5. What is data sovereignty? What is indigenous data sovereignty?

How
govt. of India is attempting to protect scientific knowledge of indigenous
people?
Data sovereignty is the right of a nation or a group to govern the collection,
ownership, and application of its own data. Indigenous data sovereignty is a
specific form of data sovereignty that applies to the data of Indigenous peoples,
who have the right to control their own data based on their inherent rights of
self-determination and governance.
The government of India is attempting to protect the scientific knowledge of
Indigenous people in various ways, such as:

 Enacting the Biodiversity Act in 2002, which regulates the access and use
of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge for
commercial and research purposes, and establishes the National
Biodiversity Authority, the State Biodiversity Boards, and the
Biodiversity Management Committees.
 Creating the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, which documents
and preserves the traditional knowledge of India, especially in the fields
of medicine and health, and prevents the misappropriation of such
knowledge by patent offices and other entities.
 Implementing the Nagoya Protocol, which is an international agreement
that provides a framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional
knowledge, and recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples and local
communities over their resources.
 Developing policy guidelines and legal frameworks for the protection of
traditional knowledge and cultural expressions, based on the principles of
the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the CARE Principles for
Indigenous Data Governance

11. a) Research is defined in many different terms. Present two different

definitions of Research.
Research is a term that can have different meanings depending on the context
and the field of study. Here are two different definitions of research from
different sources:

 According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a

systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”1
  According to the Wikipedia article on research, "research is ‘creative and
systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge’. It
involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase
understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to
controlling sources of bias and error."

b) What are different motivations for undertaking Research?

There are many possible motivations for undertaking research, depending on the
field, the topic, and the individual researcher. Some of the common motivations
are:

 To obtain a research degree or a promotion in an academic or

professional setting.
 To face challenges and solve problems that have not been solved before.
 To get the intellectual joy and satisfaction of doing some creative work.
 To contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the benefit of
society.
 To explore a phenomenon or a topic of personal interest or curiosity.
 To test a hypothesis or a theory and provide evidence for or against it.
 To develop new skills and techniques for data collection and analysis.
 To collaborate with other researchers and build a network of contacts.
 To communicate and disseminate the research findings and their
implications.

These are some of the examples of research motivations, but they are not
exhaustive. Each researcher may have their own unique reasons and goals for
doing research.

c) There are various basic types of research. Differentiate

i) Applied vs. Fundamental Research;

 Applied vs. Fundamental Research: Applied research is designed to solve

practical problems and develop practical applications, while fundamental
research aims to expand knowledge and understanding of fundamental
principles and concepts. Applied research is more concerned with
 knowledge that has immediate application and would be useful in making
decisions and formulating policies. Fundamental research is concerned
with the development, examination, verification and refinement of
research methods, procedures, techniques and tools that form the body of
research methodology. Applied research is deductive in nature that means
it keeps some theories as its base while conducting research, while
fundamental research is inductive in nature that means it generates new
theories from the data collected.

ii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research: Quantitative research deals with

numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and
meanings. Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure
variables and test hypotheses, while qualitative methods allow you to
explore concepts and experiences in more detail. Quantitative research is
expressed in numbers and graphs, while qualitative research is expressed
in words and narratives. Quantitative research is often used to test or
confirm theories and assumptions, while qualitative research is often used
to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. Quantitative research
can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic, while
qualitative research can be used to produce rich and detailed descriptions
of the phenomenon being studied