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Culture Documents
2
Circuit
Diagram
Materials
Required
i. Breadboard
-‐
1
ii. LED
-‐
1
iii. Resistor:
330
Ω
-‐
1
Colour
Code:
330
Ω
-‐
Orange
Orange
Brown
Gold
iv.
LDR
-‐
1
v.
9
V
BaBery
-‐
1
vi.
ConnecEng
Wire
Pieces
4
5
Step
No.
1
Take
a
breadboard.
6
Step
No.
2
Connect
a
9
V
baBery
on
the
breadboard.
7
Step
No.
3
Connect
an
LED
on
the
breadboard.
8
Step
No.
4
Connect
the
posiEve
terminal
of
the
LED
to
Vcc
(posiEve
terminal
of
the
baBery)
with
a
connecEng
wire
(red).
9
Step
No.
5
Connect
two
wires
to
the
mulEmeter
probes
as
shown
in
the
figure
below.
10
Step
No.
6
Rotate
the
mulEmeter
dial
to
20m
in
the
Direct
Current
(A
)
region.
11
Step
No.
7
Connect
the
red
probe
of
the
mulEmeter
to
the
negaEve
terminal
of
the
LED
and
the
black
probe
to
any
different
column
of
the
breadboard.
12
Step
No.
8
Connect
one
leg
of
a
330
Ω
resistor
to
the
black
probe
of
the
mulEmeter
and
its
other
leg
to
any
different
column
of
the
breadboard.
13
Step
No.
9
Connect
one
leg
of
an
LDR
to
the
other
leg
of
the
resistor.
Connect
the
other
end
of
the
LDR
to
any
different
column
of
the
breadboard.
14
Step
No.
10
Connect
the
other
leg
of
the
LDR
to
ground.
15
Step
No.
11
Switch
off
the
lights
and
record
the
value
of
current
in
the
circuit
I
=
0.09
mA
16
Step
No.
12
Remove
the
mulEmeter
probes
from
the
circuit
and
rotate
the
mulEmeter
dial
to
200k
in
the
ohm
(Ω)
region.
17
Step
No.
13
Measure
the
resistance
offered
by
the
LDR
in
dark.
18
ObservaJon
MulEmeter
reading
=
83.1
Since
the
mulEmeter
dial
on
200k
posiEon,
we
will
mulEply
the
reading
by
‘1k
=
1000’
to
get
the
actual
value.
Resistance
offered
by
LDR
in
dark
=
83.1
×
1k
=
83.1
kΩ
Next
Steps
We
have
measured
the
value
of
resistance
offered
by
the
LDR
in
dark.
AddiEonally,
when
the
LDR
is
in
dark,
we
have
measured
the
value
of
the
current
in
the
circuit.
We
can
theoreEcally
verify
the
value
of
current
using
Ohm’s
law
and
KVL.
Current
CalculaJon
Using
KVL:
Vcc
=
Voltage
drop
across
LED
+
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
Let
us
assume
that
the
voltage
across
the
baBery
is
9
V.
A
green
LED
needs
a
minimum
voltage
drop
of
2.6-‐3.1
V.
So,
Voltage
drop
across
LED
=
3
V
(assuming)
9
=
3
+
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
=
6
V
21
Current
CalculaJon
Using
Ohm’s
Law:
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
=
6
V
R
+
RLDR
=
330
+
83.1k
=
83430
Ω
=
83.4
kΩ
22
ObservaJon
I
pracJcal
value
=
0.09
mA
I
theoreJcal
value
=
0.07
mA
19
Step
No.
15
Rotate
the
mulEmeter
dial
to
20m
in
the
Direct
Current
(A
)
region.
20
Step
No.
16
Expose
the
LDR
surface
to
a
torch
or
intense
light.
Record
the
current
reading.
I
=
1.5
mA
21
Step
No.
17
Remove
the
mulEmeter
probes
from
the
circuit
and
rotate
the
mulEmeter
dial
to
200k
in
the
ohm
(Ω)
region.
22
Step
No.
18
Measure
the
resistance
offered
by
the
LDR
in
light.
23
ObservaJon
MulEmeter
reading
=
6.5
Since
the
mulEmeter
dial
on
200k
posiEon,
we
will
mulEply
the
reading
by
‘1k
=
1000’
to
get
the
actual
value.
Resistance
offered
by
LDR
in
dark
=
6.5
×
1k
=
6.5
kΩ
Next
Steps
We
have
measured
the
value
of
resistance
offered
by
the
LDR
in
light.
AddiEonally,
when
the
LDR
is
in
light,
we
have
measured
the
value
of
the
current
in
the
circuit.
We
can
theoreEcally
verify
the
value
of
current
using
Ohm’s
law
and
KVL.
Current
CalculaJon
Using
KVL:
Vcc
=
Voltage
drop
across
LED
+
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
Let
us
assume
that
the
voltage
across
the
baBery
is
9
V.
A
green
LED
needs
a
minimum
voltage
drop
of
2.6-‐3.1
V.
So,
Voltage
drop
across
LED
=
3
V
(assuming)
9
=
3
+
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
=
6
V
31
Current
CalculaJon
Using
Ohm’s
Law:
Voltage
drop
across
R
+
Voltage
drop
across
LDR
=
6
V
R
+
RLDR
=
330
+
6.5k
=
6830
Ω
32
ObservaJon
I
pracJcal
value
=
1.5
mA
I
theoreJcal
value
=
0.87
mA
The
theoreEcal
value
of
the
current
is
approximately
equal
to
the
pracEcal
value
of
current.
Hence,
this
mathemaEcal
calculaEon
supports
our
logic.
33
ObservaJon
Environment LDR
Resistance Value
of
Current,
I
LDR
in
Dark 83.1
kΩ 0.09
mA
LDR
in
Light 6.5
kΩ 1.5
mA
Resistance of LDR in dark >>> Resistance of LDR in light
24
Result
The
intensity
with
which
the
LED
glows
depends
directly
upon
the
amount
of
current
passing
through
it.
The
amount
of
current
depends
up
the
net
resistance
in
the
circuit.
If
the
resistance
is
more,
the
current
will
be
less
and
vice
versa.
24
Step
No.
6
Remove
the
mulEmeter
from
the
circuit
and
connect
the
LED,
the
resistor
and
the
LDR
in
series.
Connect
the
other
leg
of
the
LDR
to
ground.
Step
No.
7
Place
your
finger
on
the
top
surface
of
the
LDR,
and
observe
how
the
intensity
of
the
LED
changes.
ObservaJon
1.
Intensity
with
which
the
LED
glows
will
decrease
when
the
top
surface
of
the
LDR
is
covered
with
a
finger.
2.When
the
circuit
is
exposed
to
light,
the
intensity
of
the
LED
increases
and
it
glows
more
brightly.
In
the
dark,
the
intensity
of
the
LED
decreases
(a
dim
glow).
Result
LDR
(Light
Dependent
Resistor)
is
a
variable
resistor.
Its
resistance
changes
in
accordance
with
the
intensity
of
light
falling
on
its
surface.
Its
resistance
decreases
in
light
and
increases
in
the
dark.
It
can
be
used
to
detect
the
presence
of
light.
Project
Report
To
write
project
report,
refer
the
following
experiment
from
the
manual:
25
Circuit
Result
Measure
PrecauJon
AcJvity
Notes
Advantages
ModificaJon
Do
you
know?
27