Hedronsciences

Hedronsciences
A C d
c
Introduction
Based on an assumed nature of points Jos Hoebe developed a new and practical kind of geometry which he calls
Hedronsciences. In collaboration with Dr. Richard Southwell a variety of possible applications were worked out.
Both like to further the idea of Hedronsciences as service to society and the scientific and artist´s community.
1
We shall attempt to show the Hedronsciences geometry by performing simple graphical operations, starting with
2 points, and adding freedom & constraints via simple operations. This reveals a simple relationship based model,
which can be used to explain why geometrical laws are as they are and can be applied to other subjects in daily
life as well. It guides us also towards the study of certain novel 3-d network constructs, which we will call
Shapemines (verb: to Shapemine. Actor: Shapeminer). Just like we can mine the ground for metals and crystals,
and use them to make technology, so we can also mine the `space´ of simple programs which can produce shapes
and constructs of great beauty; for use in 3D printing and in a variety of structures with desirable engineering
characteristics, or in (Game Theory) dynamics with applications in software development or robotics.
2
In Hedronsciences a point is understood as the representation of the limit of limit. If there is no limit then there is
no measure to make. If there is no measure to make then there is no existence. The point is the exact, absolute
and final limit.
Likewise existence is understood as the presence for an Observer of the combination of Space, Time, Value and
Awareness Limits. Those four are understood as the basic parameters of all Existence.
It thus holds that the point is the just-not-zero-limit for any kind of parameter. If a limit (a point) equals zero then
that limit does not exist anymore but can still Be essentially, which kind of Being we herewith equal to potential.
If this potential approaches zero, then the limit approaches imaginary.
If the potential equals zero, then the limit beyond limit is there. This we will call the real emptiness.
We state that even if we were made out of dreams then still that kind of our own Being is proof enough that there
is no such emptiness. This concludes us to say that the potential contains any limit and that essentially all exist
already at its limit of limit.
3
For any Being to be more than just its final limit requires dimensionality in and of the parameters1. This requires
for any Being the meeting of limits of other Beings and so the mutuality and constructive cooperation of limits.
Therefor any dimensional Being heads the path to unlimited meeting, mutuality and cooperation. This path we
will call evolution and leads to crystallization, life, love and beyond. Its reverse we shall call devolution and leads
to separation, violence, destruction, death, annihilation and entropy. The natural complexity generating
dimensional limits reconcile the extremities of both and will make a rich variety of structure and system possible.
We intend Hedronsciences to be a service and attempt to reveal the basic patterns of (d)evolution and to develop
and share ideas for application.
Doing so we will use and develop novel words, an own idiom and lots of graphs.
We thank you for your time and attention and hope you enjoy our presentation of:
HEDRONSCIENCES
We will make use of footnotes which are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. and of endnotes which are numbered roman style i, ii, iii, iv, v,
etc. A footnote is short additional information and an endnote is a longer lateral explanatory.
1
Also the parameters have limits.
2
§1 Absolute length L
We start with the assumption of the existence of an absolute shortest length2 L.

This length is the prime bond of two limits, which are graphically represented by points and commonly are called
vertices, which are meeting each other and so touching next to each other and forming so graphically a line or
edge as first dimension. That edge cannot be shorter. Each length derived from its use, and so succeeding it, must
be longer.
The first bond is that of the limits of Space and Time.
The second dimension will then be defined as a triangular face with 3 vertices (limits) each meeting each other
and so touching next to each other such that any pair forms an edge with length L. This triangle is as such the
smallest (equilateral) triangle or relation. Smaller is not possible. If needed, then the triangle has a notation like
3L. The notation shows that there are 3 edges and that those edges have the same length (L).
The first relation is that of the limits of Space, Time and Value.
Likewise is the third dimension a mass or solid, a Tetrahedron, of 4 vertices each meeting each other and so
touching next to each other such that any pair makes an edge and any 3 of them a triangle. It has thus a total of 6
edges with length L and 4 equilateral triangles also with edges of length L. A smaller solid (or mass) is not possible.
This so-called regular Tetrahedron has the notation: 6L. The notation shows that there are 6 edges and that all
those edges have the same length (L).
The first solid or mass is that of the limits of Space, Time, Value and Awareness.
Each vertex, edge and face can be labelled with a particular name, number and or colour.
2
The absolute length differs from the commonly used unit length α, though it can function like it.
3
§2 General notation ideas with the Tetrahedron as example
1.1 The Tetrahedron has 4 vertices which we will label in number order 1, 2, 3, 4 and in alphabetic order with
little character (a), (b), (c), (d) and a color: (a) = red, (b) = blue, (c) = green and (d) = orange.
1.2 The Tetrahedron has 6 edges which will be labeled by the 2 vertices at its ends (1,2 = ab), (2,3 = bc), (1,3 =
ac), (3,4 = cd), (1,4 = ad) and (2,4 = bd), or in the alphabetic capital order (A = ab), (B = bc), (C = ac), (D =
cd), (E = ad), (F = bd) and later on in the Rainbow order: Orange, Red, Purple, Blue, Green, Yellow.
1.3 Faces = Triangles are labeled by the 3 vertices at its corners (1,2,3 = abc), (1,3,4 = acd), (1,2,4 = abd),
(2,3,4 = bcd) or its 3 edges (ABC), (ACD), (AEF), (BDF) or by three times its apex. (Vertex (1 = a) is the apex
of triangle (bcd) which can also be called (aaa). Because of the latter the triangle (aaa) = red, (bbb) = blue,
(ccc) = green and (ddd) = orange.
1.4 Solids = Tetrahedra will later on get a code as label and are generally labelled in the number order of their
appearance.
The Tetrahedron as example:
2 General rule: An operation is repeated till the formation of the Tetrahedron is completed.
a
Operation 1: A point or vertex makes a bond or vector with a new point or vertex.i
Specific: Vertex (a) makes a bond or vector with a new vertex = (b).
ab = A
b 1
Operation 2: Repeat operation 1. This means: Each vertex makes a bond or vector with the same new vertex.
Specific: Vertex (a) makes a bond or vector with a new vertex = (c) and vertex (b) makes a bond or vector
with the new vertex = (c).
ab = A ac = C
bc = B
4
Operation 3: Repeat operation 1 as in operation 2.
Specific: Vertex (a) makes a bond or vector with a new vertex = (d); vertex (b) makes a bond or vector with
the new vertex = (d) and Vertex (c) makes a bond or vector with the new vertex = (d).
a
ad = E
ab = A ac = C
d
db = F
cd = D
b
bc = B
c 3
Note: If the bonds are vectors, then note the direction of the vectors and especially that from (a) are going 3
vectors, from (b) 2 vectors and from (c) 1 vector. Also: (a) has only tails and (d) only heads.
Note also that Vector A + B = C; C + D = E; A + F = E and B + D = F
3 In image 3 the 3 “first order” vectors (ab, bc and cd) needed to bond the 4 vertices have a color
accordingly the new “tail” from which the vector goes. Therefor the edge (A) is red, (B) and (C) are blue
and (D) (E) and (F) are green.
4 The order of appearance in the building of a Tetrahedron is in alphabetic order. Vertex (a) is first, then
vertex (b), then (c) and finally (d). (a) will be called `Grandparent´; (b) `Parent´; (c) `Child´ and (d)
`Grandchild´. Where needed we will use likewise notations for edges, triangles, solids and so on.
5 When we color the vertices and give a triangle a color according to its apex each edge will have 2 colors.
1st order Vector / edge A = orange/green

1st order Vector / edge B = orange/red a
2nd order Vector / edge C = orange/blue

E
1st order Vector / edge D = blue/red
3rd order Vector / edge E = blue/green
A C
2nd order Vector / edge F = green/red d
F
D
b B
4
c
5
§3 The building or (in) formation from vertex to beyond the Tetrahedron
Basic development rules:
a. Vertex (limit) meets vertex (limit) and built a bond.

b. Vertices are touching next to each other if possible.
c. => Vertices are as close to each other as possible.
d. Basic Dimensional order:
0-d: 1 Vertex is all one3.
1-d: 2 Vertices make an edge = bond and as direction a vector.
2-d: 3 Vertices make a tri-angular hedron = relational field of which the vertices have 2 different
orientated directions (bivectors).
3-d: 4 Vertices make a tetra-hedron = solid mass of information of which the vertices have 3 different
orientated directions (trivectors).
4-d: Co-ordinating or constructive Systems of more than 4 vertices of which the vertices have 4 or more
different orientated directions. (All Polyhedra are made out of Tetrahedra).
5-d: Co-operative Systems of 2 or more Coordinating Systems of which each has 4 or more different
orientated coordinative directions
6-d: Communicative Systems of 2 or more Co-operative Systems of which each has 4 or more different
orientated coordinative and cooperative directions.
7-d and higher: those systems are beyond the reach of this general discussion.
e. Every line, shape, form, structure, configuration, construction, etc. is built with vertices that follow the
order of the basic rules and the dimensional order.
f. Every line, shape, form, structure, configuration, construction, generally called à dimensional system´
can act like a limit = vertex (a so-called “as-if”) and can attain its own lawfully bound geometry by
following its own basic and dimensional order. Nevertheless any such geometry has always first the
underlying geometry. This means that the geometry of line has the geometry of points also. That of shape
also that of line and point, etc. Therefor anomalies are possible.
g. Also: any as-if geometry follows always also the basic dimensional order and has thus a point-like; a
linear-like; a plane-like; a Tetrahedron-like; a coordinative-like; a cooperative-like and a communicative-
like dimension.
3
= alone
6
§4 The forming of the Tetrahedron
1 A vertex meets another vertex. Next, touching & together they form an edge.
2 Two bonded vertices meet another vertex. Next, touching & together each vertex forms an edge with
the others and all together they form a tri-angular hedron.
3 The three bonded and a tri-angular hedron forming vertices meet another vertex. Next, touching &
together each vertex forms an edge with the others vertices and together they form a tetra-hedron.
4 The Tetrahedron, in which the 4 vertices, 6 edges and 4 triangles are one Unity, can act as a vertex
(as-if).
5 If the absolute shortest length is called A and the first longer length B and its successor C, etc., then
there are only 6 kinds of length: A, B, C, D, E and F possible in the Tetrahedron. Therefor in general
only 2 kinds of Tetrahedra are possible: regular and irregular of which the latter can have
combinations of equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangles.
6 If we color the edges in rainbow order (A/orange, B/red, C/purple, D/blue, E/green, F/yellow) we can
specify 8 symmetry groups as is shown in the following scheme.
7
Completed scheme:
A B C D E F Scheme 1
# Orange Red Purple Blue Green Yellow
1 6
2 5 1
3 4 2
4 4 1 1
5 3 3
6 3 2 1
7 3 1 2
8 3 1 1 1
9 2 4
10 2 3 1
11 2 1 3
12 2 2 2
13 2 2 1 1
14 2 1 2 1
15 2 1 1 2
16 1 5
17 1 4 1
18 1 1 4
19 1 3 2
20 1 2 3
21 1 3 1 1
22 1 1 3 1
23 1 1 1 3
24 1 2 2 1
25 1 2 1 2
26 1 1 2 2
27 1 2 1 1 1
28 1 1 2 1 1
29 1 1 1 2 1
30 1 1 1 1 2
31 1 1 1 1 1 1
The Tetrahedron has 6 edges. The Tetrahedron of which all edges are equal is called the regular Tetrahedron (#1 in the above scheme). To that
respect all other Tetrahedra are not-regular, though they can be highly symmetrical.
The color orange and the name A indicate the absolute length L and as such also the prime bond of 2 vertices.
This prime length is the shortest length and cannot be shorter.
Each edge that is different to another edge has its color in rainbow order and its name in alphabetic order.
This means that Red B is the second edge and the first edge longer than Orange A and so on.
Each subsequent edge is longer than its preceding edge(s).
The Tetrahedron with each edge of different length is the real scalene Tetrahedron (#31).
According to their difference of edge length there are 31 different kinds of Tetrahedra possible, and in respect to the color configuration 114 in 8
symmetry groups.
There is the perfect group in which every color and/or length is equally represented.
The notation is: Group. Number. Image. Eg. #4.17.4
In the next tables the 8 groups are shown each with their respective amount of Tetrahedra.
The column /rows above the tables with the numbers indicate:
st
1 Column: Number in the complete scheme on this page.
nd
2 Column: Amount of possible configurations within a Tetrahedron.
rd
3 Column: Cumulative amount of Tetrahedra
Per row the possible configurations are drawn. We number them from left to right.
E.g. the regular Tetrahedron is #1.1.1. One of the 18 perfect scalene is #1.31.16.
Note, though the Tetrahedra can have similarities like only one edge is different than the other (like #2.2.1 and #2.16.2) , still they are definitely not
the same, For example: making rectangles or not.
8
1 1 1
5
12
3
6
4
10
1
31 18 28
A B C D E F
1 6 0
5 3 3
12 2 2 2
31 1 1 1 1 1 1
The group is called the perfect group.
2 1 29
16 1 30
A B C D E F 2
2 5 1
16 1 5
3 2 32
9
A
2
B
34
C D E F
3
3 4 2
9 2 4
4 2 36
17 2 38
18 2 40
A B C D E F
4 4 1 1
17 1 4 1
18 1 1 4 4
Group 1 is called the perfect group.
Group 2 is called the first derivative group.
9
6 4 44
7 4 48
10 4 52 5
11 4 56
19 4 60
20 4 64
A B C D E F
6 3 2 1
7 3 1 2
10 2 3 1
11 2 1 3
19 1 3 2
20 1 2 3
8 4 68
21
22
4
4
72
76
6
23 4 80
A B C D E F
8 3 1 1 1
21 1 3 1 1
22 1 1 3 1
23 1 1 1 3
24 4 84
25
26
4
4
88
92
7
A B C D E F
24 1 2 2 1
25 1 2 1 2
26 1 1 2 2
27 / 28 / 29 / 30 22 114
A B C D E F
27 1 2 1 1 1
28 1 1 2 1 1
29 1 1 1 2 1
30 1 1 1 1 2
10
§5 General scheme of parameters
In the introduction we mentioned 4 parameters. We specify them this way:
1 Space with its representation Distance

2 Time with its representation Duration
3 Value with its representation Meaning
4 Awareness with its representation Perception
We will now introduce the idea that each parameter has itself also a dimensional order like the Tetrahedron and
that its completed state likewise can be represented by a Tetrahedron. We would then have 4 Tetrahedra. These
four Tetrahedra can be used in a variety of way to show their natural co-ordinating possibilities. This will be
shown in the next §´s.
We also will use the idea that each parameter as a whole represents one of the dimensions of the Tetrahedron.
As such they will also form a Tetrahedron and that compound we shall call Ìn-Formation´.
Scheme 2
In - Formation
th st nd rd
Dimension 0 1 2 3
Parameter Space Time Value Awareness
Characteristic Limit Bond Structure System
Vectorial Origin - Coordinate Length - X Width- XY Height - XYZ
Static Local Linear Planar Solid / Volume
Dynamical Centre Radius Circle Sphere
Expression Distance Duration Meaning Perception
th st nd rd
Dimension 0 1 2 3
0 - Space 0.0 Vertex - Location 0.1 Edge 0.2 Triangle 0.3 Tetrahedron
1 - Time 1.0 Moment 1.1 Direction – Move 1.2 Growth 1.3 Event
2 - Value 2.0 Personal 2.1 Relational 2.2 Functional – Rule 2.3 Symbolic
3 - Awareness 3.0 Charge 3.1 Frequency 3.2 Signal 3.3 Gestalt - Pattern
Such In-Formation can be represented in a variety of constructions. In the next § we will show the basic idea
within a notation proposal.
11
§6 The coordinative = constructive 4th dimension and the geometry of as-if
Example: The Tetrahedron.

Basic rule: A Tetrahedron meets another Tetrahedron and when they are touching next each other they
create a mutual point, line or triangle: the bond.
We will first show face binding.
General notation idea:

Step 1:
1
1
(1,2,3,4)
5
4
Tetrahedron:
2 4
4 vertices
6 edges
2
3
4 triangles
3
Step 2:
(1,2,3,4); (2,3,4,5)
1 Bitetrahedron:
6 4 2 Tetrahedra
5 vertices
5 2 4
9 edges
7 triangles of which
2 3 1 is shared
5
Step 3:
1
6 (1,2,3,4); (2,3,4,5);
6
(3,4,5,6)
4
Tritetrahedron:
7 3 Tetrahedra of
4
1 which 1 is shared
6 vertices
2
2 12 edges
10 triangles of which
5
3 2 are shared
3
(1,2,3,4); (2,3,4,5); (3,4,5,6) is the regular configuration.

To bind the next Tetrahedron requires Choice:
Repetition: DNA: (4,5,6,7)
Curving: Pacman: (3,4,6,7)
Sharing: Bishops Hat: (2,3,5,7)
12
Choice induced step 4:
1
Repetition: DNA:
4 Tetrahedra of which 2 are shared
7 vertices
15 edges
13 triangles of which 3 are shared
4
3
2
4
7
6
3
5 6
5
8
Choice induced step 5:
1 DNA:
8 vertices
18 edges
2
2
3 4
3
5 7
6
5 6
9
7
8
13
Choice induced first alternative step 4:
10 Curving: Pacman:
7 vertices
1 15 edges
7
1
4
4
2
2
3
5
3
Choice induced first alternative step 5:
11
Wheel:
5 isosceles Tetrahedra each shared by its neighbors
7 vertices
16 edges of which 1 is shared as axis
1
7
1
4
4
2
2 3
5
3
14
Choice induced second alternative step 4:
12 Sharing: Bishop Hat:

4 Tetrahedra of which 1 is shared
1
7 vertices
15 edges
4 1
2 4
2
3
3
6
7
6 5
5
Choice induced second alternative step 5:
1
13 1
4 4
2
3
8 6
2
5
6
8 5
Tetrastar:
5 Tetrahedra of which 1 is shared
8 vertices
18 edges
7
15
We have shown the Tetrahedra as being made of vectors. That allows us to show the initiator. E.g. the vertices 2,
3 and 4 each make a vector with vertex 5.
In the example is shown that the linear dimension of the Tetrahedron has 2 kinds of basic lines features: the
Bitetrahedron and the Tritetrahedron. This is different with the used geometry of points. There the third point
makes the triangle.
The example shows also that after the arising of those 2 basic linear forms a choice has to be made about where
to bind the next or 4th Tetrahedron. This is equal to the geometry of points because when the linear dimension is
established a next (the third) point could also be used to make an extended line (of 3 collinear points). With the
geometry of regular Tetrahedra this choice occurs first after the third Tetrahedron is bonded.
3 kinds of Choices occur: repetition, curving and sharing, and each we have worked out as shown.
Depending on the choice the 4th Tetrahedron can show the extended line or 2 kinds of basic plane-like forms,
which resembles the forming of the triangle in the point geometry.
Each choice for binding the 4th Tetrahedron gives us the logic or protocol to understand where to bind the 5th
Tetrahedron.
Exercising after the third Tetrahedron the choice of repetition gives as result that the linear dimension of the
Tetrahedron will be become extended and that we can go on like that with the 6th, 7th, etc.
Whatever the amount of the extension is, its form characteristics will not change. Buckminster Fuller gave this
form the name Tetrahelix. In Hedronsciences the name DNA is used because of its resemblance with this
molecule.
More on this form can be found here: http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/rbfnotes/helix/helix01.html
The choice of curving shows the beginning of a rounded form or disc. The form we recognize is that of Pacman, a
well-known computer game image. Because of that resemblance we will call this form also Pacman. Because the
next step of this choice with the 5th Tetrahedron requires quit some deliberations we will discuss first the choice
called `Sharing´.
16
§7 Sharing: The Tetrastar.
The choice `Sharing´ shows what we will call the Bishop Hat. The construction is now plane-like. Like the first 3
Tetrahedra had the second in common, the face binding of the 4th Tetrahedron is also to this second one.
Interestingly this second Tetrahedron could be left out in the Bishop Hat. This we can easily see when we take a
wire frame model as we have done in the images in § 6. Then the Tetrahedra 1, 3 and 4 are edge bounded and
form between them automatically Tetrahedron 2. This edge binding can also be done with the 5th Tetrahedron.
If we face bind the 5th Tetrahedron also to the second we make what we will call a Tetrastar. Then the second
Tetrahedron cannot be seen anymore. It is really inside the form. With the edge binding of 4 wire frame
Tetrahedra again this second Tetrahedron would be formed automatically.
This is a remarkable happening, because up till now none of the shapes and forms has shown an inside4. The
Tetrastar does.
Also remarkable is that we cannot distinguish in the Tetrastar if the four Tetrahedra are edge bounded and has so
a shared “emptiness” in the form of a Tetrahedron, or that they are face-bounded and share a real Tetra-hedron.
We know it only if we have chosen to do so. Here the importance of one of the features of the Tetra-hedron
becomes clear. A Tetrahedron has or represents Volume and indicates so Substance, Mass and Weight. Because
of that a Tetrastar with 4 or 5 Tetrahedra will clearly be different in respect to mass and volume.
The Tetrastar is a 3-dimensional form.

There are 2 kinds of Tetrastars. The edge bound of 4 Tetrahedra and the face bounded of 5 Tetrahedra. Which
one we have chosen will define our protocol for the next steps.
Because we have chosen the Tetrastar made of five Tetrahedra the next binding of Tetrahedra will be likewise.
Doing this will show us some interesting features of the Tetrahedron geometry.
We start with the regular Tetrahedron and get with every step the forms as discussed:
Step 1: Tetrahedron 2: Bitetrahedron 3: Tritetrahedron 4: Bishop Hat 5: Tetrastar
The Tetrastar can also be seen as 4 Bitetrahedrons with their first Tetrahedron as common centre. 14
The Tetrastar can also be seen as 2 boats with the central Tetrahedron of each as common centre.
Step 6:
We now can repeat the steps and bind to each face of each of the 4 Tetrahedra another Tetrahedron such that
those 4 become each the centre of a Tetrastar and the whole construct becomes a “Tetrastar-star” of which the
first Tetrastar is the common centre.
15
4
This is not really true. E.g. the Bitetrahedron has a triangle inside. The idea of inside is here related to a solid, to
volume, and a complete tetrahedron.
17
In the photo to the left we see 2 new Tetrahedra each face bonded to one of the Tetrahedra of the Tetrastar.
Between those 2 is a gap. We will call this gap the `margin´. It shows what happens if we take the choice of
curving. It shows what happens if we put the 5th Tetrahedron in the mouth of Pacman. We then get a disc with a
gap. Because of the gap we will call this disc-like form the Pacman Disc.
Here the sequence is shown: Boat => Pacman => Pacman Disc.
16
In image 15 it looks as if on the right side of the Pacman Disc on the Tetrahedron in the middle a Tetrahedron is
bonded. This looks that way because the 4th Tetrahedron of the Tetrastar we can´t see as it is hidden behind the
image.
With first discussing the choice of `Sharing´ and forming the Bishop Hat and the Tetrastar, we now show why: We
meet the choice of curving automatically. We can also see on the photo that the Tetrahelix or DNA is also formed.
And there is more in this choice of sharing.
Let us look at some next steps:
17
Step 7:
When the Tetrastar–star is ready the same protocol can be exercised. To each of its faces a Tetrahedron can be
bonded and so the form will grow naturally and will show again and again the same forms: Bi- and Tritetrahedra
and the extended line the DNA; the Pacman Disc; the Bishop Hat and the Tetrastar.
As we proceed we get per stage interesting forms resembling a kind of abstract flowers, viruses, pollen and the
forming of crystals.
18
5
Images from: http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Deltahedron
18
The protocol to build this forms can be formulated in precise steps with pictures drawn to show each step and its
operation. The final stage for our discussion on the choice of sharing and the Tetrastar shows the next picture
(Tetrastar Icos –Tetrahedron):
19
Step 8:
The form in image 19 as we have built it consists of 97 regular Tetrahedra and has 55 equilateral triangular faces
at the outside.
Throughout the whole form the margin is shown. Because of it, it has 120 equilateral triangular faces relatively
“inside” and our second Tetrahedron is still inside and hidden for the eye.
The form can be built like this:
 Take a Tetrastar with 4 or 5 Tetrahedra.

 Take 4*3 Pacman Discs and bind on each of the faces of the Tetrastar a Pacman Disc.
1 Disc = 5 Tetrahedra. *4 *3 = 60 Tetrahedra. Cumulative: 4 or 5 + 60 = 64 or 65
 Insert between any 3 of the Pacman Discs a Bishop Hat.
A Bishop Hat = 4 Tetrahedra *8 = 32 Tetrahedra. Cumulative total: 64 or 65 + 32 = 96 or 97 Tetrahedra.
If we had used Tetrastars instead of Bishop Hats we would still have had 96 or 97 Tetrahedra if the used
Tetrastars were made of 4 Tetrahedra. Otherwise we would have had a total of 8 tetrahedra more.
 We can look at the result also as if we have built a big Tetrahedron-like form which shows:
4 icosahedral spheres (each of 20 Tetrahedra makes a total of 80 Tetrahedra) like the vertices of
the Tetrahedron
around a central Tetrahedron (1 => cumulative total = 81)
and between each three of them a Bishop Hat is placed (4*4 = 16, which gives us the cumulative
total of 97 Tetrahedra).
A remarkable construction and form.
From this procedure we can now formulated a tentative conclusion and assumption as follows:
Conclusion:
The shown part of the geometry with regular Tetrahedra shows
0 The Tetrahedron as zeroth dimension;

1 DNA as linear dimension;
2 The Pacman Disc as planar dimension
3 The Tetrastar as solid dimension.
4 Each of those forms can be used to make more complex constructions.
19
The geometry shows also that:
 DNA has 2 stages: Bitetrahedron and Tritetrahedron or Boat.

 The Disc has 2 stages: Pacman and Pacman disc.
 The Tetrastar has 2 stages: planar as Bishop Hat and solid as Tetrastar.
 The Tetrastar shows also the possibility of `Hidden´ Tetrahedra and so the phenomenon of Ìnside´.
The geometry of regular Tetrahedra has the following basic dimensional forms:
0 Regular Tetrahedron
1 Bitetrahedron and Tritetrahedron (Boat)
2 Bishop Hat, Pacman and Pacman Disc
3 Tetrastar.
Assumption:
As we had to make a choice after the third Tetrahedron (Boat) in the construction as shown, we choose for 8
Bishop Hats as final step. Instead of these Bishop Hats we could have chosen as next step 8*3 Tetrahedra of which
each should be bonded to one of the Pacman Discs. The step thereafter would then have been a choice to which
triangle of each disc the next Tetrahedron should be bonded.
We can assume from this that i: if we take the construction as shown and like this, and ii: if we go on along the
same strategy that iii: then the gap will widen such that there will come a stage that a regular Tetrahedron can be
bonded to one of the faces in the gap. There and then again a new choice will occur and so new constructs will be
possible by continuation of the chosen protocols.
In general we can assume that again and again new choices will occur and thus that new sub-sequential protocols
can be formulated. From such protocols new constructs are possible but the basic dimensional forms will not
change.
20
§8 Pacman
In the former § we have seen that the Pacman Disc has a natural gap between the first and fifth Tetrahedron. In
Hedronsciences this gap is called the Margin6. In another § we will discuss some kinds of practical use for that
margin. For now we will concentrate on the features of Pacman and the Pacman Disc.
We started our discussion with building the Tetrahedron. We used 2 points to define the absolute length L which
could not be shorter.
To those first two points we added a new point and got the smallest triangle and with yet again an extra point we
got the smallest possible solid: the Tetrahedron.
We then showed that there are 31 basic Tetrahedra possible in terms of difference in edge length specified as the
latter longer than the former.
After that the as-if geometry was introduced and how this works out in the geometry of regular Tetrahedra.
The generalized concluding assumption was that in the on-going constructions choices will keep on occurring.
We will now discuss another kind of choice.

We start again with the Tetrahedron as built. We have used 4 points. If we take a fifth point and bind it to the
other four we encounter impossibility if the rule is that all should be touching next to each other.
We can bind the new point only to 3 of the former points.
If we want the 5th point to be touching next to all four points it has to take place in the middle of the four points,
by which either the four points do not touch each other anymore if they are equally distribute around the fifth
point, or the four points surround the new point such that nevertheless any 3 of them are touching next to the
new point. The latter shows the same form if the fifth point would have been bonded to any 3 of the first four.
The form we get we know already as the Bitetrahedron. It are 2 face bonded Tetrahedra with 5 vertices, 9 edges
and 6 triangles at the outside and 1 triangle inside as common for the 2 Tetrahedra.
If we do not define the order of appearance of the first 4 points, then any 3 of them can make the second
Tetrahedron with the fifth point. Though, if we classify the points as first, second, third and fourth and give them
names like a, b, c and d, then we have a choice to make.
This choice we have shown in the general notation proposal. We will now go in to it in more detail.
Let us take the first vertex as a, the second as b, the third as c and the fourth as d. The fifth will then be e and so
on.
We have 4 choices:
I 123 + 5 (abc + e)
II 124 + 5 (abd +e)
III 134 + 5 (acd + e)
IV 234 + 5 (bcd + e)
For now we choose the second set: 124 + 5 (abd + e). It means that the vertices 3 and 5 have the triangle 124
(abd) as common. Why we choose this set will be made clear later on.
We now introduce point 6 (f) and bind it to the points 125 (abe) and have made so the third Tetrahedron and as
form we now have the boat.
We now can see why we choose 124. With the choice for 125 we have the edge 12 also as common edge bond for
the three Tetrahedra and that the points 3, 4, 5 and 6 surround this edge 12 as if it is an axis.
Likewise we will bind point 7 (g) to the 3 points 126 (abf).
6
Buckminster Fuller called the cap: `The unzipping angle´.
21
If we do this with 8 colored7 balls representing the points and number them as 1, 2 3, etc. the sequence will look
like this:
20
21
Zeroth or Point Dimension.

Point 1.
22
Linear Dimension.
Point 2 is touching next to Point 1.
23
Planar (also hedron or angular) Dimension.

Point 1, 2 and 3 are touching next to each other.
7
Please note that we use here the color order as we have used it in the beginning with some additional colours. Due to
technical reasons we were not able to use the same color order as we have shown in scheme 1.
22
24
Solid (also tetrahedral or container) Dimension.

Point 1, 2, 3 and 4 are touching next to each other.
25
Co-ordinative (also Constructive or bi-tetrahedral) Dimension.

Point 1, 2, 3 and 4 are touching next to each other.
Point 5 is touching next to the points 1, 2 and 4.
26
Co-operative (also tri-tetrahedral) Dimension.

Point 1, 2, 3 and 4are touching next to each other.
Point 5 is touching next to the points 1, 2 and 4
Point 6 is touching next to the points 1, 2 and 5
23
27
Communicative (also Pacman) Dimension.

Point 1, 2, 3 and 4 are touching next to each other. Point 5 is touching next to the points 1, 2 and 4. Point 6 is
touching next to the points 1, 2 and 5 and point 7 is touching next to the points 1, 2 and 6, but, in the photo to the
right we can see that point 7 is also very close to point 3. This is indicated by the dotted line. We have seen this
gap already in the as-if geometry of the Tetrahedron. There the gap occurred between the first and fifth
Tetrahedron. Here the gap is between the third and seventh point. The eighth point as Ball cannot be put
between them. The gap is too small.
28
In image 28 we can clearly see that the eighth point cannot be put between the points 3 and 7 such that it is also
touching next to the points 1 and 2.
29
In this picture point 2 is left out and the points 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 form a fused ring on top of point 1.
24
30
In image 30 we can see at the left the points 1 at the bottom and point 2 on top of it as if they form an axis and
the points 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 surrounding this axis. The gap can be seen clearly.
To the right point 1 at the bottom and point 2 above it are not touching each other (though they are distant, still
they are bonded). The points 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 form the fused ring which we could see in image 29. On top of it is
point 2. The form is now a real disc without a gap. But this is not without consequences for the regularity of the
Tetrahedra.
Note that we have used 7 points.

We will now show one more time the geometry of the Tetrahedra.
31
Image 31: From left to right:

The green Tetrahedron has 4 points.
The red Tetrahedron brings in the 5th point.
The yellow the 6th and the blue the 7th point.
But what about the white and fifth Tetrahedron?
It seems to bring in an eighth point, but we just have seen that this is not possible. The ring of the points 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7 can only be closed if the first and second points of the axis are distant and not touching.
We show here a remarkable difference between building the same form with points and with Tetrahedra.
With points only 7 points are possible and with Tetrahedra 8 points are possible, but if we close the gap, again
only 7 points are used to get the disc.
By the way, this disc we call “Wheel”.
Hereunder we see the five regular Tetrahedra with the gap (orange), then with the gap closed such that the white
Tetrahedron becomes bigger = 4 regular Tetrahedra and 1 irregular and finally the third image in which the
triangles are equilateral but the 5 Tetrahedra not regular.
25
32
We have now encountered a new choice: Harmony and Symmetry, and with it another feature of the
Tetrahedron: the irregular Tetrahedron.
As explained in §4 The forming of the Tetrahedron, there are next to the regular Tetrahedron in terms of
difference in edge length specified as the latter longer than the former 30 different kinds of irregular Tetrahedra
possible.
In this § we have found the first one by closing the gap.
Let us go in more detail.
26
§9 A new length
8
33
The dihedral angle of the regular Tetrahedron is approximately 70,528779 degrees9. 5 Times this amount is
approximately 352,643895 degrees which makes approximately 7,356105 degrees short of 360 degrees. This
7,356105 degrees should be distributed over the edges of the five Tetrahedra able to make the regular pentago-
nal circumference of the wheel. If we do so we will get a so-called pentagonal bipyramid with 10 isosceles
triangles at the outside. The edges making the circumference are ≈ 1,0514622242*α where α is the unit length,
which is in our discussion the shortest length L. The pentagonal bipyramid is the same what we call a wheel.
As we have seen in § 8 a wheel consists of 7 vertices.

If we count the edges then we have from the 1st Tetrahedron 6 edges, from the 2nd 3 extra, from the third 3 and
from the fourth also 3. The fifth Tetrahedron is made by closing the gap and so we get only 1 extra edge. So our
wheel has 16 edges of which 15 are outside and one inside functioning as axis.
In the discussion of the points we found that this wheel (its official name is pentagonal deltahedron) has the first
point at the bottom, then a ring of 5 points and on top of it the second point. The first and second points are
distant and make the axis and height of the form which is also ≈ 1,0514622242*α.
This means that the Tetrahedra used in the pentagonal bipyramid and in the pentagonal deltahedron are the
same. Each has 5 edges of length L and 1 edge of length ≈ 1,0514622242*α and only its orientation makes the one
wheel or the other.
As we called L our unit length, we can call the edge with length ≈ 1,0514622242*L our unit derived length M.
But there is more. With the same length M we can make another pentagonal form the pentagonal decahedron10.
It is also a wheel but has different proportion in the amount of edges L and M. This wheel has 6 edges L and 10
edges M. One of the L edges is the axis made by the points 1 and 2. In image 32 to the right we see a decahe-dron.
We define the point at the bottom as one of the points of the axis L and the L edges as going from that point 1 to
the points 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. (The edges going from axis to circumference we will call the radial edges.) This means
that the 5 bottom triangles are isosceles and the 5 top triangles are equilateral with edge length M.
We now have 3 wheels:
1 The pentagonal bipyramid with 1 axis and 10 radial edges with length L going from the top and
bottom of the axis to the vertices at the circumference. That circumference is made of 5 edges with
length M. Our notation will be: [11-5]. In this notation the first number is length L and the second
number is length M.
2 The pentagonal deltahedron has 1 axis with length M and all other edges with length L  [15-1]
3 The pentagonal decahedron has 1 axis + 5 radial edges with length L and 10 other edges with length
M  [6-10]
8
Image from: http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n2/fig_tab/nmat2083_F1.html
9
= the dihedral angle of the regular Tetrahedron. The dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes.
10
This is the common name for any pentagonal polyhedron with 10 faces.
27
§10 Another Protocol
As we have done in the as-if geometry with the regular Tetrahedron we are now going to do something like wise,
but this time we will use the 2 kinds of Tetrahedra we have naturally derived at.
We have 3 wheels and we list them in the order of the discussion:

Wheel 1 (pentagonal bipyramid) [11-5]
Wheel 2 (pentagonal deltahedron) [15-1]
Wheel 3 (pentagonal decahedron) [6-10]
We have also 3 kinds of Tetrahedra each with zero or more edges longer than one or more of the others. With the
regular Tetrahedron as example, each Tetrahedron has a number as given in the scheme (#1.1.1); a character-
name (regular) and its Tetrahedron set notation {6}.
34
L L L
L L L L M M
L L L L L L
L M M
A. #1.1.1: Regular {6} B. #2.2.1:First irregular {5-1} C. #1.5.1 equilateral/isosceles {3-3}
Note:
 5 Tetrahedra A can only make the Pacman Disc.

 We have seen in the deltahedron [15-1] and bipyramid [11-5] that the Tetrahedra B can rotate by which
their edges change function and orientation. Circumference (outside) vs Axis (inside).
 The Tetrahedra #1.5.1 and #1.5.2 look very much the same but differ very much in their construction
possibilities. 5 Tetrahedra C ( #1.5.1) can make up Wheel 3 (the pentagonal decahedron) and #1.5.2 can´t
make a wheel.
With this in mind we take first wheel 3 and Tetrahedron C and look at a particular construction we can make with
it: the Icosahedron.
35
Wheel 3 made of 5* #1.5.1. We will call the faces LLL and LLM.
28
If we face bind to each LLM-face of wheel 3 a same kind of Tetrahedron C with one of its LLM-faces we get a so-
called `Hand´. The 5 Tetrahedra are like 5 fingers on the wheel:
36
The tetrahedron to be place between the pinnacles is exactly the same one and when down we have obtained the
concavity in which an exact same wheel can be placedii. With our first point as center we got the Icosahedron, the
first not just convex but Spherical Form. It has at its outside 20 equilateral triangles MMM.
37
If we now proceed like we have done with the Tetrastar and use the same Tetrahedron C then we can face bind
on each of the 20 equilateral triangular faces MMM a Tetrahedron C with its MMM face. We then have a Stellated
Icosahedron, also called a Icosahedron-star or in Hedronsciences short: Icostar.
38
Without further specifying which one, but in theory we can place between each pinnacles of the Icostar with its
adjacent pinnacles a Tetrahedron. We thus get a concave Dodecahedron with 12 mountain rings of 5 Tetrahedra.
39
In these concavities we can recognize room for a wheel. Without specifying which one or the size of its
Tetrahedra, we will place in each of the 12 concavities an appropriate wheel and we will get so a convex
Dodecahedron.
40
Icosahedron Icostar Concave Dodecahedron Convex Dodecahedron
29
Of course we can go on like this. We face bind on each of the 60 faces of the convex Dodecahedron an
appropriate Tetrahedron and will get a Dodecahedron-star.
41
Between the pinnacles again a Tetrahedron can be placed. We then will have a concave truncated Icosahedron.
Note that this form has 12 mountain pentagonal rings made of 5 Tetrahedra and 20 mountain hexagonal rings
made of 6 Tetrahedra.
42
That one has also concavities with room for a wheel. Again without specifying the size of the Tetrahedra for the
wheels used we will mention only that we will use 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal wheels. The latter are a new
kind of wheel. When the pentagonal and hexagonal wheels are placed we will have a convex truncated
Icosahedron also known as C60.
43
Of course we can again face bind Tetrahedra to that convex-form to get a star-form, place appropriate Tetrahedra
between the pinnacles to get the next concave-form and then again the appropriate wheels in the concavities to
get the next convex-form, and so on.
44 11
In the image we see a so-called C60-star.
11
The images 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43 are made by David Blake.
30
In general we will generate this way a kind of the so-called Goldberg Polyhedra.
45
46
Each Goldberg Polyhedron has 12 pentagonal wheels with 5 triangles and (n*60) + 20 hexagonal wheels with 6
triangles.
The Goldberg Polyhedra refer to the surface of the polyhedron as we can see them in image 45. Our protocol
generates what we call C-spheres and those are made of Tetrahedra. The wireframe model in image 46 is one of
the models we have made in 3-d Print12.
Our protocol we can keep on using such that we can formulate from it an algorithm to generate a kind of 3-d
spherical fractal. One of our objectives is to make a program which can generate such fractals.
In the following pictures we give an example how this looks like with a specific measures for the used Tetrahedra.
12
We have generated a variety of models in 3-d print. Copies can be obtained through us. Requests are welcome.
31
Layer 1 Level 1 Layer 1 Level 2 Layer 1 Level 3 Layer 1 Level 4
Layer 1 Level 4 = Layer 2 Layer 2 Level 2 Layer 2 Level 3 Layer 2 Level 4

Level 1
Layer 2 Level 4 = Layer 3 Layer 3 Level 2 Layer 3 Level 3 Layer 3 Level 4

Level 1
The models are made in Mathematica by Richard Southwell.

47
32
§ 11 The C-sphere
In § 10 we have shown our idea for generating the so-called C-spheres. Its general protocol is:
1 Take a Tetrahedron with edge length A which will serve as the minimal length L.
2 Take 5 of those and adjust one edge of each such that they can form together a wheel. We call this
new edge B. We will thus get 2 kinds of Wheels: [A-B] = [11-5] and [15-1]. The used Tetrahedra have
as code #2.2.1.
3 Take edge B of the former Tetrahedron and make a new wheel in which the Tetrahedra have a base
triangle with edges B and standing edges A. We thus can construct Wheel #3: [A-B] = [6-10]. The used
Tetrahedra have code #1.5.1
4 We take this wheel #3 and bind to each of the isosceles faces (ABB) an equal Tetrahedron to make a
`Hand´.
5 We take 2 of these hands to make an Icosahedron with 20 triangles at the outside with edge length B.
6 To each of the outer faces of the Icosahedron we bind a Tetrahedron. We will have 2 choices: we can
take the Tetrahedron used to make the wheel (6A-10B) or we take regular Tetrahedra with edge B.
7 We will get anyway an Icostar. We place between each 2 adjacent pinnacles of the Icostar a new
Tetrahedron such that the faces of the pinnacles will be overlapped and the pinnacles of the 2
Tetrahedra are connected with a straight edge. The used Tetrahedron can be of the form {4A-1B-1C}
or {5B-1D}. We now have 4 different lengths for edges: A, B, C and D.
48
8 From step 7 we will get anyway a concave Dodecahedron. In its concavities we can place a wheel
made of 5 Tetrahedra. There are 2 sizes possible. If the 3rd edge is C then the axis of the wheel is A
and the equilateral triangle has edge length C. If the 3rd edge is D then the axis of the wheel is B and
the equilateral triangle has edge length D. Anyway the convex Dodecahedron should have equilateral
triangles at the outside. Those will be of size CCC or DDD. We will call the Dodecahedron with
triangles CCC Dodecahedron C and the one with triangles DDD Dodecahedron D.
9 To each of the outer faces of the Dodecahedron C or D we face bind a regular Tetrahedron with
edges C or D to make the star form.
33
10 Between the pinnacles of these Tetrahedra we will place a Tetrahedron. We have 8 choices: [6C], [3C-
3A], [3C-3B], [3C-3D], [6D], [3D-3A], [3D-3B] and [3D-3C].
11 We repeat the used protocol. We will get a star-like structure, then the concave structure and then
the convex structure again. With each steps new measures have to be defined and from it the choices
can be formulated. Each of the measures will generate a set of choices and each set of choices a set
of next steps, ad infinitum.
12 Extra 1: In step 9 we mentioned the use of regular Tetrahedra. This is not strictly necessary. We can
also choose Tetrahedra with a triangular base C or D and with standing legs A or B. The next steps of
the protocol are still the placement of Tetrahedra between the pinnacles and wheels in the
concavities.
13 Extra 2: In § 14 we will mention also the necessity to scale up a model in order to place an edge which
should otherwise be shorter then length L.
According to this protocol a range of different size C-spheres will be possible and some will generate difficult to
define choices. Such difficulties can be tackled most of time by defining the whole range of possible choices.
Nevertheless, because the complexity will increase as will the amount of choice that can be made, also according
to the variety of Tetrahedra to choose from, after a for now undefined layer the complexity will outrange our
computing possibilities.
.
34
§ 12 Some kinds of application
In § 10 & 11 we worked out the general idea of the C-sphere based on the pentagonal decahedron [6-10].
Each layer or stage has 4 levels or steps: Convex sphere – Star – Concave sphere – New Convex sphere.
Without going into details about the measures of the used Tetrahedra we showed pictures of a C-sphere
construction with layer 1 to 3 each with their 4 levels. We also mentioned that there can be made more layers
than those.
The whole idea shows a system to create all kinds of spherical objects. They all have the same characteristics.
When we look at the Icosahedron we can detect 2 wheels as poles and between them a ring. See the photo
hereunder:
49
In the next layers we always can detect this kind of poles made of wheels with rings between them.
The bigger the whole C-sphere the bigger these rings will be and the more of the inside can be taken away to
reveal tunnel or tube like structures. This resembles the idea for nanotubes and the like.
The general idea of taking parts away shows a possibility we will call `Shapemining´.
To understand what we mean we suppose to imagine a C-sphere with a lot of layers and that we take out parts
like a sculptor does with a chunk of stone or wood. A lot of interesting structures can be found in the different
kinds of C-spheres and by nature such structures will have a kind of `harmonious´ proportion.
Hereunder we show some of them.
50
The models are made in Mathematica by Richard Southwell.
35
Some others we have 3-d printed:
51
The images shows that a variety of forms can be generated.

Also forms for specific usage are possible, e.g. wing shapes for turbines.
We plan to make a program to do this Shapemining easily from a variety of C-spheres and such that the chosen
structures can be 2-d and or 3-d printed.
36
§ 13 The extended Protocol
We now will discuss another operation based on the 3 wheels in general.

In general the previously used idea of face binding Tetrahedra we can apply on any kind of wheel no matter how
many Tetrahedra the wheel is made of. We showed a specific wheel and a specific protocol of binding Tetrahedra
to one side of the wheel.
We will now suggest a protocol for both sides.
If we take our 3 wheels we can bind 10 Tetrahedra on the faces of each of the pentagonal wheels and will get so a
so-called `Wheel-star´.
Again between the pinnacles Tetrahedra can be placed to get the concave structures, which again can be filled
with the appropriate wheels to get the convex structure.
If we take as rule that for any new convex structure we first take regular Tetrahedra and secondly the process
related derivatives of it, we then will generate ranges of choices each giving particular forms and new extended
protocols, choices, etc.
Our starting rule should be anyway the principal rule of an absolute minimal length L and that thus each other
length must be longer. That length L is always symbolized by the measure taken to generate the regular
Tetrahedron at the start.
As we have seen with the Pacman Disc gaps can occur, which can be so-called harmonized with some kind of
adjustment to one of the edges such that these edges become longer and can define the size for new Tetrahedra.
The kind of wheel does not matter. They can be made up from any amount of Tetrahedra as long as the measures
of those Tetrahedra do not violate the rule of length L.
Another principal rule will be that each level of a layer should be filled completely. A pentagonal wheel has then
10 Tetrahedra in its star level and at least 15 Tetrahedra in its concave level and so on.
An additional rule that all the Tetrahedra used at a level are the same will be difficult to hold. As we will see in the
next § depending on the choices made there will be C-spheres in which on a certain level more than one kind of
Tetrahedra can be used without violating the rules of length L13, the use of already derived Tetrahedra and the
filling per level.
When the proposed rules are applied on the wheels and each level gets its set of face bonded Tetrahedra we will
get structures that show two C-spheres14 like constructions touching next to each other which will generate all
kinds of Tetrahedra each with its own natural size, measures and proportion. These kinds of forms we know from
trees with their C-spheres, `C-conics´ of branches and roots.
A general important feature of the Csphere and the aforementioned kind of forms is the resemblance with the
image of the Point itself as Ball and the length L made of 2 points. This resemblance we will discuss shortly in § 14
at the end of page 52 and in endnote iv.
In general we can state that based on the choices we make that we will find other naturally caused Tetrahedra.
The conjecture is that by using the protocols we will find a whole zoo of Tetrahedra with specific measures and
proportions. Each of them will follow the scheme for Tetrahedra as given and this will allow us to make a
classification system like the table of elements including the choices to exert for the production of those
Tetrahedra.
13
We mentioned already that there ist he possibility to scale up a whole structure in ordert o use an edge which would
otherwise be shorter than the length L.
14
Not necessarily of the same size.
37
Furthermore that by using the idea of the as-if geometry with each of those Tetrahedra we will become able to
compute us new useful constructions of and within Linear, Planar, Solid, Coordinative, Cooperative and
Communicative dimensional structures each with the right tetrahedral proportional strength.
We then will have a kind of tetrahedral chemistry and engineering.
The next image shows examples of this within nature:
52
We know already that it is possible to compute all kinds of new regular and quasi regular forms. We refer to the
story of the so-called Buckyball, the truncated Icosahedron or C60, also well known as the football. It was already
predicted in 1960 to exists as chemical compound, but first found in 198715. Even far for that prediction its
structure was already known.
53
E.g. Image 53 shows a C60 model made in about 1900 with wood boards. From this we cautiously may apply this
predictive feature with the use of geometry16.
From left to right:

54
Wire frame surface of a C60 molecule.
Logo for a C60 company.
2 Kinds of the well-known football showing the pentagonal and hexagonal faces of the truncated Icosahedron.
We ask special attention for the differences in length of the hexagonal faces of the C60 and those of the balls.
15
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Buckminsterfullerene
16
The photo is made of a model found at the University of Groningen. Photographic Source unknown. See also:
http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/2803507/thesis.pdf and
http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00011492.pdf
38
Likewise we could find specific forms which cause particular effects. The planar and linear curvature of the wing
and spiral are well known examples. Their combination is for example very well used in the tip of the wings of
modern airplanes and perfected in nature within the cooperative structure in feathers of birds which cause the
right aerodynamic proportions to swim in air and those of the fish and its fin to fly in water. 
Another example is nanotubes based on the hexagonal structure of the truncated Icosahedron.
We are working out several models like wings and C60. Because this is an arduous job we welcome everyone able
to help us and to join us in our research and development.
Next to the general rules as shown additional sub-rules can be formulated by which we will again generate natural
forms with natural measures, proportions and characteristics.
In general we can postulate that patterns are possible in 1-d, 2-d, 3-d, etc. and all can be made conductive such
that a `Gestalt´ appears. We can see this very well in the logistic and traffic systems in which the ”best pattern” is
shown.
Our conclusion is that our geometrical discussion is also a discussion on Choice” and thus on the “Art of making
decisions” also known as Game Theory and Rewrite Systems. In particular we refer to the work of Richard
Southwell and Stephen Wolfram17.
Our discussion has brought us a width horizon with a lot of perspectivities18. A vision of the possible.
A vision of the C-spheres,
And of other C-polyhedra
17
Richard Southwell: https://richardsouthwell.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/mythesis1.pdf and
http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AM_2013062016204430.pdf and http://www.complex-systems.com/pdf/22-2-2.pdf
Stephen Wolfram: A new kind of science http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/toc.html
18
Term refers to projective geometry. See:
http://web.science.mq.edu.au/~chris/geometry/CHAP05%20Perspectivities%20and%20Projectivities.pdf
39
§14 C-polyhedra. Platonically solid!
We know the platonic solids.
55
19
In the picture the platonic solids are ordered according to their faces and duality20.
Plato theorized already in the Timaeus, that the classical elements were made of these regular solids. But how?
Part of this we have seen in the former discussion in which we showed how the Tetrahedron is succeeded by the
wheel which became a C-sphere, the C-Icosahedron, the C-Dodecahedron, The C-C60, the C-C272 and so.
But what about the Octahedron and the Cube. How do they fit in this discussion?
The former discussion was based on the construction of the Tetrahedron. First as regular one and later on 30
other Tetrahedra came to that first one together with their total of 113 different features.
Because of that natural flexibility we could show by using our idea on harmonization how we can form the
Icosahedron, The Dodecahedron, the C60 Truncated Icosahedron, C212 and as such the theorem for the C-sphere
fractal algorithm.
56
Layer 3 level 4 Regular C-sphere Hoops ball21.
In that discussion we used face binding. Only at the beginning, upon constructing the Tetrahedron, we showed
point binding and with the Bishop Hat and Tetrastar we mentioned the possibility of edge binding.
19
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Platonic_solid
20
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Duality_(projective_geometry)
21
The hoops ball is an invention of Jos Hoebe and is like a Goldberg polyhedron in which the triangles are replaced for
circles. They resemble the dimples of a golf ball. Like the golf ball the Hoops ball has remarkable aerodynamical
properties. The difference with the regular Goldberg Polyhedron and the Hoops ball is also in the structure of the
second layer level 1, the truncated Icosahedron, which can be seen on the photos where the edges of the hexagon are
of 2 different length´. This will be explained in another paragraph.
40
In image 56 the picture on the left shows a C-sphere of layer 3 level 4 and in the middle the regular C-sphere. Both
show point binding at work. The picture on the right shows a so-called Hoops ball with edge binding. The circles in
the Hoops ball are surrounded by a kind of circular edges.
Another kind of edge binding we can see in the regular C-sphere also where we clearly can see on the surface that
the triangles are edge bonded.
In § 13 we also mentioned the possibility of solid and construct binding.
Solid binding is about the as-if geometry with the Tetrahedra and construct binding is for example the two hands
making together a icosahedron, or like in the pictures hereunder two helixes spiraling in each other or 2 spirals
shape mined out of C-spheres.
22
57
We also mentioned the use of sub-rules.

We will introduce now such a sub-rule which sheds a particular light on the relation of the Tetrahedron with the
Octahedron, Cube and rhombic Dodecahedron likewise the Tetrahedron has with the Icosahedron,
Dodecahedron, truncated Icosahedron and so on.
58
23
To show this we take a regular Tetrahedron and point bind 3 other Tetrahedra to the vertices of the base of the
Tetrahedron. We get this form:
59
The four vertices of the Tetrahedron are this way replaced by Tetrahedra24.
The image we obtain is still a Tetrahedron.
22
Image from: https://wringtheory.wordpress.com/2012/10/06/wring-theory-old-biomechanics-with-a-new-twist/
23
Images from https://www.wikiwand.com
24
This is a kind of duality like that is used in projective geometry where points and lines are duals (see also footnote
16).
41
But something has changed. In the pictures of image 59 we can see between the Tetrahedra a rest-form. This rest-
form equals an Octahedroniii.
60
The Octahedron has 8 equilateral triangles at the outside.

If we connect each pair of its opposing vertices with a line we then create a 3-d axial system in it.
61
When we look carefully we can see that the Octahedron is made out of 8 kinds of Tetrahedra. Those are also
#1.3.1 but a bit different as the one we have used. The each pair of the 3 edges L make 90 degree angles. It is a so-
called trirectangular Tetrahedron.
62
As we can see in image 62 the Tetrahedron fits nicely in the corner of a cubical box. Each edge L is also an edge of
the Cube.
In image 63 we can see that in the same cubical box fits also the regular Tetrahedron. Each edge is a diagonal of
the Cube. We can also see that in the Cube four of the trirectangular Tetrahedra can cover the Tetrahedron.
63
42
Four of these trirectangular Tetrahedra are as a whole half a Octahedron and form together the well-known
pyramid with the square base.
64
Like we replaced the vertices of the regular Tetrahedron with regular Tetrahedra, we can do the same with the
trirectangular irregular Tetrahedron. We will obtain likewise an irregular tetrahedral image and also with a kind of
irregular Octahedron between the trirectangular irregular Tetrahedra.
65
If we apply the protocol of face binding with the regular Octahedron, and since already four of them are bonded
to it, we feel allowed to bind 4 other equilateral triangles to the four triangles left over.
The form we get is known as the Stella Octangula. In Hedronsciences it is called an Octastar, like we have a
Tetrastar, Icostar, etc.
66
The pictures in image 66 at the left and to the right show also the axes inside the Octahedron to indicate that we
are dealing with Tetrahedra.
We can now go on with our protocol as we have used it and connect the pinnacles of the Octastar. The structure
we get we know as a Cube.
43
67
In the next picture we can clearly see the yellow Tetrahedron placed between the pinnacles.
68
When we look from above we can see very well the right angle which shows that the placed Tetrahedron is also a
trirectangular Tetrahedron.
69
This Tetrahedron is twice the size of the trirectangular Tetrahedron used in the Octahedron.
We of course can say that we thus got a new Tetrahedron, but we can also use a sub-rule which tells us that we
are allowed to interpret this Tetrahedron as twice the trirectangular Tetrahedron already in use. To indicate that
we have done so we use another color.
44
70
Why could define this as if on each triangle of the Octastar one of the former Tetrahedra (the trirectangular
Tetrahedron) is chosen to be bonded.
Nevertheless we can now easily count the used Tetrahedra: 8 regular Tetrahedra and 32 trirectangular
Tetrahedra.
If we look again to our latest structure then we can see that the Cube is divided into 8 smaller Cubes each
containing a smaller Tetrahedron. We came back where we started: a regular Tetrahedron within a Cube with on
each face a trirectangular Tetrahedron.
71
We now can define a new rule.

If we define the dual of the Tetrahedron as a bigger so-called Being Tetra
as if each of the 4 vertices of the used regular Tetrahedron is replaced by regular Tetrahedron of the same size
and as if those 4 regular Tetrahedra are point bonded such that each is bonded to the other 3,
we will naturally obtain a Octahedron as rest-form between them
of which each of its vertices is connected to the other vertices
and so in itself an axial system shows with a center point,
which functions as the origin of that axial system
and which axial system divides the Octahedron in 8 equal trirectangular Tetrahedra
45
and in that way the Being Tetra has the mentioned center point as its center
and that thus all the vertices of the Being Tetra should be connected to that center point ,
which gives us the conclusion that any Tetrahedron has in itself a center point which is connected to each of the
vertices of the Tetrahedron.
We will call this center point the essential material point (EMP).
If we apply this rule then the Being Tetra looks like this:
72
And the essential Tetrahedron like this:
73
The regular Tetrahedron is now made of 4 Tetrahedra #1.3.1. Another one.

That one with the one of the Octahedron in the regular Tetrahedron look like this:
74
46
If we go back to our Octahedron with its origin and axial system and bind to each of its faces an essential
Tetrahedron and bind also the EMP of each of those Tetrahedra to that origin we get the Completed Octastar as
this structure:
75
If we then again bind to each of the triangular faces of the Octastar a trirectangular Tetrahedron we get again the
Cube.
76
We now can take out the smaller Cube and see that only 4 of the 8 vertices are connected to the center.
77
Thus we bind these other four also to the center and then we have the essential Cube in which all diagonals are
shown. The facial diagonals form the Tetrahedron and the spacial diagonals a so-called rhombic axial system.
We can now define 3 kinds of length. In the image the blue struts are the shortest. If we give it a unit length of 1,
then the green facial diagonal equals √2 and the yellow spacial diagonal equals √3.
47
78
We now have 2 kinds of square based pyramids. The one of the Octahedron and the one of the Cube.
The one of the Octahedron is made of four #1.3.1 Tetrahedra and so the Octahedron is made of eight #1.3.1
Tetrahedra.
The one of the Cube is made of two #5.7.2 Tetrahedra and so the Cube is made of twelve of these.
They look like this:
79
But there is more. At the beginning of this § we mentioned that we would show not just the relation of the
Tetrahedron with the Octahedron and the Cube but also with the Rhombic Dodecahedron.
To show this we go back to the image of the Completed Octastar:
80
We take away the pinnacles and also the connection of each pinnacle with its respective EMP.
We leave that EMP there because it is still connected to the other vertices of the Tetrahedron to which the
pinnacle belonged and because it is connected to the origin in the Octahedron.
48
We then get this structure:
81
The structure is called the rhombic Dodecahedron. It has 12 rhombic faces, 14 vertices and 24 edges.
In Hedronsciences it is called C14 like the truncated Icosahedron is called C60.
The C14 as shown here is made out of 24 Tetrahedra #5.7.2, the Tetrahedron we know as being 1/16 of a Cube.
It is so to see also 1/24 of a C14.
The rhombic face has 2 kinds of diagonals. In the picture of image 79 we see the long one (green). The shorter one
is a blue strut, which is the same as an axis going from the origin of the Octahedron to its vertex.
The C14 looks then like this.
82
It is made of 24 Tetrahedra #1.12.6 which is the perfect isosceles Tetrahedron with 4 times the same isosceles
triangles. Its volume is the same as #5.7.2
The Tetrahedron looks like this:
83
49
When we combine Tetrahedron #5.7.2 and #1.12.6 we get this one: #5.6.3
84
C14 has 48 of these Tetrahedra
When we take halve of #5.6.3 we get this one: #7.24.2 which is a very interesting one.
It has 4 rectangle triangles. 2* isosceles with angles of 45 – 45 – 90 degrees and 2* scalene with angles of 35,27 –
54,73 – 90 degrees. As tetrahedron it shows the basic proportions of between the edges and diagonals of a Cube:
√1 - √2 - √3.
85
The C14 has 96 of those.
We showed C14 including the diagonal bonds by which it is made up. When we delete them of the surface we get
this picture:
86
The C14 has still its double axial system. In the picture it is made of blue and yellow struts.
50
If we take out the blue struts representing the XYZ of the so-called cubical axial system it looks like this:
87
In the text to image 78 we mentioned the so-called rhombic axial system. In image 81 we can see why. Instead of
6 directions as in the cubical axial system the rhombic axial system has 8 directions.
The cubical axial system makes of a Cube 8 smaller Cubes.
88
The rhombic axial system makes of a C14 four rhombic Cubes also known as Rhombohedron.
89
25
That rhombic Cube has like the Cube 8 vertices, 12 edges and 6 faces. It is a so-called distorted Cube and through
it a special property occurs and that is that is can make in an as-if geometry in which the rhombic Cube act as a
point with only 4 pieces a solid, the C14, just like 4 points make a Tetrahedron as solid.
With the Cube this is not possible. 4 Cubes is at best a plane. The real 3-d solid can first be made with 8 Cubes.
25
The picture to the right is a tube of rhombic Cubes.
51
Within the Icosahedron we used what we could call an icosahedral axial system, but as it is made 20 Tetrahedra
#1.5.1 it is maybe more fair to call it a tetrahedral axial system.
90
The more this seems to be fair if we put the 3 system into 1:
91
In image 85 a vertex with 3 edges of the Cube, rhombic Cube and regular Tetrahedron share as basic dimension
the equilateral triangle.
92
In image 86 the combination of the 3 axial systems show the directions of left / right, back / forth, up / down and
the basic tetrahedral / rhombic directions.
From the construction of the Icosahedron we know that we can harmonize the Tetrahedron to gain a particular
symmetry.
If we then picture the center of the Icosahedron as the center of 20 Tetrahedra like we have in the middle of the
row above which we will call the Completed Being Tetrahedron, and if we connect the 5 centers of these
Tetrahedra with those of their adjacent Tetrahedra., and if we build up the further structure of the C-sphere with
Tetrahedra like those and likewise, all at least up to the layer of the convex C60, we then have a powerful image
of what the interrelatedness is of all the regular platonic forms with and from C14 and up to C60.
Then, a daring proposition could be formulated as: À point is essentially such a C-sphere´.iv
52
§ 15 Layers, surfaces and chains
We have shown a variety of forms and structures within a system of logic expressed as rules and protocols.
We can specify some of those forms / structures:
1 Tetrahedron
2 Icosahedron
3 Convex Dodecahedron
4 Convex C60
5 Octahedron
6 Cube
7 C14
Each of those is a kind of phase in the process of using the protocols. As convex form each shows also a kind
of smooth surface. A kind of surface as skin over that what it covers. The form is then like a container
containing that which came before the skin was there. It contains so to say a history.
If we look at the surfaces as skins we can imagine a platonic solid as a form with just some kind of regular
outside surface. But if we look at it as the continuous smooth expression of the edge bonded Tetrahedra of a
layer within a process of building then we have 2 kinds of them: the outward smooth looking one with its
spiky side of tetrahedra inside and directed towards the center of the form or the spiky one with tetrahedra
outside and directed away from the center of the form and having the smooth looking surface inside. A
centripetal and centrifugal skin.
When we take such layers apart we have some intriguing “objects”.

E.g. the surface of the regular Icosahedron has 20 inward Tetrahedra. If we turn the layer inside out we have
the Icostar layer with the Tetrahedra on it with set notation 3L-3M.
If we take a Icostar layer made of 6L Tetrahedra we cannot turn it outside in. Then the Tetrahedra are just a
little bit too big.
The layers show also special properties. E.g. if we take the Dodecahedron Star layer made of regular
Tetrahedra it can flip-flop the pinnacles into pentagonal and hexagonal wheels26. It then also shows that the
regular truncated Icosahedron known as the football with its pentagons and hexagons all with the same
edge length is then one of those possible next to the one as shown in image 53 and 54. That one has the
same total measure of circumference for the pentagon and hexagon: 5*1 = 5 and (3*1)+ (3*2/3) = 527.
That would mean that in order to make the next layer (the concave C60) the whole structure must be
rescaled such that the shorter edge of the hexagonal wheel is the length L.
Such an operation would show how spontaneous growth can occur.
It would also show the difference of bond as Value and distance as expression of Space. In a scaled up
system28 e.g. like that of a Tetrahedron the vertices are bonded whatever the scaled up distance is between
them. It will still be that solid.
If we take a layer as discussed here then we can easily see that it is made of Tetrahedra nicely distributed
over the surface inwardly or outwardly. But we can also look at such surface and recognize a tread of
26
We are very sorry that we cannot show pictures of this within this edition of Hedronsciences. The models we had
were old and felt apart. We hope to have new one ready with the next edition.
27
This kind of protocol is also used to make the Hoops ball with its 212 holes as shown in image 56.
28
Scaling up will be discussed in the next §.
53
Tetrahedra wrapped such that it can make up the surface. If we would unwrap it, we then would have a
chain of edge bonded Tetrahedra. That chain then could be folded maybe into another form, like we can fold
a piece of paper in a variety of forms as we know in origami.
Likewise we can look at the complete form as a chain of Tetrahedra folded such that the particular forms
appear. This kind of folding requires the right order of the Tetrahedra next to the right way of folding. These
sequences show to be very important in for example techniques like protein folding.
The binding of the Tetrahedra can also be by only the vertices or points. Point binding gives different chains
and if the point binding is a magnetic like phenomenon by which the Tetrahedron can turn without losing
contact even more folding variety is possible.
We discussed here the idea of a layer with one smooth side and the other side spiky, but spiky at both sides
is also possible. A chain is then made of Bitetrahedra. A nice short one is made of the Bitetrahedron made of
the Tetrahedron making up the regular essential Tetrahedron.
94
In image 88 we can see that an edge bonded chain of 4 of those Bitetrahedra can be folded and that the
form does not change.
The form can also show another kind of DNA with another way of folding. If this Bitetrahedron is in a long
chain then a form can be made like shown in § 7 image 19 and also those beyond that one. Maybe that kind
of rolling up folding is the way DNA does it also.
We have made in the past several of this kind of chains. Each makes it possible to make particular forms
provided the right order of the kind of Tetrahedron and the binding of the edges. As mentioned in note 26
we are very sorry we cannot show this models anymore. We intend to make new ones for a next edition.
54
§ 16 Measures
We have shown the relation of the Tetrahedron with the Octahedron, the Cube and C14 on one side and the
Icosahedron, the Dodecahedron and C60 on the other side. We have shown also that these forms appear in a
specific order. We started with the regular Tetrahedron and found the 3 wheels of which one makes up the
measures for the regular Icosahedron. From it we could make the convex Dodecahedron, C60 and C92 (C272)v.
After we established that we showed the Tetrahedron in relation to the Octahedron and Cube and found in that
construction C14.
If we base our constructions on a so-called absolute length then all constructions as made will show specific
proportions for measures. Without going into deep details for the algebra concerning these we though like to give
an indication for such a kind of algebra.
We propose to start with the regular Tetrahedron with the absolute minimum length L. With that well defined
regular Tetrahedron we can define the forms arising from it.
We propose to look first at the Octahedron. Using the duality of point and Tetrahedron we found the Octahedron
inside what we called the Being Tetra.
For to show the Octahedron as 8 Tetrahedra #1.5.1 we need a new rule and that is that Àny edge occurring in a
construction shorter than length L can be applied if the whole construction is scaled up such that this edge equals
length L.´.
For as long no shorter edge comes to the scene we thus can define in our system the rectangular edge of the
Octahedron as the shortest edge with length L.
If we take this length as 1 then the regular Tetrahedron has edges with length √2 and the Being Tetrahedron with
the Octahedron in it as having edges with length 2√2.
Like the Octahedron has rectangular triangles edges with length 1, and since we constructed the Cube after
making of the Octastar the real Cube has edges with length 2, though the smaller essential Cube has edges with
length 1.
The edges of C14 which are in principal the axial system of the Tetrahedron we can identify as halve the spacial
diagonal of the smaller Cube. The spacial diagonal of a unit Cube has length √3 and thus the edges of C14 are
0,5√3.
If we take for the Icosahedron Completed Being Tetra as these have been made to show the Octahedron and C14,
see image 86, then the radial edge of the Icosahedron is as shown in § 9 ≈
0,95105651632976659058180932031624*α.
Since α is 2√2 therefor the radial edge of the Icosahedron equals: ≈ 0,95105651632976659058180932031624 *
2√2 = ≈2,6899940479537297081370290929178.
From thereof any next edge C, D, etc. can be defined by those figures.
This way any Tetrahedron can be given these proportional measures.
We hypothesized that the measure for the Tetrahedra to make the Icosahedron and so on should be derived from
the Completed Being Tetra. We have not tested or proofed this. To test it we propose to take a large size
molecule like the regular C60. According to its known measures, or the known measures of other such objects,
the validity of this hypothesis could be established.
If it turns out that this measure hypothesis is wrong then the measures will probably be according to the
rectangular edge of the rectangular Tetrahedron as the scaled length L.
Nevertheless our discussion is not about such proof, but about measure proportions. Such kinds of proportions
could be used well in any kind of construction. With saying this we have come to applied Hedronsciences.
55
§ 17 Hedronsciences applications
The general principle of Hedronsciences we have shown. We take a point or an object (in general a being) and
bind it with such a same Being. What we get is a bond. Dimensionality shows itself.
If we consider `bond´ as the prime measure, then we can build any kind of construction accordingly.
In doing so we will meet choices. Such choices we consider as invitations to harmony and symmetry.
We consider harmony and symmetry as the twin Value that shows us beauty. That deliberate use is one
application of Hedronsciences.
Another application comes also from harmony and symmetry and that is what we know as constructive
proportional strength. To last for a particular time any construction needs its well-defined foundation of how to
do it. Hedronsciences could provide such a foundation.
Hedronsciences shows that any construction is basically a `n-dimensional´ network with an as-if geometry, which
is always first tetrahedral like.
Next to this are the idea of the absolute length L and the rules and protocols as given.
That complete idea can be applied in any kind of construction and network and so in the operations and effects
on and from those constructions and networks.
That the existing world is made of bonds, relations and solids or lines, planes and objects is nothing new. What is
new from Hedronsciences is that it is a well-defined easy to understand representation system. Because of that it
can be used and generate results according to that kind of systematics.
Hedronsciences is therefor also very usable within Game-theory and Computer sciences to define strategies which
can be seen like the lines of a program which are themselves series, bonds, of points (zero and one).
Also strategies follow patterns and patterns we can define with an as-if geometry in which point-like Beings
connect with others to become a bond and by their mutual relation can establish the foundation for solids that
can construct cooperative communication.
As such and with more other point-like being like them they can establish further relations (as an Higgs-field) and
onwards the minimal solid Being with volume and mass as rule inducing and decisive Being.
That is what we understand in Hedronsciences as a Game.
An important use of Hedronsciences is therefor also in all kinds of social sciences.
For us, its importance comes with the acknowledgement of the absoluteness of bond. The bond knows only one
measure and size: bond. The bond is established or not.
A bond has because of that an absolute length L and cannot be shorter. Obvious also because then the two Beings
would separate to be again lone points.
The bond is not dependent on any other kind of length like distance expressed in spatial terms.
The spooky effect at a distance is because bond is about the dimensionality of parameters and not about
separated points defined by Space and the Speed of Light.
If there is a bond, then there is also interaction at a distance.
Bond has dimensions of parameters and points have not. They still are, but have no dimension.
The line as expression of the bond can be of any length in space and its speed is instantaneous.
The parameter Value shows the importance of this phenomenon.
 If the bond is only spatial, then it is an edge defined as the segment of a line through 2 points. We can do
beautiful graphical operations with it. We make them within grids, matrices and coordinate systems.
56
 If the bond is in time, then it has a particular duration as spatial phenomenon. But in Time itself the bond
is part of the construction which we know as Event. All knowledge, all past and memory is made out of
traces in time which like the edges in space are built up / grew together to form the solid event.
We know this very well from stories, movies, books, photos. The happening is in Space and Time exactly like this
and that, and any moment (= point) in time is static.
All our plans and ideas for the future are like lines, moves, to let grow all directions of our actions to an envisage
sublimation and that is its existence as complete event.
We can only understand and use this if BOND is also a Value and if we are aware of bond as the basic value to
make events which have a tetrahedral space structure to appreciate and or adjust how it turns out.
We will be able to do so only when we have learned to do so. Learning is then building in space and time to make
us our library of events in which we can experience our values, those of others, those that are universal, mutual,
etc.
Our life is an as-if geometry in which each of us is an essential point that can be in the parameters and express
itself within these parameters by using an as-if geometry. As such a being, however small within a parameter, it is
able as itself to bind, to connect, with another being like itself and thus to encounter choices and to enter
dimensionality accordingly to make a basic world with spatial objects in time events, all valuable as patterns of
our awareness.
We are that way in order to be because we already are, but also to understand being as such and to show all kinds
of answers to “Why are we and how can we be?”
Hedronsciences is therefor also an ontology, a metaphysics telling us about us and that we are also just common
Beings beyond those parameters, perfectly free to bind itself with its conscious awareness, also to some
`Parametric Features´, and to experience them with what we call our senses, intuition, mind, feeling, being.
Because of all that we see its most important application in being a practical manual to travel and envisage the
miracle of Being.
In that respect we wholeheartedly invite any Being to improve with us its use and practicality.
We thank you very much for your attention and willingness to share your precious time with us.
The authors
This discussion is also published at: researchgate / jos hoebe.
Copyright © Jos Hoebe / Richard Southwell

All rights reserved.
57
Contents
§ Title Sub-title Page

Introduction 2
1 Absolute length L 3
2 General notation ideas with the Tetrahedron as example 4
3 The building or (in) formation from vertex to beyond the 6
Tetrahedron
4 The forming of the Tetrahedron 7
Completed scheme 8
Groups 9
5 General scheme of parameters 11
6 The coordinative = constructive 4th dimension and the 12
geometry of as-if
7 Sharing: The Tetrastar 17
Conclusion 20
Assumption 20
8 Pacman 21
9 A new length 27
10 Another Protocol 28
11 The C-sphere 33
12 Some kinds of application 35
13 The extended Protocol 37
14 C-polyhedra. Platonically solid! 40
15 Layers, surfaces and chains 53
16 Measures 55
17 Hedronsciences applications 56
Contents 58
images 59
Endnotes
Images / schemes
# Description Image source Page

Front From tetra to Pacman Jos Hoebe 1
From C14 to C60 Wikipedia 1
Wire Goldberg Sphere and C-sphere Jos Hoebe 1
Goldberg Sphere Wikipedia 1
1 General notation vector Jos Hoebe 4
2 General notation bivector Jos Hoebe 4
3 General notation trivector Jos Hoebe 5
4 General notation order vector Jos Hoebe 5
Scheme 1 + groups Jos Hoebe 8 - 10
Scheme 2 Jos Hoebe 11
5 Tetrahedron as if notation Jos Hoebe 12
6 Bi-Tetrahedron as if notation Jos Hoebe 12
7 Tri-Tetrahedron as if notation Jos Hoebe 12
58
8 DNA Jos Hoebe 13
9 DNA extended Jos Hoebe 13
10 Pacman Jos Hoebe 14
11 Wheel Jos Hoebe 14
12 Bishop Hat Jos Hoebe 15
13 Tetrastar Jos Hoebe 15
14 Tetrastar steps of sharing 1-5 Jos Hoebe 17
15 Tetrastar step 6 Jos Hoebe 17
16 Boat, Pacman, Pacman Disc Wikipedia 18
17 Tetrastar next step Jos Hoebe 18
18 Tetrastar next step pollen, crystals Jos Hoebe 18
19 Tetrastar Icosa -Tetrahedron Jos Hoebe 19
20 Coloured balls Jos Hoebe 22
21 Zeroth Dimension Jos Hoebe 22
22 Linear Dimension Jos Hoebe 22
23 Planar Dimension Jos Hoebe 22
24 Solid Dimension Jos Hoebe 23
25 Co-ordinative Dimension Jos Hoebe 23
26 Co-operative Dimension Jos Hoebe 23
27 Communicative Dimension Jos Hoebe 24
28 Margin with 8th ball Jos Hoebe 24
29 Fused ring around point 1 Jos Hoebe 24
30 Pacman Disc and Wheel of balls Jos Hoebe 25
31 From tetra to Pacman Disc Jos Hoebe 25
32 Harmonization from Pacman Disc to Wheel Jos Hoebe 26
33 Margin angles http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n2/fig_tab/nmat2083_F1.html 27
34 Regular and first irregular Tetrahedron Jos Hoebe 34
35 Wheel 3 Jos Hoebe 29
36 Hand Jos Hoebe 29
37 Icosahedron Jos Hoebe 29
38 Icostar Jos Hoebe 29
39 Drawing Concave Dodecahedron Jos Hoebe 29
39 Photo Internet. Unknown 29
40 From icosahedron to Dodecahedron David Blake 29
41 Dodecastar David Blake 30
42 Concave C60 David Blake 30
43 Convex C60 David Blake 30
44 C60-star David Blake 30
45 Wire Goldberg polyhedron Jos Hoebe 31
45 Goldberg polyhedron Wikipedia 31
46 Wireframe C-sphere Jos Hoebe 31
47 From Layer 1 level 1 to Layer 3 level 3 Richard Southwell 32
48 Notation for Icostar and on Jos Hoebe 33
49 Wheel 3 and Ring 3 Jos Hoebe 35
50 Shapemined forms Richard Southwell 35
51 3-d printed Shapemined forms Richard Southwell 36
52 Variety of pollen Internet. Unknown. 38
59
53 University of Groningen C60 model. 1900 Internet. Unknown 38
54 Wire frame and full C60 models Jos Hoebe 38
55 Platonic Solids Wikipedia 40
56 Layer 3 level 4 Richard Southwell 40
56 C-sphere Jos Hoebe 40
56 Hoops ball Jos Hoebe 40
57 Spirals Internet. Unknown 41
58 From c14 to C60 Wikipedia 41
59 Being Tetra Jos Hoebe 41
60 Octahedron in Zoom Jos Hoebe 42
60 Octahedron Wikipedia 42
61 Octahedron + axes Jos Hoebe 42
62 Trirectangular Tetrahedron Jos Hoebe 42
63 Tetrahedron in Cube Jos Hoebe 42
64 Pyramids Internet. Unknown. 43
65 Two kinds of Being Tetra Jos Hoebe 43
66 Octastar Jos Hoebe 43
67 Cube with Octastar Jos Hoebe 44
68 Trirectangular Tetrahedron marked Jos Hoebe 44
69 Trirectangular Tetrahedron on top Jos Hoebe 44
70 Trirectangular Tetrahedron marked split Jos Hoebe 45
71 Quadrant Cube Jos Hoebe 45
72 Being Tetra with axes Jos Hoebe 46
73 Essential tetrahedron Jos Hoebe 46
74 3 kinds of basic Tetrahedra Jos Hoebe 46
75 Completed Octastar Jos Hoebe 47
76 Completed Cube Jos Hoebe 47
77 Essential Cube Jos Hoebe 47
78 Essential cube with axes Jos Hoebe 48
79 Basic cube tetrahedra Jos Hoebe 48
80 Completed Octastar Jos Hoebe 48
81 C14 long diagonal Jos Hoebe 49
82 C14 short diagonal Jos Hoebe 49
83 C14 Tetrahedron short diagonal Jos Hoebe 49
84 C14 Tetrahedron short + long diagonal Jos Hoebe 50
85 C14 Tetrahedron basic tetrahedron Jos Hoebe 50
86 C14 + axes Jos Hoebe 50
87 C14 Jos Hoebe 51
88 Cube Jos Hoebe 51
89 Rhombic Cube and Rhombic Cube tube Jos Hoebe 51
90 Icosahedron + its Tetrahedron versus regular Jos Hoebe 52
91 Kinds of basic Tetrahedra Jos Hoebe 52
92 Axial systems Jos Hoebe 52
93 Essential Tetrahedron Tetra Jos Hoebe 54
93 DNA with Essential Tetrahedron Bi-Tetra Jos Hoebe 54
94 Tetractys Pyramid Jos Hoebe 61
End Notes
60
i
We may assume that point b can also make a bond with point a. Then the initiative is with point b. The initiative is not
by definition consciously and intentionally carried out, but can be wholly accidental. Nevertheless because we are
speaking of limits we thus assume that one of them is the initiator. For the sake of the protocol we call the initiator a
and so also the vector ab is initiated by a, hence the tail with a and the head or arrow with b.
ii
When we take another same Hand we can put their fingers together and we have also an Icosahedron. This then is an
as-if operation. Two of the same forms make up one new form.
iii
We used here nice and neat regular Tetrahedra with straight edges and flat faces. If we would use instead Tetrahedra
made of 4 balls we would again see a remarkable difference between point and Tetrahedron geometry. If we then
would replace the four vertices for four Tetrahedra each made of four vertices then the open space between them is
exactly the same Tetrahedron with four vertices. Then there is no Octahedron. The Octahedron occurs only in the
Tetrahedron geometry.
The form with balls is called a Tetractys Pyramid
Here are some photos to show what we mean:
94
From left to right:
1 Tetrahedron made of 4 points represented by balls.
2 Each point is replaced for a tetrahedron of 4 vertices represented by balls. The form is still a tetrahedron.
3 The space between the 4 Tetrahedra shows room for the placement of:
4 The room between the Tetrahedra is filled with a Tetrahedron of 4 vertices represented by balls.
5 The completely filled Tetrahedron. It is made of 5*4 = 20 points represented by balls.
iv
This point is not so strange. When we look in the atom and its nucleus and deeper and deeper we see a whole
universe of interactive, coordinative, cooperative information exchanging “?????” (“somethings”)
What is really happening we describe in something like Quantum Theory. With it we describe an unfathomable,
unexplainable phenomenon, in which we ourselves, each of us, is such a kind of complex point.
v
A C60 is called C60 because it has 60 vertices. It has 20 hexagons which connect with any pair of its vertices one of the
12 pentagons. We thus have (20*6)/2 = 60 or 12*5 = 60 vertices.
Likewise C14 is called C14 because it has 14 vertices.
As mentioned the C60 has 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons which makes a total of 32 faces. If we place on each
pentagon a pentagonal pyramid and on each hexagon a hexagonal pyramid we get a kind of C60 star with 32 pinnacles
and 60 vertices in the valleys surrounding these pyramids. We then have 92 vertices. Because of that the next form is
also referred to as C92.
But in our protocol of making a star the convex C60 has 20 hexagons each made of 6 triangles = 120 triangles and 12
pentagons each made of 5 triangles = 60 triangles. On each triangle a tetrahedron is placed and so we get a C60 star
with 120 + 60 = 180 pinnacles. In its next level 120 tetrahedra are placed between the pinnacles to obtain the concave
next C-sphere. In the level thereafter 20 hexagonal wheels and 12 pentagonal wheels are placed in the concavities and
each has a mutual vertex so next to the 180 of the pinnacles we get 32 extra vertices which make up a total of 212
vertices. That´s why the next C-sphere is also called C212.
61

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We start with the assumption of the existence of an absolute shortest length2 L.

The Tetrahedron as example:

1st order Vector / edge A = orange/green

2nd order Vector / edge C = orange/blue

Basic development rules:

a. Vertex (limit) meets vertex (limit) and built a bond.

The group is called the perfect group.

In the introduction we mentioned 4 parameters. We specify them this way:

1 Space with its representation Distance

Example: The Tetrahedron.

General notation idea:

(1,2,3,4); (2,3,4,5); (3,4,5,6) is the regular configuration.

Choice induced step 5:

Choice induced first alternative step 5:

12 Sharing: Bishop Hat:

Choice induced second alternative step 5:

The Tetrastar is a 3-dimensional form.

Step 1: Tetrahedron 2: Bitetrahedron 3: Tritetrahedron 4: Bishop Hat 5: Tetrastar

 Take a Tetrastar with 4 or 5 Tetrahedra.

A remarkable construction and form.

The shown part of the geometry with regular Tetrahedra shows

0 The Tetrahedron as zeroth dimension;

 DNA has 2 stages: Bitetrahedron and Tritetrahedron or Boat.

We will now discuss another kind of choice.

Zeroth or Point Dimension.

Planar (also hedron or angular) Dimension.

Solid (also tetrahedral or container) Dimension.

Co-ordinative (also Constructive or bi-tetrahedral) Dimension.

Co-operative (also tri-tetrahedral) Dimension.

Communicative (also Pacman) Dimension.

Note that we have used 7 points.

Image 31: From left to right:

As we have seen in § 8 a wheel consists of 7 vertices.

We now have 3 wheels:

We have 3 wheels and we list them in the order of the discussion:

A. #1.1.1: Regular {6} B. #2.2.1:First irregular {5-1} C. #1.5.1 equilateral/isosceles {3-3}

 5 Tetrahedra A can only make the Pacman Disc.

Icosahedron Icostar Concave Dodecahedron Convex Dodecahedron

In the image we see a so-called C60-star.

Layer 1 Level 4 = Layer 2 Layer 2 Level 2 Layer 2 Level 3 Layer 2 Level 4

Layer 2 Level 4 = Layer 3 Layer 3 Level 2 Layer 3 Level 3 Layer 3 Level 4

The models are made in Mathematica by Richard Southwell.

Hereunder we show some of them.

The models are made in Mathematica by Richard Southwell.

The images shows that a variety of forms can be generated.

We now will discuss another operation based on the 3 wheels in general.

From left to right:

We know the platonic solids.

We also mentioned the use of sub-rules.

The Octahedron has 8 equilateral triangles at the outside.

We now can define a new rule.

And the essential Tetrahedron like this:

The regular Tetrahedron is now made of 4 Tetrahedra #1.3.1. Another one.

To show this we go back to the image of the Completed Octastar:

C14 has 48 of these Tetrahedra

The C14 has 96 of those.

The more this seems to be fair if we put the 3 system into 1:

When we take such layers apart we have some intriguing “objects”.

The parameter Value shows the importance of this phenomenon.

This discussion is also published at: researchgate / jos hoebe.

Copyright © Jos Hoebe / Richard Southwell

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