a general representation of relationships

between things in a given phenomenon. The conceptual framework, on the other

hand, embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be

undertaken. An approach, model, or pattern for conducting research is known as

a research paradigm. It is a set of ideas, convictions, or comprehensions that

theories and practices are based upon. It is a reflection of the way a researcher

views the growth of knowledge. A research paradigm is, to put it simply, the

process of developing a study plan.

6.Differentiate Descriptive Questions and Inferential Questions

Rather than relying on one person's or a group's perception of what they believe

to be the truth, descriptive question relies on the entire impact of the inquiry

based on the everyday reality of the truth.

In contrast, inferential questions rely on a single person's or a group's

interpretation of what they perceive to be the truth as it actually exists in the

world.

7.When is a research hypothesis needed/formulated?

A hypothesis is developed at the start of the study, but it is frequently revised as

data mount and the researcher gains more understanding of the topic being

studied. Before you begin your experiment or data collection, you must create

your hypotheses if you wish to investigate a relationship between two or more

variables.

8.Differentiate: Research limitations and research delimitations

Delimitations are things the researcher won't do (aspects outside the bounds

they have established). Delimitations are the factors that determine the

parameters and confine the study, including the sample size, the environment in

which it is conducted, population characteristics, etc. while limitations are things

the researcher cannot accomplish (aspects outside their control). Moreover, it

has something to do with flaws or shortcomings which could be the result of

unavailability of resources, small sample size, flawed methodology, etc.

9.What sampling design is superior, probability sampling or non-probability sampling?

Why?

Probability sampling is better and more superior since probability sampling is

more precise, objective and unbiased, which makes it a good fit for testing a

hypothesis

10.Explain the role of inclusion/exclusion criteria in non-probability sampling.

The inclusion criteria consistently, dependably, uniformly, and unbiasedly

identify the study population. The exclusion criteria comprise elements or traits

that exclude the population recruited for the study.

11.Why must a researcher ensure the validity, reliability, and usability of his /her

instruments before data collection?

Choosing the tools that will be utilized to gather data is an important phase in the

research process. The main goal of determining reliability and validity in research

is to make sure that the data are reliable, credible and repeatable to ensure that

conclusions are accurate.

References:

Academy, E. (2017, September 19). 4 Important Tips On Choosing a Research Paper

Title - Enago Academy. Enago Academy; www.enago.com.

https://www.enago.com/academy/write-irresistible-research-paper-title/

Operational definition definition. iSixSigma. (2021, August 15). Retrieved July 21, 2022,

from https://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/operational-definition/
Welch, Mr. C. (n.d.). Difference between conceptual and theoretical framework.

Retrieved July 21, 2022, from

https://en.differbetween.com/article/difference_between_conceptual_and_theoretical_fr

amework

What is Research Paradigm | Thesis Writing Service - Help in project. (2019,

September 29). Help in Project; www.helpinproject.com.

https://www.helpinproject.com/research-paradigm/

McCombes, S. (2022, May 6). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples.

Scribbr; www.scribbr.com. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

Scope and delimitations - explained & example. (2020).

https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/scope-and-delimitations

Garg, R. (2016, 0 0). Methodology for research. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles.