October 12, 2023

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SE Mechanical BATCH: 2022
Fall 2023-24
Fluid Mechanics I
(ME-221)

Dr Muhammad Ehteshamul Haque PhD (University Malaysia Pahang)

Assistant Professor MSME 1991 (USA)
Mechanical Engineering Department BE (Mech.) 1988 (NED UET)
Teaching in NED since 2008
Room # 75
15 Years Teaching experience
Advisor to Student Chapter of 15 Years industry experience in USA
ASHRAE Pakistan at NED 5 Years local industry experience
Books

Recommend Munson, Young, Okiishi’s Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Book(s):
Reference Fox and McDonald’s Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Book(s): F M White Fluid mechanics
Sessional assessment
Mid-term, Test/Quiz, Assignment/Class Performance.
1
 Chapter 4
Fluid Kinematics
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to :
 discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian
descriptions of fluid motion.
 Understand the role of the material derivative in transforming
between Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
 discuss various ways to visualize flow fields—streamlines,
streaklines, pathlines, timelines, optical methods schlieren and
shadowgraph, and surface methods
 discuss the differences between a system and control volume.
 apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material
derivative.
 The analogy between material derivative for infinitesimal fluid
elements and RTT for finite control volumes is explained
2
 Outline
• Introduction
• Velocity Field
• Acceleration Field
• Material Derivative
• Visualize flow fields
• Control Volume and System Representation
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
• Examples

3
 Difference between Kinematics and Dynamics

Kinematics is the branch of mechanics dealing with the study of the motion of a body or
a system of bodies without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.
Dynamics on the other hand is the study of motion of the body along with the cause of
motion that is forces and torques acting on the body.

LAGRANGIAN AND EULERIAN DESCRIPTIONS

From a fundamental point of view, there are two distinct ways to describe motion. The first
and most familiar method is to follow the path of individual objects.

For example, we have all seen physics experiments in which a ball on a pool table or a puck
on an air hockey table collides with another ball or puck or with the wall . Newton’s laws
are used to describe the motion of such objects, and we can accurately predict where they
go and how momentum and kinetic energy are exchanged from one object to another.

When this method is applied to a flowing fluid, we call it the Lagrangian description of
fluid motion.

Lagrangian analysis is analogous to the (closed) system analysis that of thermodynamics;

namely, we follow a mass of fixed identity.
4
Lagrangian method of describing motion is much more difficult for fluids than for billiard
balls. First of all we cannot easily define and identify fluid particles as they move around.
Secondly, a fluid is a continuum (from a macroscopic point of view), so interactions between
fluid particles are not as easy to describe as are interactions between distinct
objects like billiard balls or air hockey pucks.

Furthermore, the fluid particles ( each particle contains billions molecules) continually
deform as they move in the flow.

A more common method of describing fluid flow is the Eulerian description of fluid motion.
In the Eulerian description of fluid flow, a finite volume called a flow domain or control
volume is defined, through which fluid flows in and out.

Instead of tracking individual fluid particles, we define field variables, functions of space
and time, within the control volume. The field variable at a particular location at a particular
time is the value of the variable for whichever fluid particle happens to occupy that location
at that time.

5
For example, the pressure field is a scalar field variable; for general unsteady three
dimensional fluid flow in Cartesian coordinates,

Velocity field is defined as vector field variable in similar fashion,

Similarly acceleration field is also a vector field variable,

Collectively, these (and other) field variables define the flow field.

The velocity field given above is expanded in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z), ( ) as

Similar
In expansion can
the multivariate be performed
chain for acceleration
rule (or multivariable chainfield.
rule) one variable is dependent on
two or more variables. The chain rule consists of partial derivatives.
For the function f(x,y) where x and y are functions of variable t, we first differentiate the
function partially with respect to one variable and then that variable is differentiated with
respect to t. The chain rule is written as:
6
Difference between Lagrangian and Eulerian description :
The difference between these two descriptions is made clearer by imagining a person
standing beside a river, measuring its properties.

In the Lagrangian approach, he throws in a probe that moves downstream with the water.

In the Eulerian approach, he anchors the probe at a fixed location in the water.

