A Final Year Research Project On

“IMPLEMENTATION OF LECTURES’
ATTENDANCE SYSTEM”
Presented to
THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by
WOGHIREN GOD’SFRUIT ODEMWINGEE

(Reg. No. EEE/16/7927)

Under the guidance of

PROF. J.J POPOOLA

A project report in partial fulfilment of the requirement for

The degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL
And
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE

OCTOBER, 2022.
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project report entitled “IMPLEMENTATION OF
LECTURES’ ATTENDANCE SYSTEM” by WOGHIREN GOD’SFRUIT (Reg. No.
EEE/16/7927), submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical And Electronics Engineering of the Federal
University of Technology, Akure during the academic year 2021-22, is a bona fide record
of work carried out under my project supervisor guidance.

________________________ _________________________

Prof. J.J. Popoola Date/sign

Project Supervisor

________________________ _________________________

Dr. T.O. Ale Date/sign

Head of Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor “PROF. J. J

POPOOLA” for giving me the opportunity to embark on this topic. Also, this report would
not have been completed with the support guide of Engr. Itodo. It would have never been
possible for me to take this project to this level without his innovative ideas and his
relentless support and encouragement.

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 ABSTRACT

Student attendance play significant role in order to justify overall academic outcome of a

student in school. Unfortunately, there is no automated attendance record keeping

application available in a typical university environment. Most instructors and staff in a

university environment use manual method of tracking student attendance and college

assets. However, these methods have several disadvantages; the major drawbacks of taking

attendance manually are errors in data collection and the loss of part of the lecture time. As

for asset tracking, the common issues are human errors in data collection, wrong inventory

estimation and time wastage during the process. Automated identification and data

capturing technologies can help address these issues. This project utilizes the

implementation of one such system, the barcode technology, to read and process student

attendance data in classroom settings and to track periodic inventory of assets within the

college facilities such as devices, equipment, office furniture, classrooms, and laboratories.

The project measures faculty members and staff response on usability, comfort level, and

efficiency for the proposed barcode system. This project shows that barcode technology

eliminates data entry errors and improves efficiency for entering data with a minimum cost

of creating barcode tags and hardware.

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 Table of Contents
1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 8

1.1 Background Of Study 8

1.2 Problem Statement 9

1.3 Aim Of The Project 9

1.4 Objectives Of The Project 9

1.5 Significance Of The Problem 10

1.6 Contribution To Knowledge 10

1.7 Scope Of Study 11

2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1 Background 12

2.1.1 Advantages of Barcode Technology: 12

2.1.2 Disadvantages of Barcode Technology: 12

2.2 Historical Overview Of Barcode Technology 13

2.3 Structure Of Barcode 15

2.3.1 Quiet Zone 16

2.3.2 Start Code 16

2.3.3 Data 16

2.3.4 Check Digit 16

2.3.5 Stop Code 16

2.3.6 Trailing Quiet Zone 16

2.4 Standards 17

2.4.1 Linear Barcode 17

2.4.2 2D (Two dimensional) Barcodes 20

2.4.3 Elements of Barcoding System: 23

2.5 Uses Of Barcode 27

2.6 Automatic Identification And Data Capture 28

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 2.7 Review Of Related Work 29

2.8 Tools And Hardware Used 31

2.8.1 Barcode Scanner 31

2.8.2 Arduino USB Host Shield 33

2.8.3 Arduino UNO R3 ATMEGA328 35

2.8.4 Arduino IDE 39

2.8.5 Microsoft Excel 39

2.8.6 Power Supply 40

2.8.7 Student ID Card 41

3 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLODY 42

3.1 Overview Of The Manual Process 42

3.2 System Design 45

3.2.1 Architecture Design 45

3.2.2 Functionality Design 46

4 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48

4.1 System Implementation And Testing 48

5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 50

5.1 Conclusion 50

6 REFERENCES 52

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 List of Figures
Figure 2.1: A Diagram Illustrating Typical Structure of a Barcode 17
Figure 2.2: A Diagram Showing Types of Linear Barcode Structure 18
Figure 2.3: A Diagram Displaying a Discrete Barcode 19
Figure 2.4: A Diagram Showing Structure of 128 Barcode 19
Figure 2.5: A Diagram Displaying an Interleaved Barcode 20
Figure 2.6: A Diagram Illustrating Structure of a 2-Dimensional Stacked Barcode 21
Figure 2.7: An Image of Quick Response or QR code 21
Figure 2.8:An Image of Maxicode also known as UPS Code 22
Figure 2.9: An Image of Contact Type Scanner 24
Figure 2.10: An Image Showing Different Types of Scanners and Their Respective Form
Factors 26
Figure 2.11: A Diagram Illustrating Functionality of a Typical Laser Scanner 27
Figure 2.12: Jr650 Wired Barcode scanner handheld scanner 31
Figure 2.13: Barcode Specification 32
Figure 2.14: Arduino USB Host Shield 33
Figure 2.15: Arduino USB Host Shield Pin Configuration 34
Figure 2.16: Arduino Uno R3 ATmega328 36
Figure 2.17: Arduino Uno Board Pin Configuration 37
Figure 2.18: Arduino IDE Interface 39
Figure 2.19: Attendance Sheet on Excel 40
Figure 2.20: Student ID card with 1D Barcode. 41
Figure 3.1: Current attendance process 43
Figure 3.2: Architecture Design 46
Figure 3.3: Circuit Diagram 47
Figure 4.1: Results on Microsoft Excel 49

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 List of Tables
Table 2.1: Illustrates the main characteristics of one and two-dimensional code. 22
Table 2.2: A Table Illustrating Different Types of Barcode Print 23
Table 2.3: Tech Specifications of Arduino USB Host Shield 35
Table 3.1: Interview Outcome 44
Table 4.1: Interview List 48

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1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Attendance is the act or fact of being present at school. Also, attendance is used to define

the number of persons present on a particular day at school. An attendance policy provides

the guidelines and expectations for students’ attendance at school as defined, written,

disseminated, and implemented by the school. Depending on the school, attendance may

be entered by the class representative or by the teachers, or possibly, both. Attendance can

be recorded in many ways such as using web based, RFID, biometrics and bar code scanner.

Since most of the application developed nowadays requires the world-wide accessibility,

web-based system is the most common attendance system that available. Renowned higher

institutions worldwide have used RFID to record the attendance of their students and the

record sent to an online server for an online accessibility. However, RFID technologies

incur high cost and need experienced people to handle the system. (Poul, Aware, & Jadhav,

2017) Apart from that, biometrics technology is another tremendous use of technology in

the domain of attendance reporting and tracking. Most of the biometrics technology used

thumb print as sign of system entry. This allows a fair and reliable attendance to be recorded

since there is no platform for any attendance cheating. Biometric utilize the fingerprint

apart from thumb print method. Fingerprint peripheral used to record the attendance and

sent the data into system using wireless technology. Image recording is another recent

method used in recording attendance. Movement recorded in internal surveillance camera

used as sign of attendance entry in one of the workplaces in China. These advanced

technologies require high costing and well-trained system developer. Use of bar code

scanner is popular among educational institutions which are not financially buoyant and it

does not require any well-trained people to install and fix. Therefore, bar code scanner can

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be used as medium to record the attendance for an educational institution in Nigeria because

of the availability of student card which can house a barcode.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Tracking student attendance and assets are two important problems in most universities

since these are parts of the evaluation process for students and annual audits for university

assets. While there are many methods in the report to solve the student and assets tracking,

barcode technology was chosen because of its accessibility, price and implementation.

Attendance record plays a significant role in the academic achievement of school students.

Insufficient performance in school attendance leads to least performance in academic

achievement. Based on a survey conducted in universities in Nigeria to study the role of

school attendance as a mediator in relationship between student’s grades in school test. At

the end of the study, it was found that attendance constitute for 50% in students’ grades in

the school tests. By knowing these facts, attendance of a student should be given higher

priority regardless of any schools’ categories.

1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT

Construction of a lecture’s attendance system using barcode technology.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The specific objectives of this project are to:

i. Gather the data required for the attendance by fusing the student’s ID card

ii. Design the Lectures’ attendance circuit

iii. Construct the designed circuit in (ii); and

iv. Test

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1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM

The system being developed is economic with respect to School or Collage’s point of view.

It is cost effective in the sense that has eliminated the paper work completely. The system

working is quite easy to use and learn due to its simple but attractive interface. User requires

no special training for operating the system.

1.6 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

The use of barcode scan technology in student attendance systems has become increasingly

popular in recent years. Here are some contributions to knowledge that this technology can

make:

i. Increased accuracy: Barcode scan technology can significantly increase the

accuracy of student attendance tracking, as it eliminates the risk of human error that

can occur with manual attendance tracking methods.

ii. Improved efficiency: Barcode scan technology can also make attendance tracking

more efficient by automating the process. This can save time for both teachers and

administrative staff, allowing them to focus on other tasks.

iii. Real-time data tracking: Barcode scan technology can provide real-time data on

student attendance, allowing teachers and administrators to monitor attendance

trends and identify potential issues in a timely manner.

iv. Enhanced security: Barcode scan technology can enhance security by providing a

way to track who is entering and leaving the classroom. This can help to prevent

unauthorized access to sensitive areas.

v. Cost-effective: Barcode scan technology is a cost-effective solution for tracking

student attendance, as it requires minimal equipment and maintenance.

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1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of study for a student barcode attendance system typically involves the design,
development, and implementation of a system that uses barcodes to track and manage
student attendance in an educational institution.

1) System Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of the attendance system. This may
include automating the attendance process, reducing manual effort, improving
accuracy, generating attendance reports, and facilitating communication with parents
or administrators.
2) Barcode Generation: Study the process of generating unique barcodes for each student.
This may involve exploring different barcode formats (such as QR codes or traditional
barcodes) and determining the appropriate method for generating and printing them.
3) Hardware Requirements: Identify the necessary hardware components for the system,
such as barcode scanners, computers, printers, and any additional equipment required
to support the attendance tracking process.
4) Software Development: Define the software requirements and design the attendance
system. This includes developing a user-friendly interface for administrators to
manage student data, recording attendance information, and generating reports. The
software should also integrate with the barcode scanners to read and process the
barcodes efficiently.
5) Database Management: Determine the database structure for storing student
information, attendance records, and any other relevant data. Consider factors such as
data security, scalability, and ease of data retrieval and analysis.
6) Implementation and Testing: Implement the developed system in a real-world
educational environment and conduct rigorous testing to ensure its functionality,
accuracy, and reliability. Test different scenarios, such as various barcode formats,
multiple scanning devices, and large student populations.
7) Evaluation and Improvement: Evaluate the system's performance and effectiveness
after its implementation. Collect feedback from users and identify areas for
improvement. Consider enhancements such as mobile compatibility, biometric
integration, or real-time notifications.

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2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews literature relevant to the topic understudy to expose the researcher to

what has been done in this area.

2.1 BACKGROUND

Attendance tracking is a crucial aspect of academic institutions. It allows teachers to keep

track of student progress, identify struggling students and assess the effectiveness of their

teaching. In recent years, there has been a shift from traditional manual attendance taking

to digital attendance tracking methods, such as barcode technology. This literature review

aims to explore the advantages and disadvantages of using barcode technology for student

attendance tracking.

2.1.1 Advantages of Barcode Technology:

One of the main advantages of using barcode technology for student attendance tracking is

its accuracy. Barcode scanners can quickly and accurately read student IDs, reducing the

risk of errors and eliminating the need for manual data entry. Additionally, barcode

technology can help improve classroom efficiency by reducing the time it takes to take

attendance, allowing teachers to spend more time teaching.

Another advantage is that barcode technology allows for real-time tracking of student

attendance. This enables teachers to identify students who are consistently absent and reach

out to them for support. Furthermore, it provides a more accurate measure of student

attendance, enabling teachers to make data-driven decisions about instructional methods

and classroom management.

2.1.2 Disadvantages of Barcode Technology:

One of the main disadvantages of using barcode technology for student attendance tracking

is the cost. Barcode scanners and software can be expensive, and schools may need to

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purchase additional hardware and software to implement the system effectively.

Furthermore, barcode technology may not be accessible to all students, as some may not

have the necessary ID cards or devices.

Another disadvantage is the potential for technical difficulties. Barcode scanners may not

always function correctly, and software may encounter errors or glitches that can cause

attendance data to be lost or inaccurate. This can lead to frustration for both teachers and

students and may cause disruptions in classroom routines.

2.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF BARCODE TECHNOLOGY

Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland invented the first optically scanned barcode,

introduced the first-ever barcode, which looks like a bullseye. In 1952, they developed the

barcode and reduced the cost of the system and registered a patent. Later, they developed

solutions to automatically read product information during grocery checkout for the food

chain Food Fair. Since then, the barcode project has widely spread.

Barcode technology has revolutionized the way we track and manage inventory, sales, and

other data-driven aspects of business. Here is an overview of the history of barcode

technology:

In 1948, Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland, two graduate students at Drexel

Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, conceived the idea of a "bull's-eye" code that could

be read by a machine. They started working on a system that would encode information

using a series of lines and spaces.

The first barcode was created in 1951, when Woodland and Silver devised a code that used

concentric circles instead of lines. However, this system proved to be too complicated and

was eventually abandoned (GS1, 2023).

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In 1952, Woodland and Silver switched back to using lines and spaces, and they came up

with the first modern barcode, which was based on the Morse code. This barcode consisted

of a series of wide and narrow lines that could be read by a machine using photoelectric

cells (BarcodeFAQ, 2023).

The first barcode system was installed in a Kroger store in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1974. The

system used Universal Product Codes (UPCs) to identify products and automate the

checkout process (Supply, 2023).

In the 1980s, new types of barcodes were introduced, including the Code 39 barcode, which

was capable of encoding both letters and numbers, and the Code 128 barcode, which could

encode even more characters.

In the 1990s, the advent of laser scanning technology made barcodes even more efficient

and accurate. This led to the widespread adoption of barcodes in a variety of industries,

including manufacturing, shipping, and healthcare.

UK magazine 'Modern Railways' (December 1962 pages 387-389) recorded how British

Railways had already perfected a barcode-reading system capable of correctly reading

rolling stock travelling at 100 mph (160 km/h) with no mistakes but the system was

abandoned when privatization of the railways took place. An early use of one type of

barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American

Railroads in the late 1960s developed by General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and

called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored

stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad

rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the

colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment, and

identification number. The plates were read by a trackside scanner located, for instance, at

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the entrance to a classification yard, while the car was moving past. The project was

abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use.

Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate

supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. The

Uniform Grocery Product Code Council had chosen, in 1973, the barcode design developed

by George Laurer. Laurer's barcode, with vertical bars, printed better than the circular

barcode developed by Woodland and Silver. Their use has spread to many other tasks that

are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). The first

scanning of the now-ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack

of Wrigley's chewing gum in June 1974 at a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, using a

scanner made by Photographic Sciences Corporation. QR codes, a specific type of 2D

barcode, have recently become very popular due to the growth in smartphone ownership.

Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and

low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, particularly before

technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) became available after 1995.

In the 21st century, new types of barcodes have emerged, such as QR codes and Data Matrix

codes, which can store more information than traditional barcodes. These codes are

commonly used in mobile marketing, advertising, and ticketing. Today, barcode

technology is an essential part of many businesses, helping them to manage inventory, track

sales, and improve overall efficiency.

2.3 STRUCTURE OF BARCODE

A typical barcode consists of the following:

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2.3.1 Quiet Zone
The minimum required space for bar code scan-ability, preceding the Start Character of a

bar code symbol. The quiet zone should be free from any printing and be the same color

and reflectance as the background of bar code symbol. The Quiet Zone should be ten times

the width of the narrowest element in the bar code, or 0.25 inch minimum (also known as

Clear Area).

2.3.2 Start Code

Indicates the start of the barcode. These are special bar code characters & they signify the

start of data to the scanner/reader. Start characters are usually stripped-off and not

transmitted to the host.

2.3.3 Data
The actual data the barcode stores.

2.3.4 Check Digit

Check digit (not always present) is a mathematical sum that is used to verify the accuracy

of the other elements of the barcode. It is the extra digit added at the end of a bar code to

allow the scanner to confirm that it read the bar code correctly. It is typically stripped from

the data and not transmitted to the host.

2.3.5 Stop Code

Indicates the stopping point of the barcode. These characters signify the end of data to the

scanner/reader. They are also stripped-off and not transmitted to the host.

2.3.6 Trailing Quiet Zone

Another clear space with no printing following the Stop Character.

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 Figure 2.1: A Diagram Illustrating Typical Structure of a Barcode

2.4 STANDARDS

A number of barcode standards have evolved over the years and are represented in different

symbologies. A symbology specification defines the details necessary for the barcode to be

printed and also provides details to read and decode barcode by a scanner/reader.

Symbology specification documents typically range from 8 pages to 120 pages. However,

in a simplified way, the standard must contain:

i. A definition of the width of the bars and the spaces.

ii. A method to define each character that is encodable (whether numeric only or full

ASCII).

iii. The start and stop characters.

iv. Any check character support built in.

v. Any free space needed around the symbology to allow for a clean decode.

2.4.1 Linear Barcode

Barcode symbologies can be either linear or two-dimensional.

Linear Barcode Standards: Linear barcodes use single row of black and white bars.

Examples of linear barcodes are:

a) ISO/IEC 15420 Bar code symbology specification – EAN/UPC

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UPC (Universal Product Code) uses 12-digit numeric containing a unique manufacturer ID

number, and product number. EAN (European Article Numbering) is similar to UPC except

the fact that it uses 13-digit numeric.

Figure 2.2: A Diagram Showing Types of Linear Barcode Structure

b) ISO/IEC 16388 Bar code symbology specifications – Code 39

It is a discrete barcode. It implies that a single character is represented by a fixed pattern of

bars. Each character is made up of 9 (5 black & 4 white) bars. Code 39 barcode symbology

supports 43 characters set plus an additional character used as a delimiter or start/stop

character. The start/stop character always occurs as the first and last character in a complete

barcode and is represented in the human readable text by the * character.

The 43-character set includes the following:

1234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ - . $ / + % SPACE.

A check digit is generally not used with Code 39. The check digit is the modulus 43 sum

of all the character values in the message and it is printed as the last data character.

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 Figure 2.3: A Diagram Displaying a Discrete Barcode

c) ISO/IEC 15417 Bar code symbology specification – Code 128

CODE 128 allows the full ASCII 128-character set to be encoded. Each bar or space can

be one of four different unit widths. The narrowest possible bar or space will thus be one

quarter the width of the widest. It permits bidirectional scanning and theoretically, there is

no restriction on the number of characters allowed in each symbol.

Code 128 has three different character sets as Code Set A, Code Set B and Code Set C. Any

of these codes may be selected by appropriate selection of start character. The Code 128

Specification requires the inclusion of a check digit. The check digit is a Modulus 103

checksum.

Each character in the barcode symbol is composed of three bars and three spaces. The stop

character has four bars and three spaces.

Figure 2.4: A Diagram Showing Structure of 128 Barcode

d) ISO/IEC 16390 Bar code symbology specifications – Interleaved 2-of-5 (ITF25)

Primarily used in the warehouse industry, interleaved 2 of 5 encodes any even number of

numeric characters in the width of both bars and spaces. It is called “Interleaved” because

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2 characters are encoded in a unit of 5 bars and spaces. It uses both bar and space width to

encode information so the density of ITF25 is much higher. Interleaved 2 of 5 is a numeric

symbology and it character set only include 10 digital characters.

Figure 2.5: A Diagram Displaying an Interleaved Barcode

2.4.2 2D (Two dimensional) Barcodes

2D (Two dimensional) Bar code symbols have more data capacity compared to linear bar

code symbols. Two-dimensional symbols are categorized in two classes: multi-row (or

stacked) and matrix. A 2D bar code is treated as an image. The picture is scanned by a

camera which is then decoded. Examples of linear barcodes are:

a) ISO/IEC 15424 Bar code symbology specification – PDF417

PDF417 is a 2-dimensional stacked bar code created by Symbol Technologies in 1991. It

is one of the most popular 2D codes because of its ability to be read with

line CCD scanners, laser scanners or two-dimensional scanners.

PDF stands for Portable Data File and 417 signifies that each symbol character is 17

modules wide of 4 bars and 4 spaces that make up each code. Each symbol character

represents a value ranging from 0 to 928 which is called “codewords” in the specification.

Each symbol also has start and stop bar groups that allow the code to be easily identified.

PDF417 is capable of encoding more than 1100 bytes, 1800 text characters or 2710 digits.

It allows the full ASCII 128-character set (including extended set) to be encoded. Symbol

size is 3 to 90 rows, 90 to 583X in width. It supports bidirectional scanning.

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 Figure 2.6: A Diagram Illustrating Structure of a 2-Dimensional Stacked Barcode

b) ISO/IEC 18004 Bar code symbology QR Code

QR Code (Quick Response Code) is a matrix code developed by Nippondenso ID Systems.

QR Code symbols are square in shape. Maximum symbol size is 177 modules square,

capable of encoding 7366 numeric characters, or 4464 alpha numeric characters. QR Code

is designed for rapid reading using CCD array cameras and image processing technology.

Figure 2.7: An Image of Quick Response or QR code

c) ISO/IEC 16023 Bar code symbology specification – Maxicode

Maxicode (originally called UPSCode, sometimes called Code 6) is a matrix code

developed by United Parcel Service in 1992. MaxiCode is made up of a 1-inch by 1-inch

array of 866 interlocking hexagons, instead of squares. This allows the code to be at least

15 percent denser than a square dot code, but requires higher resolution printers to print

the symbol. Approximately 100 ASCII characters can be held in the 1-inch square symbol.

The symbol can still be read even when up to 25 percent of the symbol has been destroyed

and can be read by CCD camera or scanner.

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 Figure 2.8:An Image of Maxicode also known as UPS Code

There are more than 400 different types of such barcodes. UPC or EAN is the barcode used

on most of the retail products.

Depending upon the spacing of the black and white bars, the barcodes are classified as

High, Medium and Low-Resolution barcodes.

i. High Resolution: Spacing < 0.23mm

ii. Medium Resolution: 0.23mm < Spacing <0.50mm

iii. Low Resolution: Spacing > 0.50mm

Table 2.1: Illustrates the Main Characteristics of One and Two-Dimensional Code.

Features of one-dimensional code Features of two-dimensional code

One Dimensional (1D) barcodes Two Dimensional barcodes (QR Code)

Consists of white and black parallel lines Represent more data per unit area than

of varying widths with specific gaps 1D barcodes

Cannot carry much information Can carry different type of data like

images, locations, cost, and quality

Data type that can carry numbers and text High Data density

Used in retail, warehousing, healthcare, Used in consumer advertising, code

and education payments, website logins

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 Examples: Universal Product Codes Generally, encode a wide variety of data

(UPCs) and International Standard Book type in square or rectangular patterns

Number (ISBN)

2.4.3 Elements of Barcoding System:

a) Barcode printer

For printing of barcodes, four types of printers are typically used: Dot matrix, Laser,

Thermal transfer and Direct thermal printer. Dot matrix printers produce labels with low

print quality but at low cost. Laser printers produce good quality at moderate costs. Thermal

transfer prints labels at very high quality at higher cost. Direct thermal printers print labels

with very high quality at moderate costs, but labels are sensitive to heat/light and are

recommended for indoor uses only.

Table 2.2: A Table Illustrating Different Types of Barcode Print

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 b) Barcode Label

Labels contain product specific information encoded into a barcode. These can be used on

products or their parts, packages, tickets/ receipts, shipping containers, etc. allowing the

item to be identified and. Bar codes need not be only adhesive labels, but also can be printed

on receipt paper, tickets, tags and plastic cards, depending on the application

c) Barcode Scanner & Decoder

Scanners read & capture the information contained in a barcode. It extracts information

optically from a Bar Code. When Barcode symbols are illuminated, reflected light is

detected by electro optical sensor. The intensity of reflected light from the dark bars is less

than that of spaces. Reflected light is converted into electrical voltage signals. Analog

voltages are digitized into raw data. Raw data is fed to the decoder which decoder converts

this data into the character data representation of the symbol’s code. Scanner may or may

not have in-built decoder.

Scanners are available in following types:

i. Contact type:

These types of readers must touch or come in very close proximity to the symbol. They are

generally pen or wand type and are handheld/stationary units. These have a LED and a

photo diode in the tip of a pen or wand. The pen is dragged across the barcode to capture

it. The photo diode measures the intensity of the reflected light. One of the commercially

available such type of scanner (Make: Unitech) is shown in the figure below:

Figure 2.9: An Image of Contact Type Scanner

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 ii. Noncontact type:

They need not come in contact with the symbol. Scan distance may range from few inches

to a few feet depending upon symbol size and scanner design. They are handheld, fixed

beam readers. They are available in the form of laser scanners, CCD scanners and imagers.

Laser barcode scanners use a laser beam instead of LED and use a reciprocating mirror or

a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back and forth across the bar code. Photodiode

measures the reflected light. CCD scanners use LEDs as light source an array of tiny light

CCD sensors for detecting the received light. Imager type uses a camera to capture the code

and digital signal processing techniques to decode the code.

Various types of such commercially available scanners in various form factors are shown

in the following figure.

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Figure 2.10: An Image Showing Different Types of Scanners and Their Respective Form Factors

The functionality of a typical laser scanner is explained below. However, the steps are

equally valid for both pen or wand type reader as well.

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 Figure 2.11: A Diagram Illustrating Functionality of a Typical Laser Scanner

d) PC with product database

Database forms a vital part of bar-coding system. Each barcode must be mapped to an entry

in the database. Database contains variety of information like product description, price,

discounts, etc corresponding to a barcode. Without proper database, bar-coding system has

no significance.

2.5 USES OF BARCODE

Nowadays, barcodes are used on most goods and materials. The barcode technology’s key

features are easy to use, low cost, and its widespread use in various fields including

products and services. Barcode technology uses optical scanners to read data such as

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numbers, letters, images, and locations. It can be a one-dimensional code or two-

dimensional code. One-dimensional code is designed in the form of black rectangle bars

called barcode with limited features. However, two-dimensional code is designed as boxes,

hexagonal shapes, and other geometric shapes with many features. Both dimensional codes

are described in Table 1.

2.6 AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION AND DATA CAPTURE

Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) represents a group of technologies that

support direct data entry into a computer without using a keyboard. AIDC technologies can

improve accuracy, efficiency and reduce the time required for identification, marking and

data collection. Almost all the AIDC technologies are comprised of three principal

components:

(a) data encoder,

(b) machine reader or scanner, and

(c) data decoder.

The data encoder converts alphanumeric characters into machine-readable code whereas

the machine reader or scanner reads the encoded data and transforms it into an analog

electrical signal. Finally, the data decoder converts the electrical signal into digital form

and then into an original alphanumeric characters’ data form. The AIDC technologies have

been successfully applied in the manufacturing, retail, and logistics industry. However,

their implementation in the education sector is not that common. The author views this as

a great opportunity for the education sector, where these technologies can be applied to

automate a wide range of activities, including student attendance and asset tracking.

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Key AIDC technologies include barcodes, radio frequency identification (RFID), magnetic

stripe, optical character recognition, biometrics and machine vision. Barcodes and RFIDs

are the two most common and frequently used AIDC technologies. “A barcode, consisting

of bars and spaces, is a machine-readable representation of numerals and characters”. RFID

is an electromagnetic based technology that uses a wireless tag to transfer and receive data.

