Arrester Bed

Aitchison Team A

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Contents of Presentation
● Problem Description

● Problem Objectives

● Theoretical Investigation and Mathematical Model

● Experimental Design

● Observations’ Explanation and Conclusions

 Phenomena Objectives
A sand-filled lane results in the
● Investigate the interaction
dissipation of the kinetic energy of a
theoretically
moving vehicle. What length is
necessary for such an arrester bed to
● Establish a Mathematical
entirely stop a passively moving
Reasoning
object (e.g. a ball)? What parameters
does the length depend on?
● Investigate the experimental
results

● Conclude the results,

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 Section 1

Theoretical Analysis
Introduction
What we see in this interaction between a granular medium and a
rigid body, are the following principles:
● Kinetic Energy Dissipation
● Cosserat Plasticity
● Deformation
● Transfer of Momentum
● Mohr Coulomb Plasticity Theory
● Inertia
● Dimensional and Transitional Momentums

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Diagram Modelling

We have divided the problem

into 2 Phases

Phase 1 - Acceleration via

ramp, (Slip friction, inertia,
momentum, force)

Phase 2 - Deceleration and

energy dispersion over
granular media (Mohr
Coulomb Plasticity, Coressat
Continuum, granular
deformation, energy dispersal,
deceleration)

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Phase 1

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 Governing Principles
We see simple kinematic motion during Phase 1 and hence need to
calculate the loss of force, that the initial force of phase 2 can be
calculated and so the energy of the system and along with that the
moment of Inertia and the effect of friction

The Governing Principles are

● Slip Velocity
● Angular and Translational Momentum
● Inertia
● Translational Acceleration
● 2D Force vector resolution

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 Initial Condition (Slip)
The condition of slip velocity and motion exists as a result of the
inequality of translational motion and angular velocity, and as a result
the ball enters a motion and slips instead of showing pure rotational
motion

In this condition we will have pure rolling motion

In this condition we will have slip motion and will see a regime change
to rolling motion
In this condition we will have slip motion with a then retrograde motion
in the opposite direction

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 Initial Condition (2)
We will use the following equations as to determine the time as to when
slip motion stops and pure rolling motion begins

Assuming the boundary condition that at t0 = 0 then hence

v0 = 0

Hence t = 0

The ball enters rolling motion immediately upon release

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 Initial Condition (3)
We will use the following equations as to determine the time as to when
slip motion stops and pure rolling motion begins

This formula takes into account the effect of the moment of

inertia on the rotational motion of the particle and so
utilises the sum of moments of inertia from all points for a
generalized formula for the sphere

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 Angular and Translational Momentum
Translational momentum is Angular Momentum component of
the resultant momentum of momentum is defined as the
an object moving down the Moment of Inertia from the center
slant of mass, into angular velocity

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2D Vector Resolution
Knowing the friction coefficient can
help with finding the translational
acceleration and so the vector
components of force may be
resolved

The force of friction will also be

investigated into along with the
final velocity at the end of the ramp

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 Final Velocity
We shall use the equations of Translational Kinetic energy and
Rotational Kinetic energy to find the final velocity of the object at the
beginning of Phase 2

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Final Model

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Phase 2

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 Cosserat Plasticity

This model of plasticity gives influence to size in elastic behaviour, as

the size affects the elasticity of the media and hence creates a general
equation

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All grains of the granular media are assumed to be disks, and so hence it is
assumed that the Branch vector is equal to the number of subtening Radii
multiplied by the radius length, and so with that relation it may be derived that
the pressures of the system are equal and so energy is conserved in the form of
rotational energy

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 Force of Drag

The following equation assumes the micro collisions of sand granules

with the ball and relates the coefficient of drag and friction with the
radius and the radius of the ball along with the mass and the velocity
vector of the translational motion

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 Wheel Penetration

For spherical translational motion the penetration of the wheel is defined by the
equation of contact length to the dimensionless constant of the depth of the well to the
angle of incidence for the collision

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 Stress Tensor

Understanding newtonian formalism we have investigated into the 3 axes of the

stress tensor in the manner to investigate the mohr coulomb plasticity of the
granular media

𝝈xx = -𝞺 + 𝞺sin(X)cos(2X)
𝝈zx = -𝞺 - 𝞺sin(X)cos(2X)
𝝈xz = 𝞺sin(x)sin(2x)

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Wong Reece Terraformation Mechanics

The Wong reece terra

deformation formula
relies on the postulation
that the sand is
homogeneous and that
the instantaneous failure
of the particle over the
sand leads to equilibrium
in the easiest way
possible and so returns
to a state of rest

It also relies that plastic

failure occurs

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 Wong Reece Terraformation Mechanics

The wong reece model may also be able to solve the plastic failure and deformation in
the form of Radial Coordinates along with zones near the zone of maximum shear
stress

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 Janosi - Hanamoto Shear Slip Relation

The Janosi - Hanamoto understanding of the slip relation is that of an empirical

proof of shear slip and maximum stress, it is given via tau and is shown via the
following equation,

This specific interpretation of the JH Relation uses the relation or interpretation of

shear deformation as wheel coordinates by Bekker, and this is known as j

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 Section 2

Experimental
Analysis
 Constant Values
These are the values and units of certain constant values

Density of Plastic - 946 kg/m3

Density of Sand - 1356.1 kg/m3
Density of Glass - 2418 kg/m3
Density of Metal - 7435 kg/m3
Radius of Metal Balls - 0.8cm
Radius of Marbles - 0.6cm
Radius of Plastic - 1cm
Angle of Elevation - 26o
Translational Acceleration - 5.34 m/s2
Indentation of Well (Metal) - 1.17cm (±0.01 mm)
Indentation of Well (Plastic) - 0.2cm (±0.01 mm)
Indentation of Well (Marble) - 0.95cm (±0.01 mm)

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 Set Up
The following are the materials used in the set up
● Vernier Calipers
● Micrometer Screw Gauge
● Runway
● Sand (2 types)
● Protractor
● Timer
● Scale
● Marbles
● Plastic Balls
● Metal Balls
● Marker

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Set Up

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Experiment

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Particle Image Velocimetry
(Metal Ball)

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PIVLAB Analysis
(Metal Ball)

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Particle Image Velocimetry
(Glass Ball)

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PIVLAB Analysis
(Glass Ball)

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Particle Image Velocimetry
(Plastic Ball)

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PIVLAB Analysis
(Plastic Ball)

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Experimental Numerical Analysis

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Numerical Interpolation

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Mathematical Simulation for time
Calculation

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 Factors

The factors that affect the length of the sand needed is represented by the
equation that is derived, the main factors are
● Radius of the Ball ------> Inertia
● Mass -------> Density
● Density --------> Wells
● Speed ------> Friction Coefficient
● Angle -------> Friction

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 Relations

It is to be noted that the relation of the length is inversely proportional to mass and
the density of the object being rolled, but it is directly proportional to the angle of
incidence of Phase 1 along with the depth of the well

The kinetic energy is conserved of the system and hence also is dependant upon the
velocity of the object, and the density of the object as the stress tensor and granular
elasticity regime is defined by the stress tensor along with the density and the angle

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Summary

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 Citations

● 10.1103/PhysRevE.79.022301
● Journal of Terramechanics, 1979, Vol 15, No 4, pp 161 to 184
● 10.1007/s10035-011-0253-8
● https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/22278/On-modeling
-a-rolling-wheel-in-the-presence-of-plastic-deformation-as-a-three-or-two-dimens
ional-process.pdf
● F.-X. Riguidel et al 1994 EPL 28 13
● PHYSICAL REVIEW E 78, 031307 2008
● 10.1007/s12206-020-1013-7
● https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01425301/document
● 10.1007/s10035-016-0696-z

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