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RV College of
Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering

6 th Sem
Power system analysis-i
(18ee64)

Sushmita Sarkar
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RV College of
Engineering Introduction

Modern power system are large, highly complex and organized

Interconnections make the system more reliable and flexible

Modern power system are controlled from an Energy Control Center (ECC)

These control centers use Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition

(SCADA)- data is accessed centrally via remote acquisition system

Data acquisition & processing, system operating conditions and control are
analyzed with the extensive use of digital computer.
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Power system studies on digital computer needs:

Helps in
• Mathematical understanding
• Characteristics of
model of system the individual
network • Steady state in elements and their
form of network interconnections
equations

Helps in analysis Using impedance and

admittance parameters
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Importance of Power System Analysis

For continuous evaluation of the system:

 On-line analysis for operation and control
 Off-line to help in future planning and expansion

Important Studies:
 Load Flow Analysis
 Economic Dispatch
 Fault Analysis
 Stability Analysis
 Automatic Generation Control(AGC)
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RV College of
Engineering UNIT-1
Presentation of power system components:
 Circuit models of transmission line, synchronous machines, transformer
and load
 One line diagram
 Impedance and reactance diagram
 Per unit system
 Per unit impedance of power system

Symmetrical 3-phase faults

 S.C current and the reactance of synchronous machines
 Analysis of unbalanced loads
 Symmetrical faults on power system
 Neutral shift
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Engineering

Circuit Model of transmission line

I1 I2 1 2
V1 V2 y12
I12 y12
I13 I23
ysh12 ysh12
2 2
y13 y23

V3
I3
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Circuit Model of 1-phase transformer

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Circuit Model of Generator

Circuit Model of Load

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RV College of
Engineering Single Line Diagram

 SLD also known as ONE-LINE diagram

 It is a pictorial representation of connections of various components of the
power system using standard symbols for components and lines for
transmission line connecting them.

 For balanced 3-phase system , the SLD shows the 1-phase equivalent.

 The SLD supplies concise information of the system components.

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RV College of
Engineering Single Line Diagram
The following points to be noted while drawing SLD:

 The location of points connected to ground has to be represented on the diagram.

 Transformer neutral are generally solidly grounded and generator neutrals are

grounded through high resistance and reactance. This information is vital for

constructing zero sequence network.

 Information of the equipment rating can be given on the SLD.

 In case of 3-phase, the type of connection has to be indicated on the diagram

 The impedance diagram for the power system can be drawn from the SLD.
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RV College of
Engineering Single Line Diagram
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RV College of
Engineering Impedance Diagram
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RV College of
Engineering Reactance Diagram
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
 A per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity.

 Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of

a transformer to the other.

 This can be a pronounced advantage in power system analysis where large numbers of transformers may be encountered.

Moreover, similar types of apparatus will have the impedances lying within a narrow numerical range when expressed as a

per-unit fraction of the equipment rating, even if the unit size varies widely.

 Conversion of per-unit quantities to volts, ohms, or amperes requires a knowledge of the base that the per-unit quantities

were referenced to.

 The per-unit system is used in power flow, short circuit evaluation, motor starting studies etc.

The main idea of a per unit system is to absorb large differences in absolute values into base relationships. Thus,
representations of elements in the system with per unit values become more uniform.
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
Transformation of bases
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
Per unit system for single phase transformer
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PER UNIT SYSTEM
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PER UNIT SYSTEM

Draw per unit reactance diagram

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Engineering pu Impedance Diagram Go, change the world

The pu impedance diagram is obtained from the SLD by the following steps:

1. Choose a common system base MVA

2. Divide the network into different sections based on the location of the transformers.

3. Choose a suitable voltage base in any one of the sections.

4. Fix the base voltages of other sections using the voltage ratio of the transformers.

5. Convert all impedances in pu to the base in corresponding sections.

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Engineering Symmetrical Faults Go, change the world

Introduction
 3- power systems are designed to be symmetric and balanced.
 Unbalance loading conditions may cause asymmetry in current and voltages.
 At higher voltage levels, asymmetry is caused due to system faults.

What is a fault?

A fault in any circuit is any event, which causes a deviation from the normal flow of currents.
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Engineering Types of Faults Go, change the world
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Series Fault
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Engineering

 The most common series fault is the open circuit

 The most common causes of these faults include joint failures of cables and overhead lines,
and failure of one or more phase of circuit breaker and also due to melting of a fuse or
conductor in one or more phases.
 These are unsymmetrical or unbalanced type of faults except three phase open fault.
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Series Fault
RV College of
Engineering

Effects
 Abnormal operation of the system

 Danger to the personnel as well as animals

 Exceeding the voltages beyond normal values in certain parts of the network, which further

leads to insulation failures and developing of short circuit faults.

 Although open circuit faults can be tolerated for longer periods than short circuit faults, these

must be removed as early as possible to reduce the greater damage.

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Shunt Fault
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Engineering

 A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low impedance between two points of
different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally.

 These are the most common and severe kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal high currents
through the equipment or transmission lines.

 If these faults are allowed to persist even for a short period, it leads to the extensive damage to the
equipment.

 Short circuit faults are also called as shunt faults. These faults are caused due to the insulation failure
between phase conductors or between earth and phase conductors or both.

 The various possible short circuit fault conditions include three phase to earth, three phase clear of earth,
phase to phase, single phase to earth, two phase to earth and phase to phase plus single phase to earth.

 The three phase fault clear of earth and three phase fault to earth are balanced or symmetrical short
circuit faults while other remaining faults are unsymmetrical faults.
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Shunt Fault
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Shunt Fault
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Causes
These may be due to internal or external effects

 Internal effects include breakdown of transmission lines or equipment, aging of insulation,

deterioration of insulation in generator, transformer and other electrical equipments, improper
installations and inadequate design.

 External effects include overloading of equipments, insulation failure due to lighting surges and
mechanical damage by public.
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Shunt Fault
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Engineering

Effects
 Arcing faults can lead to fire and explosion in equipment such as transformers and circuit
breakers.

 Abnormal currents cause the equipment to get overheated, which further leads to reduction
of life span of their insulation.

 The operating voltages of the system can go below or above their acceptance values that
creates harmful effect to the service rendered by the power system.

 The power flow is severely restricted or even completely blocked as long as the short
circuit fault persists.
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Shunt Fault
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Engineering

Classification of Shunt Fault:

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Symmetrical faults
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Engineering

 A symmetrical fault gives rise to symmetrical fault currents that are displaced with 1200
each other.
 Symmetrical fault is also called as balanced fault.
 This fault occurs when all the three phases are simultaneously short circuited.
 These faults rarely occur in practice as compared with unsymmetrical faults.
 Two kinds of symmetrical faults include line to line to line (L-L-L) and line to line to line
to ground (L-L-L-G) .
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Symmetrical faults
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 A rough occurrence of symmetrical faults is in the range of 2 to 5% of the total system

faults.

 However, if these faults occur, they cause a very severe damage to the equipment even

though the system remains in balanced condition.

 The analysis of these faults is required for selecting the rupturing capacity of the circuit

breakers, choosing set-phase relays and other protective switchgear.

 These faults are analyzed on per phase basis using bus impedance matrix or Thevenins’s

theorem.
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Unsymmetrical faults
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 The most common faults that occur in the power system network are unsymmetrical faults.
 This kind of fault gives rise to unsymmetrical fault currents (having different magnitudes with
unequal phase displacement).
 These faults are also called as unbalanced faults as it causes unbalanced currents in the
system.
 namely phase or line to ground (L-G) fault, phase to phase (L-L) fault and double line to
ground (L-L-G) fault.
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Unsymmetrical faults
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Engineering

 A single line-to-ground (LG) fault is one of the most common faults and experiences show that 70-80 %
of the faults that occur in power system are of this type. This forms a short circuit path between the line
and ground. These are very less severe faults compared to other faults.

 A line to line fault (LL) fault occur when a live conductor get in contact with other live conductor.
Heavy winds are the major cause for this fault during which swinging of overhead conductors may touch
together. These are less severe faults and its occurrence range may be between 15-20%.

 In double line to ground faults (LLG) fault , two lines come into the contact with each other as well as
with ground. These are severe faults and the occurrence these faults is about 10% when compared with
total system faults.

 Unsymmetrical faults are analyzed using methods of symmetrical components in order to determine the
voltage and currens in all parts of the system.
 The analysis of these faults is more difficult compared to symmetrical faults.
 This analysis is necessary for determining the size of a circuit breaker for largest short circuit current.
 The greater current usually occurs for either L-G or L-L fault.
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Symmetrical Faults
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Synchronous Machine Reactances

 Depends on
1) angular position of the rotor
2) the application of armature current (suddenly or steady)

 Classified as
1) Positive sequence reactance(xd, xd', xd")
2) Negative sequence reactance (x2)
3) Zero sequence reactance (x0)

 Technique to determine these values:

Rotor circuit is closed but not excited the rotor is turned forward in synchronous speed current
of proper sequence is applied to the armature windings the armature voltage of the same phase
sequence as the current is found the ratio of the voltage to the current is the sequence impedance
(we can also call as sequence reactance as R value is small and can be neglected).

Note: While any machine has only one zero and negative sequence reactance, it has several positive
sequence reactances.
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Symmetrical Faults
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Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance (xd)

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Symmetrical Faults
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Direct Axis Transient Reactance (xd')

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Symmetrical Faults
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Direct Axis Subtransient Reactance (xd")

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Symmetrical Faults
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Negative Sequence Reactance (x2) Measurement of xd and xq

xd= max. voltage / min. current

xq= min. voltage / max. current

Zero Sequence Reactance (x0)

x0 is the lowest reactance even lesser than xd"

Depends upon pitch of the armature coil

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Symmetrical Faults
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Generator Short circuit current SCC divided into 3 components:

1) Sub-transient period – m/c offers sub-transient
reactance
2) Transient period – m/c offers transient
reactance
3) Steady state period- m/c offers synchronous
reactance
Sub-transient and transient current decays with
winding time constants Td" and Td' respectively.

The amplitude of AC components Iac is given by:

Iac = Is + I0'𝒆−𝒕/𝑻𝒅′ + I0"𝒆−𝒕/𝑻𝒅"

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The RMS value of the steady state components is:

𝐸𝑔 𝑜𝑎
Is = =
𝑋𝑑 2

The RMS value of the transient current is:

𝐸𝑔 𝑜𝑏 𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔 1 1
I'= I0'+Is = = ; I0' = I' – Is = - = Eg −
𝑋𝑑′ 2 𝑋𝑑′ 𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑′ 𝑋𝑑

The RMS value of the initial sub-transient current is:

𝐸𝑔 𝑜𝑐 𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔 1 1
I"= I0" + I0' + Is = = ; I0" = I"- (I0' + Is ) = - = Eg −
𝑋𝑑" 2 𝑋𝑑" 𝑋𝑑′ 𝑋"𝑑 𝑋′𝑑

1 1 1 −𝑡/𝑇𝑑′ 1 1
Iac = Is + I0'𝑒 −𝑡/𝑇𝑑′
+ I0"𝑒 −𝑡/𝑇𝑑"
= Eg{ + − 𝑒 + − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑇𝑑" }
𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑′ 𝑋𝑑 𝑋"𝑑 𝑋′𝑑
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The D.C components of the three armature currents will all be different and will decay to zero
with a time constant Ta (armature winding constant). This typically has a value between
0.005 to 0.15s.

The max. value of this D.C component is:

𝐸𝑔
Idc (max)= 2
𝑋𝑑"

Note: Most of the DC component decays during the sub-transient period.

The effective (RMS) value of short circuit current is given by

2 2
Isc= 𝐼𝑎𝑐 + 𝐼𝑑𝑐

The maximum value this can attain at the beginning of a short circuit is:

2 𝐸𝑔 2 𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔
Isc= 𝐼"2 + 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = +( 2 )² = 3 = 3 𝐼"
𝑋𝑑 " 𝑋𝑑" 𝑋𝑑"
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Problem-1
A 50MVA, 13.2kV generator, with reactances Xd˝=12%, Xd́' = 25%, Xd=100%, is connected to a 50
MVA, 13.2/132kV transformer with XT=15%. It is operating on no-load at rated voltage, Eg=1.0pu.
Find the (i) subtransient , transient and steady state symmetrical fault currents in actual values, (ii) the
maximum possible DC component (iii) maximum value of instantaneous current and (iv) maximum
rms value of asymmetrical current when a symmetrical fault occurs at the HT terminals of the
transformer.
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Problem-2
Two generators are connected in parallel to the LV side of a three phase ∆ – Υ transformer. Gen1. is
rated 50 MVA, 13.8 kV and Gen 2. is rated 25 MVA, 13.8 kV. Each generator has subtransient
reactance of 25%. The transformer is rated 75MVA, 13.8 kV (∆) – 132 kV(Υ) with a reactance of
10%. Before the fault, the voltage on HV side of the transformer is 130kV. The transformer is
unloaded when a tree phase short circuit occurs on the HV side of the transformer. Find the
subtransient current of the generators.
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Analysis of loaded Generators

Internal voltages of machine under load

The steady state equivalent circuit of a loaded generator

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Phasor diagram of a loaded generator

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Equivalent circuit of a synchronous motor connected to a synchronous generator

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Problem-3
A 25 MVA, 13.2 kV synchronous generator is connected to a synchronous motor of same rating. Both
have a subtransient reactance of 15%. The line connecting them has a reactance of 10% on the
machine base. The motor is drawing a power of 18MW at 0.8 pf lead at 12.9 kV, when a short circuit
occurs at its terminals. Find the subtransient currents in the motor, generator and fault.
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Applications of Thevenin's Theorem

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Symmetrical faults on power system

Problem:
For the system shown below, determine the fault current, bus voltages and line currents
when a balanced 3 phase fault occurs on bus 1. Assume the system is running on no
load and neglecting shunt capacitances. The fault impedance is j0.15 pu.
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Neutral shift in unbalanced star connected load

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