The equations of motion in the Lagrangian description following individual fluid particles
are well known (e.g., Newton’s second law), the equations of motion of fluid flow are not
so readily apparent in the Eulerian description and must be carefully derived. We do this
for control volume (integral) analysis via the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).

7
Lagrangian: Follow arbitrary amount of fluid particle to simulate the whole flow
Eulerian: Obverse arbitrary amount of fluid particle to simulate the whole flow

8
Material Derivative

Fluid Particle

9
10
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field

If we were to follow a particular fluid particle as it moves around in the flow, we would be
employing the Lagrangian description, and the equation of motion will be directly
applicable .

For example, we would define the particle’s location in space in terms of a material
position vector,

However some mathematical manipulation is

then necessary to convert the equations of
motion into forms applicable to the Eulerian
description.

Consider Newton’s second law applied to the fluid particle under consideration,

11
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field (continued)
Where is the net force acting on the fluid particles
is its mass,
is its acceleration

The acceleration of the fluid particle, by definition, is the time derivative of the particle’s
velocity,

However, at any instant in time t, the velocity of the particle is the same as the local
value of the velocity field at the location,

The velocity components are functions of both space and time as given by the
following equation,

The acceleration of the fluid particle in x –direction is given by,

12
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field (continued)
Since the dependent variable u is a function of four independent variables, therefore,
we must use the chain rule for differentiation of a multivariable function,

Where, is the partial derivative operator and d is the total derivative operator.

Therefore,

Similarly, for the y and z components we obtain,

13
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field (continued)

Finally, at any instant in time t, the acceleration filed must equal the acceleration of the
fluid particle that happens to occupy the location (x, y , z,) at that time t. Because the
fluid particle is by definition accelerating with the fluid flow. Hence, the above
acceleration equations transform from Lagrangian to Eulerian frame of reference.
Acceleration of a fluid particle expressed as a field variable:

is the gradient operator or del operator, a vector operator that is defined in Cartesian
coordinates as

In Cartesian coordinates , the components of acceleration vector are,

14
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field (continued)

Inspection of above equations reveal that the terms on the right hand sides are of two
different types: those that include changes of velocity with respect to position , ,
, and so on; and those that are changes of velocity with respect to time , , and

Terms of the first type are called CONVECTIVE acceleration because they are
associated with velocity changes that occur because of changes in position in the flow
field.
However, the second type, acceleration results because the velocity changes with
respect to time at a given point. These are called LOCAL acceleration.

Obviously, local acceleration results when the flow is unsteady and convective
acceleration occurs when the flow is no-uniform, that is when velocity changes along a
stream line.

15
Material Derivative ---- Acceleration Field (continued)
The total derivative operator d/dt in Eq. above is given a special name, the material
derivative; it is assigned a special notation, D/Dt, in order to emphasize that it is formed by
following a fluid particle as it moves through the flow field. Other names for the material
derivative include total, particle, Lagrangian, Eulerian, and substantial derivative.

Material derivative:

When we apply the material derivative of Eq. to the velocity field, the result is the
acceleration field as expressed by following Eq, which is thus sometimes called the material
acceleration,
Material acceleration:

For example, the material derivative of pressure is written as

Material derivative of pressure:

Material derivative of temperature:

16
Unsteady Effects
If a flow is unsteady, its parameter values (velocity, temperature, density, etc.) at any
location may change with time. For example, an unstirred (v=0) cup of coffee will cool
down in time because of heat transfer to its surroundings.

Consider flow in a constant diameter pipe as is shown in Fig. The flow is assumed
to be spatially uniform throughout the pipe. That is, at all points in the pipe. The
acceleration field may vary with time.

0 0 0
0
17
Convective Effects
The portion of the material derivative represented by the spatial
derivatives is termed the convective derivative. It represents
the fact that a flow property associated with a fluid particle may
vary because of the motion of the particle from one point in
space where the
parameter has one value to another point in space where its
value is different. For example, the water velocity at the inlet of
the garden hose nozzle shown in the figure is different (both in
direction and speed) than it is at the exit. This contribution to the
time rate of change of the parameter for the particle can occur
whether the flow is steady or unsteady.
The temperature of a water particle changes as it flows through
a water heater. The water entering the heater is always the
same cold temperature, and the water leaving the heater is
always the same hot temperature. The flow is steady. However,
the temperature, T, of each water particle increases as it passes
through the heater

18
The same types of processes are involved with fluid accelerations. Consider flow in a
variable area pipe as shown in Fig. It is assumed that the flow is steady and one-dimensional
with velocity that increases and decreases in the flow direction as indicated.

19
4-57 The temperature distribution in a fluid is given by T = 10x + 5y, where x and y
are the horizontal and vertical coordinates in meters and T is in degrees
centigrade. Determine the time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle
traveling (a) horizontally with u = 20 m/s, v = 0 and (b) vertically with u = 0, v = 20
m/s.
Solution
T = 10x + 5y

20
Solution

Y2.y=8, y3=8, y=2,

Therefore, x=2

21
22
23
Example:

24
FLOW PATTERNS AND FLOW VISUALIZATION
• Flow visualization: The visual
examination of flow field
features.
• While quantitative study of fluid
dynamics requires advanced
mathematics, much can be
learned from flow visualization.
• Flow visualization is useful not
only in physical experiments but
in numerical solutions as well
[computational fluid Spinning baseball. The late F. N. M.
dynamics (CFD)]. Brown devoted many years to developing
• In fact, the very first thing an and using smoke visualization in wind
engineer using CFD does after tunnels at the University of Notre Dame.
obtaining a numerical solution is Here the flow speed is about 23 m/s and
simulate some form of flow the ball is rotated at 630 rpm.
visualization, so that he or she
can see the whole picture rather
than merely a list of numbers
and quantitative data. 25
Flow Patterns
 Fluid mechanics is a highly visual subject. The patterns of flow
can be visualized in a dozen different ways, and you can view
these sketches or photographs and learn a great deal
qualitatively and often quantitatively about the flow.
 Four basic types of line patterns are used to visualize flows:
1. A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the velocity
vector at a given instant.
2. A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given fluid
particle.
3. A streakline is the locus of particles that have earlier passed
through a prescribed point.
4. A timeline is a set of fluid particles that form a line at a
given instant.

26
Streamlines and Streamtubes
Streamline: A curve that is everywhere tangent to the instantaneous local
velocity vector.
Streamlines are useful as indicators of the instantaneous direction of fluid
motion throughout the flow field.
For example, regions of recirculating flow and separation of a fluid off of a
solid wall are easily identified by the streamline pattern.
Streamlines cannot be directly observed experimentally except in steady
flow fields.

Streamlines around a Nascar

27
A streamtube consists of a bundle of
streamlines much like a
communications cable consists of a
bundle of fiber-optic cables.
Since streamlines are everywhere
parallel to the local velocity, fluid
cannot cross a streamline by
definition.
Fluid within a streamtube must
remain there and cannot cross the A streamtube consists of a bundle
boundary of the streamtube. of individual streamlines.

Both streamlines and

streamtubes are
instantaneous
quantities, defined at
a particular instant in
time according to the In an incompressible flow field, a streamtube
velocity field at that
(a) decreases in diameter as the flow
instant.
accelerates or converges and (b) increases in
diameter as the flow decelerates or diverges.
28
A streamline is a line that is everywhere tangent to
the velocity field.
Streamlines are obtained analytically by integrating
the equations defining lines tangent to the velocity
field. As illustrated in the figure, for two-dimensional
flows the slope of the streamline, dy/dx, must be
equal to the tangent of the angle that the velocity
vector makes with the x axis or

If the velocity field is known as a function of x and y (and t if the flow is unsteady), this
equation can be integrated to give the equation of the streamlines.

29
 Pathlines
• Pathline: The actual path
traveled by an individual fluid
particle over some time period.
• A pathline is a Lagrangian
concept in that we simply follow
the path of an individual fluid
particle as it moves around in
the flow field. A pathline is formed by following the actual
path of a fluid particle.
• Thus, a pathline is the same as
the fluid particle’s material Pathlines produced by white tracer particles suspended in
position vector (xparticle(t), water and captured by time-exposure photography; as
yparticle(t), zparticle(t)) traced out waves pass horizontally, each particle moves in an elliptical
over some finite time interval. path during one wave period.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV): A modern experimental technique that

utilizes short segments of particle pathlines to measure the velocity field over
30
an entire plane in a flow.
Streaklines
Streakline: The locus of fluid
particles that have passed
sequentially through a
prescribed point in the flow.
Streaklines are the most
common flow pattern
generated in a physical
experiment.
If you insert a small tube into
a flow and introduce a
continuous stream of tracer
fluid (dye in a water flow or
smoke in an air flow), the
observed pattern is a
streakline. A streakline is formed by continuous
introduction of dye or smoke from a point in
the flow. Labeled tracer particles (1 through
8) were introduced sequentially.
31
 Streaklines produced by
colored fluid introduced
upstream; since the flow is
steady, these streaklines are
the same as streamlines and
pathlines.

• Streaklines, streamlines, and pathlines are identical in steady flow

but they can be quite different in unsteady flow.
• The main difference is that a streamline represents an instantaneous
flow pattern at a given instant in time, while a streakline and a
pathline are flow patterns that have some age and thus a time history
associated with them.
• A streakline is an instantaneous snapshot of a time-integrated flow
pattern.
• A pathline, on the other hand, is the time-exposed flow path of an
individual particle over some time period.
32
Comparisons
 Timelines
Timeline: A set of adjacent fluid particles
that were marked at the same (earlier)
instant in time.
Timelines are particularly useful in
situations where the uniformity of a flow
(or lack thereof) is to be examined.

Timelines are formed

by marking a line of
fluid particles, and
then watching that line
move (and deform)
through the flow field;
timelines are shown at
t = 0, t1, t2, and t3.
Timelines produced by a hydrogen bubble wire are used to visualize the
boundary layer velocity profile shape. Flow is from left to right, and the
hydrogen bubble wire is located to the left of the field of view. Bubbles near
the wall reveal a flow instability that leads to turbulence. 34
 Comparisons
• For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and
streaklines are identical.
• For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
– Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow field
– Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have a
time history associated with them.
– Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-integrated
flow pattern.
– Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual particle.

35
36
 Flow Net
 A grid obtained by drawing a series of stream lines and
equipotential lines is known as a flow net.
 Flow net provides a simple graphical technique for studying two –
dimensional irrotational flows, when the mathematical calculation
is difficult.
 The stream lines and equipotential lines are mutually
perpendicular to each other.
 A flow net analysis assist in the
design of an efficient boundary
shapes.
 It is also used to calculate the
flow at ground level.

37
 Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques
Another category of flow visualization is based on the refractive property of light waves.
As you recall from your study of physics, the speed of light through one material may differ
somewhat from that in another material, or even in the same material if its density
changes. As light travels through one fluid into a fluid with a different index of refraction,
the light rays bend (they are refracted).

There are two primary flow visualization techniques that utilize the fact that the index of
refraction in air (or other gases) varies with density. They are the shadowgraph technique
and the schlieren technique

Color
Schlieren
schlieren
image of
image of
natural
Mach 3.0
convection
flow from
due to a
left to
barbeque
right over
grill.
a sphere.

38
 Plots of Flow Data
Regardless of how the results are obtained (analytically, experimentally, or
computationally), it is usually necessary to plot flow data in ways that enable the
reader to get a feel for how the flow properties vary in time and/or space.

• Flow data are the presentation of the flow properties

varying in time and/or space.
• A Profile plot indicates how the value of a scalar
property varies along some desired direction in the
flow field.
• A Vector plot is an array of arrows indicating the
magnitude and direction of a vector property at an
instant in time.
• A Contour plot shows curves of constant values of a
scalar property for the magnitude of a vector
property at an instant in time.
39
 Profile plot

Profile plots of the horizontal component of velocity as a

function of vertical distance; flow in the boundary layer
growing along a horizontal flat plate.

40
Vector plot

Results of CFD calculations of flow

impinging on a block; (a) streamlines,
(b) velocity vector plot of the upper
half of the flow, and (c) velocity vector
plot, close-up view revealing more
details in the separated flow region.
 Contour plot

Contour plots of the pressure field due to flow impinging

on a block.

42
43
Types Of Fluid Flow:

1) One , Two & Three Dimensional Flows.

2) Steady & Unsteady Flows.
3) Uniform & Non-uniform Flows.
4) Laminar & Turbulent Flows.
5) Compressible & Incompressible Flows.
6) Rotational & Irrotational Flows.

44
 1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
Most fluid flows are complex three dimensional, time-dependent phenomenon,
however we can make simplifying assumptions allowing an easier analysis or
understanding without sacrificing accuracy. In many cases we can treat the flow as 1D
or 2D flow.
Three-Dimensional Flow: All three velocity components are important and of equal
magnitude. Flow past a wing is complex 3D flow, and simplifying by eliminating any
of the three velocities would lead to severe errors.

Two-Dimensional Flow: In many situations one of the velocity components may

be small relative to the other two, thus it is reasonable in this case to assume 2D
flow.
One-Dimensional Flow: In some situations two of the velocity components may be
small relative to the other one, thus it is reasonable in this case to assume 1D flow.
There are very few flows that are truly 1D, but there are a number where it is a
reasonable approximation.

45
Example: 1D – Flow in an open channel

Water surface velocity

Longitudinal section of rectangular channel Cross-section Velocity profile

Example: 2D – Flow Over An Airfoil

46
 Steady and Unsteady flows

Steady –unsteady => Changing in time

Steady flow:
It is the flow in which conditions of flow remains
constant w.r.t. time at a particular section but the
condition may be different at different sections.
Flow conditions: velocity, pressure, density or
cross-sectional area etc.
e.g., A constant discharge through a pipe.

Unsteady flow :
It is the flow in which conditions of flow changes
w.r.t. time at a particular section.
e.g. A variable discharge through a pipe.

47
 Uniform and Non-uniform flow
Uniform – nonuniform => Changing in space

Uniform flow:
The flow in which velocity at a given time does
not change with respect to space (length of
direction of flow) is called as uniform flow.
e.g. Constant discharge though a constant
diameter pipe.

Non – Uniform flow :

The flow in which velocity at a given time
changes with respect to space (length of
direction of flow) is called as non – uniform
flow.
e.g., Constant discharge through variable
diameter pipe.
48
 Laminar and Turbulent flow
– Laminar flow
• fluid moves along smooth paths
• viscosity damps any tendency to
swirl or mix
– Turbulent flow
• fluid moves in very irregular paths
• efficient mixing
• velocity at a point fluctuates

49
 Rotational & Irrotational Flow
Rotational Flows :-

The flow in which fuid particle while flowing

along stream lines rotate about their own axis is
called as rotational flow.

Irrotational Flows:-

The flow in which the fluid particle while

flowing along stream lines do not rotate about
their axis is called as irrotational flow.

50
Streamline Coordinates
In many flow situations, it is convenient to use a coordinate system defined in terms of the
streamlines of the flow.

In the streamline coordinate system the flow is described in terms of one coordinate
along the streamlines, denoted s, and the second coordinate normal to the streamlines,
denoted n.
It is a curvilinear coordinate system.

51
Unit vectors in these two directions are denoted by and as shown in the figure

Care is needed not to confuse the coordinate distance s (a scalar) with the unit
vector along the streamline direction, .

52
53
Control Volume and System Representations
As with any matter, a fluid’s behavior is governed by fundamental physical laws that are
approximated by an appropriate set of equations. The application of laws such as the
conservation of mass, Newton’s laws of motion, and the laws of thermodynamics forms the
foundation of fluid mechanics analyses. There are various ways that these governing laws can
be applied to a fluid, including the system approach and the control volume approach.

Two methods of analyzing the spraying

of deodorant from a spray can:
(a)We follow the fluid as it moves and deforms.
This is the system approach—no mass crosses
the boundary, and the total mass of the system
remains fixed.
(b)We consider a fixed interior volume of the can.
This is the control volume approach—
mass crosses the boundary

In thermodynamics and solid mechanics we often work with a system (also called a closed
system), defined as a quantity of matter of fixed identity. In fluid dynamics, it is more common
to work with a control volume (also called an open system), defined as a region in space
chosen for study. The size and shape of a system may change during a process, but no mass
crosses its boundaries. A control volume, on the other hand, allows mass to flow in or out
across its boundaries, which are called the control surface. A control volume may also move
and deform during a process, but many real-world applications involve fixed, nondeformable
54
control volumes.
Control Volume and System Representations (continued)

Control Volume and System Representations

Surface of the Pipe

Surface of the Fluid

Fixed Control Volume:

Volume Around The Engine

Inflow
Fixed or Moving
Control Volume:

Outflow

Deforming Control
Volume:

Outflow Deforming Volume

55
 Control Volume and System Representations (continued)

Most principles of fluid mechanics are adopted from solid mechanics, where the physical laws
dealing with the time rates of change of extensive properties are expressed for systems. In
fluid mechanics, it is usually more convenient to work with control volumes, and thus there is
a need to relate the changes in a control volume to the changes in a system. The relationship
between the time rates of change of an extensive property for a system and for
a control volume is expressed by the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT)

The relationship between the time rates

of change of an extensive property for a
system and for a control volume is
expressed by the Reynolds transport
theorem (RTT).

The Reynolds transport theorem

(RTT) provides a link between
the system approach and the
control volume approach.

56
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Preliminary Concepts
All the laws of governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic form in terms
of a system approach, and not in terms of a control volume.
The Reynolds Transport Theorem allows us to shift from the system approach to
the control volume approach, and back.
General Concepts:

B represents any of the fluid properties, m represent the mass, and b

represents the amount of the parameter per unit volume.

Mass Momentum Kinetic Angular

Energy momentum

B, Extensive properties m mV

b, Intensive properties 1 V

B is termed an extensive property, and b is an intensive property. B is

directly proportional to mass, and b is independent of mass.
57
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Preliminary Concepts

For a System: The amount of an extensive property can be calculated by adding

up the amount associated with each fluid particle.

Now, the time rate of change of that system:

Now, for control volume:

For the control volume, we only integrate over the control volume, this is
different integrating over the system, though there are instance when they
could be the same.
58
Reynolds Transport Theorem:
Derivation

The time rate of change of the

property B of the system is equal to
the time rate of change of B of the
control volume plus the net flux of B
out of the control volume by mass
crossing the control surface.
This equation applies at any instant
in time, where it is assumed that
the system and the control volume
occupy the same space at that
particular instant in time.

A moving system (hatched region) and

a fixed control volume (shaded region)
in a diverging portion of a flow field at
times t and t+t. The upper and lower
bounds are streamlines of the flow.
59
𝐈,𝐭 ∆𝐭 𝐈 𝐈 𝐈 𝐈

60
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation

Now, collecting the terms:

or

Restrictions for the above Equation:

1) Fixed control volume
2) One inlet and one outlet
3) Uniform properties
4) Normal velocity to section (1) and (2)
61
62
 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
The influx and outflux of the property B are easy to determine since there is
only one inlet and one outlet, and the velocities are approximately normal to the
surfaces at sections (1) and (2).
In general, the control volume may contain more (or less) than one inlet and one outlet.
A typical pipe system may contain several inlets and outlets as are shown in Fig. In such
instances we think of all inlets grouped together 𝐚 𝐛 𝐜 and all outlets
grouped together 𝐚 𝐛 𝐜 at least conceptually.

63
Reynolds Transport Theorem:
Derivation
To generalize the process, we consider a differential
surface area dA on the control surface and denote its unit
outer normal by . The flow rate of property b through
dA is since the dot product gives the
normal component of the velocity. Then the net rate of
outflow through the entire control surface is determined
by integration to be

The integral of over

the control surface gives the net
amount of the property B
flowing out of the control
volume (into the control volume
if it is negative) per unit time.

64
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
The Reynolds Transport Theorem can be derived for more general conditions.

Result:

This form is for a fixed non-deforming control volume.

65
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Physical Interpretation

(1) (2) (3)

(1) The time rate of change of the extensive parameter of a system, mass,
momentum, energy.

(2) The time rate of change of the extensive parameter within the control volume.

(3) The net flow rate of the extensive parameter across the entire control surface.

“outflow across the surface”

“inflow across the surface”
“no flow across the surface”

Mass flow rate:

66
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Analogous to Material Derivative

Unsteady Portion Convective Portion

Steady Effects:

Steady flow through a control volume.

Unsteady Effects (inflow = outflow):

Unsteady flow through a constant

diameter pipe.
67
 Reynolds transport
theorem applied to a
control volume moving
at constant velocity.

Relative velocity crossing a control surface is

found by vector addition of the absolute
velocity of the fluid and the negative of the
local velocity of the control surface. 68
Moving Control Volumes
     
It is the relative velocity W  V  VCV or W  V  VCS that carries the fluid
across the moving control surface.
DBsys d 
Dt
 
dt CV
 b dV    b(W  nˆ ) dA
CS

• Moving control volume - replace V with relative

velocity W = V-Vcv , where CV is moving at constant
velocity Vcv

• Deforming control volume – replace V with relative velocity

W + Vcs , where CS is moving at constant velocity Vcs

69
 Conservation of Mass
DBsys d 
We know that , RTT is
Dt
 
dt CV
 b dV    b(V  nˆ ) dA
CS

Applying RTT for conservation of mass,

Therefore,

Steady flow:

(study flow)

Therefore,   (V  nˆ ) dA  0
CS

If the inlets and outlets are one-dimensional the above equation simplifies to:

   AV 
i   i AV
i i out i i in  0
i i 
Incompressible flow:  (V  nˆ) dA  0
CS
For the case of one-dimensional inlets and outlets:   AV 
i
i i out   AV
i
i i in  0
70
Equation of streamline:

In fluid mechanics the most common mathematical result for visualization purposes is
the streamline pattern. A typical set of streamlines and an arbitrary velocity vector is
shown in the figures below.

If the elemental arc length dr of a streamline is to be parallel to V, their respective

components must be in proportion:

dx dy dz dr
  
u v w V
71
Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT
The Reynolds transport theorem for finite
volumes (integral analysis) is analogous to
the material derivative for infinitesimal
volumes (differential analysis). In both
cases, we transform from a Lagrangian or
system viewpoint to an Eulerian or control
volume viewpoint.
While the Reynolds transport
theorem deals with finite-size
control volumes and the
material derivative deals with
infinitesimal fluid particles, the
same fundamental physical
interpretation applies to both.
Just as the material derivative
can be applied to any fluid
property, scalar or vector, the
Reynolds transport theorem
can be applied to any scalar or
vector property as well.
72
 Reynolds—Transport Theorem (RTT)

There is a direct analogy between the transformation from

Lagrangian to Eulerian descriptions (for differential analysis using
infinitesimally small fluid elements) and the transformation from
systems to control volumes (for integral analysis using large,
finite flow fields).
 Summary
• Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions
– Acceleration Field
– Material Derivative
• Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization
– Streamlines and Streamtubes, Pathlines,
– Streaklines, Timelines
– Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques
– Surface Flow Visualization Techniques
• Plots of Fluid Flow Data
– Profile Plots, Vector Plots, Contour Plots
• The Reynolds Transport Theorem
– Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT

74
 
Q9. A velocity field is defined by  2 ˆi  x ˆj m/s. Obtain the equation of the streamline
V
and sketch a few representative streamlines. Ans: y = x2/4 + constant.
For C=0
Solution:
x ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4
y 1/4 1 2.25 4

Stream line equation is,

After separating the variable , integrate both sides,

Also do example 4-2 of Munson.

75
A velocity field is defined by u=Bx, v=-By, w=0, where B is a constant. Obtain the equation
of the streamline and sketch a few representative streamlines.