The tags are generally attached with items to identify and track them automatically.

2.7 REVIEW OF RELATED WORK

Various authors have reported the use of AIDC technologies in the education sector. For

example, Rădulescu and Popescu explored the use of barcode technology for tracking and

managing library books. Singh has proposed the use of near field communication (NFC), a

type of RFIDs, for library management. Rios-Aguilar et al. proposed the use of NFC based

mobile business information system to register class attendance. Eydgahi (2019) has

explored the use of RFIDs to manage attendance for undergraduate senior design projects.

Some other researchers have also explored ways of automating students’ attendance. For

instance, Chaniago and Junaidi (2016) proposed automating student attendance using

barcode technology and then sending text messages to their parents using their registered

mobile phones. Chintalapudi et al. (2018), suggested using a machine-learning based face

recognition system to record student attendance. Hajri et al. (2019), built an android based

application embedded with face recognition, biometrics, and RFID system. Nordin and

Fauzi (2020) proposed a web-based mobile attendance system with an integrated facial

recognition feature. Rao, J Bhaskara et al. (2019), also worked on an automated attendance

system that detects and recognizes student face to record the attendance.

Researchers have also explored the use of AIDC technologies for asset tracking. For

instance, Chew et al. (2020), presented the use of barcode technology for maintenance

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management on the production floor. Huddud et al. (2015), explored the use of RFIDs for

asset tracking in the manufacturing industry. Lugo et al., investigated the use of RFIDs in

securing documents and tracking assets in electronics manufacturing. Mark and Farag

reported that a gas and electric company was working to build a software solution using

barcode technology and GPS for asset tracking and traceability.

The choice of the above-mentioned technologies depends on application area, available

budget, existing infrastructure, and management support. The use of barcode technology is

comparatively cheaper as compared to other AIDC technologies. This work considers the

implementation of barcode technology in a public sector university because it is a cheaper

and more viable option for attendance monitoring and asset tracking. Another reason is that

the students’ Identity Cards (IDs) have already printed barcodes on them, so the additional

cost will not be incurred other than the barcode readers. As far as asset tracking is

concerned, printed barcodes can be attached to them for tracking purposes. Therefore, we

take the view that the barcode system offers a convenient and cost-effective method of

tracking students’ attendance and assets in a university setting compared to other

technologies.

This paper makes this major contribution. Providing a simple methodology for tracking

student attendance based on the printed barcode in student ID, which may later link the

information of student attendance to university education’s platform in order to retrieve

any information related to student evaluation, registration, and/or preparing reports, the

education’s platform database can be used as a resource to provide this information to

instructors, students and the university administration.

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2.8 TOOLS AND HARDWARE USED
This chapter aims to show and display several software tools and hardware that were used

in this research work. Among the tools used are barcode generators and barcode scanner

applications.

2.8.1 Barcode Scanner

The selected barcode reader (Jr650 Wired Barcode scanner handheld scanner) can scan 1-

D and PDF417 barcodes on paper, mobile phone and computer display and scan virtually

any barcode on any medium. Depending on the required barcode quality for this research.

Figure 2.12: Jr650 Wired Barcode scanner handheld scanner

a. Specification:
Data line is 1.8m

Interface type: USB

Data transmission type: wired transmission

Sensor CMOS sensor pixel: 640*480,30 fps

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Scanning mode: manual triggering, self - induction, continuous scanning

Support: One - dimensional code, QR code, Chinese barcode scanning and identification,

Mobile Screen, computer screen

Item size: 1¼š165mm*65mm*92mm/6.5*2.5* 3.6in

Item Weight: 260g

Package size: 200mm*98mm*120mm/7.9*4.7*3.8in

Package weight: 290g

Figure 2.13: Barcode Specification

b. Barcode Generation
The barcode is embedded upon the student ID card using an open-source program

application that can be downloaded through a computer or cell phone, including the

program (QR create). This program allows creating a barcode for websites, texts, locations,

and other services. Excel spreadsheet is used to facilitate and present our data

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2.8.2 Arduino USB Host Shield
The Arduino USB Host Shield allows you to connect a USB device to your Arduino board.

The Arduino USB Host Shield is based on the MAX3421E (datasheet), which is a USB

peripheral/host controller containing the digital logic and analog circuitry necessary to

implement a full-speed USB peripheral or a full-/low-speed host compliant to USB

specification rev 2.0. The shield is TinkerKit compatible, which means you can quickly

create projects by plugging TinkerKit modules onto the board. Allows the conversion of

USB protocol to SPI. The Arduino USB Host Shield can be used with the "USB Host

Library for Arduino" (Arduino, 2023).

Figure 2.14: Arduino USB Host Shield

a) Power
The Arduino USB Host Shield has no power jack and is powered only when attached to an

Arduino board.

b) Input & Output

This shield has a Type-A USB receptacle where you can attach your USB device. The

shield features several TinkerKit input/output and communication interfaces. Connecting

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TinkerKit modules can simplify the creation of a project or a prototype. The on-board

connectors are:

i. 2 TinkerKit Inputs: IN2 and IN3 (in white), these connectors are routed to the

Arduino A2 and A3 analog input pins.

ii. 2 TinkerKit Outputs: OUT5 and OUT6 (in orange), these connectors are routed to

the Arduino PWM outputs on pins 5 and 6.

iii. 2 TinkerKit TWI: these connectors (4-pin in white) are routed on the Arduino TWI

interface. Both connect to the same TWI interface to allow you to create a chain of

TWI devices.

