Lesson Proper for Week 13

To understand fully the lesson for today, read the information comprehensively.

Unemployment

Occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work

3 Types of Unemployment

Natural Rate of Unemployment:

The rate of unemployment that is expected when an economy is operating at full capacity
According to

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unemployment.asp

What Is Unemployment? (Investopedia)

Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively is unable to find work. Unemployment is often
used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment is the
unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the
labor force.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

· Unemployment occurs when workers who want to work are unable to find jobs, which lowers
economic output; however, they still require subsistence

· High rates of unemployment are a signal of economic distress, but extremely low rates of
unemployment may signal an overheated economy

· Unemployment can be classified as frictional, cyclical, structural, or institutional

· Unemployment data are collected and published by government agencies in a variety of ways

Understanding Unemployment

Unemployment is a key economic indicator because it signals the ability (or inability) of workers to
readily obtain gainful work to contribute to the productive output of the economy. More unemployed
workers mean less total economic production will take place than might have otherwise. And unlike idle
capital, unemployed workers still need to maintain at least subsistence consumption during their period
of unemployment. This means an economy with high unemployment has lower output without a
proportional decline in the need for basic consumption. High, persistent unemployment can signal
serious distress in an economy and even lead to social and political upheaval.

Conversely, a low unemployment rate means that the economy is more likely to be producing near its
full capacity, maximizing output, and driving wage growth and rising living standards over time.
However, extremely low unemployment can also be a cautionary sign of an overheating economy,
inflationary pressures, and tight conditions for businesses in need of additional workers.

While the definition of unemployment is clear, economists divide unemployment into many different
categories. The two broadest categories of unemployment are voluntary and involuntary
unemployment. When unemployment is voluntary, it means that a person has left his job willingly in
search of other employment. When it is involuntary, it means that a person has been fired or laid off and
must now look for another job. The coronavirus pandemic affecting the U.S. and the world in 2020, for
example, is causing massive levels of involuntary unemployment.
Types of Unemployment

Digging deeper, unemployment—both voluntary and involuntary—can be broken down into four types.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unemployment.asp

1. Frictional unemployment

Frictional unemployment occurs as a result of people voluntarily changing jobs within an economy. After
a person leaves a company, it naturally takes time to find another job. Similarly, graduates just entering
the workforce add to frictional unemployment. Usually, this type of unemployment is short-lived. It is
also the least problematic from an economic standpoint. Frictional unemployment is a natural result of
the fact that market processes take time and information can be costly. Searching for a new job,
recruiting new workers, and matching the right workers to the right jobs all take time and effort,
resulting in frictional unemployment.

2. Cyclical unemployment

Cyclical unemployment is the variation in the number of unemployed workers over the course of
economic upturns and downturns, such as those related to changes in oil prices. Unemployment
rises during recessionary periods and declines during periods of economic growth. Preventing and
alleviating cyclical unemployment during recessions is one of the key reasons for the study of economics
and the purpose of the various policy tools that governments employ on the downside of business cycles
to stimulate the economy.

3. Structural unemployment

Structural unemployment comes about through technological change in the structure of the economy in
which labor markets operate. Technological changes—such as the replacement of horse-drawn
transport by automobiles or the automation of manufacturing—lead to unemployment among workers
displaced from jobs that are no longer needed. Retraining these workers can be difficult, costly, and
time consuming, and displaced workers often end up either unemployed for extended periods or leaving
the labor force entirely.

4. Institutional unemployment

Institutional unemployment is unemployment that results from long-term or permanent institutional

factors and incentives in the economy. Government policies, such as high minimum wage floors,
generous social benefits programs, and restrictive occupational licensing laws; labor market
phenomena, such as efficiency wages and discriminatory hiring; and labor market institutions, such as
high rates of unionization, can all contribute to institutional unemployment.
According to Ricamora et.al (NSTP2 with COPAR textbook) What is Unemployment?

It is the involuntary idleness on the part of those who have failed to find employment or have lost their
latest jobs, but are able to work, and are looking for work.

Types of Unemployment

The National Census and Statistical Survey on Households reports that ea.ch monthly summary of the
unemployed indicates a million or more unemployed numbers and proportions of those out of work
vary from month to month and year to year. Several types of unemployment may be noted and
distinguished such as: “normal unemployment, seasonal (during certain periods), technological
(resulting from labor-displacing inventions, and cyclical (resulting from recurring depressions)

1. The so-called “normal’ unemployment refers to the idleness which arises from the inherent
irregular nature of some jobs and industries, or is the result of voluntary turnover of workers, or
is caused by shifts and changes in industrial operations which are unavoidable. It is sometimes
termed as “structural” unemployment.
2. Seasonal Unemployment- In terms of numbers of workers affected and numbers of days lost,
the most important type of unemployment is probably that described as seasonal. This type of
unemployment is that which occurs during certain periods resulting from reductions in demands
for labor attributable either to the seasonal pattern of consumer’s habits and customs or to
variation in production associated with climatic change. Demand for coal, fuel oil, and heavy
clothing necessarily vary with climatic change. Similar variations in employment opportunities
result from seasonal patterns of production, particularly those in agriculture. Studies reveal that
seasonal. Unemployment creates serious problems. The labor force reaches its peak in July and
is its low point in January and February.
3. Technological Unemployment – is another type of unemployment which is a consequence of
labor- displacing inventions. It has been observed that industrialization, thought of as the vehicle
to progress, was capital-intensive and import-substituting. It is believed that it has not brought
up the levels of income and technical skills of the vast majority of non-farm labor force. Instead,
labor-saving machines have limited, if not displaced, human labor in industrial production.
4. Cylical Unemployment- This type of unemployment is a result of recurring depressions. It is
traceable to cyclical fluctuations in business activity. It is believed to be essentially depression
unemployment although it may result in part from the failure of our economy to provide a
million or more new jobs necessary each year

To accommodate our growing labor force. This type of unemployment causes wide-spread concern
because prolonged depression and idleness create personal disorganization and desperation leading the
citizens to accept or welcome radical social and political changes. Cyclical unemployment appears as an
accompaniment of the recession and depression phases of business cycles. These periods of reduced
activity where cyclical unemployment tend to disappear are followed by stages of recovery and
prosperity. Broom and Seimick (1971), however, feel that even during periods of prosperity when
unemployment is reduced to a relatively low level, people who live in extreme poverty remain
unemployed or work irregularly. They are therefore unlike those who become unemployed only during
economic depressions and periods of mass unemployment. Thus the disreputable poor, according to
them, cannot be rehabilitated by the simple expedient of providing employment or preparing them to
be incorporated into the work force. They are, from the standpoint of the welfare agencies, elusive and
hard to reach, and they include among their number a large share of problem families.

Benefits of Unemployment

These are payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people. It may be
based on a compulsory pm-a-governmental insurance system. Depending on the jurisdiction and the
status of the person, those sums may be meager, covering only basic needs (th.us a form of basic
welfare), or may compensate the lost pay somewhat proportionally to the previous earned salary. They
often are part of a larger social security scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to
those registering as unemployed; and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not
currently have a job, In some countries, a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are
distributed by trade/labor unions, an arrangement known as the Ghent system.

Establishing an Entitlement to Benefits

To establish an entitlement to UI benefits an individual must file an application for an initial

determination. If the state’s qualifying requirements have been met, an entitlement is established
specifying: the period during which benefits may be drawn, the amount that can be received for a week
of total unemployment, and the total amount payable during the benefit period. Washington claimants
do not have to be unemployed to establish a potential entitlement to benefits.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is caused by several factors one of which, from Adan’s view point, is the unintentional,
of the countries in the third world by the more advanced and developed countries. Leaders of the
nation, however, have attributed the unemployment problem to the runaway population so that
widespread effort has been address to control of the rate of fertility,

Other reasons why people fall out of work are the following:

1. Change of seasons. This is evident in agriculture and building constructions. There is much
demand for labor during planting and harvesting seasons and during Christmas. In between
these periods the demand for labor is limited.

2. Lack of adequate technical training and education. With the advancement in modern technology
and sciences, workers who have no vocational or technical training must give way to those who
have (Pulido and Espinelli, 1973).
Effects of Unemployment

The unemployment problem is of grave concern because of the resulting poverty that afflicts the people.
Physical as well as mental weakness results from -malnutrition which appears to be related to poverty
and is an accompanying syndrome of unemployment affords, its morale destroying effect in the form of
hopelessness, family discord and the like, becomes inevitable. The contribution that these unemployed
People do far more than their share to the number of relief recipients, to crime and delinquency rates,
to rates of alcoholism, to the list of unmarried mothers and thus to the number of illegitimate children,
to separations, and to the mentally ill.

General Principles of Unemployment Insurance

Unemployment insurance (UI) is a program of social insurance providing for temporary, partial wage;
replacement to workers who are unemployed through no fault of their own. Unemployment insurance
replaces other methods for relieving unemployment distress based on need. The unemployed worker no
longer has to rely on public or private relief programs. Properly qualified workers can claim
unemployment benefits as their right in the same way they can claim benefits in other insurance
programs. The UI program sustains the morale, conserves the skills, and helps maintain the standard of
living of those who become- unemployed. It enables them to meet essential expenses for a reasonable
period until they are able to obtain employment. The UI program provides a way of meeting the costs of
unemployment to the individual and the community. Properly financed, the syst.cm makes it possible to
accumulate reserves during good economic years in order to meet the drain on the fund during poor
years. In this manner, the full cost of unemployment need not be a fiscal burden when business and the
community are least able to meet it. As one of the built- in stabilizers in the economy, unemployment
insurance maintains consumer purchasing power, on which business production plans are based.
Payments are made promptly and automatically without the delays involved in passing new relief
legislation. The program thus provides a brake on down turns in business activity and helps to stabilize
the economy.

Though many people care about the number of unemployed, economists typically focus on the
unemployment rate. This corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed due to
increases in population and increases in the labor for relative to the population. The unemployment rate
is expressed as a percentage, and is calculated as follows:

Unemployment workers Unemployment rate =

Total Labor force

As defined by the International Labour Organization, “unemployed workers” are those who are currently
not

Working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched
for work. Since not all unemployment may be “open” and counted by government agencies, official
statistics on unemployment may not be accurate.
The ILO describes 4 different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:

1. Labour Force Sample Surveys are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation
since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by
different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally
comparable.
2. Official Estimates are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the
other three methods.

The use of this method has been declining in favor of Labour Surveys.

1. Social Insurance Statistics such as unemployment benefits are computed base on the number of
persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured
that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized due to the expiration of
benefits before the person finds work.
2. Employment Office Statistics are the least effective being that they only include a monthly tally
of unemployed persons who enter employment offices. This method also includes unemployed
who are not unemployed per the ILO definition.

Advantages; Disadvantages of Unemployment

Unemployment may have advantages as well as disadvantages for the overall economy. Notably, it may
help avert runaway inflation, which negatively affects almost everyone in the affected economy and has
serious long-term economic costs. However the historic assumption that full local employment must
lead directly to local inflation has been attenuated, as recently expanded international trade has shown
itself able to continue to supply low & priced goods even as local employment rates rise closer to full
employment.

The Inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of
unemployment have been studied extensively Before current levels of world trade were developed,
unemployment was demonstrated to reduce inflation, following the Phillips curve, or to decelerate
inflation, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory, since it is relatively easy to geek a
new job without losing one’s current one, And when more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower
unemployment) , it may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs.

As in the Marxian theory of unemployment special interests may also benefit; some employers may
expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hardy or will demand increased
wages and benefit, According to th.is theory, unemployment may promote general labor productivity
and profitability by increasing employers’ monopsony-like power (and profits).

Optimal unemployment has also been defended as at environmental tool to brake the constantly
accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels sustainable in the context of resource constraints and
environmental impacts. However the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a. blunt instrument
for conserving resources and the environment—it reduces the consumption of the unemployed across
the board, and only in the short-term employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the
goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption might
provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced resource
consumption. If so the future economy and workforce would benefit from the resultant structural
increases in the sustainable level of GDP growth.

Some critics of the “culture of work” such as anarchist Bob Black see employment as overemphasized
culturally in modern countries. Such critics Often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less,
reassessing the cost of living to this end, creation of jobs which are “fun” as opposed to “work,” and
creating cultural norms where work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an “anti-work” ethic
for life.

From a spiritual perspective Dr. Jennifer Howard believes there are may be benefits from
unemployment. “The good news is that after the initial fear, we might find that the job loss is an
opportunity for growing into something better suited for us and in turn help us feel more successful in
our life. The important thing is to be kind to ourselves by eating and sleeping well, exercisi.ng, journaling
and taking time to go inside ourselves to reflect on our various highly charged thoughts and feelings.

Measures to Control

Solution to the Problem of Unemployment

Humphrey (1955) suggests that the problem of unemployment should be approached from the point of
view of eliminating its causes rather than that of ameliorating its effects. Programs as relief through
temporary public works, unemployment compensation, and the like to help to make unemployment less
disastrous, but they actually do little to prevent unemployment. Prevention lies in programs of full
employment at adequate wages which would allow workingmen to make adequate purchases of the
products of their labor.
The Kabataang has Baraugay launched a project intended to reduce the number of underemployment to
a minimum. It is being done by training the out of-school youth in different factories and after they have
been trained they are to be provided with jobs. There are certain requirements, however, such as: (1) he
must be physically and mentally normal and has the ability to understand what the employer wants to
convey; (2) he must be literate enough and may be able to communicate with his co-employees in case
he will be hired.

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

By his fallen nature, man is morally weak. One common weakness of man is the commission of evil
means to obtain things for his need and for his family, means which appear to some people as alright
due to moral blindness or weakness. This act is popularly called graft and corruption as practiced in
offices, or places of work of public trust.

What is Graft?

It is defined as the acquisition of goods, money, position and other forms of profit by dishonest or
questionable means, oftentimes by the use of one’s office influence or position.

It appears in the guise of being legal in the eyes of man, and this “legality” becomes the basis for its
perpetrators to think that the act is therefore allowable.

What is corruption?

It is the inducement of an official or office personnel to join or to do an act of graft, the motivate of
which is to have a share in the “spoils” (the money or goods to be taken)

FORMS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

1. On money matters
a. Malversation of fund – disbursing money for purposes other than the intended
one for which is appropriated;
b. Bribery – such as paying trial court judge in order to receive a favor in the case
regardless of justice;
c. Gift money to a public official for the award of a project;

d. High percentage “cut” on project fund by an awarding official to the result that
only a remaining percentage actually goes to the project;
e. Not following plan specifications by contractors in construction projects in order
to get more profit;
 f. “grease money” or “under the table” cash given to an official for quick
processing of papers and
g. Payroll – padding and ghost projects.

2. Dereliction of duty such as

a. Habitual tardiness in reporting to office work;
b. Unpreparedness for work due to negligence; and
c. Spending office hours in reading newspaper

3. Smuggling – secretly smuggling in of foreign goods to avoid the payment of tariff to the
government.

4. Other forms
A. demanding a job applicant to promise the first salary in exchange for the job
B. Demanding a failing student to pay an amount of money for a passing grade.

PREVALENCE OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

Factor in the perpetration of graft and corruption:

1. Poverty in the country

2. Family interest
3. Low salary
4. Consumerism
5. Excessive discretionary powers
6. Split-level Christianity

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION ACT IS MORALLY EVIL

If graft is a dishonest and questionable means of obtaining things for oneself, it is outright immoral. So
with its sister act, corruption. Dereliction of duty is a form of negligence of work for which one receives a
pay. Habitual tardiness and absenteeism, or spending one’s official hours than for one’s work, are acts of
deceit towards clients and the taxpayers. Basically, graft and corruption is a subtle form of stealing. In
reality, it is a deceit. Hence, it is immoral not only illegal. Graft and corruption deprives the people of
what they should deserve as taxpayers. Thus, graft and corruption is punishable by law.

Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain.
Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general
police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or
corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes
political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties.

Effects on politics, administration, and institutions

Corruption poses a serious development challenge. In the political realm, it undermines democracy and
good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in
legislative bodies reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the
judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient
provision of services. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government
as procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. At the
same time, corruption undermines the government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance.

Economic effects

Corruption undermines development by generating considerable distortions and inefficiency. In the

private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves.
The management cost of negotiating with officials, and the risk of breached agreements or detection.
Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting red tape, the availability of bribes can also
induce officials to contrive new rules and delays.

Environmental and social effects

Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. Corrupt countries may formally have legislation to
protect the environment, but it cannot be enforced if the officials can be easily bribed. The same applies
to social rights such as worker protection, unionization and prevention of child labor. Violation of these
laws and rights enables corrupt countries to gain an illegitimate economic advanta.ge in the
international market.

Types of corruption Bribery

Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. In some countries the culture
of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to stay in
business without resorting to bribes.

1. Trading in influence

Trading in influence, or influence peddling in certain countries, refers to the situation where a person is
setting his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or The difference with
bribery is that this is a trilateral relation.

2. Graft

While bribery includes an in-tent to influence or be influenced by another for personal gain, which is
often difficult to prove, graft only requires that the official gains something of value, not part of his
official pay, when doing his work. Large “gifts” qualify as graft, and most countries have laws against it.

3. Patronage

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be
legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order
to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons,
as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones.

4. Kickbacks

A kickback is an official’s share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an
organization involved in corrupt bidding

Conditions favorable for corruption

It is argued that the following conditions are favorable for corruption:

1. Information deficits

· Lack of government transparency

· Lacking freedom of information legislation. The Indian Right to Information Act 2005 has “already
engendered mass movements in the country that is bringing the lethargic, often corrupt bureaucracy to
its knees and changing power equations completely.”

· Lack of investigative reporting in the local media, o Contempt for or negligence of exercising
freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

· Weak accounting practices, including lack of timely financial management.

2. Lacking control of the government

· Democracy absent or dysfunctional. See illiberal democracy.

· Lacking civic society and non-governmental organizations which monitor the government.

· An individual voter may have a rational ignorance regarding politics, especially in nationwide
elections, since each vote has little weight.

· Weak civil service, and slow pace of reform.

· Weak rule of law.

· Weak legal profession.

· Weak judicial independence.

· Lacking of protection of whistleblowers.

3. Opportunities and incentives

· Large, unsupervised public investments

· Sale of state-owned property and privatization.

· Poorly-paid government officials.

· Government licenses needed to conduct business, e.g., import licenses, and encourage bribing and
kickbacks.

· Long-time work in the same position may create relationships inside and outside the government
which encourage and help conceal corruption and favoritism. Rotating government officials to different
positions and geographic areas may help prevent this; Costly campaigns with expenses exceeding
normal sources of political funding.

· Less interaction with officials reduces the opportunities for corruption. For example, using the
Internet for sending in required information, like applications and tax forms, and then processing this
with automated computer systems. This may also speed up the processing and reduce unintentional
human errors. See e-Government. Social conditions

· Self-interested closed cliques and “old boy networks”.

· Lacking literacy and education among the population.

· Frequent discrimination and bullying among the population.

· Tribal solidarity, giving benefits to certain ethnic groups

Governmental corruption
If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from
the state’s treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the
government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent
cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched
themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

A corrupt dictatorship typically r”sult’ in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast
majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of taw disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators
routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power-
Fighting corruption Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption,
especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited.

In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at international level (in particular by the European Community, the
Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the
Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and,
subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173);

· the Civil Law Convention on C01Tuption (ETS 174);

· the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 191); the Twenty
Guiding Principles for the Fight against Corruption (Resolution (97) 24);

· the Recommendation on Codes of Conduct for Public Officials (Recommendation No.R(2000) 10);
and

· the Recommendation on Common Rules against Corruption in the Funding of Political Parties and
Electoral Campaigns (Rec12003)4)
Lesson Proper for Week 14
To understand fully the lesson for today, read the information comprehensively.

Development Progress: Environment Case Studies

How are developing countries balancing environmental concerns with the need for development?

Four new case studies examine the progress being made in Brazil, Burkina Faso, China and Viet Nam.

Development Progress-Reducing poverty, developing sustainability: food, water and energy trade- offs

Play Video

We all depend on natural resources like

· land

· energy

· water

They are essential for social and economic development but our growing use of such resources is
unsustainable OD is development progress project has taken a closer look at four countries to explore
how they are managing the challenge of reducing poverty while developing sustainably in

1. Vietnam access to electricity increased from 14 percent to 97 percent of the population

in just 20 years bringing energy to 35 million people supply of renewable electricity has
increased fivefold but the use of fossil fuels is also growing. Vietnam shows how a country can
rapidly increase access to electricity especially in rural areas but also the risks electricity
generation poses for long-term sustainability.
2. Meanwhile Brazil has more than doubled its energy supply in two decades bringing
electricity to 55 million more people ninety percent of households are now connected in 2010
forty five percent of its energy came from renewable sources such as hydropower and ethanol
these lower Brazil’s greenhouse gas emissions but also have consequences for biodiversity and
indigenous communities. Brazil’s challenge is to match progress in energy production with gains
in energy efficiency while limiting any negative impacts of its green energy supply.
3. China has lifted nearly 600 million people out of poverty since 1990 increased
agricultural production has driven progress but has also put pressure on water resources
especially in the north China is moving towards more sustainable agricultural water
management balancing the water needed to grow food with the water needed for industry and
urban areas efficiency has also increased to produce more crop per drop but it now needs to
ensure that ambitious national policies trickle down and are aligned with local interests which
may not always prioritize environmental concerns.
4. Northern burkina faso the Sahel desert is spreading into densely populated areas but
over the past three decades 200 to 300,000 hectares of land have been reclaimed thanks to
 innovative farming methods that makes traditional practices with new ideas this is producing an
additional 80 thousand tons of food per year benefiting half a million people more support is
now needed to join up areas of reclaimed land and sustain these fragile gains humanity depends
on the world’s natural resources how we manage them determines not just who benefits from
development but also the longer term sustainability of these games too often progress in social
and economic development takes priority over environmental sustainability it’s time we correct
this imbalance for our collective future.

Environment

It can be defined as all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living
organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as temperature, rainfall, day
length, wind, and ocean currents.

Characteristics of Development

Organisms and their environment constantly interact, and both are changed by this interaction. Like all
other living creatures, humans have clearly changed their environment, but they have done so generally
on a grander scale than have all other species. Some of these human-induced changes— such as the
destruction of the world’s tropical rain forests to create farms or grazing land for cattle— have led to
altered climate patterns (Global Warming). In turn, altered climate patterns have changed the way
animals and plants are distributed in different ecosystems,

Cause and Effect

A. Population Growth

Human population growth is at the root of virtually all of the world’s environmental problems, although
the growth rate of the world’s population has slowed slightly since the 1990s, the world’s population
increases by about 77 million humans being each year. As the number of people mole Increases,
crowding generates pollution, destroys habitats, and uses up additional natural resources.

B. Global Warming

Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the Darth’s atmosphere permit the Sun’s radiation
to heat Earth. At the same time, these gases retard the escape into space of the infrared energy radiated
back out by Earth. This process is referred to as the greenhouse effect. These gases, primarily carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, insulate Earth’s surface, helping to maintain warm
temperatures. Without these gases, Earth would be a frozen planet with an average temperature of
about – 180C (about OF) instead of a comfortable 15 0 C (59 0F). If the concentration of these gases
rises, they trap more heat within the atmosphere, causing worldwide temperatures to rise.

The ozone layer, a thin band in the stratosphere (layer of the upper atmosphere), serves to shield Earth
from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs—chemicals used in refrigeration, air-conditioning systems, cleaning solvents, and aerosol sprays-
destroy the ozone layer. CFCs release chlorine into the atmosphere; chlorine, in turn, breaks down
ozone molecules. Because chlorine is not affected by its interaction with ozone, each chlorine molecule
has the ability to destroy a large amount of ozone for an extended period of time.

The consequences of continued depletion of the ozone layer would be dramatic. Increased ultraviolet
radiation would lead to a growing number of skin cancers and cataracts and also reduce the ability of
immune systems to respond to infection. Additionally, growth of the world’s oceanic plankton, the base
of most marine food chains, would decline. Plankton contains photosynthetic organisms that break
down carbon dioxide. If plankton populations decline, it may lead to increased carbon dioxide levels in
the atmosphere and thus to global warming. Recent studies suggest that global warming, in turn, may
increase the amount of ozone destroyed. Even if the manufacture of CFCs is immediately banned, the
chlorine already released into the atmosphere will continue to destroy the ozone layer for many
decades.

C. Habitat Destruction and Species Extinction

Plant and animal species are dying out at an unprecedented rate (see Endangered Species). Estimates
range that from 4,000 to as, many as 50,000 species per year become extinct. The leading cause of
extinction is habitat destruction, particularly of the world’s richest ecosystems— tropical rain forests
and coral reefs. If the world’s rain forests continue to be cut down at the current rate, they may
completely disappear by the year 2030. In addition, if the world’s population continues to grow at its
present rate and puts even more pressure on these habitats, they might well be destroyed sooner.

D. Air Pollution

A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels, such as gasoline. When these fuels
burn, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of
substances contribute- to air pollution. The most common air pollutants contain carbon, sulfur, and
nitrogen. These chemicals interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in
dangerous ways. Smog, usually found in urban areas with large numbers of automobiles, forms when
nitrogen oxides react with hydrocarbons in the air to produce aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause
serious health problems.

E. Industrial Smokestacks

Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide transform into sulfonic acid and nitric acid in the
atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that
they no longer support fish populations. Acid rain is also responsible for the decline of many forest
ecosystems worldwide, including Germany’s Black Forest and forests throughout the eastern United
States.

F. Water Pollution

Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide lack safe drinking water and that at least 5
million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may come from point
sources or nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants from specific locations, such as
factories, sewage treatment plants, and oil tankers. The technology exists to monitor and regulate point
sources of pollution, although in some areas this occurs only sporadically. Pollution from nonpoint
sources occurs when rainfall or snowmelt moves over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it
picks up and carries away pollutants, such as pesticides and fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into
lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground sources of drinking water. Pollution
arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. With
almost 80 percent of the Planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if those bodies of water
could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have
begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted,
threatening marine wildlife. Beaches around the world dose regularly, often because the surrounding
waters contain high levels of bacteria from sewage disposal.

G. Groundwater Depletion and Contamination

Water that collects beneath the ground is called groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40 times
more abundant than fresh water in streams and lakes. In the United States, approximately half the
drinking water comes from although groundwater is a renewable resource, reserves replenish relatively
slowly. Presently, in the United States is withdrawn approximately four times faster than it is naturally
replaced. The Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground reservoir stretching under eight states of the Great
Plains, is drawn down at rates exceeding 100 times the replacement rate. Agricultural practices
depending on this source of water need to change within a generation in order to save this groundwater
source.

In addition to depletion, scientists worry about groundwater which arises from leaking underground
storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of
hazardous wastes into underground geologic formations, by some estimates, on average, 25 percent of
usable groundwater is contaminated, and in some areas as much as 75 percent is contaminated.

H. Chemical Risk

A number of toxic substances that humans encounter regularly may pose serious health risks. Pesticide
residues on vegetable crops, mercury in fish, and many industrially produced chemicals may cause
cancer; birth defects, genetic mutations, or death. Many chemicals have been found to mimic estrogen,
the hormone that controls the development of the female reproductive system in a large number of
animal species. Preliminary results indicate that these chemicals, in trace amounts, may disrupt
development and lead to a host of serious problems in both males and females, including infertility,
increased mortality of offspring, and behavioral changes such as increased aggression.

I. Environmental Racism

Studies have shown that not all Individuals are equally exposed to pollution. For example, worldwide
toxic-waste sites are more prevalent in poorer communities. In the United States the single roost
important factor. In predicting the location of hazardous-waste sites is the ethnic composition of a
neighborhood. Three of the five largest commercial hazardous-waste landfills in America are in
predominantly black or Hispanic neighborhoods, and three out of every five black or Hispanic Americans
live in the vicinity of an uncontrolled toxic-waste site. Wealth of a community is not nearly as good a
predictor of hazardous-waste locations as the ethnic background of the residents, suggesting that the
selection of sites for hazardous waste disposal involves racism.

Environmental racism takes international forms as well. American corporations often continue to
produce dangerous, U.S banned chemicals and ship them to developing countries. Additionally, the
developed world has shipped large amounts of toxic waste to developing countries for less-than-safe
disposal, For instance, experts estimate that 50 to 80 percent of electronic waste produced in the United
States, including computer parts, is shipped to waste sites ill developing countries, such as China and
India. At a waste site in Giuyu, China, laborers with no protective clothing regularly burn plastics and
circuit boards from old computers. They pour add on electronic parts to extract silver and gold* and
they smash tubes from computer monitors to remove lead. These activities so pollute the groundwater
beneath the site that drinking water is trucked in to the area from a town 29 km (18 mi) away.

Saving Plane Earth

What is Waste Minimization?

Waste Minimization is a waste management approach that focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity
of hazardous waste generated. In addition to hazardous wastes regulated under The Resource
Conservation and Recovery (RCRA), EPA encourages the minimization of all wastes.

Our primary goal should be to reduce the quantities of waste, i.e. to use lees paper and to recycle what
we must use. The programme will therefore be much more meaningful if it is complemented by a
campaign to minimize the consumption of paper. There are many opportunities for reducing paper
waste at home. Here are some ideas which are not exhaustive and are only meant to rise to future
ideas:

· Reuse the paper which been used on one side only for scrap paper;

· Before throwing away your children’s used exercise books, remove the unused pages and keep
them for scrap paper; and

· Send back the junk mail received and ask to be removed from junk mailing lists. Producing
recycling paper creates 74% less air pollution and 35% less water pollution than producing paper from
virgin fibers.

Save Energy in Your Home

Consuming less energy, by being more efficient in the way you run your home, will naturally save you
money. At the same time, you will be helping to protect the environment and safeguarding the future.

There is a worldwide need to reduce the amount of energy consumed, and everybody has their part to
play, whether in industry, transport, business, construction – or at home.

WEEK 15 RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

To understand fully the lesson for today, read the information comprehensively.
What is Motivation?
· It need or desire that energizes behavior and direct in towards a goal
· It is that internal strength that gets us to move, and take action, to whatever
end we desire or plan to achieve.

RECREATION & LEISURE ACTIVITIES

Factor that motivate student to engage in leisure activities
1. Healthy Benefit Motivation
 Health benefits or effects of physical activity
 Psychological aspects included stress-relief, sense of freshness, great endurance, feeling
stronger and strengthening self-confidence
 The physiological benefits: pain relief, energy restoration, cardiovascular strengthening, illness
prevention, and weight control
2. Body Image Motivation
 Students spend their leisure time in physical activity was for body image or shape.
 Why you exercise every day? I do running because I want to control my weight and it helps me
keep good shape, too”
3. Enjoyment Motivation
 Enjoyment keeps them engaged in doing the activities, and most recognize that it is an
important factor in maintain their stress level.
4. Personal Participation
 Students sometimes have their own hobby and interest activity.
 They master and have knowledge in this kind activity and it becomes their daily ex. Watching
movies
5. Social Interaction
 Interaction and affiliation with friends and family members in order to meet new friends and
develop close friendships
 Leisure activities=Social activities
 Gathering with friends, making new friends, maintains the relationship with friends
 Internet browsing
 Social media build up relationship
6. Learning Seeking
 Desire to seek something new and involves learning, exploring, discovering, creating, and
acquiring useful skills
 Expand their knowledge and get to know new things, through learning activities such as
magazines, books, journals, news paper
 Motivations for people to have leisure activities usually correspond to the quality of leisure lives.

Barriers
Why children and youth do not participate in recreation?

1. Families may not have access to transportation or time to travel to recreation programs.
2. Language, culture or feelings of isolation may inhibit their participation.
3. Information about recreational opportunities may not reach them
4. Their neighborhood may not have recreation facilities or even safe outdoor to play
Moving Beyond Blame
Nothing is clear-cut when it comes to understanding the diverse lives of low-income people, yet in
mainstreamculture the poor fall into two categories:

1. Deserving-DEF: people like the disabled who are poor through no fault of their own
2. Undeserving-people like single moms or people with addictions who did something
“wrong” and who we blame their poverty

Barriers for Youth

 Youth in focus groups have identified factors that reduce their interest, or prevent them from
becoming involved in recreation services
  Lack of money for registration fees, equipment, appropriate clothing and travel expenses

*need to work

*part time job for low-income family

 Lack of transportation options

 Lack of information about programs and services
 Lack of family or parental support-Girls are not allow to participate those activity!!!!
 Class discrimination is a serious problem for aboriginal youth and viible minorities-they do not
feel comfortable or welcome in mainstream activities and facilities-communication is the main
problem

Barrier for Girls and Young Women

 64% of girls between the ages of 12 and 19 are not active enough to meet international
guidelines for optimal growth and development.
 52% of boys are similarly inactive
 Girls and woman face barriers which are
 Families responsibilities such as caring for younger siblings
 Little family support & lack of money to pay fees or purchase equipment
 Limited choices and awareness of opportunities
 Stereotypes about female participation & safety concerns
Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one’s
body or mind. While leisure is more likely a form of entertainment or sleep, recreation is active for the
participant but in a refreshing and diverting manner. As people in the wand’s wealthier regions lead
increasingly sedentary lifestyles, the need for recreation has increased. The rise of so-called active
vacations exemplifies this.

Recreational activities are experiences in which you actively participate in an organized activity,
generally with others, to have fun aid enjoy life. They induce participation in sports, arts and crafts
endeavors, end table games, as wen as sober dances, bowling, touch football, and card games. Some
involve physical exercise.

Leisure activities exe things that you do primarily for relaxation and pleasure; and which don’t involve
much work, These include taking walks, having friendly conversations, reading, books, watching movies,
or watching sports activities.

Hobbles fit into either category, often involve more commitment, produce a product or constitute an
avocation.

Organized recreation can become an organized activity by local governments and for-profit
enterprises. Local governments often create parks boards and/or community centers for your disposal.
Growing interest and funding via grants and taxation can result in an official parks and recreation
department, which provides venues and staffing for organized sports, at-risk-youth activities, arts and
crafts, and senior citizen activity. Several U.S. state governments operate recreational programs for their
prison populations. Though controversial, these programs intended to provide inmates with
constructive use of their time through access to music, hobbies, and crafts and exercise equipment.
Other possible benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a lower recidivism rate. Private organized
recreation is usually focused on a specific type of sport such as river rafting or mountaineering.

Types of Recreational Activities

· Civic Dance Arts Program * Classes for both children and adults in various forms of dance including
ballet, jazz, tap and theatre.

· Senior Citizen Services (Deludes centers, duos, activities and services throughout the city catering
to the recreational and social needs of seniors in our community.
Recreation enhances longevity and counteracts stress
Leisure is more of an entertainment activity

Barrier a fence or other obstacle that prevents movement or access.

Hobbies an activity done regularly in one’s leisure time for pleasure
Social Interaction is an exchange between two or more individuals and is a building block of society

· Sports Activities information on citywide and community sports leagues for both youth and adults.

· Therapeutic Recreation Services – Provides sports, recreation, leisure and outreach services to
persons with physical, mental and emotional disabilities.

The Benefits of Recreational Activities

What is recreation? How do recreations differ from leisure? Recreation is in a way a rejuvenating
experience involving therapeutic; treatment of the body and whereas leisure is more of an
entertainment activity. It is of bane of civilized society that along with wealth we have forgotten our old
art of walking and have become couched potatoes.

We don’t mind sitting idle in front of the TV or internet for days and months at a time. This curbs our
physical activities and we end up overweight and obese, inviting conditions such as diabetes, heart
disease and depression. But many take recreations as trivial and consider it as escapism. Like any other
thing, too much recreation time can be harmful and can divert our attention from necessary work and
we become in yet another way. But research has shown that recreational activities contribute to the
satisfaction of life, health and also improve the quality of the life we lead.

There is evidence to show that the indigenous people of the US indulged in many recreational activities.
Then when did they lose it? The saying “a work and no play makes Jim a dull boy” holds ground here.
Recreation enhances longevity and counteracts stress. It is reported that in the US, stress is idling more
and more people. So, indulging in recreation can be a real help to live healthier life. In some jurisdictions
many recreations are actually termed legal. They are gambling, producing erotica pornography, belly
dancing and alcohol consumption. Sometimes recreation turns into an organized activity of the
government Public parks are built to facilitate recreational opportunities for people. It can help you from
becoming bored and avoid unnecessary anxiety. Recreational activities include organized activities Eke
playing baseball football, table tennis, card games, sports and arts. Recreation can be both indoor and
outdoor depending on our preference. Some people like video games, playing cards or playing table
tennis white some others may wish to sweat it out in the sun. Wherever you play it is sure to pep you up
and provide you ample relaxation. For people with no passion tor sports they could go on a travel
expedition, hiking, hiking, snorkeling, surfing, sailing, kayaking are all recreational activities. To explore
the unexplored, hear the sweet singing of nightingale, to lay back bare on the bosom of Mother Nature
and be one with her.

Anything that gives you peace of mind and happiness is deemed recreation. The world is moving at a
fast pace and the need for recreation has been doubled. After the tiring schedule of workplace, people
run short of energy, resulting in poor performance both official and domestic. An activity that a person
would love would put them on track to pursue he serious goals in life.

This is not restricted to adults, Children should also get their share of recreation to develop motor skills.
Now there are career opportunities also. Recreation special are there to look after the recreational
needs of the community and individuals. These people who are qualified professionals work in parks,
recreation centers and in venues of organized sport Indulge in things you love and see the world through
a new perspective.
Lesson Proper for Week 16

To understand fully the lesson for today, read the information comprehensively.

Eight Stages of Personality Development

Erikson’s Theory of Psycho-social Development identifies eight stages in which a healthy individual
should pass through from birth to death. At each stages we encounter different needs, ask new
questions and meet people who influence our behavior and learning.

Stage 1 “Basic Trust vs. Mistrust”

#Infancy (1-2 years)

As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world and we wonder if it’s safe. We learn that if we can
trust someone now, we can also trust others in the future. If we experience fear, we develop doubt and
mistrust. The key to our development is our mother.

Stage 2 “Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt”

#Early childhood (2-4 years)

In our early childhood, we experience ourselves and discover our body. We ask: is it okay to be me? If
we are allowed to discover ourselves, then we develop self-confidence. If we are not, we can develop
shame and self-doubt. Both parents now play a major role.
Stage 3 “Initiative vs. Guilt”

#Preschool Age (4-5 years)

In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things, and learn basic principles like how round things roll.
We ask: Is it okay for me to do what I do? If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests. If we are
held back or told that what we do is silly, we can develop guilt. We are now learning from the entire
family.

Stage 4 “Industry vs. Inferiority”

#School Age (5-12 years)

Now we discover our own interests and realize that we are different from others. We want to show that
we can do things right. We ask if we can make it in this world. If we receive recognition from our
teachers or peers we become industrious, which is another word for hard-working. If we get too much
negative feedback, we start to feel inferior and lose motivation. Our neighbors and schools now
influence us the most.

Stage 5 “Identity vs. Role Confusion”

#Adolescence (13–19 years)

During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles. We are friends, students, children and
citizens. Many experience an identity crises. If our parents now allow us to go out and explore, we can
find identity. If they push us to conform to their views, we can face role confusion and feel lost. Key to
our learning are our peers and role models.

Stage 6 “Intimacy vs. Isolation”

#Early Adulthood (20-40 years)

As young adults we slowly understand who we are and we start to let go of the relationships we had
built earlier in order to fit in. We ask ourselves if we can love. If we can make a long-term commitment,
we are confident and happy. If we cannot form intimate relationships, we might end up feeling isolated
and lonely. Our friends and partners are now center to our development.

Stage 7 “Generativity vs. Stagnation”

#Adulthood (40-65)

When we reach our forties we become comfortable, use our leisure time creatively and maybe begin
contributing to society. Our concern is Generativity. If we think that we are able to lead the next
generation into this world, we are happy. If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier, we can become
pessimistic and experience stagnation. People at home and at work are now who influence us most.

Stage 8 “Ego Integrity vs. Despair”

#Maturity (65-death)

As we grow older we tend to slow down and begin to look back over our lives. We ask: how have I done?
If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity. If not, we can experience
despair and become grumpy and bitter. Time to compare us with mankind. Erik Erikson was a German-
American psychologist who together with his wife Joan, became known for his work on psychosocial
development. He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud and became famous for coining the
phrase “Identity crisis.” Although Erikson lacked even a bachelor’s degree, he served as a professor at
Harvard and Yale.

What is Personality Development?

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that
makes a person distinctive.

Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and

environment.

Personality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth. A child’s
personality has several components: temperament, environment, and character. Temperament is the
set of genetically determined traits that determine the child’s approach to the world and how the child
learns about the world. There are no genes that specify personality traits, but some genes do control the
development of the nervous system, which in turn controls behavior.

A second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a child’s specific
environment. Most psychologists agree that these two factors—temperament and environment—
influence the development of a person’s personality the most. Temperament, with its dependence on
genetic factors, is sometimes referred to as “nature,” while the environmental factors are called
“nurture.”

While there is still controversy as to which factor ranks higher in affecting personality development, all
experts agree that high-quality parenting plays a critical role in the development of a child’s personality.
When parents understand how their child responds to certain situations, they can anticipate issues that
might be problematic for their child. They can prepare the child for the situation or in some cases they
may avoid a potentially difficult situation altogether. Parents who know how to adapt their parenting
approach to the particular temperament of their child can best provide guidance and ensure the
successful development of their child’s personality.

Finally, the third component of personality is character—the set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
patterns learned from experience that determines how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. A person’s
character continues to evolve throughout life, although much depends on inborn traits and early
experiences. Character is also dependent on a person’s moral development.

In 1956, psychiatrist Erik Erikson provided an insightful description as to how personality develops based
on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and adolescents from low, upper, and
middle-class backgrounds. According to Erikson, the socialization process of an individual consists of
eight phases, each one accompanied by a “psychosocial crisis” that must be solved if the person is to
manage the next and subsequent phases satisfactorily. The stages significantly influence personality
development, with five of them occurring during infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Personality is defined as the distinguishing characteristics of an individual which differentiate him/her

from others when displayed in a wide variety of situations and circumstances especially social ones.

(1). Personality and its development are under influence of some determinants. Environment is
considered the major extrinsic one.

(2). Cultural, racial, socioeconomic, educational, social guidance and health conditions could be
environmental factors playing a critical role in personality development.

(3). The intrinsic factors could be biological drives, such as the homeostatic, sexual, defensive and
assimilatory drives, and hereditary temperamental differences. The Psychoanalytic development theory
was modified by Erik Erikson and Stack Sullivan. The later emphasized the importance of interpersonal
transactions between parents and child and the child’s development in a social system.

(4). Generally, the life cycle is divided into eight developmental stages the details of each of which are
going to be discussed in the body of this essay. These stages are: infancy, toddler hood, preschool child,
school child, adolescence, young adulthood, middle years and old age, Infancy stage.

(5). Developmentally, it is during this stage that the infant begins to establish himself as a dependent
being and begins to establish self-awareness. Rudimentary social interaction is developed as the infant
begins to explore the physical world. The nurturing persons must imitate their behavior in addition to
fulfilling their needs such as food and warmth. In addition, attachment is best established during this
period of development.

(6). Furthermore, this period of life witnesses the establishment of foundations of future emotional
stability and intellectual development. Infants need stimulating and socializing experiences to provide
aliment for developing into a. person One cannot recall infancy experiences although no part of life
experience will be as solidly incorporated in the individual as infancy. The developmental tasks of
infancy have been identified as learning to walk, beginning to talk and communicate with others,
beginning to have emotional relationships with primary caregivers, learning to eat solid foods and
developing stable sleep and eating periods (10).
Toddler hood stage:

The toddler hood stage occurs from one year to three years of age (3). During this stage, increased
motor development permits increased physical autonomy, but the child still lacks skill and judgment, so
limitations are very recommended at this stage for the child’s own safety since accidents are very
common (2). On the other hand, this may result in clashes with parental authority. Autonomy Vs shame
and doubt is how Erikson. Thought about this stage of development in his theory. The desire for
autonomy often results in displays of negativism. This is displayed in that the child now knows the
meaning and value of words such as “no” and starts using them frequently. Moreover, frustration,
resulting in temper tantrums, is common (2). During this stage, the child’s curiosity increases, but his
verbal and intellectual abilities lag far behind his motor development. The toddler’s psychosocial skills
increase at a more rapid rate. They now explore new and different dimensions of their relationships with
their parents. This fact reveals itself in that in the past the wild was used to be provided with his needs
but now he must be delimited.

Preschool stage:

The preschool stage, also called early childhood, occurs from three to six years of age (4). The
preschooler’s world is expanding new experiences and the child’s social role are tried during play (3).
During this stage, there is tremendous growth in vocabulary and continues chatter is a characteristic
feature of this stage as intense curiosity was in the previous one. In addition, persistent questioning is
the tool by which the preschooler explores and knows more and more about his/her world and
environment. Moreover, fantasy characterized by making unbelievable long stories and pretended play
mates may worry the parents, but is an important component of the child’s growth and development
during this period (5) During this stage, a child becomes more cooperative with his/her family as he/she
becomes amenable to parental demands spite of that the child is still emotionally linked and dependent
on his/her parents, the child becomes socially interacting and cooperative patterns of play develop (3),
According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, this stage represents the stage of initiative when stimulated
Vs guilt when discouraged 1(4). The developmental tasks of the preschool years include: increasing the
ability to communicate and understand others, performing self-care activities, learning the difference
between sexes and developing sexual modesty, learning right from wrong and good from bad and
developing family relationships.

School age stage:

The school age stage occurs from six years to twelve years of age. This stage is the time for entering
school and includes the preadolescent period (from ten to twelve years of age) they now represent their
families who want to be proud of their child (4). At this stage, the child starts comparing him/ herself
with class mates or playmates (2). Such circumstances stimulate the child to be as better as possible so
that pride of oneself if achieved (3). This is the time when transition from ascribed to achieved status
starts to take place. In school it does not matter how a child is in his/her family (loved, neglected, older
or younger sibling) except when. Those factors have affected the child’s personality in a way or another
(5) In school, a child is treated as a part of a collectivity rather than as individual at home and this
requires the child to forget many desires that may not enable him to fit into the group (7). All the
previous demands organize the child’s personality so that the child is able to prepare himself to live
within a larger society rather than in a family (9). During this stage of development, a sense of belonging
which makes the child feel accepted and as an integral part of the group and of the broader society
occurs. This sensation involves identification of the society the child is a part of, beside commitment to
its values and ethics. In addition, a sense of responsibility involving a capacity and willingness to live up
to the expectations one has aroused evolves at this stage of development in the child’s personality. At
this stage, children have rigid standards of what is right and what is wrong, Industry Vs inferiority
represent this stage in the psychosocial theory of development (4). The developmental tasks of the
school age child are developing the social and physical skills needed for playing games, learning to get
along with others, learning behavioral attitudes appropriate to one’s own sex, learning basic reading,
writing, and arithmetic skills, developing a conscience and morals, and developing a good feeling and
attitude about oneself. During the latter part of the school age child’s development, often called
preadolescence, the child begins to show more refinement and maturity in the following areas:
becoming an independent adult and learning to depend on oneself, developing and keeping friendships
with peers, understanding the physical, psychological, and social roles of one’s sex, developing greater
muscular strength, coordination, and balance, learning how to study (10).

Adolescence stage:

The adolescence stage of growth and development, which represent the industry Vs role confusion
stage of the psychosocial theory of development, occurs from 12 to 20 years of age. Adolescence is a
transitional stage between childhood and adult life and is characterized by rapid physical growth and
psychological, mental and social maturity (5). This stage of development officially begins at puberty and
ends with person achieving a level of maturity enough to deal with and manage realities of life and be
able to bear responsibility of him/ herself and his/her actions (6). The developmental tasks faced by the
child at this age are accepting changes in the body and appearance, developing appropriate
relationships with males and females of the same age, accepting the male and female role appropriate
for one’s age, becoming independent from parents and adults developing morals, attitudes, and values
needed for functioning in society. Peer groups play a critical role in the process of socialization a social
interaction and self-concept is gradually acquire as a result of reactions of his peers towards him (1). A
mentioned previously, an adolescent undergoes active mental maturity since an adolescent becomes
capable of more than abstract mode of thinking and the capacity of receiving new information reaches
its peak. This sort of development results in endless speculations about abstract issues. In spite of that,
the adolescent still feel uncertain i.e. lacks the ability to direct him/ herself and the confidence to
translate -his/her thoughts and idea into a definite course of action. Persistent arguing and pretended
wisdom are characteristic features o adolescents (7) Moreover, an adolescent rethinks about matters of
life he learnt to be true from his/her parents early in life (3). What the adolescent needs by the end of
this stage is to find out what sort of person he or she is and what his/her abilities and limitations are,
therefore the period of adolescence can be called the period of readjustment (8).

Young adulthood stage:

The stage of young adulthood occurs from 20 to 40 years of age. Psychological and social
developments continue during this stage. A personal life-cycle develops during this period. Generally, it
is during this period that a person establishes a relationship with a significant other, a commitment to
something, and competence (5). Marital and vocational choices represent the determinants of one’s
overall personality development in general and future personality development in particular, since they
are two of the most significant decisions of a lifetime whose responsibility is beard by the young adult
Commitment of oneself to a specific way in life takes place through marriage and children rising. A
person has attained adult status with the completion of physical maturation, and, he/she has become
sufficiently well integrated and emotionally mature to utilize the opportunities and accept the
responsibilities that accompany it (6). His/her independence from their parental families motivates them
to achieve an interdependence and find their places in society. Through vocation and marriage, he/ she
becomes united to networks of persons, find tasks that demand involvement, and gain roles into which
he/she fit which help define their identities This stage of life ends when a person has achieved stable
positions in society and the time when his/her children no more need his/her attention. Intimacy Vs
isolation is the representative of this stage in the psychosocial theory (4). Developmental tasks of young
adulthood include: choosing education and occupation, selecting a marriage partner, learning to live
with a spouse or wife and developing a satisfactory sex life (10).

Middle adulthood stage:

The stage of middle adulthood occurs from the age of 40 to 65 years. This stage of development is
more stable and comfortable although some people develop a “midlife crisis.” The “midlife crisis” is a
term that describes the feelings of distress that affect some people when they realize that they are no
longer young. The term is used most often to describe men who strive to recapture their sense of lost
youth by having extramarital affairs, suddenly changing jobs, or adopting youthful fashions This stage is
represented by the stage of generativity Vs stagnation in the Psychosocial theory of development (4).
The developmental tasks faced in middle adulthood are; adjusting to physical change, having grown
children, developing leisure-time activities and relating to aging parents.

Older adulthood stage:

 The stage of older adulthood is considered to begin at 65 years of age. Many physical,
psychological, and social changes occur during later adulthood. The critical transition comes at the time
of retirement for both the husband and the wife. In old age persons are moving toward completion of
their life cycles. The developmental tasks of the older adult are: adjusting to decreases. Physical strength
and loss of health, adjusting to retirement and reduced income, coping with death of a husband or wife
and preparing for one’s own death eating periods (10).

Personality Development

Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Or
Personality is generally defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of thought,
feeling and behavior. In fact, when one refers to personality, it generally implies to all what is unique
about an individual, the characteristics that makes one stand out in a crowd. Personalities is the sum
total of individual’s Psychological traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs end outlooks.

Personality determinants

Heredity

Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception, Physical structure, facial
temperament, composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are
generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that
is by their biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup.

Environment

The environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in
which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups, and
other influences that we experience. The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial role
in shaping our personalities.
Situation

A third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An
individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The
varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of one’s personality. We should not
therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.

Developing Positive Personality

1. Subconscious Programming

Most of us sometimes get programmed / conditioned by a wrong messages that “do not do
that” “don’t take the risk”, “you cannot do that” you are not good in …and so on… You can
imagine the bad effect such message can have on any person.

2. Subconscious Mind Programming

Our Conscious Mind is like a watch man. And the Subconscious Mind is a store of all the previously
programmed or conditioned information / knowledge/ believes. Now programming personality means
putting positive believes/ information into the store with nut the knowledge of the watchman
(conscious mind).

Suppose you tell yourself that “you are good at Public Speaking”. And the store has stored based on
peoples comments and experience that “you are poor in communication” “you cannot speak well in
public”, “you don’t have an impressive body language”. The watch man sees your sentence and
compares it with the knowledge in its store and says “this information is wrong “The watchman throws
the new information away. He does not allow the new positive information into the store. This is the
fundamental difficulty in changing personality & behavior of a person.

Now the question is how and when we could programme our mind for positive personality trait without
the obstruction of watchman. The answer is we can programme our mind for positive personality traits
during the Twilight period just before sleeping and just before waking up. This is the time when the
conscious mind is active enough to generate the positive traits for entering into store but inactive to
judge/compare and will not obstruct to the positive traits to enter into the subconscious store house.

3. Reinforced Programming / Conscious Programming

Auto suggestion and Repetition of the positive traits despite negative response from comparison with
the store house also gives success in programming for personality traits.

Auto-suggestion is a statement made in the present tense, of the kind of person you want to be.

A. Auto-suggestion are like a commercial about “Super You”, or “Future Super You” for
yourself what you want to be or achieve. They influence both your conscious and
subconscious mind in the long run shaping your personality and attitude.
B. Auto-suggestions are the conscious way to programme the subconscious mind for
positive traits. It is the effective method of voluntary development of positive traits and
attitudes.

C. Auto-suggestion should be mixed with emotions. All such reinforced / conscious

programming which have been emotionalized (giving feeling) and mixed with applied
faith begin immediately to translate themselves into physical or real equivalent.

D. Auto-suggestive thoughts which are mixed with any of the feeling of emotions
constitute a “psycho-magnetic” force which attracts other similar or related thoughts.

Our subconscious mind resembling a fertile garden spot, in which weeds will grow in abundance if you
the seeds of more desirable crops are not sown therein. Auto-suggestion is the agency of control
through which an individual can voluntarily feed his subconscious mind on thoughts of creative/ positive
nature or by neglect permit thoughts of a destructive nature to find their way into the rich garden of
mind. So Caution should be taken while programming your mind for positive traits only.

1. Defensive Approach:
One of this type of approach is protest or deny the negative traits at its very beginning of the entering in
the subconscious store. And the second is to consciously avoid this type of environment or situation. In
real life situation it is very difficult because it may lead to confrontation and argument or Inaction.

Another problem in this is that most of us have some negative traits previously in our store house due to
our past experience and conditioning.

2. Imaginary Anchoring or Invisible Counseling Committee:

While watching a picture we anchor the Hero, placing ourselves in place of hero. Similarly, we can
anchor Great men in imagination and let them shape our personality.

Another is the Invisible Counseling Committee comprising of great personalities of your choice. We can
counsel from these great minds at times or situation. What decision or action he would have been taken
in my situation.

a. Winston Churchill the war time British Prime Minister was following this
principle. He had his Imaginary Counseling Committee by the side of his
Chamber. Many great decisions he used to take by following these principles.

b. Mahatma Gandhi, I desire to acquire from you the ideology of truth and
Non-violence and devotion towards practicing these in every odd hours and to
acquire the magnet leadership to attract millions to join in the peaceful
struggle for freedom and Humanity.

c. Mother Teresa, I desire to acquire from you the ability to provide relentless
humanitarian services to the most unprivileged, poor diseased and intense
spirit to serve the mankind despite all odds.
d. Mr. Abraham Lincoln, I desire to build into my own character the keen sense
of justice, the untiring spirit of patience, the sense of humor, the human
understanding, and the tolerance which were your distinguishing
characteristics.

e. Albert Einstein, I wish to acquire from you the Scientific Bent, ever
inquisitive mind, the spirit to innovate and contribute to Humanity.
 f. Bill Gates, I wish to acquire from you the Brilliant Intelligence, Innovation,
Intense drive to succeed, persistence, personal intensity and
conscientiousness dimensions

3. Physical Action / Body Language Approach:

In general it is the positive practice or experiencing desired traits whether the desired
perfection achieved or not.

It is generally said that our personality traits control our body language but it is a fact
that the reverse is also true„ This means we can change our negative traits towards
positive traits by consciously practicing the body language for positive traits.

4. Domino-effect. Direct exposure to good personalities or environment:

Here the direct environment is the driving force in shaping the personalities. When one
constantly remains in direct contact with great personalities will enriches his own to be
the one. Similarly, the organization culture and structure also many times influences
one’s personality. Sometimes it is the guiding principle for job satisfaction / recruitment.

Caution should be taken while programming your mind for positive traits only. Because
these processes give results for negative traits also. Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler
both successfully applied these principles, but one positively and other negatively.
TRAITS FOR BUILDING POSITIVE PERSONALITY:

1. Accept Responsibility: The price of greatness is the responsibility – Winston Churchill

“Responsibility gravitates to the person who can shoulder them.”
 - Elbert Hubbard Society is not destroyed by the activities of the rascals, but by the
inactivity of good people.

2. Show consideration: Show consideration, courtesy, politeness and caring.

3. Think Win-Win

4. Choose your words carefully:

The principle is your speaking must be better than silent, rather be silent. Words spoken out of
bitterness can cause irreparable damage. The way the parents speak to their children in many instances
shapes their children’s destiny.

5. Never Criticize, Complain and Condemn

Smile and Be Kind:

Smile is the shortest distance between two people.

Put Positive interpretation on other people’s behavior: We see the world not as it is, but as we are. So
when we are interpreting other people’s behavior negatively we just reflecting our own mentality to this
situation, In contrast when interpret positively, chances that other people may realize. Its negativity and
change or amend this.

Be a Good Listener:

Effective communication is 50% listening, 25% speaking, 15% reading and 10% writing. So, when we
listen carefully then 50% communication is done.

Be Enthusiastic:

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm — Ralph Waldo Emersion
 5. Give honest and Sincere Appreciation:

The desire to feel important is one of the greatest craving in most of the human beings and it can be a g-
eat motivator.

6. When you make a mistake, accept it and make it easy to amend: Mistakes are to be learned
from.

Discuss but don’t argue: Arguing is like fighting a losing battle. Even if one wins in the argument, the cost
may be more than the worth of victory. An Ignominious victory is a defeat itself.

Don’t Gossip: Gossip may lead to slander and defamation of character. People who listen to gossip are
as guilty as those who do the gossiping.

Turn your promises into commitment: Commitment leads to enduring relationship through thick and
thin, it shows in a person’s personality and relationship.

Be grateful but do not expect gratitude:

10. Be dependable and practice loyalty: An ounce of loyalty is worth more than a pound of cleverness.

11. Avoid bearing grudges: life is too small to bear grudges. John Kennedy once said “forgive the other
person but don’t forget their name.” Means “if one cheated me once’ it is his fault, but if cheats me
twice then it is my fault.”

12. Practice honesty. Integrity and Sincerity: Lies may have speed, but the truth has endurance.

13. Practice Humility: Don’t be cheated regularly to forgive. Confidence without humility is arrogance.
Sincere Humility is the foundation of all virtues. It is a sign of greatness,

14. Be understanding and caring: The best way to be understood is to be understanding.

15. Develop a sense of humor: Have a sense of humor and you will possess the ability to laugh at
yourself

16. Don’t be sarcastic and put others down:

17. To have a friend be a Friend: Mutual trust and confidence are the foundation stones of all
friendship.

18. Show Empathy: Empathy alone is a very important characteristic of positive personality.

KEY TERMS

Behavior —A stereotyped motor response to an internal or external stimulus.

Character —An individual’s set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned and
accumulated over time.

Cognition —The act or process of knowing or perceiving.

Cognitive —The ability (or lack of) to think, learn, and memorize.

Gene —A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions for the production of a particular
protein, and is made up of a molecular sequence found on a section of DNA. Identity —The condition of
being the same with, or possessing, a character that is well described, asserted, or defined.

Maturity —A state of full development or completed growth.

Personality —The organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a human being distinctive.
Personality is formed by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and environment.

Socialization —The process by which new members of a social group are integrated in the group.

Temperament —A person’s natural disposition or inborn combination of mental and emotional traits.
Lesson Proper for Week 17

To understand fully the lesson for today, read the information comprehensively.

Participatory Action for Community Enhancement (PACE)

Business communities realize that they don’t have just need but also assets capacities and abilities to
change the current reality. They also help them make a bits of more confident and be more resilient and
base also a gift or provide the ability communities to work together for a common goal mean. What
makes pits unique is that it embodies our organizational identity in values as global communities. So I
think it’s our people that make pace you need the program we are implementing with the pay’s
methodology. Community cysts are thinking that they were more just like family. Therefore were a big
family where they can work together and to get better conditions in the community that they belong.
To somewhere, that they are not just families living in a place that they can construct a better future and
what we have seen in these 59 for communities has been a significant increase in government provision
of services. These are poor communities up hitter too we’re almost always neglected. If anything was
happening it was this something to show that the government existed in the city, but we have gotten
the city authority to work more closely with the communities and we have seen a significant change in
how the government views these communities and the progressive nature with which government is
providing services in these communities great moment that when I heard from one of our Community
Development councils or team when she after one year and a half been engaging with us saying look
you know we don’t need you anymore because you teach us or make us now know what we want to do
to help our communities and to move forward and to solve anything we are facing I couldn’t describe
you know any moment during my work happy more than this moment because this is what pace meant
to be it’s empowering the communities empowering people make transformation in there and they’re
willing to work together and to solve their their Chinese or their dishes I’ve seen pace create and
generate transformational change within the key and transformation from a sense of victimization
hopelessness dependency to self-reliance self-determination and empowerment and that’s
transformation you see take place with the community leaders with whom we work and that that
renewed sense of energy and hope reverberates through the community leaders down to the
community level and that is really where you see the transformational change take place over a longer
period of time.

COMMUNITY OUTREACH

Community Outreach

It involves reaching people, helping, serving and taking care of our community.

Community outreach programs are a standard way for groups such as social service agencies, nonprofit
groups, and church or other religious groups to identify a certain specific need in its community and
provide services to the people who need it.

Characteristics

Community outreach programs vary greatly. They are commonly seen in organizations that have a
religious, social activist, health oriented purpose.

Examples of groups that might conduct community outreach programs are universities conducting a trial
on a new contraceptive product. The community outreach program would have a coordinator who
would actively advertise, recruit people to test the new contraceptive and record and analyze the data.
Further, this information could be used to plan programs to fulfill a need: Contraceptives that young
people would use to prevent the transmission of HIV and AIDS.
Types

There are many types of community outreach programs. For example. If a church wanted to help
homeless women and their children find safe shelter, the church would hire a person to actively
organize a team to locate and identify homeless women and their children in their community. By
talking with these women, the organizer could identify what their most pressing needs were: safe
shelter, food, protection from violent ex-husbands and ex-boyfriends. The goals for this particular
community outreach program would be to raise funds to support a temporary shelter for these women
and their children, other types include community outreach programs that are based on health issues:
teenage smoking or teenage drug use or teenage pregnancy. In each case, the goal would be to identify
the group of people, identify their needs, and design a program to help them move out of harm’s way by
intervention, education and or even physically providing safety.

Principles of Community Outreach Program

In effective outreach campaigns, the community owns the problem and the solution. The station’s
primary role is to facilitate communication. As the station lends its services as a broadcaster and
communicator to help the community solve its own problems, it must ensure that everyone is treated
with dignity and respect. Having some knowledge of the principles of community problem-solving may
help the station act as an effective facilitator.

The principles of community problem solving:

Be inclusive. Involve both sides of a divisive issue in seeking a solution.

Localize national issues with local solutions to avoid being a patronizing outsider with the answers.

Find a way that those who receive “help” can “repay” the debt.

When offering help to those who don’t have the resources to help themselves, the help should
empower the person in need.

Social Change begins by everyone in society owning the problem.

(These principles in community problem-solving are based on ideas from the spirit of community, by
Amitai Etzioni, who advocates a new “communitarian” movement.)
Be inclusive. Personal responsibility and self-help are the best ways to solve a problem. People who own
the problem need to be included in and take control of the problem-solving, so, if the outreach topic is
youth violence, stations should invite both the gang leader and the president of the honor society to be
on the youth violence task force. If either the honor student or gang leader is left out of the problem-
solving process, they are unlikely to accept or work with the task force’s solution.

Localize the outreach effort and (3) allow for reciprocity. The people closest to those in need of help are
the most effective helpers. A friend or community member’s help may be more useful than the help of a
social worker. Localizing solutions avoids a sense that an “outsider” is patronizing the person in need of
help. It also allows for the possibility that at some point in the future, those who receive help will be
able to return the favor. Even in national outreach campaigns, the goal is to find a way to localize
solutions.

Empower the person in need. Homeless people or victims of a natural disaster are examples of groups
faced with situations where they need more help than they can provide for themselves.

When society must play a more decisive role in devising or implementing solutions on behalf of others, it
is very important to be respectful of the people in need. Especially in situations where those in need are
feeling dislocated; restoring some sense of control is essential. When offering to help implement
solutions, be sure those in need agree with the suggested solutions

For example, an innovative and empowering outreach project was launched at a homeless shelter. The
shelter installed a voice mail phone system so residents seeking jobs could be contacted by potential
employers. They recognized that homeless job seekers often couldn’t find jobs because they didn’t have
phones. The solution offered by the agency was respectful of the broader needs of clients they served,
and restored some sense of personal control.

If a problem belongs to everyone in a large community (society), everyone needs to take a role in finding
a solution. Some issues are so broad that everyone needs to participate in finding a solution. For
example, improving the public school system concerns almost everyone. Businesses need quality schools
to educate competent workers, and families need quality schools to ensure their children’s educational
needs are met.

Neighborhoods need quality schools to ensure safety, to help schools realize these goals, society as a
whole must contribute toward a solution. The need for everyone to be involved in these over- arching
issues is summarized in the slogan “if you aren’t part of the solution, you are part of the problem.”
Taking on an outreach campaign dealing with a macro issue often means shirting the public perception
on the issue. Long-term public. Attitudes on drinking and driving have been influenced by long-term PSA
outreach campaigns. The same approach used by national PSA campaigns-chipping away at one issue
overtime-can be applied locally.

This is a particularly effective strategy for stations that choose to identify a single issue and commit all
the station’s outreach energies toward working on the various requires a long-term commitment to
realize measurable results.

Benefits

The greatest benefit of community outreach programs is that the programs serve people who are often
unable to help themselves. These people, often called at-risk or underserved, are easily exploited by
unethical people. In other cases, the programs provide education and services to groups of people who
simply are not well-educated or misinformed. Young teens may believe they are bullet-proof and cannot
become pregnant or contract HIV or AIDS. Outreach programs will provide important education to these
people.

The importance of community outreach

Community outreach is at the heart of building a strong and responsive district program that provides
the best possible customer service to the people in your community. An inclusive district board will
reflect the ideas and culture of the entire community and allow all to share ideas and feel comfortable
coming to the conversation district for assistance. Achieving an effective and inclusive community
outreach program does not happen overnight. It takes time, energy and commitment to build a strong
and effective district board. Your efforts to include a broad range of community interests should not be
driven by outside expectations but instead an internal desire to see all of the people of your community
served.

This purpose of the materials contained herein, which updates and expands upon NACD’s 1994
publication, reaching out to minority farmers, is to provide tools and techniques for extending
conservation programs to all within the district community. There are also included recommendations
for building productive working relationships with all groups served by the district. A board that
welcomes and reflects the entire community not only increases conversation on the landscape, but also
builds a strong and effective locally led conversation program.

Advantage and disadvantages

The advantage of community outreach program is that they can able to help those people who are
depressed, deprived and underserved for them to cope up with their current situation. The
disadvantage of it is that sometimes other programs might be like an intruder with the other person.

Advantage and disadvantages

The advantage of community outreach program is that they can able to help those people who are
depressed, deprived and underserved for them to cope up with their current situation. The
disadvantage of it is that sometimes other programs might be like an intruder with the other person.

Objectives

Learning and ethic of caring for fellow citizens

Learn about the experience other ethnic groups and cultures

Increasing sensitivity to other ethnic groups and cultures

Exploring personal values, ethics, and ideology

Advancing students along a continuum toward social change

Definition:

Formal meeting for discussion of subject: a formal meeting held for the discussion of a subject, during
which individual speakers may make presentations

PUBLISHING published collection of opinions: a published collection of opinions or writings on a subject,

often in a periodical

ANCIENT HIST drinking party in ancient Greece: a drinking party in ancient Greece, usually with music
and philosophical conversation

Advantages

Rejuvenates the mind and body

Encourages and promotes harmonious relationship with other people.

Exercises the body and promotes health

Promotes enjoyment to life

Allows experiencing nature and appreciating its beauty.

Disadvantages

Some of the recreational activities are costly

Requires time

Some of recreational activities can lead to addiction like too much surfing in the internet that some

Other tasks are forgotten.

Requires energy and physical involvement

Can be too dangerous and risky

Philippine Constitution (1987)

Preamble

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Bestlink Hymn

Composed and sung by Mr. Ronnie N. Velez

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink for success

In this ever changing world

In this ever moving life

Challenges abound,
Strengthening the will in us

And your mission for us

Is our future

All hail to Alma mater dear

The crowning glory of our dreams

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink for success

In this ever changing world

In this ever moving life

Challenges abound,

Strengthening the will in us

And your mission for us

Is our future

All hail Alma mater dear

The crowning glory of our dreams

(Our Bestlink for success)

We seek

We strive

Reaching for the best

Unique our ways and thoughts

Global youths are ever ready

Ever focused alma mater dear

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink for success

In this ever changing world

In this ever moving life

Challenges abound,

Strengthening the will in us

And your mission for us

Is our future

All hail to Alma mater dear

The crowning glory of our dreams

(Our Bestlink for success)

Onward go (onward go)

Upward grow (upward grow)

Brave young men and women

Armed with knowledge

Blessed with your values

Carry on Alma mater dear

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink for success

In this ever changing world

In this ever moving life

Challenges abound,

Strengthening the will in us

And your mission for us

Is our future

All hail Alma mater dear

The crowning glory of our dreams

(Our Bestlink for success)

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink to the future

Note:
The students are acquaint with the Bestlink Alma Mater Hymn to internalize, familiarize, and learn the
core values of the institution. This will serve as an additional grade for the students.

Bestlink Hymn Link: