PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Lesson 1: Research
Experience and Knowledge
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Share research experiences

and knowledge;
2. Explain the different life
processes
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
DEFINITION
Etymologically, research came from “re” and
“search”. "Re" is a prefix that means again and
search is a word which means to look for.
Therefore, research is to look for something
(Chapman 1979).

There are two (2) things that we need to take note

of in this definition. First, research is not only
about the discovery of something unknown, it is
coming up with a new explanation of something
that is known. Second, research is a process. It is
a process of searching for something to solve an
existing problem or difficulty to solve.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Write T if the statement is true, F if otherwise. Write your
answer on your notebook.

1. Research involves finding possible answer to questions.

2. Research is carried out to explain situation or

phenomenon.

3. Research is a discipline or process for experts only.

4. Surveying is data gathering.

5. Only new knowledge can be considered research.

6. Research happens only in a laboratory.

7. Research improves life.

8. The end result of research is lies or falsehood.

9. Rice cooker can be considered as output of research.

10. We better understand our humanity with research.

 LESSON 2

RESEARCH EXPERIENCES
AND KNOWLEDGE
FIVE (5) IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe
2002).
2. Research improves quality of
human life (Bornmann 2013).
3. Research saves life(Cancer
Research UK 2019).
4. Research gathers necessary
information (Igwenagu 2016).
5. Research explores humanity
(Lee, Tran, and Lee 2007).
 CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
Learning Objectives:

1. describe the characteristics of

research;
2. illustrate the processes of
research; and
3. define ethics in research
Lesson 1: Characteristics of
Research
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be systematic.

Research should be objective
Research should be feasible.
Research should be empirical
Research should be clear
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be systematic.

The researcher needs to carry out a
series of interrelated steps in
conducting the study. Such
procedure must follow a well-
planned, sequential and organized
structure from beginning to end.
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be objective.

The researcher needs to present
information that are purely based on
truths. It should always be anchored
on the factual basis in which the
research work is founded, thus being
free from any bias or personal
opinion.
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be feasible.

The researcher needs to consider
the possibility and practicality of
conducting the proposed study. All
significant factors like time, budget
and access to resources must be
analyzed to determine if the research
can actually be done
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be empirical

The researcher needs to employ
appropriate methods, either
quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce
evidence-based information. They can
be drawn from concrete
experimentation, direct or indirect
observation, and verifiable experience.
racteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be clear

The researcher needs to use comprehensible
anguage to present information and convey
explanation throughout the research process. The
actors to be manipulated, measured or described in
he study, also known as variables, must be clarified
using literature from published and unpublished
materials. They should be explained well from the
ntroductory part of the research paper to ensure a
deeper understanding of the study to be conducted.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Research process is a systematic manner in

which the researcher approaches his/her
area of study to produce knowledge that the
community will consider to be worthwhile
within the field (Rao, 2017).
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Define the research problem

● To begin your research, you must look at

a significant real-life problem. Factors
like area of interest, availability of fund,
socio-economic significance of the
study, and the safety measures to be
undertaken should be considered in
finding and defining the research
problem
2. Review the literature

● Read various publications or surf the

internet to become aware of the previous
works already done about the chosen
topic. You may utilize different
resources like science books, magazines,
journals, newspapers, or even in the
internet.
3. Formulate hypothesis

● A hypothesis is a theoretical
statement in solving a logical
relationship between
variables. It should be based
on the problem being solved.
4. Prepare the research design.

● Identify what is the best

means to collect and analyze
data in the study to clarify and
improve the research problem,
purpose, and questions.
5. Collect data.

● Use an appropriate data

collection method to elicit the
needed information.
6. Analyze data.

● Utilize strategies and methods

that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem.
7. Interpret and report the findings

● Put the information in

perspective and present the
solution to the proposed
problem based on the findings
of the investigation.
 ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
Importance of Ethics in Research

1. It promotes the aims of research.

Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining

knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
Importance of Ethics in Research

2. It upholds values that are essential to

collaborative work.
Many researchers who are working in
different disciplines and institutions
cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a
particular research. With ethics in mind,
they also maintain trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness.
Importance of Ethics in Research

3. It ensures that researchers can be held

accountable to the public.

Ethical norms guarantee the public that

researchers are deemed responsible for
committing any form of research
misconduct.
Importance of Ethics in Research

4. It builds public support for research.

People express and lend their support by all

means if they can trust the quality and
integrity of research
Importance of Ethics in Research

5. It promotes a variety of moral and

social values.

Ethical principles help the researcher avoid

practices that can adversely harm the
research subjects and the community. Thus,
it encourages social responsibility, human
rights, animal welfare, compliance with the
law, and public health and safety.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
1.Honesty 2. Objectivity

The researcher The researcher should

should strive to avoid being biased. The
truthfully report data study should not be
in whatever form of influenced by his/her
communication all personal motives, beliefs
throughout the study. and opinions.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
3. Integrity 4. Care

The researcher should The researcher should never

establish credibility neglect even the smallest
through the consistency detail of the study. All
of his/her thought and information should be critically
action. He/she should examined. Records of
act with sincerity research activities should be
especially on keeping properly and securely kept.
agreements.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
5. Openness 6. Respect for intellectual
property
The researcher should
be willing to accept The researcher should not
criticisms and new ideas plagiarize. Credit should be
for the betterment of the given to who or where it is
study. Research results due. All authors cited and
and findings should be sources used in the study
shared to the public. should be properly
acknowledged.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
6. Respect for intellectual
property Plagiarism refers to the act of
illegally using another person’s
ideas, works, processes, and
The researcher should not results. Thus, it constitutes
plagiarize. Credit should be claiming an intellectual
given to who or where it is property as one’s own that can
be penalized through Republic
due. All authors cited and Act 8293 known as the
sources used in the study Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines.
should be properly
acknowledged.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
7. Confidentiality 8. Responsible publication

The researcher should ensure that

The researcher should his/her work is clear, honest,
take steps to protect all complete, accurate, and balanced,
confidential thus avoiding wasteful and
communications or duplicate publication. It should
documents from being likewise refrain from selective,
discovered by others. misleading, or ambiguous
reporting.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
9. Responsible 10. Respect for colleagues
mentoring The
researcher should teach The researcher should show
responsible conduct of courtesy to his/her colleagues
research and share by treating them equally and
professional knowledge fairly.
and skills especially to
new or lessexperienced
researchers.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
11. Social 12. Non-discrimination
responsibility The researcher should not
discriminate based on sex,
The researcher should race, ethnicity, or any factor
promote social good by relating to scientific
working for the best competence and integrity.
interests and benefits of Thus, research should be
the environment and open to all people or entities
society as a whole. who will participate in
research.
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
13. Competence 14. Legality
The researcher should
possess necessary The researcher should know
knowledge and skills in and abide by relevant laws,
conducting a study. institutional and government
He/she should be policies concerning the legal
equipped with a sense conduct of research.
of professionalism and
expertise to ensure
competent results
 Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

15. Human Subject Protection

The researcher should protect human
lives by preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she should always
uphold the human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy of human subjects to be
used in the study.
 Rights of Research Participants

1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be
given the privilege to exercise their free
will whether to participate or not. They
have the right to refuse involvement in
the study. Thus, any person should not
be forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
 Rights of Research Participants
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be provided
with sufficient information about the
procedures and risks involved in the
research. It serves as an initial guide on why
and how the study will be conducted.
Hence, the researcher must ensure that
they fully understood and agreed upon the
study.
 Rights of Research Participants
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected
from any type of harm whether it may be
physical, psychological, social, or economic.
The researcher must avoid, prevent, or
minimize threats especially when they are
exposed and engaged in invasive and risky
procedures.
 Rights of Research Participants
4. Confidentiality

The research participants must be assured

of their privacy particularly on personal
information. The researcher must secure
that all information disclosed by them will
not be used without authorized access.
 Rights of Research Participants
5. Anonymity

The research participants must remain

anonymous or unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers themselves.
They have the right to keep their identities
secret as they participate especially in
casesensitive studies.
Thank You!