A.

WATER DRIVE

Whether the hydrocarbon accumulation is oil or gas, a reservoir is usually surrounded by

an aquifer, a permeable reservoir rock saturated with water. The aquifer pumps oil into the
reservoir, and when the reservoir is depleted, the amount of hydrocarbons removed from the
reservoir replaces the water from the aquifer. The reservoir is said to have an active water drive,
and the pressure in the reservoir is maintained at or near its initial value. Reservoir oil recovery
efficiencies ranged from 28% to 84% with a median of 51%, significantly higher than other
natural reservoirs.

The aquifer often covers a wider area than the hydrocarbons in an anticlinal formation.
Due to water's limited compressibility, the water drive will only have a major impact on output if
the volume of the aquifer containing the oil is quite big. In contrast, because the aquifer capacity
is constrained in stratigraphic traps, the natural water drive is comparatively limited. A reservoir
needs to have a limited rate of pressure decrease and a fairly stable producing GPR for a
natural water drive to be the predominant production mechanism. A reservoir's solution gas
drive is the primary driving mechanism when the production rate is increased.

In order to keep the reservoir pressure properly, either the oil must be withdrawn only at the rate
at which the aquifer is replacing it, or water must be injected to support the aquifer. The well
needs to be sealed up or refinished more frequently as the encroaching water gets closer and
more water is produced alongside the oil.

B. GAS EXPANSION

In order to determine the gas formation volume factor Bg, the factor E, which is normally
employed to indicate gas expansion, is frequently used in gas reservoir engineering. The gas
formation volume factor or the gas expansion will only be significant at or below the bubblepoint
pressure since there is no gas in the reservoir when the pressures are above the bubble-point
value.

C. SOLUTION GAS

Solution gas drive is one type of a drive mechanism in primary recovery and is either considered
to be saturated or unsaturated.

The natural gas dissolved in oil is the source of energy for solution gas drive reservoir. As oil is
produced, the reservoir pressure drops. Once the bubble point pressure is reached, natural gas
dissolved in the oil will come out of solution and form bubbles which expand as the fluid
pressure is reduced further. The expanding bubbles continue to support production until they
reach a critical saturation – a saturation where they join together and begin to flow as a single
gas phase.
Now the gas phase, because of its much lower viscosity begins to flow to the well bore much
more rapidly than the oil. More and more free gas is produced with the crude oil. This causes
the reservoir pressure to drop and this finite energy source is rapidly depleted. Ultimately, the
well ceases to flow.

The range of oil recovery expressed as a percentage of the original oil in place is generally
between 12%-37% with a median value of 20%. In effect, this means that on average, we will
leave 80% of the oil in the reservoir which is certainly not very efficient.

The proper management of this type of drive requires that we maintain the reservoir pressures
above that of the critical gas saturation as long as possible often by injecting a less expensive
fluid into the reservoir to replace the hydrocarbons being recovered.

D. ROCK OR COMPACTION DRIVE

As fluid is created in some reservoirs, the rock matrix shrinks. This is known as the
compaction drive and adds energy to the system. Despite their rarity, compaction drives
enhance recovery factors when compared to recovery rates from formations that don't contract
from production. These reservoirs usually feature drive mechanisms for solution gas, water, or
gas cap.The compression of rock brought on by the rise in grain pressure when reservoir
pressure falls results in this kind of drive mechanism.

Only in situations where the rock compressibility is high would compaction drive happen.
Because of the increased grin pressures and depth as it lowers, compaction drive is typically
located pretty shallow..

E. GRAVITY DRAINAGE

Gravity drainage is one in which the other drive mechanisms are nonexistent or very
ineffective (little, or no, solution gas, no gas cap or water influx). These requirements are often
met by heavy oil (°API 20) reservoirs, but the high oil viscosity severely impedes the process of
gravity segregation inside the reservoir. As heated air with a lower density rises above a heating
radiator and cool air with a higher density falls, gravity causes oil to circulate down dip relative to
gas and up dip relative to water..
Free gas

A fluid whose density is lowest if free gas is present is, for example, gas that is not retained
in solution in liquid oil. Because the pressure and temperature must be higher than the
bubble point on the pressure-temperature diagram, free gas cannot exist in an
undersaturated reservoir. A reservoir that is saturated may contain some gas.

Solution Gas

Solution gas drive is one type of a drive mechanism in primary recovery and is either considered
to be saturated or unsaturated. The natural gas dissolved in oil is the source of energy for
solution gas drive reservoir. As oil is produced, the reservoir pressure drops.

Free Water

Free water is defined as water that isn't mixed into an oil emulsion that comes from a well head.
This water sinks to the bottom of the Free Water Knockout because its specific gravity is higher
than that of the other liquids in the emulsion.

Interstitial water

the name given to this water, which is used to describe how it coexisted with the oil in the pore
space before being exploited.

oil formation volume factor

The amount of oil (and dissolved gas) needed at reservoir pressure and temperature in order to
create one stock tank barrel of oil at the surface is known as the oil formation volume factor. In
terms of reservoir volume over standard volume (often rbbl/STB), the oil formation volume factor
is represented.

The gas formation volume factor

is the quantity of gas required to produce a standard volume of gas at the surface under
reservoir pressure and temperature. The gas formation volume factor can be expressed in units
of volume/volume and a number of other units.

solution gas ratio

The ratio of the amount of gas to oil is referred to as the solution gas-to-oil ratio (GOR). Heavy
oils (lower API gravity) have a poorer capacity to contain dissolved gas in compared to lighter
oils. Solution GOR in black oil systems typically varies from 0 to about 2000 scf/bbl.
Primary recovery

In order to force hydrocarbons to flow to the surface during primary recovery, wellbores must be
under increased pressure. It's the initial stage of extraction and is also referred to as primary
production. The naturally high differential pressure between reservoirs and the surface is
essential for primary recovery.

Compaction Drive

In some reservoirs, the rock matrix contracts as fluid is produced. The system gains energy
from this, which is referred to as the compaction drive. Compaction drives are uncommon,
however when compared to recovery rates from formations that don't contract from production,
they improve recovery factors.

Gravity Drainage

The other drive mechanisms in gravity drainage are either nonexistent or highly poor (little, or
no, solution gas, no gas cap or water influx). Heavy oil (°API 20) reservoirs frequently meet
these requirements, however the process of gravity segregation inside the reservoir is
significantly hampered by the high oil viscosity.