76
 x y
u=Bx, v=-By x y
-2 1
-2 -1
-1 2
-1 -2
-0.667 3
-0.667 -3
-0.5 4
-0.5 -4
-0.4 5
-0.4 -5
u
u v
V V
v

V v v V
u u
77
Q10. Show that the streamlines for a flow whose velocity components are u = c (x2  y2)
and v = 2c xy, where c is a constant, are given by the equation x2y  y3/3 = constant. At
which point(s) is the flow parallel to the y-axis? At which point(s) the fluid is stationary?
Solution
u = c (x2  y2) , v = 2c xy
Given that equation of streamline is x2y  y3/3 = constant ------------(1)
Since it is not easy to write equation (1) in an explicit form, we differentiate the
streamline equation with respect to x and y

2xydx + x2dy - y2dy=0  (x2-y2)dy + 2xydx = 0

dy/dx = -2xy/(x2 – y2)
Multiplying the denominator and the numerator on the right hand side by c gives,

Therefore, the streamline equation (1) is applicable to the given flow field.
(b) The flow is parallel to the y-axis when ie when u=0, u will be zero when x= ± y
Stationary point will occur when u=v=0, which will occur only at (x,y)=(0,0) 78
4.71 Water flows through the 2-m-wide rectangular channel shown in Fig. P4.71 with a
uniform velocity of 3 m/s. (a) Directly integrate Eq. 4.16 with b=1 to determine the mass
flowrate (kg/s) across section CD of the control volume. (b) Repeat part (a) with b=1/ρ where
ρ is the density. Explain the physical interpretation of the answer to part (b).

79
 (Mass flow rate)

(volume flow rate)

80
 Q #3 of handout
EXAMPLE 5–2 Discharge of Water from a Tank
A 1.2m-high, 0.9 m-diameter cylindrical water tank whose
top is open to the atmosphere is initially filled with water.
Now the discharge plug near the bottom of the tank is
pulled out, and a water jet whose diameter is 13 mm
streams out (Fig. 5–13). The average velocity of the jet is
approximated as V = √2gh, where h is the height of water
in the tank measured from the center of the hole (a
variable) and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine
how long it takes for the water level in the tank to drop to
0.6 from the bottom. (Cengel)
Solution:
We know that RTT is,

Using RTT for conservation of mass, ie B=m , and b=1, therefore, the RTT becomes,

Noting that the density of water is constant

81
 .dh

Do the variable separable,

=694.35 sec or 11.57 min Ans

82
Q4. Consider steady, incompressible flow through a plane diverging channel. At the inlet,
of height H, the flow is uniform with magnitude V1. At the outlet of height 2H, the
velocity profile is , where y is measured from the channel centerline.
Select an appropriate control volume and use the Reynolds Transport Theorem to express
Vm in terms of V1. Ans: Vm = (π/4)V1

Solution:
Since steady flow, therefore, applying
conservation of mass using RTT
Here B=m, and b=1

(study flow)

Noting that the density of incompressible flow is constant

83
 {V1.cos180= -V1
V2.cos(0)= V2 }

or

or

84
Q10. Show that the streamlines for a flow whose velocity components are u = c (x2  y2)
and v = 2c xy, where c is a constant, are given by the equation x2y  y3/3 = constant. At
which point(s) is the flow parallel to the y-axis? At which point(s) the fluid is stationary?


Q13. A flow field is described by V 4xy3iˆ y4 ˆj
Determine whether or not the flow undergoes rotation and angular deformation.
 2 ˆ
Ans:  12xy k 
 xy  12xy2

Q14. The streamlines in a particular two-dimensional

flow field are all concentric circles, as shown in the
figure. The velocity is given by the equation v    r
where  is the angular velocity of the rotating mass of
fluid. Determine the circulation around the path ABCD.

Ans:      b2  a2 

85
Q16. If the radial velocity for a steady, 2-dimesnional, incompressible flow is given by
b cos  where b is a constant, what is the general form of v
vr 
r2
b sin 
that satisfies continuity? Ans: v   f r 
r2

Q18. The stream function for an incompressible flow field is given by the equation
 3x2y y3 where the stream function has the units of m /s with x and y in meters.
2

(a) Sketch the streamlines passing through the origin. (b) Determine the rate of flow
across the straight path AB shown in the figure.
Ans: y  0, 3x,  3x q = 1 m3/s per unit width

86
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