Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FM Receivers
- Double conversion superheterodyne receivers
Preselector –rejects image frequency
Limiter – final IF amplifier
Frequency discriminator – extracts information from FM wave
For FM broadcast:
❖ First IF – 10.7MHz (for good image-frequency rejection)
❖ Second IF – 455 kHz (for high gain)
FM Demodulators
A. Tuned-Circuit Frequency Discriminators
- convert FM to AM and then demodulate AM envelope with conventional peak
detectors
- requires 1800 phase inverter, adder circuit and frequency-dependent circuits
a. Slope Detector
- Converts FM to AM
- Less linear output
PM FM
Advantages Better S/N Can be demodulated using
noncoherent demod which are less
expensive
Does not require preemphasis circuit VCOs can produce high-frequency
deviation and high m
Can use crystal oscillator because
modulation is performed in a separate
circuit from carrier osc.
Disadvantages Requires coherent demodulation Lower S/N than PM
Cannot use crystal oscillator
FM STEREO BROADCASTING
Monophonic – single 50-Hz to 15 kHz audio channel made up the entire voice
and music information frequency spectrum
- can separate the high frequency signal (tweeters) and low frequency
signal (woofers) but impossible to separate sound spatially (no
directivity to the sound)
- before 1951 FM transmission
Notes:
- Stereophonic receivers can receive monophonic signals
- Monophonic receivers can also receive stereophonic signals
- 40dB separation between the two channels
SCA – Subsidiary Communications
Authorizations
- subcarrier transmission during
1955
- used to broadcast uninterrupted
music to private subscribers
such as dept stores, restaurants,
etc.. Equipped with special SCA
receivers
- subcarrier ranged from 25 kHz to
75 kHz and later standardized at
67 kHz
Maximum frequency deviation for stereo FM = 75 kHz
SCA = 10% of 75 kHz = 7.5 kHz
19-kHz stereo pilot = 10% of 75 kHz = 7.5 kHz
L+R transmission = 60 kHz
FM Transmission
L+R and L-R channel interleaving
Fm Stereo Reception
Fm Stereo Reception
Large-Scale Integration Stereo Demodulator
TWO-WAY MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES