PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 NICOLITES MONTESSORI SCHOOL

Ethical
Principles
of
Research
Researchers must know and apply ethical principles
in their investigation.
MDM Company June 1, 2021

Today's Topics

1 Importance of Ethics in 3 Ethical Issues in Research

Research

2 Research Ethical Principles 4 Data Privacy Act of 2012

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 NICOLITES MONTESSORI SCHOOL

What is Ethics?
It is a branch of philosophy that deals
with the rightness and wrongness of an
act. Ethics means customs - how
things should be done and what is
ought to be.
With this, ethics is a process of applying moral
standards and principles in any undertaking..
Importance of
Ethics in Research

1 2 3
Keeps researcher from Ethics promotes essential Consideration of ethical
committing misconduct values that help principles draws out public
while seeking knowledge researchers to have a trust.
and truth, and respecting common understanding
and work on a topic
and protecting the rights
harmoniously.
of humans or animals.
Research Principles

What ethical principles should be

considered in conducting research?

1. Intellectual honesty 5. Openness

2. Objectivity 6. Respect for intellectual property.
3. Integrity 7. Trustworthiness
8. Social and legal responsibility.
4. Carefulness
Ethical Issues
in RESEARCH
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 NICOLITES MONTESSORI SCHOOL

Reduce. The least of animal subjects is

1 recommended. If casualties cannot be
Animal Rights and avoided, these should be minimized without
Welfare in Research sacrificing the quality of research

Refine. If harm cannot be avoided, research

2
If the use of animals in research is inevitable, it is procedures are evaluated and refined
suggested that the 3Rs - must be considered. carefully to minimize the possible pain and
suffering of the animal subjects. They should
be treated in a way that they are free from
stressful conditions.
Replace. If there is a possibility of replacing
3
animals with other materials or other
nonliving or nonbiological subjects,
replacement option must be explored.
 Animal
Welfare
Act of 1998
Republic Act No. 8485
Known as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998
The purpose of this act is to protect and promote the welfare of all animals in the Philippines by
supervising and regulating the establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding,
maintaining, keeping, treating, or training of all animals either as an object of trades, subjects of
research or as household pets.
To enforce the law and facilitate the regulations of animal welfare,
an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is
encouraged to be formed by research institutions to oversee the
processes done on research involving animals.
 Human Rights
When research deems it necessary to have
humans as subjects, the following human rights
must be strictly observed:
1 Right to voluntary participation. All human
respondents should participate in a research
study out of his free will.
2 Right to informed consent. All respondents
should be informed of all the procedures,
potential risks, and benefits that the
research would bring.
3 Right to confidentiality. All personal
information extracted from the respondents
shall be made confidential and should not be
disclosed to the public at all conditions.
4 Right to be protected from harm. The respondents
shall not be subjected to anything that may cause
them inconvenience or physical, emotional, and
psychological harm. They must be given a pre-
activity orientation about the purpose of the study.
They should also undergo debriefing after data
gathering to minimize any stress or inconvenience
caused by the study.
Right to anonymity. A respondent may choose not
5 to disclose his or her identity to anyone, including
the researchers themselves. This means that all data
that could be gathered from a participant could not
in any way identify him/her to other participants.
The Data Privacy
Act of 2012

The rights to privacy and data confidentiality are

based on Republic Act No. 10173, also known as
the Data Privacy Act of 2012.

This law aims to protect individual personal

information from the information and
communications systems in the government and
the private sector. While the law protects human
subjects' identity, it also ensures free flow of
information to promote innovation and growth.
 Scientific
Misconduct
Researchers are expected to follow rules and
proper conduct in doing research. Scientific
misconduct involves deviation from universally
accepted conduct in research undertakings,
resulting to scientific dishonesty.
Fabrication and falsification of data. Known as
1
cooking the data, data fabrication and
falsification involve producing data without an
actual experimentation or altering data in
recording for the intention to fit them what are
expected.
Non-publication of data. It involves choosing
2 not to include data because they do not
conform to the well-established body of
knowledge or are unsupportive of the research
hypothesis.
Faulty data gathering procedures. Negligence
3
or carelessness lead to errors in measurement
or faulty research instruments.
Plagiarism. This fraudulent act involves
4 claiming another person's ideas, work or
publication. It is a form of intellectual property
stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in
scientific publications.
Types of Plagiarism
Clone. The act of submitting another's work,
word-for-word, as one's own
ctrl + C ( copy-paste) . The act of writing a
study that contains significant portions of text
from a single source without portions of text
from a single source without alterations.
find-replace. The act of changing keywords
and phrases but retaining the essential content
of the source in a paper.
Remix. The act of paraphrasing from other
sources and making the content fit together
seamlessly.
Recycle. The act of borrowing generously from
one's own previous work without citation. This
is also called self-plagiarism.
Hybrid. The act of combining perfectly-cited
sources with copied passages - without
citation - in one paper.
MDM Company June 1, 2021
Practical Research 1 NICOLITES MONTESSORI SCHOOL

re-tweet. The act of including proper citation

Types of Plagiarism but relying too closely on the text's original
wording and/or structure

aggregator. The act of including proper citation

Mashup. The act of mixing copied materials
but containing almost no original work.
from several different sources without proper
citation.

404 error. The act of including proper citations

but inaccurate information about sources.
MDM Company June 1, 2021

The mind is just like a muscle —

the more you exercise it,
the stronger it gets and the more
it can expand.
Idowu Koyenikan
MDM Company June 1, 2021

Thank you!
Have a great day ahead.