Figure 2.15: Arduino USB Host Shield Pin Configuration

c) Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Motor Shield PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches

respectively. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that

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the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100

mil spacing of the other pins.

d) Tech Specification
Table 2.3: Tech Specifications of Arduino USB Host Shield

Operating Voltage 5V

USB Controller MAX3421E

Max Current 500 mA when Arduino is powered by a suitable power supply

connected to the Arduino power jack

Max Current 400 mA when Arduino is powered by its USB port

2.8.3 Arduino UNO R3 ATMEGA328

The Arduino Uno is one kind of microcontroller board based on ATmega328, and Uno is

an Italian term which means one. Arduino Uno is named for marking the upcoming release

of microcontroller board namely Arduino Uno Board 1.0. This board includes digital I/O

pins-14, a power jack, analog i/ps-6, ceramic resonator-A16 MHz, a USB connection, an

RST button, and an ICSP header. All these can support the microcontroller for further

operation by connecting this board to the computer. The power supply of this board can be

done with the help of an AC to DC adapter, a USB cable, otherwise a battery (Elprocus,

2023).

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 Figure 2.16: Arduino Uno R3 ATmega328

a) Features of Arduino Uno Board

The features of Arduino Uno ATmega328 includes the following.

i. The operating voltage is 5V

ii. The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V

iii. The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V

iv. Digital input/output pins are 14

v. Analog i/p pins are 6

vi. DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA

vii. DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA

viii. Flash Memory is 32 KB

ix. SRAM is 2 KB

x. EEPROM is 1 KB

xi. CLK Speed is 16 MHz

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 b) Arduino Uno Pin Diagram
The Arduino Uno board can be built with power pins, analog pins, ATmegs328, ICSP

header, reset button, power LED, digital pins, test led 13, TX/RX pins, USB interface, an

external power supply. The Arduino UNO board description is discussed below.

Figure 2.17: Arduino Uno Board Pin Configuration

c) Power Supply
The Arduino Uno power supply can be done with the help of a USB cable or an external

power supply. The external power supplies mainly include AC to DC adapter otherwise a

battery. The adapter can be connected to the Arduino Uno by plugging into the power jack

of the Arduino board. Similarly, the battery leads can be connected to the Vin pin and the

GND pin of the POWER connector. The suggested voltage range will be 7 volts to 12 volts.

d) Input & Output

The 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as input & output with the help of the

functions like pinMode(), digitalWrite(), & Digital Read().

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 i. Pin1 (TX) & Pin0 (RX) (Serial): This pin is used to transmit & receive TTL serial

data, and these are connected to the ATmega8U2 USB to TTL Serial chip

equivalent pins.

ii. Pin 2 & Pin 3 (External Interrupts): External pins can be connected to activate an

interrupt over a low value, change in value.

iii. Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11 (PWM): This pin gives 8-bit PWM o/p by the function of

analogWrite().

iv. SPI Pins (Pin-10 (SS), Pin-11 (MOSI), Pin-12 (MISO), Pin-13 (SCK): These pins

maintain SPI-communication, even though offered by the fundamental hardware, is

not presently included within the Arduino language.

v. Pin-13(LED): The inbuilt LED can be connected to pin-13 (digital pin). As the

HIGH-value pin, the light emitting diode is activated, whenever the pin is LOW.

vi. Pin-4 (SDA) & Pin-5 (SCL) (I2C): It supports TWI-communication with the help

of the Wire library.

vii. AREF (Reference Voltage): The reference voltage is for the analog i/ps with analog

Reference ().

viii. Reset Pin: This pin is used for reset (RST) the microcontroller.

e) Physical Characteristics
The physical characteristics of an Arduino board mainly include length and width. The

printed circuit board of the Arduino Uno length and width are 2.7 X 2.1 inches, but the

power jack and the USB connector will extend beyond the previous measurement. The

board can be attached on the surface otherwise case with the screw holes.

f) Memory
The memory of this Atmega328 Arduino microcontroller includes flash memory-32 KB

for storing code, SRAM-2 KB EEPROM-1 KB.

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2.8.4 Arduino IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the Java programming

language.

The Arduino IDE has a minimalist interface, making it simple to write, compile, and upload

the code to the Arduino board. It is a versatile software compatible with MAC, Windows,

and Linux. Arduino’s software is also open-source. Like its hardware, it’s open for

development to make coding easier for its users, new and experienced alike.

Figure 2.18: Arduino IDE Interface

2.8.5 Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android,

iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot

tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

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Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 suite of software (Bullen, Bovey, & Green, 2009).

A view of Microsoft Excel used in student attendance can be seen in Figure 3.

As a spreadsheet program, Excel can be used to store large amount of data in workbooks

that contain one or more worksheets also can be used as a database management system.

Excel is optimized for data analysis and calculations. You can use this flexible program to

build models for analyzing data, write simple and complex formulars to perform

calculations on that data, pivot the data any way that you want, and present data in variety

of professional looking charts.

Figure 2.19: Attendance Sheet on Excel

2.8.6 Power Supply

Power supply unit is used for providing stable electricity. The device converts and supplies

electricity of the required voltage and frequency, excluding noise from the electricity

obtained from an electrical outlet. Power supplies are classified by applications for

available DC, AC, and output voltage ranges.

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2.8.7 Student ID Card
The use of ID card is mainly to verify the identity of the person who is holding it.

Universities issue ID card to students so they can use it as a proof to prove that he/she is a

student of the university. Normally, ID card only contains the essential information such as

ID number, name of the person and other identity information. Student ID card contains

barcode of student Registration number. The barcode is a 1D barcode, with format CODE

128, and the type of information set is a simple text. To identify the barcode format and

type of information set, users can use existing scanner application to identify the barcode

format and its encoded information.

Figure 2.20: Student ID card with 1D Barcode.

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3 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLODY

3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE MANUAL PROCESS

Currently, two manual methods are used for taking the student attendance and information

record of students. In the first method, the instructor calls student’s name by name during

class and record the attendance. Later, after class, the instructor enters the recorded data to

university Edugate. Edugate is a portal provided by the university which offers teaching

and learning resources to instructors and students. It works as a database for the university

administration who keeps students’ data which can be later used for retrieval and

management purposes. The second method, the instructor, login to Edugate during class

and start calling the student’s names and record absent students by clicking on the

designated box, then the instructor submits the data and logout. Both methods are time-

consuming especially when you have a class of 60 students or more. However, the first

method takes more time comparing to the second method. The second method requires a

good internet connection during class, otherwise the student attendance may take more time

or cannot be completed. In this case, the instructor uses the first method and should have a

student list with him as a backup to complete the student attendance process. Refer to

Figure 3.1 for the flowchart representation that depicts the current manual attendance

recording process of the mentioned school. Each class teacher provided with the class

attendance book whereby it arranged in monthly basis. Since the attendance does not

involve any system or application, calculation on student attendance and absenteeism

remain tedious.

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Figure 3.1: Current attendance process

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Even there is a tendency of wrong calculation due to human error hence it affects the student

performance at school. Apart from that, feasibility study has been conducted at the research

area to understand the need of developing and implementing attendance system in tertiary

schools. Interview outcome of the potential users of the system as shown in TABLE 4.

Table 3.1: INTERVIEW OUTCOME

Potential Users Outcome

Student Student generally not satisfied with the

current manual attendance tracking

system because sometime they cannot

hear when teacher call their name. These

indirectly affect their attendance to class.

Lecturer Attendance calculation is tedious. Have

to spend lot of time to prepare student

attendance report for daily, monthly and

yearly. Sometime miss out to produce

warning letter due to overlook on the

student’s absenteeism record.

Unavailability of space to record student

who have provided reason on their

absenteeism.

Admin Staff There is no immediate system available

for them to check the student’s

attendance record at any point of time

needed. Difficult to retrieve student

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 particulars to prepare warning letter,

because there is no centralized system

available for the admin staff to retrieve

the details.

Person in charge for the student card School student record such as personal

particulars, co-curriculum activity details

are not kept in one centralized repository

which will contribute to inefficiency of

record retrieval.

3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

Design is very important aspect need to be emphasized in any application development

process. Design determines the success of an end product. System design outlined into two

types of design; which is architecture design and functionality design.

3.2.1 Architecture Design

Due to cost constraint, student attendance system in tertiary institutions use bar code

scanner to record student attendance. The data captured using bar code scanner sent to the

Microsoft excel for the purpose of recording and preparing attendance record. Refer Figure

4.2 to the high-level view of the student attendance system. Architecture diagram shows

the relation between internal and external entities in the student attendance system.

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 Figure 3.2: Architecture Design

Bar code scanner used to scan the student card which contains the student identification

number. The details are then sent to the attendance system and it will remain display in

student record (Microsoft Excel) till the next student’s ID card is read.

3.2.2 Functionality Design

Student attendance system consists of many functions that determine the purpose of the

system. Since the system does not directly requires student involvement, the actor/user of

the system is school admin staff or lecturer. Different user serves different purpose into the

system. Refer Figure 4.3 for the circuit design.

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 Figure 3.3: Circuit Design

Attendance report generated by teacher divided into three type of report such as daily,

weekly and monthly report as documented in manual attendance record.

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4 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

SAS been implemented into one of the tertiary institutions. The student already been

equipped with student card which contain bar code. Student attendance recording process

been assigned to the people who responsible to add the data. User acceptance testing

conducted among few user categories before the system being released into the production.

The measurement is on the satisfaction of the user towards student attendance system.

Qualitative analysis used in determining the effectiveness of the system. Interview method

used to gather the information on the user satisfaction. List of interviewees as shown in

TABLE 4.1 in which interview personnel has been divided into four categories.

Table 4.1: INTERVIEW LIST

Interview Personnel Number of participants

Student 27

Teacher 1

Admin Staff 0

Person in charge for the student card 1

Upon completion of interview session, SAS development team has found out the system

got the high demand from the school admin staff. With the previous process they have to

generate the warning letter manually which took longer process to track the student

attendance record.

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Figure 4.1: Results on Microsoft Excel

Page | 49
5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The implemented barcode system offers a convenient and cost-effective method of tracking

students’ attendance and assets in a university setting compared to other technologies. The

designed barcode system provides a simple methodology to track student attendance and

assets. It has several benefits over the manual methods including the process takes less time

and stores the data in electronic mode instead of paperwork. It is considered one of the

AIDC technologies which provides a high degree of automation, eliminates data entry

error, and improve the efficiency of entering data. If the university administration decides

to adopt the barcode system proposed in this paper, the system can be integrated with

Edugate system of the university to automatically capture and update attendance and assets

tracking data. The Edugate database can be used as a resource to provides information to

instructors, students, and the university administration.

School attendance determines the academic achievement of a student. An application

required by most schools in tertiary institution in order to ensure efficient attendance record

keeping. The Student attendance system (SAS) that developed is expected to replace the

manual attendance recording process. SAS can reduce the time spent by teacher in

calculating the percentage of attendance for a student as well as for a class. In a click of

button teacher can generate report at any point of time. Moreover, student’s image which

displayed after the scanning process expected to help teacher identify students before

record their attendance. During SAS launching session, user acceptance test has been

conducted and feedback from potential users being gathered. Feedback given by users

highlighted few issues that need a consideration from SAS development team. Since SAS

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is still under construction, the maintenance and disposition phase will be kept in view for

the future research and improvement.

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