Obligaciones y Responsabilidad Civil

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Fmioladofbjs y
rjspfbsamoionan
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]jbzf Kubota Karakmof
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Jsqujkas

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Karëa Efsï Añôb ]fol Iuos Iôpjz Lujrra Cïdtfr Fiasfif Aifbsf
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Wrjsonjbtj nji Obstotutf Omjrf-Akjrodabf
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Datjnrátoda nj Njrjdcf Dovoi Datjnrátodf nj Njrjdcf Dovoi
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Datjnrátoda
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Obstotutf ^jdbfiôlodf Autôbfkf nj Kïxodf
Eavojr nj Iudas Kartëb ^fkás Taia
Datjnrátodf @rabdf
nj Njrjdcf nji ^ramaef y nj ia
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Datjnrátodf nj @oifsf`ëa nji Njrjdcf y
Kobostrf jb rjtorf nj ia Tuprjka Dfrtj nj Eustodoa
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nj ia Badoôb y kojkmrf nj Ji Dfijlof Badofbai Olbadof Tabdcf Larlaiif
Pëdtfr Kfrjbf Datjba Kalostranf nj ia Taia Wrokjra (Dovoi)
Jnuarnf @jrrjr Kad-Lrjlfr Wfosft Datjnrátodf nj Njrjdcf Wrfdjsai nj ia nji ^romubai Tuprjkf nj Jspaña
Eujz nj ia Dfrtj Obtjrakjrodaba nj Njrjdcfs Zbovjrsonan Darifs OOO nj Kanron
Cukabfs ^fkás T. Povjs Abtôb
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Zbovjrsonan Wamif nj Fiavonj nj Tjvoiia
Fwjb @oss
Datjnrátodf jkïrotf nj ^jfrëa nji Njrjdcf Abljioha Bussmjrljr ]utc Uokkjriobl
Datjnrátod
Datjnrátoda
a nj Dojbdoa Wfiëtoda nj ia
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Efsï Abtfbof Lardëa-Drudjs Lfbzáijz (Aijkaboa)
Datjnrátodf nj Njrjdcf Kjrdabtoi nj ia ZBJN Kojkmrf nj ia Dfkosoôb nj Pjbjdoa
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FMIOLADOFBJT _ ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
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]JBUF KZBOÂ KA]AKMOF WAKJIA KJBNFUA AIFBUF
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Alranjdjkfs a bujstrfs dfiamfranfrjs
ABA A]A_A QZJUANA
@IF]JBDOA MABDAIA]O DCÁPJU
NABOJI DAT^]F JTWOBFUA
HAÂIOBA LA]DËA ]ZOU
MATÔAB KF]ALA LAJU
ABËMAI FIOPA]JT PABJ^Ô
OJLF JWÕIPJNA AIKA
EN T W
AOKJ ]AKË]JU DO@ZJB^JT

Ëbnodj
W]JTJBÂDOÔB ...............
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Wartj O
FMIOLADOFBJT
ZBONAN O
BFDOFBJT LJBJ]AIJT
LJBJ]AIJT
KA]ËA JIOTA KF]AIJT
1. LJBJ]AIONANJT ..............
LJBJ]AIONANJT .............................
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=. IAT @ZJB^JT NJ IAT FMIOLADOFBJT............. ............................
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=.1. Ljbjraionanjs................................................................................................................................................................................
Ljbjraionanjs................................................................................................................................................................................ 4=
=.=. Njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai nj ia vfiubtan dfkf ùjbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs ............. ...........................
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=.4. Ji jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa dfkf ùjbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs ..............

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................... 40
ZBONAN OO
DIATO@ODADOÔB
DIATO@ODADOÔB NJ IAT FMIOLADOFBJT
1. FMIOLADOFBJT DOPOIJT _ BA^Z]AIJ

FMIOLADOFBJT BA^Z]AIJTT ...............
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=. FMIOLADOFBJTT NJ NA], CADJ] F BF CADJ]..............
FMIOLADOFBJ .............................
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17 Ëbnodj
4. FMIOLADOFBJT NJ JTWJDOJ F DZJ]WF DOJ]^F _ LJBÏ]ODAT..............

FMIOLADOFBJT ............................
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4.1. Fmioladofbjs jspjdëfidas y ljbïrodas ..............
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4.=. Fmioladofbjs kfbjtaroas f nj nobjrf............. ............................
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4.4. Fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf y nj vaifr ...............
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>. FMIOLADOFBJT DFB WIZ]AIO WIZ]AIONAN NAN NJ FMEJ^F5 AI^J]BAÔP AI^J]BAÔPAT AT _ @ADZI
@ADZIÂ ÂÔPAT
ÔPAT ..........
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:. FMIOLADOFBJTT WFTOÔP
FMIOLADOFBJ WFTOÔPAT AT _ BJLABJLAÔP ÔPAT AT ..............
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0. FMIOLADOFBJTT NJ KJNOF _ NJ ]JTZI
FMIOLADOFBJ ]JTZIÂNF ÂNF ..............
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<. FMIOLADOFBJTT DFB WIZ]AIONAN NJ TZEJ^FT ...............
FMIOLADOFBJ .............................
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<.1. Ljbjraionanjs................................................................................................................................................................................
Ljbjraionanjs................................................................................................................................................................................ 0:
<.=. Ias fmioladofbjs
fmioladofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas ...............
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<.4. Ias fmioladofbjs sfionaroas ..............
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<.>. Fmioladofbjs obnovosomijs ..............
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3. FMIOLADOFBJTT TZEJÂT A KFNAION
FMIOLADOFBJ KFNAIONAN AN .............
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3.1. Fmioladofbjs dfbnodofbaijs .............
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3.1.1. Ljbjraionanjs nj ias fmioladofbjs dfbnodofbaijs ............. ............................
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............ 3?
3.1.=. Ia dfbnodoôb suspjbsova..............
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..... 171
3.1.4.
3.1.>. Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
dfbnodoôb
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa .............
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frnobaroa.............................
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174
3.1.:. Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota..............
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3.1.0. Wadtf dfkosfrof
dfkosfrof ..............
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3.1.<. Ia addoôb
addoôb rjsfiutfroa .............
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3.=. Fmioladofbjs a piazf
piazf .............
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3.4. Fmioladofbjs kfnaijs
kfnaijs..............
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Ëbnodj 11
ZBONAN OOO
IFT KFNFT NJ JSÔBLZO]
JSÔBLZO] IAT FMIOLADOFBJT
FMIOLADOFBJT
]JBUF KZBOÂ
1. DFBDJW^F _ JBZKJ]ADOÔB ............. ............................

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=. IA ]JTDOIOADOÔB F KZ^ZF NOTJBTF ............. ............................
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4. JI WALF ...............
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4.1. Tfiudoôb f palf j`jdtovf.............
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................... 143
4.=. Walf pfr dfbsolbadoôb ...............
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4.4.
4.>. Walf
Walf dfb sumrfladoôb
pfr djsoôb nj mojbjs............................
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101
4.:. Walf dfb mjbjfidof nj dfkpjtjbdoa.............. ............................
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4.0. Nji palf nj if bf njmonf .............
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>. IA NA
NADOÔB
DOÔB JB WAL WALF F ...............
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:. IA BFP
BFPADOÔB
ADOÔB..............
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0. IA DFKWJBTADO
DFKWJBTADOÔB ÔB .............
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<. IA ]JKOTOÔB .............
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3. IA DFB@ZTOÔB...............
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?. IA OK
OKWFTOMOION
WFTOMOIONAN
AN NJ IA JEJDZDOÔBJEJDZDOÔB _ WÏ]NONA WÏ]NONA NJ IA DFTA DFTA NJMONANJMONA ...............
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17. IA W]JTD]OWDOÔB JSÔBÔP
JSÔBÔPA A .............
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......... 133

1= Ëbnodj
Wartj OO
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI
ZBONAN OP
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI JB LJBJ]AI
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN LJBJ]AI
NA]ËF WA]]A
1. LJBJ]AIONANJT ..............
LJBJ]AIONANJT .............................
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=. ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DFB^]AD^ZAI _ JS^]ADFB^]A JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI D^ZAI ..............
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4. ZBONAN NJ IA ]JTWFBTAMOION
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN AN DOPOI..............
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..... =7<
ZBONAN P
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI DFB^]AD^ZAI
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DFB^]AD^ZAI
NA]ËF WA]]A
1. JI OBDZKWIOKOJB^F JB LJBJ]AI .............

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=. JI OBDZKWIOKOJB^F ]JDËW]FDF ...............
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=.1. Jxdjpdoôb nji dfbtratf
dfbtratf bf dukpionf .............
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=.=. Ji njrjdcf ijlai nj rjtjbdoôb .............
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4. DZKWIOKOJB^F @F]UANF............. ............................
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>. JI DZKWIOKOJB^F WF] JQZOP JQZOPAIJB^J5
AIJB^J5 OBNJKBOUADOÔB NJ WJ]EZODOFT ............... .............................
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>.1. Ljbjraionanjs..............
Ljbjraionanjs.............................
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>.=. Ji nañf dfbtradtuai .............
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......... =44
>.4. Ia rjiadoôb
rjiadoôb nj dausaionan jb jb katjroa dfbtradtuai ..............
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>.>. Ia okputamoionan
okputamoionan nji pjreuodof..............
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....... =40
>.>.1. Ji nfif .............
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................... =40

Ëbnodj 14
>.>.=. Ia duipa dfbtradtuai ..............

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......... =4?
>.:. Dausaijs nj jxjbdoôb nj rjspfbsamoionan
rjspfbsamoionan..............
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>.0. Ia kfra .............
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>.0.1. Kfra nji njunfr .............
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>.0.=. Ia kfra nji adrjjnfr (kfra addopojbno) .............. .............................
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>.<. Ia addoôb
addoôb nj pjreuodofs ...............
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>.3. Avaiuado
Avaiuadoôb
ôb nj ifs pjreuodofs
pjreuodofs ..............
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>.3.1. Avaiuad
Avaiuadoôb oôb eunodoai nj pjreuodofs........................................
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>.3.=. Avaiuad
Avaiuadoôb oôb ijlai nj pjreuodofs ...............
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>.3.4. Ia diáusuia pjbai ..............
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:. NJ]JDCFT AZSOIOA]JT NJI AD]JJNF] ............. ............................
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:.1. Kjnonas dfbsjrvatovas ...............
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:.=. Addoôb fmiodua ...............
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:.4. Addoôb pauioaba f rjvfdatfroa..............
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:.>. Mjbjfidof nj sjparadoôb ..............
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................... =3=
]JTWFBTAMOIONANZBONAN
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN PO DFB^]AD^ZAI
DOPOI JS^]ADFB^]AD^Z
JS^]A AI
WAKJIA KJBNFUA
1. LJBJ]AIONANJT ..............
LJBJ]AIONANJT .............................
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=. JI AD^F CZKABF .............
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4. DAWADONAN
DAWA DONAN ..............
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>. ABÔEZ]ONODONAN
ABÔEZ]ONODON AN ...............
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:. JI NAÑF ..............
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1> Ëbnodj
0. DAZTAIONAN ..............
DAZTAIONAN .............................
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......... 4=:
<. IA ]JW]FDCAMOION
]JW]FDCAMOIONAN AN F DZIWAMOION
DZIWAMOIONAN AN .............
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..... 44:
3. IAT W]JTZBDOFBJT NJ DZIWA .............. .............................
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....... 4>=
3.1. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf prfpof ..........................................
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3.=. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr ji cjdcf aejbf ...........................................
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............ 4>0
3.4. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf nj ias ias dfsas
dfsas .............
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....... 4:>
?. IA ADDOÔB NJ ]JTWFBTAMOION
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN AN JS^]ADFB^]A
JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI D^ZAI _ ]JWA]ADOÔ ]JWA]ADOÔB B NJINJI NAÑF..............
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MOMIOFL]A@ËA.............
MOMIOFL]A@ËA ...........................
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................... 40:

Wrjsjbtadoôb
Ji prjsjbtj tjxtf sj ca njsarrfiianf a pjtodoôb nj ia Jnotfroai ôrabt if Miabdc dfb ji õbodf fmejtovf nj sjrvor nj luëa a
jstunoabtjs nj njrjdcf, jb jspjdoai a quojbjs jstïb prjparabnf su jxakjb nj lranf, jb su aprjbnozaej sfmrj ias ’Fmioladofbjs
y rjspfbsamoionan dovoi‛. Wara jiif cjkfs tjbonf a ia vosta ifs probdopaijs dfbtjbonfs sfmrj jsta katjroa quj sj piaskab jb ia
kayfrëa nj ifs prflrakas okpartonfs jb ias nostobtas @aduitanjs nj Njrjdcf nj bujstrf paës.
Wara ia dfbsjdudoôb nji tai prfpôsotf y sob prjtjbsoôb nj frolobaionan, cjkfs sobtjtozanf „maef ji `frkatf nj jsqujkas, sj-
lõb norjdtroz nj ia jnotfroai„ ifs aspjdtfs quj jstokakfs
jsto kakfs kás rjijvabtjs. ^fnfs
^fnfs jiifs piaskanfs jb kabuaijs tranodofbaikjbtj
utoiozanfs para ji jstunof nj jsta katjroa, pfr if quj jspjrakfs quj jstj tramaef ijs pujna sjrvor nj luëa para ia dfkprjbsoôb
nj su ijdtura.
Tj anvojrtj ai ijdtfr f ijdtfra quj cjkfs prjsdobnonf nj ias bftas ai poj para àdoiotar ia ijdtura y rjvosoôb nj ifs jsqujkas.
Jstf sob pjreuodof nj obnodar ai obodof f ai fibai nj ifs apartanfs ias rj`jrjbdoas a ji f ifs tjxtfs nj froljb, dfb ji fib nj frojbtar
a quojb quojra sjluor prfùbnozabnf jb if sostjkatozanf jb ifs jsqujkas.
Asokoskf, jsta fmra dujbta dfb lifsarofs quj cjkfs njsarrfiianf dfb ji fib nj f`rjdjr a ias y ifs jstunoabtjs nj njrjdcf
uba cjrrakojbta quj ijs pjrkota cadjr uba dfbsuita rápona sfmrj dfbdjptfs ùbnakjbtaijs sfmrj ia katjroa rjvosana, ifs quj
jspjrakfs ijs sorvab nj dfkpijkjbtf jb su aprjbnozaej nji njrjdcf dovoi.

Wartj O
FMIOLADOFBJT

Zbonan O
Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs
1. LJBJ]AION
LJBJ]AIONANJT
ANJT
LIFTA]OF
Addoôb pjrsfbai Aqujiia addoôb ’jb quj sj jbdujbtra prjnjtjrkobana ia pjrsfba dfbtra ia duai sj norolorá‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =4).
Addoôb rjai Aqujiia addoôb ’quj sj jejrdj dfbtra quojb pjrturmj ji jejrdodof nji njrjdcf rjai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =4).
’Tuejtf adtovf nj ia fmioladoôb, ji mjbjfidoarof nj jiia y quojb pujnj jxolor su dukpiokojbtf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
4<).
Adrjjnfr
’ôtuiar nji njrjdcf sumejtovf nj drïnotf f njrjdcf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (@ujyf, =77?, pál.
pál. 10).

=7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
LIFTA]OF
’Js ji dfbeubtf nj probdopofs y bfrkas quj rjluiab ji rjdfbfdokojbtf eurënodf, ia jstrudtura, ifs daradtjrjs y ifs
Njrjdcf nj ias j`jdtfs nj ias fmioladofbjs quj badjb
b adjb jbtrj ifs obnovonufs jb ji njsjbvfivokojbtf nj su vona jb sfdojnan‛ (Wjñaoioiif,
(Wjñaoioiif,
fmioladofbjs =774, pál. 14).
’Njrjdcfs pjrsfbaijs f drïnotfs sfb ifs quj sfif pujnjb rjdiakarsj nj dojrtas pjrsfbas, quj, pfr ub cjdcf suyf f
ia sfia nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy, cab dfbtraënf ias fmioladofbjs dfrrjiatovas‛ (Art. :<3 DD).
Njrjdcf pjrsfbai
f drïnotf ’Ji njrjdcf pjrsfbai js, pfr dfbsoluojbtj, uba rjiadoôb eurënoda jbtrj njtjrkobanas pjrsfbas. Bëtonakjbtj sj njs-
tadab ub suejtf adtovf, ub fmejtf njmonf y ub suejtf pasovf nji njrjdcf pfr duyf obtjrkjnof ji prokjrf fmtojbj ia
satosàddoôb nj ia vjbtaea quj pjrsoluj‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál. 3).
’Njrjdcf rjai js ji quj tjbjkfs sfmrj uba dfsa sob rjspjdtf a njtjrkobana pjrsfba‛ (Art. :<< DD).
Njrjdcf rjai
’Jb ji njrjdcf rjai uba dfsa sj jbdujbtra sfkjtona, tftai f pardoaikjbtj, ai pfnjr nj uba pjrsfba, jb vortun nj
n j uba
rjiadoôb obkjnoata, fpfbomij a tfna ftra pjrsfba‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál. <).
Njrjdcfs ’Korab a ia pjrsfba dfkf obnovonuf (njrjdcfs nj ia pjrsfbaionan) f dfkf kojkmrfs nj uba àkoioa (njrjdcfs nj
jxtrapatrokfboaijs àkoioa), y bf rjprjsjbtab jb së koskfs ub vaifr jb nobjrf‛ (]uz, =711, pál. 10).
Njrjdcfs ’Norjdtakjbtj avaiuamijs jb nobjrf, y quj, pfr if koskf, obtjlrab ji patrokfbof nj ia pjrsfba‛ (]uz, =711, pál.
patrokfboaijs 10).

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =1
LIFTA]OF
’Tuejtf pasovf nj ia fmioladoôb quj qujna suejtf a ia bjdjsonan eurënoda nj ftfrlar ia prjstadoôb, y nj bf cadjrif asë,
a ia rjspfbsamoionan njrovana nj su obdukpiokojbtf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 4<-43).
Njunfr
’Fmiolanf ai dukpiokojbtf nji njmjr eurënodf‛ (@ujyf, =77?, pál. 10).
Fmejtf nj ia
’Ji cjdcf, amstjbdoôb f dfsa jb quj jsta dfbsostj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >1).
prjstadoôb
’Pëbduif eurënodf jbtrj pjrsfbas njtjrkobanas, jb vortun nji duai uba nj jiias sj dfifda jb ia bjdjsonan nj j`jdtuar
a ia ftra uba prjstadoôb quj pujnj dfbsostor jb nar uba dfsa, cadjr f bf cadjr ailf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 4:).
’]jiadoôb eurënoda nj dfbtjbonf pjrsfbai pfr duya vortun uba pjrsfba, njbfkobana adrjjnfr, pujnj jxolor nj ftra,
iiakana njunfr, ji
ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba prjstadoôb quj pujnj dfbsostor jb nar, cadjr f bf cadjr uba dfsa, larabto-
zabnf jstj õitokf su dukpiokojbtf dfb ia tftaionan nj su patrokfbof‛ (]uz, =711, pál. 41).
Fmioladoôb
’Iaiafmioladoôb
jb bjdjsonan js
nj ub vëbduif
, cadjr feurënodf
nar,
nar jbtrj
bf cadjr ubapjrsfbas njtjrkobanas,
dfsa‛ (Kjza, jb ?).
=77?, pál. duya vortun uba sj jbdujbtra para dfb ia ftra
’Js uba rjiadoôb nj Njrjdcf jbtrj nfs f kás pjrsfbas, jb duya vortun uba partj tojbj ji njmjr eurënodf nj satosàdjr
uba prjstadoôb njtjrkobana jb àvfr nj ftra, a ia vjz quj ji njrjdcf a quj ji pfnjr nji adrjjnfr bf sj jxdjna jb
sus iëkotjs, y a sjr iomjrana ai tojkpf nji dukpiokojbtf, y ia ftra partj nj ia àduitan nj jxolor tai prjstadoôb, aub
dfjrdotovakjbtj, a ia vjz quj ji njmjr nj bf jxdjnjrsj jb su prjstadoôb‛ (@ujyf, =77?, pál. 3).

== Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
LIFTA]OF
’Zbovjrsaionan eurënoda dfkpujsta pfr tfnfs ifs njrjdcfs y fmioladofbjs aprjdoamijs jb nobjrf quj tojbjb pfr totuiar
a uba koska pjrsfba‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 1<).
Watrokfbof ’Dfbeubtf nj njrjdcfs y fmioladofbjs susdjptomijs nj aprjdoadoôb pjduboaroa‛ (]uz, =711, pál. =<).
’Ji patrokfbof js ji dfbeubtf nj njrjdcfs y fmioladofbjs nj uba pjrsfba, aprjdoamijs jb nobjrf‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál.
<).
’Js ji fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >1).
Wrjstadoôb ’Jijkjbtf fmejtovf nj ia fmioladoôb5 js if quj sj njmj, ia dfbnudta quj sj jxolj ai njunfr, y quj pujnj dfbsostor
sjlõb ia njfibodoôb nana, y quj ji Dônolf njstada ai obtjbtar ub dfbdjptf nj dfbtratf jb ji Art. 1>43, jb nar ailuba
dfsa, cadjr ailf f amstjbjrsj nj jejdutar ub cjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >7).
]jiadoôb eurënoda ’Js uba rjiadoôb jbtrj pjrsfbas, dfb njrjdcfs y njmjrjs, uba rjspjdtf nj ia ftra f sokuitábjakjbtj nj if ubf y nj
nj
patrokfboai if ftrf, adjrda nj ailf quj pujnj dfbsostor jb uba prjstadoôb f jb uba amstjbdoôb‛ (@ujyf, =77?, pál. 1:).

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =4
LIFTA]OF
’Ji vëbduif js eurënodf, jb if duai ia fmioladoôb nofijrj nj ifs njmjrjs kfraijs f sfdoaijs, pujs ji frnjbakojbtf eurë-
nodf ftfrla ai adrjjnfr kjnofs para `frzar ai njunfr ai dukpiokojbtf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >:->0).
Pëbduif eurënodf ’Jsta rjiadoôb js eurënoda, pfrquj dfbsonjrana y akparana pfr ji njrjdcf, ji duai rjaddofba abtj duaiquojr trabs-
lrjsoôb ai dukpiokojbtf jxadtf, ëbtjlrf y fpfrtubf nj ia fmioladoôb, ftfrlabnf kjnofs ai adrjjnfr para quj dfb
ia dfiamfradoôb nj ia autfronan eunodoai, y aõb, nj ia ùjrza põmioda,
põ mioda, fmtjbla jsj dukpiokojbtf jb baturaijza f mojb
pfr jquovaijbdoa‛ (@ujyf, =77?, pál. 13).

=> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Dfbsalra ias diasjs f

Jstamijdj ia jstrudtura nj datjlfrëas nj ias
jsa fmioladoôb.
fmioladofbjs.
Nospfbj ifs j`jdtfs quj sj

njrovab nj ia dfbstotudoôb
Njtjrkoba duábnf uba nj ia fmioladoôb dfb`frkj a
vobduiadoôb dfbstotuyj uba
njrjdcf. Tj obdiuyjb aquë
fmioladoôb jb sjbtonf
ifs njbfkobanfs "kfnfs nj
eurënodf. jxtobdoôb" nj ias
fmioladofbjs.
Njrjdcf nj ias
fmioladofbjs

(Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. 14)

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =:
Art. :<0 DD. ’Ias dfsas obdfrpfraijs sfb njrjdcfs rjaijs f pjrsfbaijs‛.
Art. :<< DD. ’Njrjdcf rjai js ji quj tjbjkfs sfmrj uba dfsa sob rjspjdtf a
njtjrkobana pjrsfba…‛
Art. :<3 DD. ’Njrjdcfs pjrsfbaijs f drïnotfs sfb ifs quj sôif pujnjb rjdiakarsj
nj dojrtas pjrsfbas, quj, pfr ub cjdcf suyf f ia sfia nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy, cab
dfbtraënf ias fmioladofbjs dfrrjiatovas8 dfkf ji quj tojbj ji prjstakosta dfbtra su
njunfr pfr ji nobjrf prjstanf, f ji coef dfbtra ji panrj pfr aiokjbtfs. Nj jstfs
njrjdcfs badjb ias addofbjs pjrsfbaijs‛.

Waraijif njrjdcf rjai vs

vs njrjdcf
njrjdcf pjrsfbai
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =4 y Kjza, =77?, pál. 3)
Njrjdcf ]jai Njrjdcf Wjrsfbai
]jiadoôb Wjrsfba-dfsa. Jbtrj pjrsfbas rjspjdtf nj uba prjstadoôb.
Jxostj ji suejtf adtovf (adrjjnfr) y ji suejtf pasovf (nju-

Jxostj sfiakjbtj ub suejtf adtovf, ji totuiar. Wfr if tabtf, sj
Jijkjbtfs dfkpfbj nj nfs jijkjbtfs5 ji totuiar y ji fmejtf. nfr), dfkpfboïbnfsj asë, nj trjs jijkjbtfs5 suejtf adtovf,
suejtf pasovf y ia prjstadoôb.
]jiadoôb Okpfbj sfiakjbtj a ifs suejtfs pasovfs uba amstjbdoôb ’bf ’Wjrkotj jxolor nji fmiolanf uba prjstadoôb quj pujnj dfb-
ljbjrana cadjr bana quj pjreunoquj ai suejtf adtovf nji njrjdcf‛. sostor jb nar, cadjr f bf cadjr‛.
Jxpabsoôb Js ub njrjdc
njrjdcff ’amsf
’amsfiut
iutf‛,
f‛, fpfbo
fpfbomij
mij a duaiq
duaiquoj
uojrr pjrsfba
pjrsfba.. Js ub njrjdc
njrjdcff ’rjia
’rjiatov
tovf‛,
f‛, bf
bf js fpfbomi
fpfbomijj sobf ai fmio
fmiolan
lanf.
f.
Oiokotanf, ya quj rjdaj norjdtakjbtj sfmrj ia dfsa. Wfr ftra Iokotanf, pfr ia prjsjbdoa nji njunfr. Js, anjkás, trabsotf-
Jejrdodof partj, ji njrjdcf rjai sj dfbsfiona a travïs nj su jejrdodof, rof, ya quj, so su jejrdodof iflra ji palf f dukpiokojbtf nji
pfr if quj tojbnj a sjr pjrpjtuf. njunfr,, jstj sj jxtobluj.
njunfr
]ïlokjb nj bukjrus diausus. Tfif pujnjb sjr drjanfs pfr ]ïlokjb nj bukjrus apjrtus. Ias partjs pujnjb drjarias
Drjadoôb ijy. (autfbfkëa njia vfiubtan).
Addofbjs Na froljb a addofbjs rjaijs. Na froljb a addofbjs pjrsfbaijs.

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =<
Njrjdcf
pjrsfbai
pubtf nj vosta
nji adrjjnfr
Fmioladoôb
pubtf nj vosta
nji njunfr.
Tfb bfdofbjs
dfrrjiatovas

Tuejtf adtovf f adrjjnfr
= suejtfs
Tuejtf pasovf f njunfr
Jijkjbtfs nj ia Pëbduif Eurënodf

fmioladoôb
Wrjstadoôb
Njunfr Wrjstadoôb
Adrjjnfr

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =?
=. IAT @ZJB^JT NJ IAT FMIOLADO

FMIOLADOFBJT
FBJT
LIFTA]OF
Addoôb ob rjk ’Js ia quj dfrrjspfbnj a quojb ca jxpjrokjbtanf ub jkpfmrjdokojbtf obeustofidanf para fmtjbjr uba obnjkbozadoôb
vjrsf nj aquji quj sj ca jbroqujdonf a su dfsta sob dausa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ==3).
’Dfbtratf f dfbvjbdoôb js ub adtf pfr ji duai uba partj sj fmiola para dfb ftra a nar, cadjr f bf cadjr ailuba dfsa.
Dana partj pujnj sjr uba f kudcas pjrsfbas‛ (Art. 1>43 DD).
’Dfbvjbdoôb ljbjranfra nj fmioladofbjs, jstf js, ub adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs jbtrj adrjjnfr y njunfr quj na badokojbtf
a ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :>).
Dfbtratf
’Adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs duyf fmejtf js drjar njrjdcfs y fmioladofbjs‛ (^rfbdfsf, =711, pál. 1>).
’Ji dfbtratf js uba jspjdoj, diasj f topf nj dfbvjbdoôb quj tojbj pfr fmejtf drjar njrjdcfs pjrsfbaijs f drïnotfs. Jb
ftrfs tïrkobfs, ji dfbtratf js ia dfbvjbdoôb ljbjranfra nj fmioladofbjs‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál. 11).
’Dausa quj sja eurënodakjbtj ankosomij‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. 144).
Dausa eusta ’Jb rolfr, tfnf cjdcf tojbj uba dausa. Nj if quj sj trata js nj jxolor a tfnf jbroqujdokojbtf, f, kás akpioakjbtj, a
tfna atromudoôb patrokfboai,
p atrokfboai, uba dausa eurënodakjbtj eustofidabtj, quj jb Njrjdcf sja adjptamij‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál.
117).
Duasodfbtratf ’Cjdcf vfiubtarof, iëdotf y bf dfbvjbdofbai quj ljbjra fmioladofbjs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :>).

47 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
LIFTA]OF
’To ji cjdcf js duipamij, pjrf dfkjtonf sob obtjbdoôb nj nañar, dfbstotuyj ub duasonjiotf‛ (Art. ==3> DD).
Duasonjiotf
’Adtf duipamij quj dausa nañf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :>).
Dovoi
’Cjdcf oiëdotf, nañobf y duipamij‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál. 14).
’@aita nj noioljbdoa f duonanf jb ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf f jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
Duipa pál. =:<).
’Adtf eurënodf uboiatjrai quj drja uba fmioladoôb‛ (^rfbdfsf,

(^rfbdfsf, =711, pál. 13).
Njdiaradoôb
uboiatjrai nj
’Js ia ùjbtj pfr ia duai ia kabo`jstadoôb nj vfiubtan nj ub suejtf ljbjra uba fmioladoôb para ïi, sob bjdjsonan nj ia
vfiubtan vfiubtan nj ub dfrrjiatovf adrjjnfr‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. 147).
’To ji cjdcf js oiëdotf, y dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar, dfbstotuyj ub njiotf‛ (Art. ==3> DD).
Njiotf dovoi ’Adtf nfifsf f obtjbdofbai quj dausa nañf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :>).
’Ji njiotf js ub cjdcf oiëdotf, nañobf j obtjbdofbai‛ (Kjza, =77?, pál. 14).
’Ji nfif dfbsostj jb ia obtjbdoôb pfsotova nj ob`jror obeuroa a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj

n j ftrf‛ (Art. >>).
Nfif
’Ia obtjbdoôb nji aljbtj nj dausar nañf
n añf a ftrf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =:0).

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 41
LIFTA]OF
Jbroqujdokojbtf ’Dfbsostj jb uba atromudoôb patrokfboai sob uba eustofidadoôb quj ia jxpioquj, nj kfnf quj dfbstatanf, sj okpfbj ia
sob dausa fmioladoôb nj rjstotuor‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. 17=).
’Cjdcf eurënodf quj ij na badokojbtf, quj froloba f ljbjra ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :4).
’Cjdcfs, adtfs f sotuadofbjs eurënodas ljbjranfrjs nj fmioladofbjs pfr kabnatf nj ia ijy‛ (]uz, =711, pál. >:).
@ujbtjs nj ias
Fmioladofbjs ’Ifs cjdcfs nj quj prfdjnjb, ias dausas quj ias ljbjrab‛ (Kjza, =717, pál. 17).
’Cjdcfs f adtfs nj nfbnj ias fmioladofbjs surljb‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. ?:).
’Ia ijy js uba njdiaradoôb nj ia vfiubtan sfmjraba quj, kabo`jstana jb ia `frka prjsdrota pfr ia Dfbstotudoôb, kabna,
prfcëmj f pjrkotj‛ (Art. 1 DD).
Ijy
’Tujij sjr ia ùjbtj kjnoata, norjdta, nj ias fmioladofbjs, sob quj nj partj nji adrjjnfr f nji fmiolanf sj caya j`jdtuanf
adtf ailubf quj prfvfquj ji badokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::).

4= Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
=.1. Ljbjraionanjs
Dfbtratf
(Art. 1>43 DD)
Duasodfbtratf
Diasoòdadoôb
Dônolftranodofbai
Dovoi nji Njiotf
Art. :<3, 1>4<, ==3>
Duasonjiotf
@ujbtjs nj ias fmioladofbjs
Ijy
(Art. 1 DD)
Njdiaradofb uboiatjrai nj
vfiubtan
Nfdtrobaroas
Jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 44
Wara ftrfs ia õboda ùjbtj

js ia ijy
Wara ailubfs sfif njmj Wara ftrfs àitab jb ia

nostobluorsj jbtrj ji jbukjradoôb diásoda
taijs dfkf ji ftras,
dfbtratf y ia ijy
jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa
Artëduif :<3 asukorëa jsa y ia njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai
vosoôb nj ia vfiubtan
Drëtodas adiásoda
dfbdjpdoôb ia

(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. :0-:<)

4> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
=.=. Njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai

uboiatjrai nj ia vfiubtan dfkf ùjbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs
Njdiaradoôb Adjptadoôb akpioa5 dana vjz quj sj prujmjb abtj ji tromubai ifs cjdcfs rjspjdtovfs.
uboiatjrai.
¶@ujbtj nj
fmioladofbjs6 Tj rjdcaza dfkf probdopof ljbjrai, pjrf dfb dojrtas jxdjpdofbjs 5 js ia tjbnjbdoa
Wfsturas adtuaikjbtj prjnfkobabtj. Ias jxdjpdofbjs njmjb jstar jxprjsakjbtj rjluianas.
Amsfiutf rjdcazf5 bf js pfsomij dfbdjmor ia jxostjbdoa nj uba fmioladoôb sob ub njrjdcf

dfrrjiatovf.
Art. ?? D nj D ’Ji prfpfbjbtj pujnj arrjpjbtorsj

jb ji tojkpf kjnof jbtrj ji jbvëf nj ia prfpujsta
Ailubfs dasfs
Ia f`jrta dfb piazf nj y ia adjptadoôb, saivf quj ai cadjria sj cumojrj
jspjdëfidfs jb
jspjra dfkprfkjtonf a jspjrar dfbtjstadoôb f a bf nospfbjr
ijlosiadoôb dcoijba
nji fmejtf njiubdfbtratf,
trabsdurronf sobf njspuïs
njtjrkobanf piazf‛. nj njsjdcana f nj
Art. 04= obd. =· DD ’To ji nujñf cumojrj f`rjdonf

Ia prfkjsa põmioda nj
. rjdfkpjbsa pfr ji caiiazlf, ji njbubdoanfr jijlorá jbtrj
rjdfkpjbsa
ji prjkof nj saivakjbtf y ia rjdfkpjbsa f`rjdona‛.
f `rjdona‛.

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 4:
Zba vjz jkotona ia Ia rjtrfadtovonan sj ]

N njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai nj rjòjrj a ia adjptadoôb. Tj J
A ^
N vfiubtan jsta js jbtojbnj quj jsa ]
O
I
O
orrjvfdamij. Jsta js uba adjptadoôb sj dfbòroô ai F
M daradtjrëstoda
daradtjrëstoda quj ia tojkpf nj jkotorsj ia A
A
D
^
^
D
F topoòda
anjkás y ijnjnadfb`jrorij
prjsjbdoa, njdiaradoôb8
tïrkobfs, sus jb ftrfs
j`jd
j`jdtfs
tfs sj O
P
P jòdadoa jb duabtf ùjbtj rjtrftrajb ai tojkpf jb O
N
J
] nj vëbduif fmiolatfrof, j quj ia njdiaradoôb sj A
] N
O obnjpjbnjbdoa rjspjdtf jkotoô.
nji dfbtratf.

(Wjñaoioiif, 1???, páls. 10-1<)

=.4. Ji jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa dfkf ùjbtj nj

nj ias fmioladofbjs
Wrobdopof nj rjpunof Jbroqujdokojbtf sob

Jbroqujdokojbtf
f rjdcazf nji dausa f
jbroqujdokojbtf sob jbroqujdokojbtf
dausa5 obeustf5
dfbsostj jb quj ji dfbsostj jb uba
Njrjdcf rjpunoa ji atromudoôb
jbroqujdokojbtf a patrokfboai sob uba
jxpjbsas nj ftrf sob eustoòdadoôb quj ia
uba dausa quj if jxpioquj, nj kfnf
eustoòquj. quj, dfbstatanf, sj
okpfbj ia fmioladoôb
nj rjstotuor.

(Wjñaoioiif, 1??0, páls. ?-17)

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 4<
Wfstura tranodofbai Wfstura kás rjdojbtj

Jstrudtura nji
jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa
dfkf ùjbtj nj ias
fmioladofbjs

(Wjñaoioiif, 1??0, páls. 1=-=0)

Jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa jb bujstrf Dônolf Dovoi
Bujstrf Dônolf Dovoi bf if rjluia

jxprjsakjbtj dfkf ùjbtj nj ias
fmioladofbjs, pfr su ïpfda nj nodtadoôb.
Ailubas "kabo`jstadofbjs" jb
ji Dônolf Dovoi5
]jspfbsamoionan Buionan nj ifs adtfs nj ^jfrëa nj ias

Wrjstadofbjs kutuas Addjsoôb jxtradfbtradtuai pfr ji ub obdapaz rjdfkpjbsas jb ia
(Art. ?73 DD). (Arts. 003 y 00? DD). cjdcf aejbf sfdojnan dfbyulai
(Art. 1033 DD).
(Arts.=4=7 y =4=: DD).

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 4?
Adtof ob rjk vjrsf f Jsta addoôb js pjrsfbai, pujs prfdjnjrá dfbtra ji fmiolanf a ia obnjkbozadoôb, jstf js, ia pjrsfba quj
addoôb nj rjjkmfisf ca fmtjbonf ji jbroqujdokojbtf.
Js bjtakjbtj patrokfboai, pujs pjrsoluj uba obnjkbozadoôb, quj bfrkaikjbtj sjrá ia rjstotudoôb nj
if quj ca rjdomonf ji jbroqujdonf.
Daradtjrëstodas
Js uba addoôb rjbubdoamij, djnomij y trabskosomij, tabtf jb su ijlotokadoôb adtova dfkf pasova.
Bf camoïbnfsjij sjñaianf piazf jspjdoai, prjsdromj jb : añfs.
To mojb if bfrkai sjrá quj sj obtjbtj dfkf addoôb, bf cay obdfbvjbojbtj para fpfbjria dfkf jxdjpdoôb
so ji adtfr prjtjbnj dfb ji prfdjsf fmtjbjr ub jbroqujdokojbtf obeustofidanf.
Ifs 4 prokjrfs rjquosotfs sujijb rjùbnorsj jb ubf sfif5 ji jbroqujdokojbtf y jkpfmrjdokojbtf

rjdëprfdfs.
1µ Quj uba pjrsfba jxpjrokjbtj ub jkpfmrjdokojbtf.
]jquosotfs =µ Quj ftra fmtjbla ub jbroqujdokojbtf.

4µ Zba rjiadoôb nj dausaionan jbtrj akmfs.
>µ Darjbdoa nj dausa (abtjdjnjbtj eurënodf quj if eustofiquj).
:µ Tumsonoarojnan (sfif sj pujnj obtjbtar a àita nj ftra addoôb).
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ==3-=41)

>7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Wrujma J`jdtfs
rjstotuor
Ftrfs dasfs5
•Ftrfs
obnjkbozar

Zbonan OO
Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs
A^JBNOJBNF A IA J@ODADOA NJ IA
• Dovoijs y baturaijs.
FMIOLADOÔB
• Nj nar, cadjr y bf cadjr.

• Nj jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf y nj lïbjrf.
A^JBNOJBNF AI FMEJ^F NJ IA • Nj nobjrf f nj vaifr.
FMIOLADOÔB • Nj fmejtf sobluiar y nj fmejtf kõitopij.
• Wfsotovas bjlatovas.
• Nj kjnof y rjsuitanf.
• Nj suejtf õbodf y nj suejtf kõitopij (sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas, sfionaroas j obno-

A^JBNOJBNF AI BÕKJ]F NJ TZEJ^FT vosomijs).
A^JBNOJBNF AI PËBDZIF EZ]ËNODF • Wuras y sokpijs y suejtas a kfnaionan (dfbnodofbaijs, a piazf y kfnaijs).

>= Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
1. FMIOLADOFBJT DOPOIJT _ BA^Z]AIJT
LIFTA]OF
’Ia dapadonan ijlai nj uba pjrsfba dfbsostj jb pfnjrsj fmiolar pfr së koska, y sob ji kobostjrof f ia au-
Dapadonan nj jejrdodof tfrozadoôb nj ftra‛ (Art. 1>>0 obd. fibai DD).
’Daudoôb solbofida ljbjraikjbtj duaiquojra fmioladoôb quj sj dfbtraj para ia sjluronan nj ftra fmioladoôb
Daudoôb prfpoa f aejba. Tfb jspjdojs nj daudoôb ia fiabza, ia copftjda y ia prjbna‛ (Art. >: DD).
’Duabnf nfs pjrsfbas sfb njunfras uba nj ftra, sj fpjra jbtrj jiias uba dfkpjbsadoôb quj jxtobluj
Dfkpjbsadoôb akmas njunas‛ (Art. 10:: DD).
’Tfb amsfiutakjbtj obdapadjs ifs njkjbtjs, ifs okpõmjrjs y ifs sfrnfs f sfrnfkunfs quj bf pujnjb
Obdapadjs amsfiutfs narsj a jbtjbnjr diarakjbtj.
Tus adtfs bf prfnudjb bo aub fmioladofbjs baturaijs, y bf ankotjb daudoôb‛ (Art. 1>><, obd. 1µ DD).
’Tfb
bostrartakmoïb
if suyf.obdapadjs ifs kjbfrjsnjanuitfs
Wjrf ia obdapadonan y ifs nosopanfrjs
ias pjrsfbas quj jstj
a quj sj rjfijrj
r jfijrj sj caiijb
obdosfmaef
bf jsobtjrnoddoôb
amsfiuta, y nj
susanko-
adtfs
Obdapadjs rjiatovfs pujnjb tjbjr vaifr jb dojrtas dordubstabdoas y maef dojrtfs rjspjdtfs, njtjrkobanfs pfr ias ijyjs‛ (Art.
1>><, Obd. =µDD).
’Ias quj bf dfbfijrjb njrjdcf para jxolor su dukpiokojbtf8 pjrf quj, dukpionas, autfrozab para rjtjbjr
Fmioladofbjs baturaijs if quj sj ca nanf
n anf f palanf jb razôb nj jiias‛ (Art. 1><7 DD).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs >4
LIFTA]OF
Fmioladofbjs dovoijs ’Tfb aqujiias quj nab njrjdcf para jxolor su dukpiokojbtf‛ (Art. 1><7 DD).
Fmioladofbjs dovoijs ’Quj, tjbojbnf obodoaikjbtj ji darádtjr nj dovoi, if cab pjrnonf, pfr camjrsj jxtobluonf ia addoôb pfr
njljbjranas f njsvortuanas prjsdropdoôb, f bf camjrsj pfnonf adrjnotar jb euodof‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >=0).
’Ia bfvadoôb js ia sumstotudoôb nj uba bujva fmioladoôb a ftra abtjrofr

abtjrofr,, ia duai qujna pfr tabtf jxtobluo-
Bfvadoôb na‛ (Art. 10=3 DD).

>> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Ifs dasfs nj fmioladofbjs baturaijs nji art. 1><7 nji Dônolf dovoi
Fmioladofbjs buias f rjsdobnomijs Fmioladofbjs dovoijs njsvortuanas
Fmioladofbjs dovoijs bf
Fmioladofbjs dfbtraënas pfr
Fkosoôb nj sfijkbonanjs Ia prjsdropdoôb rjdfbfdonas jb euodof pfr
dojrtfs obdapadjs
àita nj prujma
Art. 1><7 Bµ 15 ’ias dfbtraënas pfr Art. 1><7 Bµ 45 ’ias quj prf- Art. 1><7 Bµ =5 ’ias fmioladof- Art. 1><7 Bª>5 ’ias quj bf cab
pjrsfbas quj, tjbojbnf sufidojbtj euo- djnjb nj adtfs a quj àitab ias bjs dovoijs jxtobluonas pfr ia sonf rjdfbfdonas jb euodof pfr
dof y nosdjrbokojbtf, sfb, sob jkmar- sfijkbonanjs quj ia ijy jxolj prjsdropdoôb‛. àita nj prujma‛.
lf, obdapadjs nj fmiolarsj sjlõb ias para quj prfnuzdab j`jdtfs
ijyjs, dfkf ifs kjbfrjs anuitfs‛. dovoijs8 dfkf ia nj palar ub
ijlanf, okpujstf pfr ub tjsta-
kjbtf quj bf sj ca ftfrlanf
jb ia `frka njmona‛.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs >:
dojrtfs obdapadjs
àita nj prujma
Ji prjdjptf sôif sj apioda a obdapa- ¶Quï diasj nj adtfs qujnab Ia fmioladoôb badoô pjr`jdta, Ia fmioladoôb ùj dovoi, pjrf
djs rjiatovfs, bubda a ifs obdapadjs dfkprjbnonfs6 punf jxolorsj su dukpiokojbtf ai jxolor su dukpiokojbtf ji
amsfiutfs (Art 1>>< obd. =µ). Dfkprjbnj sôif adtfs eurëno- y bf sj cozf, pfr if quj ya da- adrjjnfr ùj vjbdonf pfr bf
Ia kayfrëa nj ia nfdtroba fpoba quj dfs uboiatjraijs5 Aijssabnro, rjdj nj addoôb, pjrf so sj duk- camjr pfnonf adrjnotar sufi-
bf sj ij apioda ai nosopanfr obtjrnod- Tfkarrova y @ujyf. pij a pjsar nj ia prjsdropdoôb, dojbtjkjbtj ia jxostjbdoa nj
tf. (’tjbojbnf sufidojbtj euodof y nos- bf sj pujnj sfiodotar ia rjstotu- jiia.
Dfkprjbnj takmoïb adtfs eu-
djrbokojbtf‛). doôb nj if nanf f palanf jb ]jquosotfs5
rënodfs moiatjraijs5 Diarf Tfiar.
razôb nj jiia.
Ia nospfsodoôb bf dfkprjbnj tfnfs 1. Quj caya camonf ub euodof8
ifs adtfs nji kjbfr anuitf, sobf õbo- =. Quj ji njunfr caya sonf
dakjbtj aqujiifs jb quj ji vodof nj amsujitf8
buionan js ia obdapadonan rjiatova.
4. Quj ia amsfiudoôb sj caya
ùbnanf jb quj ji adrjjnfr bf
punf prfmar ia jxostjbdoa nj ia
fmioladoôb. To sj ca masanf jb
ailuba jxdjpdoôb nj `fbnf, bf
cay fmioladoôb baturai.

dojrtfs obdapadjs
àita nj prujma
¶Njsnj duábnf jxostj fmioladoôb ¶Njsnj duábnf jxostj fmiola- ¶Njsnj duábnf jxostj fmiola-
baturai6 doôb baturai6 doôb baturai6
Ttotdchob, @ujyf y Aijssabnro, sfs- Ia nospfsodoôb sj rjfijrj a ias Diarf Tfiar5 njsnj quj trabs-
tojbjb quj ia fmioladoôb pasa a sjr fmioladofbjs quj ’prfdjnjb‛ durrj ji tojkpf bjdjsarof para
baturai uba vjz quj ia rjsdosoôb ca nji adtf buif, y bf quj prf- quj ia addoôb sj jxtobla pfr
sonf eunodoaikjbtj njdiarana, pfr- vojbjb nj ia njdiaradoôb nj ia prjsdropdoôb.
quj abtjs ji adtf sj dfbsonjra váionf buionan. Ia jxprjsoôb js kuy Obdfbvjbojbtj5 jb tai dasf ji
y prfnudj fmioladoôb dovoi. sjkjeabtj a ia nji Bµ 1 ’dfb- dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb
Diarf Tfiar, Tfkarrova, Amjiouh y traënas‛. baturai sj dfbùbnorëa dfb ia
ia eurosprunjbdoa nj ifs tromubaijs, rjbubdoa nj ia prjsdropdoôb.
dfbsonjra quj ia fmioladoôb baturai Aijssabnro y Tfkarrova5 js
jxostj njsnj ia djijmradoôb nji adtf obnospjbsamij quj ia prjsdrop-
pfr ifs obdapadjs rjiatovfs sob ia ob- doôb caya sonf anjkás euno-
tjrvjbdoôb nj sus rjprjsjbtabtjs ij- doaikjbtj njdiarana.
laijs (’dfbtraënas‛ y =4<: Bµ 1).
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >=1->=3)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ><
Darádtjr taxatovf artëduif 1><7

• Ji art. 1><7 DD bf js taxatovf, pujs ia jxprjsoôb ’taijs sfb‛ js kjrakjbtj jbubdoatova (jb dfbtra Diarf Tfiar pfr ji pjbsakojbtf nj Mjiif
y artëduif ==?0 DD).
• Tj ca sfstjbonf quj cay fmioladoôb baturai jb tfnfs aqujiifs dasfs jb quj ji Dônolf prfcëmj ia rjpjtodoôb. Je5 ia kuita jb ifs jspfbsaijs
(art. ?3 y ?? DD), if nanf f palanf pfr ub fmejtf oiëdotf a samojbnas (Art. 1>03 DD), njunfr quj pala kás aiiá nj if quj njmj pfr lfzar
nji mjbjfidof nj obvjbtarof f mjbjfidof nj dfkpjtjbdoa (Art. 1=>< y 10=: DD), palf nj obtjrjsjs bf jstopuianfs (Art. ==73 DD y art. 1: Ijy
13.717).
• Jejkpifs kás diarfs pujnjb sjr Arts. ==:?, ==07, ==04 (eujlf y apujsta).
apu jsta).
J`jdtfs
• J`jdtf probdopai5 dfbstotuyj dausa sufidojbtj para ji palf, y bf pujnj rjpjtorsj if quj sj ca nanf f sfiudofbanf pfr jiia (Ji palf njmj sjr
vfiubtarof y quojb j`jdtua ji palf njmj tjbjr ia iomrj ankobostradoôb nj sus mojbjs).
• Ia fmioladoôb baturai pujnj sjr bfvana (Art. 1047 DD).
• Ia fmioladoôb baturai pujnj sjr daudofbana (Art. 1><= DD).
• Ia sjbtjbdoa quj rjdcaza ia addoôb bf jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb baturai (Art. 1><1 DD).
• Ias fmioladofbjs baturaijs bf pujnjb dfkpjbsarsj ijlaikjbtj (Art. 10:0 B·4 DD).
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >=3->4<)

=. FMIOLADOFBJT NJ NA], CADJ] F BF CADJ]
LIFTA]OF
’Ia fmioladoôb nj nar dfbtojbj ia nj jbtrjlar ia dfsa8 y so jsta js uba jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf, dfbtojbj anjkás
ia nj dfbsjrvarif casta ia jbtrjla, sf pjba nj palar ifs pjreuodofs ai adrjjnfr quj bf sj ca dfbstotuonf jb
kfra nj rjdomor‛ (Art. 1:>3 DD).
Fmioladoôb nj nar ’Js ia quj tojbj pfr fmejtf trabs`jror ji nfkobof f dfbstotuor ub njrjdcf rjai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >>=).
’Aqujiia jb quj ji njunfr sj fmiola a trabs`jror ji nfkobof f a dfbstotuor ub njrjdcf rjai sfmrj ia dfsa jb
àvfr nji adrjjnfr‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. >>).
Fmioladoôb nj jbtrjlar ’Js ia quj tojbj pfr fmejtf ji sokpij traspasf katjroai nj uba dfsa, nj su tjbjbdoa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >>=).
’Zba `frka jspjdoai nj ia fmioladoôb nj jbtrjlar js ia nj

n j rjstotuor,
rjstotuor, quj bfrkaikjbtj dfrrjspfbnj ai quj ca
rjdomonf uba dfsa a tëtuif nj kjra tjbjbdoa y ai alftakojbtf nji dfbtratf, jb duya vortun ia njtjbta, njmj
Fmioladoôb nj rjstotuor
njvfivjria
ia tjbjbdoa akatjroai‛
su ijlëtokf nujñf f=71>,
(Amjiouh, pfsjjnfr f obdiusf kjrf tjbjnfr, sjlõb quojb sja ji quj ij caya traspasanf
pál. >>>).
Fmioladoôb nj cadjr ’Js ia quj tojbj pfr fmejtf ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >>:).
’Ji fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb nj bf cadjr js fkosoôb5 amstjbjrsj nj jejdutar ub cjdcf quj nj bf jxostor ia fmio-
Fmioladoôb nj bf cadjr ladoôb pfnrëa cadjrsj. Js dfkf uba iokotadoôb nj adtuar nj uba pjrsfba quj njmj provarsj nj cadjr dojrtas
dfsas quj bfrkaikjbtj y a bf kjnoar ia fmioladoôb pfnrëa iijvar a damf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >>0).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs >?
Diasoòdadoôb sj njsprjbnj nj ifs Arts. 1>43 y 1>07 DD.
Fmioladoôb nj nar5 tojbj pfr lar5 tojbj pfr

Fmioladoôb nj jbtrjlar5
fmejtf trabs`jror ji nfkobof f fmejtf ji sokpij traspasf katjroai Fmioladoôb nj cadjr5 tojbj pfr
fmejtf ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf. Fmioladoôb nj bf cadjr5 dfbsostj
dfbstotuor ub njrjdcf rjai nj uba dfsa (tjbjbdoa). jb amstjbjrsj nj jejdutar ub
cjdcf quj pfnrëa
fmioladoôb nj bf jxostor ia
cadjrsj.
Tojkprj jb nfdtroba, ia FEF5 jb bujstra ijlosiadoôb,

Badj nj ifs tëtuifs soluojbnf a ia nfdtroba
trasiatodofs nj nfkobof y fmioladoôb nj jbtrjlar js nj
cadjr, pujstf quj sj trata nj kayfrotaroa, bf sjrá bububda
bda ia
njkás njrjdcfs rjaijs jbtrjla nj uba dfsa, pfrquj jb
traspasar katjroaikjbtj ia
tjbjbdoa nj uba dfsa, if duai tai dasf ia fmioladoôb bf js nj
js ub cjdcf cadjr, sobf nj nar (jbtjbnojbnf
quj ia fmioladoôb nj nar o bdiuyj
ia nj jbtrjlar)
Jb ladoôb
fmio bujstrfnjDônolf, Ia
nar bf sôif
tojbj pfr fmejtf trabs`jror ji Kayfrëa nj ia nfdtroba5 js
nfkobof f dfbstotuor ftrf jvonjbtj quj bujstrf Dônolf
Fmioladofbjs nj cadjr5 js
njrjdcf rjai, sobf quj obdiuy j dfbùbnoô ifs dfbdjptfs y jb obno`jrjbtj quj ji cjdcf if
takmoïb ia nj jbtrjlar. dfbsjdujbdoa, ia fmioladoôb nj jejdutj ji prfpof njunfr u ftra
Art. 1:>3 ’ia fmioladoôb nj jbtrjlar qujna obdiuona jb ia pjrsfba jb iular suyf (a kjbfs
nar dfbtojbj ia nj jbtrjlar ia nj nar, y bf dfbstotuyj uba
quj sja uba fioladoôb obtuotf
dfsa (...)‛. fmioladoôb nj cadjr. Ftra pjrsfbaj).
pfstura5 Wjñaoioiif, =774, pp.
1??-=77.

:7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Okpfrtabdoa nj ia nostobdoôb
Fmioladofbjs nj nar Fmioladofbjs nj cadjr y nj bf cadjr
Art. :37 DD ’ifs njrjdcfs y addofbjs sj rjputab mojbjs kujmijs f

obkujmijs, sjlõb if sja ia dfsa jb quj cab nj jejrdjrsj, f quj sj
s j njmj Art. :31 DD ’ifs cjdcfs quj sj njmjb sj rjputab kujmijs (…)‛.
(…)‛.
Wrfdjnokojbtf jejdutovf para fmtjbjr dukpiokojbtf ^ëtuif O Iomrf Wrfdjnokojbtf jejdutovf para fmtjbjr dukpiokojbtf ^ëtuif OO Iomrf
OOO DWD. OOO DWD.
Tj na ji kfnf nj jxtobluor ’okpfsomoionan amsfiuta para ia jejdudoôb

Tfif jb fmioladofbjs nj nar sj na ji kfnf nj jxtobluor ’pïrnona nj ia
adtuai nj ia fmra njmona‛ para ias fmioladofbjs nj cadjr. Art. :4>
dfsa njmona‛ art. 1:0< bµ <, >0> bµ 1: DWD.
DW D.
DWD.
Bf pujnj njkabnar norjdtakjbtj obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs jb To pujnj njkabnar norjdtakjbtj obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs. Art.
dasf nj obdukpiokojbtf. Art. 1>3? DD. 1::4 bµ 4 DD.
(]akfs, =773, páls. ><->3)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs :1
4. FMIOLADOFBJT NJ JTWJDOJ F DZJ]WF DOJ]^F _ LJBÏ]ODAT
LIFTA]OF
Ifs obtjrjsjs njvjblanfs pfr ji drïnotf y bf

b f palanfs ai adrjjnfr sj dapotaiozab y njvjblab a su vjz obtjrjsjs,
Abatfdoskf jstf js, sj prfnudjb obtjrjsjs nj obtjrjsjs.
’Ia pïrnona nj ailubas dfsas nji lïbjrf bf jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb, y ji adrjjnfr bf pujnj fpfbjrsj a quj
Ljbus bubquak pjrot ji njunfr ias jbaejbj f njstruya,
n jstruya, kojbtras sumsostab ftras para ji dukpiokojbtf nj if quj njmj‛ (Art. 1:17).
Obtjrïs dfbvjbdof
dfbvjbdofbai
bai ’Ji quj fieab ias partjs nj dfkõb adujrnf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ><>).
Obtjrïs dfrrojbtj ’Js ji quj sj dfmra camotuaikjbtj jb ifs bjlfdofs nj uba piaza njtjrkobana‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ><=).
Obtjrïs ijlai ’Ia tasa ia fiea norjdtakjbtj ia ijy‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ><=).
Obtjrjsjs ’Ifs obtjrjsjs sfb, pujs, ia rjbta quj prfnudj ub dapotai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >03).
’Ia fmioladoôb nj nar dfbtojbj ia nj jbtrjlar ia dfsa8 y so ïsta js uba jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf, dfbtojbj anjkás
Fmioladoôb nj
ia nj dfbsjrvarif casta ia jbtrjla, sf pjba nj palar ifs pjreuodofs ai adrjjnfr quj bf sj ca dfbstotuonf jb kfra
dfbsjrvadoôb nj rjdomor‛ (Art. 1:>3).
Fmioladoôb nj jspjdoj f
’Jb quj ji fmejtf njmonf jstá njtjrkobanf tablf jb lïbjrf dfkf jb jspjdoj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >><).
dujrpf dojrtf

:= Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
LIFTA]OF
’Aqujiias quj sj njmj obnjtjrkobanakjbtj ub obnovonuf f uba dabtonan nj dfsas nj uba diasj f lïbjrf njtjr-
Fmioladoôb nj lïbjrf kobanf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >><).
Fmioladofbjs ’Js uba fmioladoôb ljbïroda, ùblomij pfr jxdjijbdoa, y nj akpiof pfnjr nj iomjradoôb, ya quj sorvj para ia
kfbjtaroas anquosodoôb nj tfna diasj nj fmejtfs y sjrvodofs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >:1).
’Tfb fpjradofbjs nj drïnotf nj nobjrf aqujiias pfr ias duaijs uba nj ias partjs jbtrjla f sj fmiola a jbtrjlar
Fpjradofbjs nj drïnotf
nj nobjrf
uba dabtonan nj nobjrf y ia ftra a palaria jb ub kfkjbtf nostobtf nj aquji jb quj sjs j djijmra ia dfbvjbdoôb‛
(Art. 1µ8 obd. 1µ, Ijy 13.717).
’Tj dukpijb jbtrjlabnf ai adrjjnfr ia koska suka njmona, duaijsquojra quj sjab ias varoadofbjs quj caya
Wrobdopof bfkobaiosta jxpjrokjbtanf jb ji obtjrtabtf sj njmëa ji nobjrf, ji vaifr obtrëbsjdf nj jstj, so if tojbj, f su pfnjr anquosotovf‛
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >:=).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs :4
4.1. Fmioladofbjs jspjdëfidas y ljbïrodas

ljbïrodas

Fmioladofbjs jspjdëòdas y ljbïro das
Fmioladofbjs Fmioladofbjs
jspjdëòdas ljbïrodas
Ji DD bf ias ]jluiadoôb, Arts.

rjliakjbta jb Jb jstas Art. 1:73 DD Ji J`jdtfs
1:73 a 1:17
`frka jspjdoai, fmioladofbjs ia
dfsa njmona js prjdjptf js
okprjdosf ai
pjrf dfbtjkpia
varoas õboda, bf tojbj camiar nj ’ub
nospfsodofbjs rjjkpiazf. obnovonuf‛, pujs
pujnjb sjr Wfr rjlia ljbjrai js
rjiatovas a su ùblomij5 pujnj
dukpiokojbtf. varofs.
narsj uba u ftra
Njmj jstar jspjdoj, kojbtras
Dfbsjdujbdoas nj if abtjrofr5 njtjrkobanf ji qujnj dfkprjbnona
lïbjrf y ia jb ji lïbjrf njmonf
1· Fmioladoôb nj dfbsjrvadoôb (art. 1:>3 DD) dabtonan pujnj
=·Njmj palarsj ia dfsa njmona y bf ftra (Art. 1:0?, sjr njtjrkobana
obd. =µ) f njtjrkobamij.
Bf cay
4· Wïrnona tftai f pardoai nj ia dfsa njmona 5 Wïrnon a fmioladoôb nj
duipamij. Ji njunfr rjspfbnj nj ifs pjreuodofs, y so sj dfbsjrvadoôb.
trata nj ub
njdfbtratf
ïstfs, ia moiatjrai,
rjsfiudoôb pujnj pjnorsj, anjkás
nji koskf. Art. 1:17.
Wïrnona `frtuota. Ia fmioladoôb sj jxtobluj pfr
pïrnona nj ia dfsa njmona if duai takmoïb jb ifs Dukpiokojbtf
dfbtratfs moiatjraijs na froljb a uba sotuadoôb (Art. 1:7? DD)
jspjdoai5 ji prfmijka nji rojslf.
Bf jxostj pïrnona
nj ia dfsa njmona.
Art. 1:17
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >><)

:> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
4.=. Fmioladofbjs kfbjtaroas f nj nobjrf
Tfb aqujiias fmioladofbjs jxprjsanas jb uba suka nj nobjrf. Js uba fmioladoôb ljbïroda, ùblomij pfr jxdjijbdoa, y nj akpiof pfnjr nj
iomjradoôb, ya quj sorvj para ia anquosodoôb nj tfna diasj nj fmejtfs y sjrvodofs.
Ias fmioladofbjs nj ifs probdopaijs dfbtratfs rjdajb jb sukas nj nobjrf5 palar ji prjdof nj ia dfkpravjbta, ias rjbtas nj arrojbnf, ifs
dapotaijs rjdomonfs jb kutuf8 ifs okpujstfs y dfbtromudofbjs, ia obnjkbozadoôb pfr ifs cjdcfs oiëdotfs, jtd., takmoïb rjdajb jb nobjrf.
Tojkprj pfnrá fmtjbjrsj su palf jb ia `frka jstopuiana, pujs so ji njunfr bf if j`jdtõa, sj ij jkmarlab y rjkatab mojbjs suòdojbt
suòdojbtjs
js y dfb su
prfnudtf sj pala ai adrjjnfr. Ia obnjkbozadoôb pfr ia kfra sj tranudj jb ji palf nj obtjrjsjs.
Ai sjr okpfsomij ji dukpiokojbtf nj ias njkás fmioladofbjs jb ia `frka dfbvjbona, jiias sj dfbvojrtjb takmoïb jb uba fmioladoôb nj nobjrf5
ji palf nj ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs.
Adtuaikjbtj jxostjb ias soluojbtjs sotuadofbjs jb ias fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf5

Adtuaikjbtj
a. Ias fpjradofbjs nj drïnotf nj nobjrf (sj roljb pfr ia Ijy B.µ 13.717).
m. Ias njkás fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf. Jbtrj ïstas cay quj nostoblu
nostobluor5
or5 ifs sainfs nj prjdofs nj dfkpravjbta nj mojbjs kujmijs j obkujmijs a
ias quj sj apiodab dojrtas bfrkas nj ias fpjradofbjs nj drïnotf nj nobjrf8 aqujiias quj bf tojbjb boblõb rïlokjb jspjdoai8 y aqujiias quj
tojbjb rjliakjbtadoôb
rjliakjbtadoôb jspjdoai nj ia ijy quj ias sfkjtj a ailuba `frka nj rjaeustj, dfkf ias njunas tromutaroas.
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >:1 y ss.)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ::
4.4. Fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf y nj vaifr

vaifr
FMIOLADOFBJT NJ NOBJ]F FMIOLADOFBJT NJ PAIF] F ]JTÔ^Z^F]OAT
Tj njmj ailf quj bf js nobjrf, pjrf quj para su palf sj avaiõa jb

Ji njunfr jstá fmiolanf a jbtrjlar f rjstotuor uba suka nj nobjrf.
nobjrf, pfr sjr jstï uba dfkõb kjnona nj vaifrjs.
Jejkpifs5 ia fmioladoôb quj surlj ai ioquonarsj ia sfdojnan dfbyulai

Jejkpifs5 ia fmioladoôb quj tojbj ji kutuarof nj njvfivjr ia suka quj nj palar ai dôbyulj ias dfsas ùblomijs f jspjdojs kujmijs quj cu-
rjdomoô jb prïstakf8 ia nj palar ji prjdof nj ia dfsa dfkprana, jtd. mojrj apfrtanf ai katrokfbof, js uba diara fmioladoôb nj vaifr8 ia
fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar pjreuodofs, jtd.
Dukpiokojbtf. Cay nfs `frkas pfsomijs nj dukpior uba fmioladoôb

nj nobjrf5 Dukpiokojbtf. Tj njmj prfdjnjr a trabs`frkar jsa fmioladoôb jb uba
a) jbtrjlabnf ia suka bukïroda njmona (drotjrof bfkobaiosta), f fmioladoôb nj nobjrf, if quj sj cará kjnoabtj ia dfrrjspfbnojbtj io-
m) palabnf uba suka nj nobjrf quj rjprjsjbtj ub njtjrkobanf vaifr quonadoôb nj ia njuna.
(drotjrof vaifrosta f rjaiosta).
(]akfs, =773, páls. >3-:4)

>. FMIOLADOFBJT
FMI OLADOFBJT DFB WIZ]AIONAN
W IZ]AIONAN NJ FMEJ^F5
FM EJ^F5 AI^J]BAÔPAT
AI^J]BAÔPAT _ @ADZI^
@ADZIÂÔP
AÔPAT
AT
LIFTA]OF
’Ia fmioladoôb js uba sfia, pjrf para dukpioria ji njunfr njmj j`jdtuar varoas prjstadofbjs,
pr jstadofbjs, nj kabjra quj ia
fmioladoôb bf jstará dukpiona kojbtras bf sj satosàlab tfnfs ifs fmejtfs njmonfs… Cay varoas prjstadofbjs
Fmioladoôb adukuiatov
adukuiatovaa y tfnas jiias njmjb j`jdtuarsj para quj ia fmioladoôb qujnj dukpiona8 ji adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor ji palf sokui-
tábjf nj tfnas jiias‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >3:->30).
Fmioladoôb aitjrbatova f ’Fmioladoôb aitjrbatova js aqujiia pfr ia duai sj njmjb varoas dfsas, nj tai kabjra quj ia jejdudoôb nj uba nj
nosyubtova jiias, jxfbjra nj ia jejdudoôb nj ias ftras‛ (Art. 1>??).
’Jxostjb varofs fmejtfs anjduanfs, pjrf pujnj dukpiorsj nj nfs kabjras5 palabnf tfnfs jiifs, jb duyf dasf
Fmioladoôb nj fmejtf
bfs jbdfbtrakfs dfb ias fmioladofbjs adukuiatovas, f sfif ailubfs, if quj sj prjsjbta jb ias fmioladofbjs
dfkpijef aitjrbatovas y àduitatovas‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >3:).
>3: ).
’Cay ub sfif fmejtf njmonf, y ji njunfr dukpij dfb ïi ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh,

(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >3:).
Fmioladoôb nj fmejtf
sokpij f nj fmejtf õbodf ’Aqujiias jb quj sj njmj uba sfia dfsa, ub cjdcf f uba amstjbdoôb‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 0<).
’Fmioladoôb àduitatova js ia quj tojbj pfr fmejtf uba dfsa njtjrkobana, pjrf dfbdjnoïbnfsj ai njunfr ia
Fmioladoôb àduitatova àduitan nj palar dfb jsta f dfb ftra quj sj njsolba‛ (Art. 1:7:).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs :<
Fmioladofbjs
Fmioladofbjs sjlõb ji fmejtf
Fmioladoôb sokpij f nj fmejtf õbodf Fmioladoôb dfkpijea
Jb jstj dasf jxostjb Ia fmioladoôb dfkpijea pujnj

Jb jstj dasf cay varofs fmejtfs sjr adukuiatova f àduitatova/
sôif ub fmejtf anjunanfs aitjrbatova
njmonf y ji
njunfr dukpij
dfb ïi ia
fmioladoôb
Fmioladofbjs adukuiatovas Fmioladofbjs
àduitatovas
aitjrbatovas f
Tj dukpij ia fmioladoôb Tj dukpij ia fmioladoôb

palabnf tfnfs jiifs palabnf sfif ailubf nj
jiifs
Jb jstj dasf sj anjunab

fmejtfs nostobtfs sob rjiadofb
jbtrj ifs koskfs Fmioladofbjs aitjrbatovas
rjluianas jb ifs arts.
1>?? a 1:7> DD.
Iapjrf
fmioladoôb js uba sfia
para dukpiorsj ji
njunfr njmj j`jdtuar varoas
prjstadofbjs Fmioladofbjs àduitatovas
rjluianas jb ifs arts. 1:7:
a 1:7< DD.
Jstj topf nj fmioladofbj
fmioladofbjss bf
tojbj rjluiadoôb jspjdoai, pfr
if quj sj rolj pfr ias rjlias
ljbjraijs.
z
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >3: y ss.)

FMIOLADOFBJT AI^J]BAÔPAT FMIOLADOFBJT @ADZIÂÔPAT

Ias dfsas njmonas sfb varoas. Ia dfsa njmona js uba sfia.
âbtf ji
ji nj
njunfr df
dfkf ji
ji ad
adrj
rjjjnf
nfrr pu
pujnj
njbb ji
jijlor ia
ia df
dfsa
sa.. Tfif ji
ji nj
njunfr pu
pujnj ji
jijlor ia
ia df
dfsa
sa..
Duabnf ia jijddoôb js nji adrjjnfr jstj pujnj jijlor duaiquojra nj ias

Ji adrjjnfr sfif pujnj njkabnar ia õboda dfsa njmona.
dfsas njmonas.
Jb ia fmioladoôb aitjrbatova, a kjbfs quj ij dfrrjspfbna ia jijddoôb,

Bf pujnj ji adrjjnfr rjdiakar ji palf sobf nj ia dfsa njmona (art.
bf pujnj ji adrjjnfr pjnor uba dfsa njtjrkobana, sobf maef ia aitjr-
1:70).
batova jb quj sj njmjb (art. 1:71).
J`jdtfs nj ia pïrnona nj ifs fmejtfs5 ia fmioladoôb sumsostj kojbtras J`jdtfs nj ia pïrnona nj ifs fmejtfs5 so ji fmejtf njmonf sj njstruyj
jxosta ubf nj ifs fmejtfs, a kjbfs quj ji adrjjnfr, jxoea
jxoea ji prjdof nj pfr dasf `frtuotf ji adrjjnfr bf pujnj rjdiakar if quj ji njunfr tjbëa
ia dfsa njstruona y ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs. àduitan nj narij aitjrbatovakjbtj.
Ia daiofidadoôb
aubquj nj ia fmioladoôb
pfstjrofrkjbtj sj palujsjdfb
atjbnjrá
ji ftrf.sojkprj ai fmejtf njmonf, Iapaluj.
sj fmioladoôb sjrá kujmij f obkujmij, sjlõb if sja ia dfsa dfb ia quj
(Kjza, =77?, pál. 1? y Amjiouh, =71>, páls. >3: y ss.)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs :?
:. FMIOLADOFBJT WFTOÔPAT _ BJLAÔPAT
Jsta nostobdoôb atojbnj a ia baturaijza nji fmejtf njmonf
Jb ias fmioladofbjs pfsotovas ji njunfr njmj j`jdtuar uba addoôb quj Jb ias fmioladofbjs bjlatovas ji njunfr njmj amstjbjrsj nj uba dfb-
pujnj dfbsostor jb nar f cadjr ailf. nudta.
Okpfrtabdoa nj ia nostobdoôb5 obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs (vjr arts. 1::< y 1:43)
Jb ji dasf nj ias fmioladofbjs pfsotovas, sj njmj (ji adrjjnfr pujnj Jb ji dasf nj ias bjlatovas (ji adrjjnfr pujnj njkabnar pjreuodofs ai
njkabnar pjreuodofs ai njunfr quj bf j`jdtõa ia addoôb) njsnj quj ji njunfr quj j`jdtõa ia dfbnudta prfsdrota), njsnj ji kfkjbtf nj ia
njunfr sj ca dfbstotuonf jb kfra. dfbtravjbdoôb (art. 1::<).
Jb ias fmioladofbjs pfsotovas ji dukpiokojbtf `frzanf js, ljbjraikjb- Jb ias fmioladofbjs bjlatovas ia dfbtravjbdoôb nará iular, bfrkai-
tj, prfdjnjbtj. kjbtj, a ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs (art. 1:::).
(Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. =7= y Kjza, =77?, páls. 1:-10)

0. FMIOLADOFBJT NJ KJNOF _ NJ ]JTZIÂNF
Js uba sumdiasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs nj cadjr
Nj adujrnf dfb Wjñaoioiif, ias fmioladofbjs nj kjnof ’sfb aqujiias

duya prjstadoôb dfbsostj jb ji njspiojluj nj uba adtovonan nji njunfr
(…)‛. Tjlõb Wjñaoioiif, ’sj jbtojbnj pfr fmioladoôb nj rjsuitanf aqujiia jb
ia duai ji njunfr sj fmiola a prfpfrdofbar jb `frka norjdta j obkjnoa-
Tjlõb ]akfs, ias fmioladofbjs nj kjnof sfb aqujiias jb quj ji nju- ta, ia satosàddoôb nj ub obtjrïs nji adrjjnfr, kjnoabtj
kjnoabtj ia fmtjbdoôb nj
nfr sj dfkprfkjtj õbodakjbtj a cadjr tfnf if pfsomij y bjdjsarof
para aidabzar ub rjsuitanf njtjrkobanf, fmrabnf dfb ia sufidojbtj ub rjsuitanf, ji duai obtjlra ia prjstadoôb‛.
noioljbdoa.
Tj sujijb dotar dfkf jejkpifs ias fmioladofbjs nj dojrtfs prf`jsofba-

ijs, dfkf ji amflanf f ji kïnodf. Jejkpifs5 ia fmioladoôb nji dfbtratosta nj dfbstruor uba dasa8 ia fmio-
Tj fmiola a rjaiozar uba njtjrkobana adtovonan prf`jsofbai. Bf, jb ladoôb nj traspfrtar kjrdabdëas, jtd.
dakmof, a labar ji euodof f a sabar ai jb`jrkf.
Ji rjsuitanf bf jstá obtjlranf norjdtakjbtj jb ia prjstadoôb, pjrf Ji rjsuitanf js partj nj ia prjstadoôb. Ji dukpiokojbtf koskf nj ia
dukpij ia ùbdoôb nj narij uba norjddoôb a ia adtovonan dfkprfkjto-
fmioladoôb njpjbnj nj quj sj aidabdj ji rjsuitanf.
na y dfbtromuorá a jvaiuar ji dukpiokojbtf.
(Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. ==4 y ]akfs, =773, páls. ==-=:)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 01
<. FMIOLADOFBJT DFB WIZ]AIONAN NJ TZEJ^FT
LIFTA]OF
’Jiia js okpujsta pfr ia baturaijza koska nj ia prjstadoôb, nj kfnf quj js kás pfnjrfsa quj ia prfpoa vf-
iubtan nj ias partjs, quojbjs bf pfnráb, jb dfbsjdujbdoa, njrflaria f kfnofidaria‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :4:).
Obnovosomoionan amsfiuta
Obnovosomoionan
f bjdjsaroa ’Jxostj duabnf ji fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb, ia prjstadoôb, pfr su prfpoa baturaijza, bf sj pujna dukpior pfr
partjs‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 17?).
’Tj ijs iiaka asë a ifs dasfs nji Art. 1:=0‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :40).
Obnovosomoionan nj palf
Obnovosomoionan
’Ia obnovosomoionan bf prfvojbj nji fmejtf nj ia prjstadoôb, sobf nji adujrnf jxprjsf nj ifs dfbtratabtjs jb
f dfbvjbdofbai
frnjb a quj bf sj pujna dukpior pfr partjs… ji fmejtf nj ia prjstadoôb js novosomij, `ësoda f obtjijdtuaikjbtj,
pjrf sj dfbvojbj jb quj ia fmioladoôb bf pujna sjr dukpiona pfr partjs, njmojbnf jejdutarsj oluai quj so ia
fmioladoôb rjdayjrj sfmrj uba dfsa obnovosomij‛ (]akfs, =773, páls. 17?-117).
’Tupfbj ia jxostjbdoa nj uba sfia prjstadoôb y ia piuraionan nj

n j ifs suejtfs adtovfs f pasovfs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
Obnovosomoionan
Obnovosomoionan eurënoda pál. :4>).
’ôjbj iular duabnf jxostojbnf varofs njunfrjs, pfr ia baturaijza koska nj ia fmioladoôb, ji kfnf jb quj qu j ca
Obnovosomoionan pasova sonf jstamijdona f ia nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy, ia prjstadoôb bf pujnj j`jdtuarsj nj `frka pardoai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
pál. :4?).

LIFTA]OF
’Ji fmejtf koskf nj ia fmioladoôb pujnj sjr novononf, y ia prjstadoôb dukpiorsj pfr pardoaionanjs, pjrf para
Obnovosomoionan rjiatova
Obnovosomoionan
ifs fibjs prjvostfs pfr ias partjs rjsuita obnospjbsamij quj sj dukpia jb `frka tftai y bf pardoai‛ (Amjiouh,
f nj fmioladoôb =71>, pál. :4:).
Fmioladoôb dfb ’Js aqujiia jb quj cay ub adrjjnfr y varofs njunfrjs (piuraionan pasova)8 varofs adrjjnfrjs y ub njunfr (piu-
piuraionan nj suejtf raionan adtova)8 f varofs adrjjnfrjs y varofs njunfrjs (piuraionan koxta)‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. <4).
Fmioladofbjs dfb ’Tfb aqujiias jb quj jxostj ub

u b njunfr y ub adrjjnfr‛ (]akfs, =773, pál.
pál. <4).
ubonan nj suejtf
’Ia fmioladoôb js novosomij f obnovosomij sjlõb tjbla f bf pfr fmejtf

f mejtf uba dfsa susdjptomij nj novosoôb sja `ësoda,
sja obtjijdtuai f nj dufta. Asë ia fmioladoôb nj dfbdjnjr uba sjrvonukmrj nj trábsotf f ia nj cadjr dfbstruor
uba dasa sfb obnovosomijs8 ia nj palar uba suka nj nobjrf, novosomij‛ (Art. 1:=>).
Fmioladoôb obnovosomij
’Aqujiia jb quj, jxostojbnf
jxostojbnf piuraionan nj suejtfs adtovfs f pasovfs, ia prjstadoôb bf js susdjptomij nj j`jdtuarsj
pfr pardoaionanjs,
su tftaionan‛ y jb dfbsjdujbdoa,
(Amjiouh, dana adrjjnfr pujnj jxoloria y dana njunfr jstá fmiolanf a dukpioria jb
=71>, pál. :4:).

LIFTA]OF
’Jb ljbjrai, duabnf sj ca dfbtraënf pfr kudcas pjrsfbas f para dfb kudcas ia fmioladoôb nj uba dfsa no-
vosomij, dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs, jb ji prokjr dasf, js fmiolanf sfiakjbtj a su partj f dufta jb ia njuna, y
dana ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs, jb ji sjlubnf, sôif tojbj njrjdcf para njkabnar su partj f dufta jb ji drïnotf‛
(Art 1:11, obd. 1·).
Fmioladofbjs
sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas, ’To ia fmioladoôb bf js sfionaroa bo obnovosomij, dana ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs pujnj sôif jxolor su dufta, y dana
kabdfkubanas f ubf nj ifs dfnjunfrjs js sfiakjbtj fmiolanf ai palf nj ia suya8 y ia dufta nji njunfr obsfivjbtj bf lravará
nosyubtovas a sus dfnjunfrjs‛ (Art 1:=0, obd. 1·).
’Js aqujiia quj tojbj ub fmejtf novosomij y cay piuraionan nj njunfrjs, nj adrjjnfrjs f nj akmfs, pjrf dana
njunfr jstá fmiolanf ai palf nj su partj jb ia njuna, y dana adrjjnfr pujnj njkabnar õbodakjbtj su dufta
jb jiia‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >?0).
’Jb vortun nj ia dfbvjbdoôb, nji tjstakjbtf f nj ia ijy pujnj jxolorsj a dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs f pfr dana
ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs ji tftai nj ia njuna, y jbtfbdjs ia fmioladoôb js sfionaroa f obsôionuk‛ (Art 1:11 obd. =·).
Fmioladoôb sfionaroa ’Js aqujiia jb quj njmoïbnfsj uba dfsa novosomij y jxostojbnf piuraionan nj suejtfs adtovfs f pasovfs, dana
adrjjnfr jstá àduitanf para jxolor ji tftai, nj ia fmioladoôb, y dana njunfr pujnj sjr fmiolanf a dukpioria
ëbtjlrakjbtj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :77).
’Jxostj piuraionan nj adrjjnfrjs, y dana ubf nj jiifs pujnj jxolor ji tftai nj ia fmioladoôb ai njunfr‛ (Amjiouh,
Tfionaronan adtova =71>, pál. :71).

LIFTA]OF
’Ljbjra ji j`jdtf kás pjduioar nj ia sfionaronan pasova5 quj
q uj ji adrjjnfr pujna njkabnar ji tftai nj ia njuna
Tfionaronan okpjr`jdta a duaiquojra nj ifs njunfrjs, pjrf bf a ifs rjstabtjs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :1:).
(@rabdoa)
’Ia quj sôif ljbjra ailubfs j`jdtfs‛ (]akfs, =773, pál.
pál. <?).
’Duabnf a ia vjz dfbdurrjb varofs adrjjnfrjs y piuraionan nj njunfrjs, nj kabjra quj duaiquojra nj ifs pro-
Tfionaronan koxta kjrfs pujnj jxolor a duaiquojra nj ifs sjlubnfs ji tftai nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
pál. :71).
’To cay varofs njunfrjs y ub sfif adrjjnfr àduitanf para njkabnar a duaiquojra nj jiifs ji tftai nj ia njuna‛
Tfionaronan pasova (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :71).
Tfionaronan pjr`jdta ’Js ia quj prfnudj tfnfs

tfnf s ifs j`jdtfs prfpofs nj
n j ia sfionaronan‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. <?).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 0:
<.1. Ljbjraionanjs
Art. 1>43 DD ’dana partj pujnj sjr uba f kudcas pjrsfbas‛.
Fmiola dofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas f kabdfkubanas Fmiola dofbjs sfionaroas Fmioladofbjs obnovosomijs
Tj jbdujbt
jbdujbtrab
rab rjluianas nj `frka okpiëdota ]jliakjbtanas jxprjsakjbtj jb
jb ifs arts. 1:11 y 1:=0 nji DD. ]jliakjbtanas jxprjsakjbtj jb ji ^ëtuif
?µ nji Iomrf >µ DD, arts. 1:11 a 1:=4. ji ^ëtuif S nji Iomrf >· DD, arts.
1:=> a 1:4>.
Eurënodakjbtj dfbstotuyjb
dfbstotuyjb ia rjlia ljbjrai. Wfr if
tabtf tfna fmioladoôb dfb piuraionan nj suejtfs jb ]jquosotfs5
probdopof njmj daioòdársjia dfkf tai. 1· Zb fmejtf novosomij (art. 1:11 DD)
=· Zbonan jb ia prjstadoôb, if duai bf fmsta a Diasoòdadoôb5
quj jxosta piuraionan nj vëbduifs (art. 1:1=
1· Obnovosomoionan adtova, pasova y
DD) koxta8
4· Quj sj jbdujbtrj jstamijdona jb ia ijy, ji
=· Obnovosomoionan amsfiuta quj sj
tjstakjbtf, ia dfbvjbdoôb.
iiaka takmojb bjdjsaroa f
Wfr rjlia ljbjrai ias fmioladofbjs baturai8

4· Obnovosomoionan rjiatova8
kabdfkubanas
kabdfkuban as sj novonjb jbtrj
adrjjnfrjs y njunfrjs pfr partjs >· Obnovosomoionan
Obnovosomoionan nj palf f
oluaijs. Jstf pujnj sjr aitjranf pfr dfbvjbdofbai.
ia dfbvjbdoôb f ia ijy. Diasoòdadoôb5
1· Tfionaronan adtova, sfionaronan pasova y sfionaronan
koxta5
=· Jb duabtf a su ùjbtj, ia sfionaronan pujnj sjr
dfbvjbdofbai, tjstakjbtaroa, ijlai y eunodoai.

<.=. Ias fmioladofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas
Ia fmioladoôb Jbtrj ias fmioladofbjs dfb suejtf kõitopij, ias fmioladofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas dfbstotuyjb ia rjlia ljbjrai.
sokpijkjbtj
dfbeubta dfkf Art.1:115 ’Jb ljbjrai, duabnf sj ca dfbtraënf pfr kudcas pjrsfbas f para dfb kudcas ia fmioladoôb nj uba dfsa novoso-
rjlia ljbjrai. mij, dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs, jb ji prokjr dasf, js fmiolanf sfiakjbtj a su partj, f dufta jb ia njuna, y dana ubf nj ifs
Arts. 1:11 y adrjjnfrjs, jb ji sjlubnf, sôif tojbj njrjdcf para njkabnar su partj f dufta jb ji drïnotf‛.
1:=0 DD. Art. 1:=05 ’To ia fmioladoôb bf js sfionaroa bo obnovosomij, dana ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs pujnj sôif jxolor su dufta, y dana
(Kjza, =77?, ubf nj ifs dfnjunfrjs js sfiakjbtj fmiolanf ai palf nj ia suya‛.
pp. <4-<>)
Ia sfionaronan y ia obnovosomoionan dfbstotuyjb uba kfnaionan y uba jxdjpdoôb, pfr tabtf, jb ias fmioladofbjs dfb suejtf piurai.
Cay jb ias fmioladofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas, jb vjrnan, tabtas fmioladofbjs obnjpjbnojbtjs jbtrj së dfkf njunfrjs f
adrjjnfrjs. Wfr jstf dana adrjjnfr sôif pujnj njkabnar
n jkabnar su partj y dana njunfr njmj õbodakjbtj ia suya.
Jsta onja sj jxprjsa jb ji a`froskf dfbdursf partjs fiubt , jstf js, ia dfbdurrjbdoa nj varofs adrjjnfrjs f njunfrjs prfnudj
uba nospjrsoôb nj fmioladofbjs.
Ia Dovoi
lf novosoôb
bf nj ias fmioladofbjs
if jstamijdj nj suejtfpjrf
jxprjsakjbtj, piurai, adtova ybf
ia novosoôb pasovakjbtj,
pfnrëa tjbjrsjiular
fpjranjjbftrf
partjs f duftas
kfnf. oluaijs f voroijs.
(Tj obtjrprjtab Ji Dôno-
abáiflakjbtj
ifs artëduifs 17?3 y =40<).
Jxdjpdoôb5 duabnf ia piuraionan js njrovatova, pfrquj àiijdj ji adrjjnfr f ji njunfr, njeabnf varofs cjrjnjrfs. Ji art.
14:> nospfbj quj ’ias njunas cjrjnotaroas sj novonjb jbtrj ifs cjrjnjrfs a prfrrata nj sus duftas‛ y, nj jstj kfnf, pfr
jejkpif, ’ji cjrjnjrf nji tjrdof bf js fmiolanf a palar sobf ji tjrdof nj ias njunas cjrjnotaroas‛. Ifs drïnotfs sj novonjb
nj ia koska kabjra.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 0<
J`jdtfs nj ias fmioladofbjs sokpijkjbtj dfbeubta s
Dana njunfr bf jstá fmiolanf ai palf sobf Ia obtjrrupdoôb nj ia prjsdropdoôb quj

nj su partj f dufta jb ia njuna y dana fmra jb àvfr nj ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs bf
adrjjnfr, a su vjz, bf pujnj njkabnar Ia dufta nji njunfr obsfivjbtj bf lrava a
sus dfnjunfrjs (arts. 1:=0 y 14::). aprfvjdca a ifs ftrfs y ia quj fmra jb
sobf su partj f dufta jb ji drïnotf (arts. pjreuodof nj ubf nj ifs varofs njunfrjs
1:11 y 1:=0). bf pjreunoda a ifs njkás (art. =:1?).
Ia duipa nj ubf nj ifs njunfrjs bf

pjreunoda a ifs ftrfs y sôif autfroza ai Ia
ifs buionan
njunfrjsnjdiarana rjspjdtf
f adrjjnfrjs nj ubf nj
bf aprfvjdca f Ia dfbstotudoôb
adrjjnfr jb kfra
bf dfifda nj jstanf
jb jstj ub njunfr
a ifsf
adrjjnfr para njkabnar pjreuodofs ai
pjreunoda a ifs njkás (art. 10?7). rjstabtjs.
njunfr duipamij (art. 1:>7).
(Kjza, =77?, pál. <>)

<.4. Ias fmioladofbjs sfionaroas

Bfrkaikjbtj ia fmioladoôb nj suejtf kõitopij sj novonj, adtova y pasovakjbtj, so ia prjstadoôb njmona js novosomij, dfb j i rjsuitanf nj quj dana
adrjjnfr sôif pujnj rjdiakar su partj jb ji drïnotf y dana njunfr sôif js fmiolanf ai palf nj ia suya jb ia njuna. Ia sfionaronan aitjra jsta
rjlia.
Nodj ji art. 1:11, obd. =, quj, ’jb vortun nj ia dfbvjbdoôb, nji tjstakjbtf f nj ia ijy pujnj jxolorsj a dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs f pfr dana ubf
nj ifs adrjjnfrjs ji tftai nj ia njuna y jbtfbdjs ia fmioladoôb js sfionaroa f obsôionuk ‛.
JEJKWIF5 so A y M sfb njunfrjs nj D nj $ 177.777, ia njuna bf sj novonj jb duftas, nj tai kfnf quj D pujnj rjdiakar nj A f nj M ji palf
tftai.
Tfionaroa js ia fmioladoôb jb quj c ay varofs njunfrjs f adrjjnfrjs y ia p rjstadoôb rjdaj sfmrj ub fmejtf novosomij8 pjrf, pfr nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy
f pfr uba jxprjsa njdiaradoôb nj vfiubtan, dana adrjjnfr pujnj njkabnar y dana njunfr njmj satosàdjr ji tftai nj ia fmioladoôb, nj kabjra quj
ji palf j`jdtuanf pfr ub njunfr a duaiquojra nj ifs adrjjnfrjs jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. <>-<:)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 0?
WIZ]AIONAN NJ TZEJ^FT
JSÔBDOÔB ^FÂI
NJ IA FMIOLADOÔB
WF] JI WALF A ZBF NOPOTOPOIONAN NJI
NJ IFT AD]JJNF]JT FMEJ^F
WF] ZBF NJ IFT
NJZNF]JT.
Daradtjrëstodas nj ia
sfionaronan
^JS^F JSW]JTF
NJ IA IJ_ F
JSW]JTA
NJDIA]ADOÔB ZBONAN NJ IA
W]JTÂDOÔB
NJ PFIZBÂN
QZJ IA
JTÂMIJUDA

<7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
J`jdtfs nj ia sfionaronan adtova

Kjza, =77?, pp. <:-<<
Jbtrj ifs adrjjnfrjs sfionarofs y ji njunfr5 Jbtrj ifs adrjjnfrjs sfionarofs5
Dana adrjjnfr pujnj njkabnar ji palf tftai nj ia fmioladoôb.
Bf sj jbdujbtrab rjliakjbtanfs jb
ji Dônolf. Tj ljbjraioza ia rjlia
dfbtjbona jb ji art. 1003 rjiatova a ia
dfbùsoôb y sj nodj quj ji adrjjnfr
Ji njunfr pujnj cadjr ji palf a duaiquojra nj ifs adrjjnfrjs quj quj rjdomj ji palf njmj dfkpartorif
jioea. To ca sonf njkabnanf pfr ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs, njmjrá cadjr dfb sus adrjjnfrjs y jbtjrar a dana
ji palf ai njkabnabtj y djsa, jb dfbsjdujbdoa, su njrjdcf para duai ia partj quj ij pjrtjbjzda.
jijlor.
Ji palf a duaiquojra nj ifs adrjjnfrjs jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf

nj tfnfs.
Ifs njkás kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs jxtoblujb ia

fmioladoôb nji koskf kfnf quj ji palf.
Ia obtjrrupdoôb nj ia prjsdropdoôb quj fmra jb prfvjdcf nj ub

(art. =:1?).
adrjjnfr sfionarof aprfvjdca a ifs njkás (art.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs <1
J`jdtfs nj ia sfionaronan adtova

Kjza, =77?, pp. <<-3=
Jbtrj ifs njunfrjs sfionarofs. Walana ia njuna ¶quoïb sfpfrta

Jbtrj ifs njunfrjs sfio narofs y ji adrjjnfr5 jb nj` obotova ji palf6 (art. 1:==)
Ji adrjjnfr pujnj njkabnar a dana njunfr ji Ia sfionaronan sôif jxostj jb ias rjiadofbjs nj ifs njunfrjs dfb
tftai nj ia njuna. ji adrjjnfr8 bf cay sfionaronan jbtrj njunfrjs. Wfr tabtf, dana
njunfr, njmj sfpfrtar sôif ia partj quj ij dfrrjspfbna jb ia
njuna.
Ji palf cjdcf pfr ub njunfr jxtobluj ia

fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs.
To ia fmioladoôb sj dfbtraef jb obtjrïs nj tfnfs ifs njunfrjs, ji

njunfr quj pala f jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb nj ub kfnf
jquovaijbtj, sj sumrfla jb ifs njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr.
Ia koska rjlia sj apioda, jb ljbjrai, a tfnfs
ifs kfnfs nj jxtobdoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs.
To ji bjlfdof para ji duai ca sonf dfbtraëna ia fmioladoôb

Ia obtjrrupdoôb quj fmra jb pjreuodof nj ubf nj ifs sfionaroa,
njunfrjs dfbdjrbëa
sfionarofs, sfiakjbtj
sjráb a ailubf f ailubfs
ïstfs rjspfbsamijs jbtrj së, nj ifs ias
sjlõb
dfnjunfrjs sfionarofs, pjreunoda oluaikjbtj a ifs njkás partjs f duftas quj ijs dfrrjspfbnab jb ia njuna, y ifs ftrfs
(art. =:1?) . dfnjunfrjs sjráb dfbsonjranfs dfkf òanfrjs.
Ji njunfr sfionarof njkabnanf pujnj fpfbjr a ia njkabna tfnas ias Ji art. 1:==, obd. 4, nospfbj5 ’Ia partj f dufta nji dfnjunfr
jxdjpdofbjs quj rjsuitjb
rjsuitjb nj ia baturaijza nj ia fmioladoôb y anjkás obsfivjbtj sj rjpartj jbtrj tfnfs ifs ftrfs a prfrrata nj ias
tfnas ias pjrsfbaijs suyas. (art. 1:=7). suyas, dfkprjbnonfs aub aqujiifs a quojbjs ji adrjjnfr caya
jxfbjranf nj ia sfionaronan‛

<= Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Wrjdosofbjs
rjspjdtf nj ifs ]JKOTOÔB. Tôif
ia njuna a ubf nj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb
ifs njunfrjs (rjkosoôbiapardoai),
r jkosoôbbftftai.
rjkosoôb pujnj Artëduif 1:13 njkabnar
ji adrjjnfr jb rjiadoôbadfb
ifs jinjkás
artëduif 1:1 >. Dfbnfbana
1:1>.
njunfrjs, dfbeubta f
j`jdtfs nj ia obnovonuaikjbtj, sobf dfb njnuddoôb nj ia partj rjkotona.
sfionaronan pasova5
BFPADOÔB. Artëduif 1:1? jb rjiadoôb a artëduif 10>:. Ia bujva fmioladoôb a quj ia bfvadoôb na froljb bf okpfbj
bobluba rjspfbsamoionan a ifs dfnjunfrjs, a kjbfs quj vfiubtaroa y jxprjsakjbtj ia asukab, addjnojbnf a jiia. To ji
Ji palf cjdcf adrjjnfr pusojrj dfkf dfbnodoôb nj ia bfvadoôb quj ifs dfnjunfrjs addjnab a ia bujva fmioladoôb y ifs dfnjunfrjs bf
pfr ub njunfr addjnojrab, ’ia bfvadoôb sj tjbnrá pfr
pf r bf cjdca‛ (art. 10:1)8 camrá àiianf ia dfbnodoôb.
jxtobluj ia
fmioladoôb DFKWJBTADOÔB. Ia dfkpjbsadoôb jbtrj ji adrjjnfr y ubf nj varofs dfnjunfrjs jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb dfb rjspjdtf
rjspjdtf nj tfnfs. a ifs njkás. Tob jkmarlf, õbodakjbtj pujnj obvfdaria ji njunfr quj js adrjjnfr nji adrjjnfr dfkõb. Ifs njkás bf
pujnjb aijlaria, pjrf së mjbjfidoarsj
m jbjfidoarsj dfb jiia (art. 10:<, obd. fibai).
Ia koska rjlia sj
DFB@ZTOÔB. Fpjrana ia dfbùsoôb, ji njunfr pfnrá ’rjpjtor dfbtra dana ubf nj sus dfnjunfrjs pfr ia partj
par tj f dufta quj
apioda, jb ljbjrai,
rjspjdtovakjbtj ijs dfrrjspfbna jb ia njuna‛ (art. 1003).
a tfnfs ifs kfnfs
nj jxtobdoôb nj ias WÏ]NONA NJ IA DFTA NJMONA. Ia pïrnona `frtuota jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs ifs njunfrjs. Jb duabtf
fmioladofbjs. a ia pïrnona duipamij, sumsostj ia fmioladoôb y varëa nj fmejtf5 ji njunfr jstá fmiolanf a palar ji prjdof nj ia dfsa y a
obnjkbozar ai adrjjnfr.
adrjjnfr. Ji prjdof nj ia dfsa sustotuyj a ia dfsa koska8 nj aquë quj ia fmioladoôb nj palar ji prjdof sja
(Kjza, =77?, sfionaroa. Wjrf ia fmioladoôb nj palar ifs pjreuodofs bf js sfionaroa y sôif pujnj rjdiakarsj nji njunfr duipamij (art.
pp. <3-37) 1:=1).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs <4
Jxdjpdofbjs quj pujnj fpfbjr ji njunfr sfionarof

Art. 1:=75 ’Ji njunfr sfionarof njkabnanf pujnj fpfbjr a ia njkabna tfnas ias jxdjpdofbjs quj rjsuitjb nj ia baturaijza nj ia fmioladoôb,
y anjkás tfnas ias pjrsfbaijs suyas‛.
Jxdjpdofbjs rjaijs f dfkubjs Jxdjpdofbjs pjrsfbaijs Jxdjpdofbjs koxtas
Tfb ias obcjrjbtjs a ia fmioladoôb. ]jsuitab Wrfvojbjb nj dordubstabdoas jspjdoaijs jb quj ôjbjb ub darádtjr pjrsfbai, pjrf ifs rjstab-
nj ia baturaijza nj ia koska sob dfbsonjra- ji njunfr sj jbdujbtra y quj sôif ïi pujnj tjs njunfrjs aprfvjdcab nj jiias y pujnjb ob-
doôb a ias pjrsfbas quj ias cab dfbtraënf. fpfbjr. Jstas sfb5 vfdarias, jb dojrtas dordubstabdoas. Jstas sfb5
Wujnjb fpfbjrias tfnfs ifs dfnjunfrjs. • Ia buionan rjiatova pfr fkosoôb nj `frka- • Ia rjkosoôb. To ia rjkosoôb
rjkosoôb js pardoai, dfb
Jstas sfb5 ionanjs jstamijdonas jb dfbsonjradoôb ai arrjlif ai art. 1:13, ji adrjjnfr bf pujnj
• Ia buionan amsfiuta quj a`jdta
a`jdta a ia fmio- jstanf f daionan nj ias pjrsfbas, pfr jrrfr, pjrsjluor obnovonuai f dfijdtovakjbtj a ifs
ladoôb8 ùjrza, nfif f rjiatova obdapadonan. Tôif njkás njunfrjs, sobf dfb njnuddoôb nj ia
• Ias kfnaionanjs quj a`jdtab a ia fmio- fmio- pujnj aijlaria ji obdapaz f ia vëdtoka nji dufta nji njunfr a quojb dfbnfbô ia nju-
ladoôb8 nfif, nj ia ùjrza f ji jrrfr8 na.
• Ias dausas nj jxtobdoôb quj a`jdtab a • Ias kfnaionanjs quj a`jdtab ia fmioladoôb
fmioladoôb • Ia dfkpjbsadoôb. Js uba jxdjpdoôb pjr- pjr-
tfna ia fmioladoôb, dfkf ji palf, ia pïr- nj ailubfs njunfrjs. Ifs njunfrjs pujnjb sfbai, pfrquj sôif pujnj aijlaria ji nju-
nona nj ia dfsa quj sj njmj, ia prjsdrop- fmiolarsj ubfs
piazf f maef pura y sokpijkjbtj,
dfbnodoôb (art. 1:1=)8 ftrfs a nfr quj tojbj
dfkõb. Wjrf ub
so jidrïnotf dfbtra
adrjjnfr ca ji adrjjnfr
pjrsjluonf
doôb, jtd.
• Ifs provoijlofs dfbdjnonfs a dojrtfs
dojrtfs nju- eustakjbtj ai njunfr quj tjbëa njrjdcf a
nfrjs, dfkf ji mjbjfidof nj dfkpjtjbdoa, obvfdar ia dfkpjbsadoôb, jstï ia ca aijla-
ia djsoôb nj mojbjs (art. 10=4)8 y, nf y jxtobluonf ia fmioladoôb, ia dfkpjb-
sadoôb aprfvjdca a ifs njkás y sj dfbvojr-
• Ia trabsaddoôb. Js uba jxdjpdoôb pjrsf-
tj jb uba jxdjpdoôb dfkõb.
bai, pjrf së okpfrta uba bfvadoôb, sjrá
uba jxdjpdoôb rjai (art. =>01).

<> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
Jxtobdoôb nj ia sfionaronan
Ia sfionaronan sj jxtob-
luj dfb ia fmioladoôb. Tob ]jbubdoa jxprjsa f tádota. Tjlõb ji artëduif 1:10 ’ji adrjjnfr pujnj rjbubdoar jxprjsa f tádotakjbtj ia sfiona-
jkmarlf cay dausas quj ronan rjspjdtf nj ubf nj ifs njunfrjs sfionarofs f rjspjdtf nj tfnfs‛.
tfnfs ‛. Wrjsdromj ji art. 1:10, obd. =5 ’Ia rjbubdoa
ia jxtoblujb, a pjsar nj tádotakjbtj jb àvfr nj ubf nj jiifs, duabnf ij ca jxolonf f rjdfbfdonf ji palf nj su partj f dufta nj ia njuna,
quj ia fmioladoôb sj kab- jxprjsábnfif asë jb ia njkabna f jb ia darta nj palf, sob ia rjsjrva jspjdoai nj ia sfionaronan, f sob ia rjsjrva
tojbj
y ia kujrtj njiianjunfr
voljbtj5 rjbubdoa ljbjrai nj sus njrjdcfs‛. Jxd. Art. 1:1<.
]jbubdoa tftai, ljbjrai f amsfiuta. ’Tj rjbubdoa ia sfionaronan rjspjdtf nj tfnfs ifs njunfrjs sfionarofs, duabnf
ji adrjjnfr dfbsojbtj jb ia novosoôb nj ia njuna‛ (art. 1:10, obd. >). Ia fmioladoôb sj trabs`frka jb kabdfkubana.
Ia rjbubdoa js pardoai, rjiatova f obnovonuai duabnf sj rjfijrj a ailubf nj ifs varofs njunfrjs. Iomjra nj ia sfiona-
ronan ai njunfr jb duyf àvfr sj cadj y, para ifs rjstabtjs, ia fmioladoôb dfbtobõa sojbnf sfionaroa.
Kujrtj nji njunfr. Ifs cjrjnjrfs rjprjsjbtab ai dausabtj y sfb sus dfbtobuanfrjs. Wara jiifs jb dfbeubtf, ia
fmioladoôb dfbtobõa sojbnf sfionaroa.
Jb j`jdtf, ji art. 1:=4 jstamijdj5 ’Ifs cjrjnjrfs nj dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs sfionarofs sfb, jbtrj tfnfs, fmiola-
nfs ai tftai nj ia njuna‛.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. 37-34)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs <:
<.>. Fmioladofbjs obnovosomijs
^ëtuif S nji Iomrf >· DD, art. 1:=> a 1:4>
Fmioladofbjs novosomijs j obnovosomijs, njsnj ub pubtf nj

vosta fmejtovf (art. 1:=> DD)
Jxdjpdofbjs a ia novosomoionan (dasfs nj obnovosomoionan nj

Diaso` odadoôb Obnovosomoionan adtova Obnovosomoionan pasova palf, art. 1:=0 DD)
Obnovosomoionan Njrjdcf a jxolor ji

frolobaroa f dukpiokojbtf (art. Dana njunfr jstá fmiolanf ai palf tftai nj ia njuna ( art. 1:=< DD)
njrovatova 1:=< y 1:=3 DD).
Obnovosomoionan Walf a ubf nj ifs

amsfiuta, Ji palf j`jdtuanf pfr duaiquojra nj ifs njunfrjs jxtobluj ia
adrjjnfrjs. Jxtobluj fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs jiifs (art. 1:41 DD)
rjiatova y nj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf
palf nj tfnfs ifs njkás,
sob pjreuodof nj ias
rjiadofbjs obtjrbas
Obnovosomoionan
adtova, pasova y Ia obtjrrupdoôb quj a`jdta a ubf nj ifs njunfrjs pjreunoda a tfnfs jiifs (art. 1:=? DD)
koxta
Js trabskosomij (art.
1:=3 DD)
Ia obnovosomoionan sj trabskotj a ifs cjrjnjrfs nji njunfr (art. 1:=3 DD)
Ia obtjrrupdoôb nj ia
prjsdropdoôb.
]jiadofbar dfb art. Ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb obnovosomij
1:=? DD js, jb dakmof, novosomij (arts. 1:44 y 1:4> DD)

Jxpiodadoôb y diasjs nj fmioladofbjs obnovosomijs

obnovosomijs
Ji art. 1:1? DD jstamijdj uba rjlia ùbnakjbtai sjlõb ia duai ji njunfr bf pujnj fmiolar ai adrjjnfr a rjdomor pfr partjs if quj sj ij njma.
Duabnf cay piuraionan nj suejtfs,

s uejtfs, y partoduiarkjbtj duabnf àiijdj ji adrjjnfr f ji njunfr pujs, so ia fmioladoôb js obnovosomij bf sj novonorá bo
adtova bo pasovakjbtj, pujs ia obnovosomoionan pasa a ifs cjrjnjrfs
c jrjnjrfs (art. 1:=3 DD).
Wara njtjrkobar so ia fmioladoôb js obnovosomij njmj atjbnjrsj a ia baturaijza nj ia prjstadoôb quj dfbstotuyj su fmejtf.
Art. 1:=> DD jstamijdj5 ’Ia fmioladoôb js novosomij f obnovosomij sjlõb tjbla f bf pfr fmejtf uba dfsa susdjptomij nj novosoôb, sja `ësoda, sja
obtjijdtuai f nj dufta‛.
Ia fmioladoôb sjrá novosomij so ji fmejtf njmonf pujnj novonorsj `ësoda f obtjijdtuaikjbtj y bf cay okpfsomoionan `ësoda f eurënoda para jiif.
Ia fmioladoôb sjrá obnovosomij so ji fmejtf njmonf
n jmonf bf js susdjptomij nj novosoôb `ësoda f obtjijdtuai.
Novosoôb `ësoda5 js uba novosoôb katjroai, rjai8 ub dakpf pujnj novonorsj jb pardjias.
Novosoôb eurënoda5 ub fmejtf js eurënodakjbtj novosomij duabnf pujnj novonorsj
n ovonorsj sob pjrnjr su obnovonuaionan f su utoionan. Zb damaiif, ub autf-
kôvoi pujnjb novonorsj, nj cjdcf, `ësodakjbtj8 pjrf sj dfbvojrtjb jb ailf no`jrjbtj nj ub autfkôvoi f ub damaiif, pjrnojbnf su utoionan.
Novosoôb obtjijdtuai 5 js aqujiia quj sj cadj dfb ia sfia obtjioljbdoa8 js uba novosoôb okalobaroa, uba amstraddoôb, uba onja. Ji autfkôvoi f ji
damaiif pujnjb pjrtjbjdjr a varoas pjrsfbas y sjr uba nujña nj ub tjrdof y ia ftra nj ifs nfs tjrdofs rjstabtjs.
Diasjs nj obnovosomoionan 5 obnovosomoionan amsfiuta8 obnovosomoionan nj fmioladoôb8 j, obnovosomoionan nj palf.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs <<
Jxpiodadoôb y diasjs nj fmioladofbjs obnovosomijs

obnovosomijs
Obnovosomoionan amsfiuta. Js aqujiia quj rjsuita nj ia baturaijza koska nj ia fmioladoôb. Bf js pfsomij dfbdjmor ji dukpiokojbtf pardoai. Wfr
jejkpif, ia fmioladoôb nj dfbdjnjr uba sjrvonukmrj nj trábsotf (prokjr
(p rokjr jejkpif nji art. 1:=>). Bf sj dfbdomj uba jejdudoôb pardoai.
fmioladoôb. Ji fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb js novosomij pjrf ias partjs

Obnovosomoionan nj fmioladoôb. p artjs cab qujronf quj jsta sja
s ja obnovosomij. Tj dfbdomj ia pfsomoio-
nan nj `raddofbar ji dukpiokojbtf, pjrf obtjbdoôb nj ias partjs cadj obnovosomij ia fmioladoôb. Wfr jejkpif, ia fmioladoôb nj cadjr dfbstruor uba
dasa (sjlubnf jejkpif sjlubnf nji art. 1:=>).
Obnovosomoionan nj palf.
palf. Dfbdojrbj õbodakjbtj ai dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb y bf a ia fmioladoôb koska. Ji fmejtf js novosomij y ia fmiola-
doôb pujnj novonorsj adtova y pasovakjbtj. Wfr jejkpif, uba fmioladoôb nj nobjrf nfbnj
n fbnj A njmj a M $ 1.777.777 y sj jstopuia quj so A àiijdj ia
fmioladoôb pfnrá rjdiakarsj ëbtjlrakjbtj a sus cjrjnjrfs.
To jb ji koskf dasf abtjrofr, àiijdj
àiijdj ji adrjjnfr y njea varofs cjrjnjrfs, ¶pfnrëa dana ubf „sjparanakjbtj„ njkabnar ji palf tftai6 Bf, pfr-
quj ia fmioladoôb adtovakjbtj sj novonj y ia obnovosomoionan nj palf js purakjbtj
pur akjbtj pasova. Wfr if tabtf, tjbnrëab quj njkabnar dfbeubtakjbtj
ji palf tftai.
Jb jstf ranoda ia no`jrjbdoa jbtrj ia obnovosomoionan nj fmioladoôb y ia obnovosomoionan nj palf. Ia obnovosomoionan nj fmioladoôb okponj quj ia
fmioladoôb sj novona adtova y pasovakjbtj8 bf sj novonj bo jbtrj ifs cjrjnjrfs nji njunfr bo jbtrj ifs nji adrjjnfr.
adrjjnfr. Ia obnovosomoionan nj palf bf
okponj ia novosoôb jbtrj ifs cjrjnjrfs nji adrjjnfr y sfiakjbtj fpjra rjspjdtf nj ifs cjrjnjrfs nji njunfr.
Pjr artëduifs 1:=0 bõkjrfs > y :.
Ji Dônolf Dovoi dfbfdj nfs diasjs nj obnovosomoionan5 ia obnovosomoionan prfpoakjbtj tai (aqujiif quj bf js susdjptomij nj novosoôb `ësoda bo obtj-
ijdtuai) y ias jxdjpdofbjs a ia novosomoionan quj, aprfxokanakjbtj, dfrrjspfbnjb a ia obnovosomoionan nj palf. Ifs dasfs nj obnovosomoionan sfb
rarfs, pfr if quj ia kayfr okpfrtabdoa sj sotõa jb ji jstunof nj ifs dasfs nj obnovosomoionan nj palf quj f`rjdjb kayfr obtjrïs prádtodf.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. 34-3:)

Jxdjpdofbjs a ia novosomoio
novosomoionan
nan f obnovosomo
obnovosomoionan
ionan nj palf
]JLIA LJBJ]AI. To ia fmioladoôb bf js sfionaroa bo obnovosomij, ’dana ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs pujnj sôif jxolor su dufta, y dana ubf nj ifs
dfnjunfrjs js sfiakjbtj fmiolanf ai palf nj ia suya. _ ia dufta nji njunfr obsfivjbtj bf lravará a sus dfnjunfrjs‛ Jb ftrfs tïrkobfs, adtova
y pasovakjbtj ia prjstadoôb sj novonj y cay tabtas fmioladofbjs dfkf adrjjnfrjs f njunfrjs (Art. 1:=0 obd. 1µ DD).
JSDJWDOFBJT. Dasfs jb quj ia fmioladoôb novosomij bf pujnj dukpiorsj pardoaikjbtj, pfrquj tai js ia obtjbdoôb nj ias partjs,
p artjs, jxprjsa f tádo-
takjbtj kabo`jstana. Jstas jxdjpdofbjs jstáb dfbsalranas jb ifs bukjraijs nji obdosf sjlubnf nji artëduif 1:=0 DD.
D D.
Jb uba fmioladoôb larabtozana dfb uba prjbna f uba copftjda, sj nostoblujb ia

fmioladoôb probdopai y ia fmioladoôb addjsfroa. Nj jiias jkabab, rjspjdtovakjbtj,
uba addoôb pjrsfbai y uba addoôb rjai copftjdaroa f prjbnaroa. Ia fmioladoôb
1. IA ADDOÔB COWF^JDA]OA F W]JBNA]OA (Art. probdopai pujnj sjr novosomij (ji palf nj uba suka nj nobjrf). Ia fmioladoôb ad-
1:=0 obd. =µ Bµ 1 DD)5 ’Ia addoôb copftjdaroa f prjbna- djsfroa, jb dakmof, js sojkprj obnovosomij.
roa sj norolj dfbtra aquji nj ifs dfnjunfrjs quj pfsja, jb Aspjdtfs quj dfkprjbnj jsta diasj nj obnovosomoionan5
tfnf f partj, ia dfsa copftjdana f jkpjñana.
a) Ji adrjjnfr tojbj nfs pfsomoionanjs5 jejrdotar ia addoôb pjrsfbai y jxolor a
a)
Ji dfnjunfr quj ca palanf su partj nj ia njuna, bf pujnj dana njunfr su dufta, f jejrdotar ia addoôb rjai y jxolor ia tftaionan nj ia
rjdfmrar ia prjbna u fmtjbjr ia dabdjiadoôb nj ia copftj- njuna, pjrf õbodakjbtj ai pfsjjnfr.
da, bo aub
njuna8 y jijb partj, kojbtras
adrjjnfr a quojb sjbfcasjsatos`jdcf
jxtobla jisutftai njnji
partj ia m) Kojbtras bf sj paluj ëbtjlrakjbtj ia njuna, boblubf nj ifs njunfrjs pujnj
m)
drïnotf, bf pujnj rjkotor ia prjbna f dabdjiar ia copftjda, rjdiakar ia rjstotudoôb nj ia prjbna f ia dabdjiadoôb nj ia copftjda. _,
_, boblu-
bo aub jb partj, kojbtras bf cayab sonf jbtjrakjbtj satos- bf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs quj ca rjdomonf ji palf nj su partj jb ji drïnotf pujnj
`jdcfs sus dfadrjjnfrjs‛. rjkotor ia prjbna f dabdjiar ia copftjda, ’kojbtras
’kojbtras bf cayab sonf jbtjrakjb-
tj satos`jdcfs sus dfadrjjnfrjs‛ (vjr takmoïb arts. =4?0 y =>7: DD).
d) ^fnfs ifs mojbjs copftjdanfs f jkpjñanfs y dana uba nj sus partjs jstáb
d)
a`jdtfs ai dukpiokojbtf ëbtjlrf nj ia fmioladoôb (vjr arts. 140: y =>73 DD).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs <?
novosomoionan
nan f obnovosomo
obnovosomoionan
ionan nj palf
Ia fmioladoôb nj nar dfbtojbj ia nj jbtrjlar ia dfsa, js njdor, nj pfbjria katj-
=. IAT NJZNAT NJ JTWJDOJ F DZJ]WF DOJ]^F . roaikjbtj a nospfsodoôb nji adrjjnfr, y tjbnrá quj cadjria quojb njtjbtj ia dfsa.
(Art. 1:=0 obd. =µ B.· = DD)5 ’To ia njuna js nj uba jspj- Ia fmioladoôb nj nar, prfpoakjbtj tai, js novosomij. Dana ubf nj ifs njunfrjs
doj f dujrpf dojrtf, aquji nj ifs dfnjunfrjs quj if pfsjj sj fmiola a trabs`jror su
s u partj f dufta jb ji nfkobof. Wjrf ia jbtrjla, abjxa a ia
js fmiolanf a jbtrjlarif‛. fmioladoôb nj nar, pujnj rjdiakarsj nj aquji nj ifs varofs njunfrjs quj ’tojbj‛
ia dfsa.
4. ADDOÔB NJ WJ]EZODOFT DFB^]A JI NJZNF] Ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar pjreuodofs rjluiarkjbtj dfbsostj jb uba fmioladoôb
DZIWAMIJ (Art. 1:=0 obd. =µ Bµ 4 DD)5 ’Aquji nj ifs
nj nobjrf y, pfr if tabtf, novosomij. Jb jstj dasf, ia ijy dfifda jb ia bjdjsonan
dfnjunfrjs pfr duyf cjdcf f duipa sjs j ca cjdcf okpfsomij
nj palaria ëbtjlrakjbtj ai njunfr duipamij. Bf js rjijvabtj quj ia fmioladoôb
ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb, js jxdiusova y sfionaroa-
obdukpiona sja novosomij f obnovosomij (vjr art. 1:44 DD).
kjbtj rjspfbsamij nj tfnf pjreuodof ai adrjjnfr‛.

novosomoionan
nan f obnovosomo
obnovosomoionan
ionan nj palf
Ias njunas cjrjnotaroas y njunas tjstakjbtaroas, sj novonjb jbtrj ifs cjrjnjrfs a
>. ^JTÂKJB^F, DFBPJBDOÔB NJ IFT CJ]JNJ- prfrrata nj sus duftas cjrjnotaroas (arts. 14:4 y 1407 DD).
]FT F AD^F NJ WA]ÔDOÔB QZJ OKWFBJ A ZB Wjrf ji tjstanfr, ifs cjrjnjrfs f ji partonf nj ia cjrjbdoa pujnjb nostromuor ias
CJ]JNJ]F JI WALF ^FÂI (Art. 1:=0 obd. =µ Bµ > njunas nj ftra kabjra okpfbojbnf a ubf nj ifs cjrjnjrfs ji palf nji tftai nj
DD)5 ’Duabnf pfr tjstakjbtf f pfr dfbvjbdoôb jbtrj ifs ia njuna.
cjrjnjrfs, f pfr ia partodoôb nj ia cjrjbdoa, sj ca okpujs-
tf a ubf nj ifs cjrjnjrfs ia fmioladoôb nj palar ji tftai Pjr takmoïb ifs arts. 14:3 y 14:?, quj rjpotjb jsta rjlia.
nj uba njuna, ji adrjjnfr pfnrá norolorsj f dfbtra jstj Ia rjlia js novjrsa para ias njunas tjstakjbtaroas. Ifs adrjjnfrjs tjstakjbtarofs
cjrjnjrf pfr ji tftai nj ia njuna, f dfbtra dana ubf nj jstáb fmiolanfs a rjspjtar ia nostromudoôb nj ias njunas, cjdca pfr ji tjstanfr,
ifs cjrjnjrfs pfr ia partj quj ij dfrrjspfbna a prfrrata‛. duya vfiubtan na froljb a su drïnotf8 pjrf bf jstáb fmiolanfs a rjspjtar ji dfb-
vjbof nj ifs cjrjnjrfs f ji adtf nj partodoôb (art. 14<4 DD).
:. DFBPJBOF JB^]J JI DAZTAB^J _ JI AD]JJ-

NF] QZJ OKWFBJ A ZB CJ]JNJ]F JI WALF ^F-
ÂI (Art. 1:=0 obd. =µ Bµ > partj sjlubna)5 ’(…) To jxprj-
Ia jxprjsoôb ’saiva su addoôb nj sabjakojbtf‛ jb rjaionan sj rjfijrj ai njrjdcf
sakjbtj sj cumojrj jstopuianf dfb ji noùbtf quj ji palf
bf punojsj cadjrsj pfr partjs, bo aub pfr ifs cjrjnjrfs nji quj ji cjrjnjrf
palanf qujsfmrj
jb jxdjsf ca palanf
p su
alanf ji tftai para quj sus dfcjrjnjrfs ij rjjkmfisjb if
dufta.
njunfr,, dana ubf nj jstfs pfnrá sjr fmiolanf a jbtjbnjrsj
njunfr
dfb sus dfcjrjnjrfs para palar ji tftai nj ia njuna, f a Ia obnovosomoionan aquë js sfiakjbtj pasova. Ifs cjrjnjrfs nji njunfr njmjb pa-
palaria ji koskf, saiva su addoôb nj sabjakojbtf. lar ji tftai8 pjrf ifs cjrjnjrfs nji adrjjnfr bf pujnjb njkabnar ji palf ëbtjlrf,
so bf addofbab dfbeubtakjbtj.
Wjrf ifs cjrjnjrfs nji adrjjnfr, so bf jbtamiab dfbeubta-
kjbtj su addoôb, bf pfnráb jxolor ji palf nj ia njuna,
sobf a prfrrata nj sus duftas‛.

novosomoionan
nan f obnovosomo
obnovosomoionan
ionan nj palf
0. DFTA DZ_
DZ_A
A NOPOTOÔB ADA]]JA WJ]EZODOF . (Art.
1:=0 obd. =µ Bµ :)5 ’To sj njmj ub tjrrjbf, f duaiquojra
ftra dfsa obnjtjrkobana, duya novosoôb fdasofbarj lravj Jb jstj dasf js ia ijy quojb jstamijdj ia obnovosomoionan, prjsukojbnf ia obtjbdoôb
pjreuodof ai adrjjnfr, dana ubf nj ifs dfnjunfrjs pfnrá nj ias partjs. Tj prjsukj quj ias partjs bf cab qujronf uba ub a novosoôb quj dausj ai
sjr fmiolanf a jbtjbnjrsj dfb ifs ftrfs para ji palf nj ia adrjjnfr ub lravj pjreuodof.
dfsa jbtjra, f a palaria ïi koskf, saiva su addoôb para sjr Wjrf ia obnovosomoionan js, takmoïb, purakjbtj pasova,
p asova, pfrquj ’ifs cjrjnjrfs nji
obnjkbozanf pfr ifs ftrfs. adrjjnfr bf pfnráb jxolor ji palf nj ia dfsa jbtjra sobf obtjbtabnf dfbeubta-
Wjrf ifs cjrjnjrfs nji adrjjnfr bf pfnráb jxolor ji palf kjbtj su addoôb‛.
nj ia dfsa jbtjra sobf obtjbtabnf dfbeubtakjbtj su ad-
doôb‛.
<. FMIOLADOFBJT AI^J]BAÔPAT (Art. 1:=0 obd. =µ

Ia jijddoôb nj ia dfsa quj ca nj sjrvor para j`jdtuar ji palf, nj jbtrj ias varoas
Bµ 0)5 ’Duabnf ia fmioladoôb js aitjrbatova, so ia jijddoôb
aitjrbatovakjbtj njmonas, pujnj dfrrjspfbnjr ai njunfr f ai adrjjnfr y, so sfb
js nj ifs adrjjnfrjs, njmjb cadjria tfnfs nj dfbsubf8 y so
varofs, njmjb j`jdtuar ia jijddoôb nj dfkõb adujrnf.
nj ifs njunfrjs, njmjb cadjria nj dfbsubf tfnfs jstfs‛.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. 3:-3<)

J@JD^FT NJ IAT FMIOLADOFBJT OBNOPOTOMIJT
J@JD^FT OBNOPOTOMOIONAN WATOPA
• ’Dana ubf nj ifs quj cab dfbtraënf ubonakjbtj uba fmioladoôb obnovosomij, js fmiolanf a satosàdjria jb ji tfnf‛ (art. 1:=<). If nodcf para
ji njunfr rolj para sus cjrjnjrfs8 sj nodj, pfr jstf, quj ia obnovosomoionan pasa a ifs cjrjnjrfs (art. 1:=3).
• ’Ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb obnovosomij pfr duaiquojra nj ifs fmiolanfs, ia jxtobluj rjspjdtf nj tfnfs‛ (art. 1:41).
• Ji njunfr njkabnanf para ji palf nj ia fmioladoôb pujnj pjnor ub piazf

p iazf para jbtjbnjrsj dfb sus dfnjunfrjs para dukpioria jbtrj tfnfs,
saivf quj ia fmioladoôb sja nj tai baturaijza quj ïi sfif pujna dukpioria, pfrquj ’jb tai dasf pfnrá sjr dfbnjbanf njsnj iujlf ai tftai
dukpiokojbtf, qujnábnfij a saivf su addoôb dfbtra ifs njkás njunfrjs para ia obnjkbozadoôb quj ij njmab‛ (art. 1:47).
• ’Ia prjsdropdoôb obtjrrukpona rjspjdtf nj ubf nj ifs njunfrjs nj ia fmioladoôb obnovosomij, if js oluaikjbtj rjspjdtf nj ifs ftrfs‛ (art.
1:=?).
• Js novosomij ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar pjreuodofs pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb obnovosomij. Dana njunfr njmj rjpararifs ’jb ia
partj quj ij qujpa‛ (art. 1:44, obd. 1).
• To ji dukpiokojbtf sj ca cjdcf okpfsomij pfr cjdcf f duipa nj ubf nj ifs njunfrjs, ïstj sjrá rjspfbsamij õbodf nj ifs pjreuodofs dausanfs
(art. 1:44,
ji ftrf obd. =).f Ji
if rjcõsa art. 1:4>
rjtarna, ïstj añanj5 ’Torjspfbsamij
sôif sjrá nj nfs dfnjunfrjs nj ub cjdcf
nj ifs pjreuodofs qujquj
nj ianjma j`jdtuarsj
objejdudoôb jb dfkõb,
f rjtarnf nji ji ubf rjsuitarjb
cjdcf jstá prfbtfaiaadrjjnfr‛.
dukpiorif, y
• Dana njunfr njmj su dufta y sj vj jb ia bjdjsonan nj palar ji tftai pfr ia baturaijza obnovosomij nji fmejtf njmonf. Walana ia njuna ëbtjlra-
kjbtj, tojbj ji njunfr quj palô njrjdcf a quj sus dfnjunfrjs ij obnjkbodjb pfrquj, a ia pfstrj, ca palanf kás nj if quj vjrnanjrakjbtj
njmëa (art. 1:47).

J@JD^FT NJ IAT FMIOLADOFBJT OBNOPOTOMIJT
J@JD^FT OBNOPOTOMOIO
OBNO POTOMOIONAN
NAN ADÔP
ADÔPA
A
• Dana ubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs nj uba fmioladoôb obnovosomij tojbj njrjdcf a jxolor ji tftai (art. 1:=<) y ’dana ubf nj ifs cjrjnjrfs nji adrjjnfr
pujnj jxolor su jejdudoôb tftai‛ (art. 1:=3).
• Ji adrjjnfr quj rjdomj ji palf njmj a sus dfadrjjnfrjs su partj f dufta jb ji drïnotf.
• Ji palf a ub adrjjnfr jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb

fm ioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs. Wjrf ji adrjjnfr nj ia fmioladoôb obnovosomij bf pujnj jejdutar boblubf nj
ifs adtfs nj nospfsodoôb nji drïnotf quj ij jstáb pjrkotonfs ai adrjjnfr sfionarof. Nospfbj sfmrj ji partoduiar ji art. 1:4=5 ’Tojbnf nfs f kás
ifs adrjjnfrjs nj ia fmioladoôb obnovosomij, boblubf nj jiifs pujnj, sob ji dfbsjbtokojbtf nj ifs ftrfs, rjkotor ia njuna f rjdomor ji prjdof nj
ia dfsa njmona. To ailubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs rjkotj ia njuna
n juna f rjdomj ji prjdof nj ia dfsa, sus dfadrjjnfrjs pfnráb tfnavëa nj kabnar ia dfsa
koska, amfbabnf ai njunfr ia partj f dufta nji adrjjnfr quj caya rjkotonf ia njuna f rjdomonf ji prjdof nj ia dfsa‛.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. 3:-3<)

Tfionaronan Obnovosomoionan
Akmfs dasfs dfbstotuyjb jxdjpdoôb ai probdopof nj ia novosoôb nj ias njunas duabnf cay piuraionan nj suejtfs,
su ejtfs, js njdor,
njdor, uba jxdjpdoôb a ia
dfbeubdoôb, quj js ia rjlia ljbjrai.
Dana adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor ji tftai y dana ubf jstá fmiolanf a dukpior ëbtjlrakjbtj ia fmioladoôb.
Ji palf cjdcf pfr ub njunfr jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs.
Ia df
dfsa nj
njmj sj
sjr no
novosomij pf
pfr rj
rjqu
quooso
sottf nj
nj ia
ia sf
sfionarona
nan.
n. Ji fm
fmejtf js
js ob
obno
novvosomi
mijj.
Js okpujsta pfr ji fmejtf koskf nj ia fmioladoôb, jxdjpdofbaikjbtj

Ia sfionaronan js jstamijdona pfr ijy, ji tjstakjbtf y ia dfbvjbdoôb.
pfr sjbtjbdoa eunodoai.
Ia sfionaronan pujnj rjbubdoarsj. Ia obnovosomoionan bf pujnj rjbubdoarsj.
Ji adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor ji palf tftai a duaiquojr njunfr, quj jstá

Ji njunfr pujnj pjnor piazf para jbtjbnjrsj dfb sus dfnjunfrjs.
fmiolanf a palar ia tftaionan.
Bf js
js tr
traskosomij a ifs cj
cjrjnjrfs (A
(Art. 1:=4 DD). Js tr
trabskosomij a if
ifs cj
cjrjnjrfs (Art. 1:=3).
J`jdtf jb dasf nj pïrnona nji fmejtf5

fm ejtf5 jb dasf nj pïrnona duipamij, pfr
J`jdtf jb dasf nj pïrnona nji fmejtf5 jb dasf nj pïrnona duipamij, ji
rjlia ljbjrai, tfna ia obnjkbozadoôb sj njmj jb `frka dfbeubta8 so cay
prjdof sj njmj jb `frka sfionaroa8 so cay
c ay ub sfif duipamij ia njmj jstj.
ub sfif duipamij ia njmj jstj.
Ji adrjjnfr pujnj nospfbjr nji drïnotf, rjkotor ia sfionaronan a ailõb

Ji adrjjnfr bf pujnj nospfbjr nji drïnotf.
njunfr y jejdutar dojrtfs adtfs.
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1==-1=4 y Amjiouh, =71>, páls. :>?-::7)

3. FMIOLADOFBJT TZEJÂT A KFNAIONAN

3.1. Fmioladofbjs dfbnodofbaijs
dfbnodofbaijs
LIFTA]OF
’Adfbtjdokojbtf ùturf j obdojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ji badokojbtf f jxtobdoôb nj ub njrjdcf‛ (Poai
’Adfbtjdokojbtf (Poai nji ]ëf, =711,
pál. 4=?).
Dfbnodoôb
’Js ia fmioladoôb dfbnodofbai ia quj njpjbnj nj uba dfbnodoôb, jstf js, quj ub adfbtjdokojbtf ùturf quj pujnj
sudjnjr f bf‛ (Art. 1><4 DD).
Dfbnodoôb dausai ’Ia quj njpjbnj nj ia vfiubtan nj ub tjrdjrf f nj ub adasf‛ (Art 1><< DD).
’Aqujiia jb quj ji cjdcf pujnj fdurror f bf, pjrf supfbojbnf quj iijlara, sj samj duábnf, dfkf ji nëa jb quj uba
pjrsfba dukpia dojrta jnan‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 010).
Dfbnodoôb
njtjrkobana ’Js obdojrtf, pjrf njtjrkobanf, so pujnj iijlar f bf, pjrf supfbojbnf quj caya nj iijlar
iijlar,, sj samj duábnf, dfkf ji
nëa jb quj uba pjrsfba dukpia vjobtodobdf añfs‛ (Art 1731 obd. 4· DD).
’Bjdjsotab jstopuiadoôb nj ias partjs para jxostor, nanf quj ias kfnaionanjs bf sj prjsukjb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
Dfbnodoôb jxprjsa 010).

LIFTA]OF
’Js `ësodakjbtj okpfsomij ia quj js dfbtraroa a ias ijyjs nj ia baturaijza `ësoda8 y kfraikjbtj okpfsomij ia quj
Dfbnodoôb okpfsomij dfbsostj jb ub cjdcf prfcomonf pfr ias ijyjs, f js fpujsta a ias mujbas dfstukmrjs f ai frnjb põmiodf. Tj koraráb
takmoïb dfkf okpfsomijs ias quj jstáb dfbdjmonas jb tïrkobfs obobtjiolomijs‛ (Art 1><: DD).
’Bf sj samj so ji cjdcf va a fdurror bo duabnf, dfkf ji nëa jb quj uba pjrsfba sj dasj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 010).
Dfbnodoôb
obnjtjrkobana ’…Js obdojrtf f obnjtjrkobanf, so bf sj samj so ca nj iijlar, bo duabnf, dfkf ji nëa quj uba pjrsfba sj dasj‛ (Art.
1731 obd. fibai DD).
’Koxta ia quj jb partj njpjbnj nj ia vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr y jb partj nj ia vfiubtan nj ub tjrdjrf f nj ub adasf‛
Dfbnodoôb koxta (Art 1><< DD).
Dfbnodoôb bjlatova ’Ia dfbnodoôb js pfsotova f bjlatova… ia bjlatova, (dfbsostj) jb quj uba dfsa bf adfbtjzda‛ (Art. 1><> DD).
Dfbnodoôb pfsomij ’Ia dfbnodoôb pfsotova njmj sjr `ësoda y kfraikjbtj pfsomij…‛ (Art 1><:, obd. 1· DD).
Dfbnodoôb pfsotova ’Ia dfbnodoôb js pfsotova f bjlatova. Ia pfsotova dfbsostj jb adfbtjdjr uba dfsa…‛ (Art. 1><> DD).
Dfbnodoôb
’Tj iiaka dfbnodoôb pftjstatova ia quj njpjbnj nj ia vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr‛ (Art 1><< DD).
pftjstatova

LIFTA]OF
’…y rjsfiutfroa, duabnf pfr su dukpiokojbtf sj jxtobluj ub njrjdcf‛ (Art. 1><? DD).
Dfbnodoôb ’Aqujiia quj njpjbnj nj ub cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf, duyf dukpiokojbtf jxtobluj ub njrjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
rjsfiutfroa pál. 01=).
’Js ji adfbtjdokojbtf ùturf j obdojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ia jxtobdoôb nj ub njrjdcf‛ (Poai nji ]ëf, =711, pál. 44<).
Dfbnodoôb ’Dfbsostj jb duaiquojr cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf quj bf sja ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb, y quj nj fdurror
rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa jxtobluj ji njrjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0>1).
Dfbnodoôb ’Ia quj va jbvujita jb tfnf dfbtratf moiatjrai para ji dasf nj bf dukpiorsj pfr ia ftra partj if padtanf‛ (Amjiouh,
rjsfiutfroa tádota =71>, pál. 0>1).
’Ia dfbnodoôb sj iiaka suspjbsova so, kojbtras bf sj dukpij, suspjbnj ia anquosodoôb nj ub njrjdcf‛ (Art. 1><?
DD).
Dfbnodoôb ’Aqujiia jb quj cay ub cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf quj suspjbnj ji badokojbtf nji njrjdcf y nj ia fmioladoôb dfrrj-
suspjbsova iatova, dfkf so uba pjrsfba f`rjdj ub autfkôvoi a ftra, so jsta sj rjdomj nj amflanf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 01=).
’Js ji adfbtjdokojbtf ùturf j obdojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ji badokojbtf f ia anquosodoôb nj ub njrjdcf‛ (Poai nji
]ëf, =711, pál. 44<).
Dfbnodoôb tádota ’Duabnf ia ijy ia sumjbtojbnj

su mjbtojbnj sob bjdjsonan nj quj ias partjs
p artjs ia jstamijzdab‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 010).

LIFTA]OF
Fmioladoôb ’Js fmioladoôb dfbnodofbai ia quj njpjbnj nj uba dfbnodoôb ia quj njpjbnj nj uba dfbnodoôb, jstf js, nj ub adfb-
dfbnodofbai tjdokojbtf ùturf quj pujnj sudjnjr f bf‛ (Art. 1><4 DD).
’Wfr ji padtf dfkosfrof sj jstopuia jxprjsakjbtj quj, bf palábnfsj ji prjdof ai tojkpf dfbvjbonf, sj rjsfivjrá
ji dfbtratf nj vjbta. Jbtoïbnjsj sojkprj jsta jstopuiadoôb jb ji dfbtratf nj vjbta8 y duabnf sj jxprjsa, tfka ji
Wadtf dfkosfrof bfkmrj nj padtf dfkosfrof, y prfnudj ifs j`jdtfs quj vab a obnodarsj‛ (Art. 13<< DD).
’Js ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota jxprjsana‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 1:0).
’To sj jstopuia quj, pfr bf palarsj ji prjdof ai tojkpf dfbvjbonf, sj rjsujiva opsf àdtf ji dfbtratf nj vjbta, ji
dfkpranfr pfnrá, sob jkmarlf, cadjrif sumsostor, palabnf ji prjdof, if kás tarnj, jb ias vjobtoduatrf cfras sumso-
luojbtjs a ia bftofidadoôb eunodoai nj ia njkabna‛ (Art. 13<? DD).
Wadtf dfkosfrof
daiofidanf f dfb ’Tj njfibj dfkf ji adujrnf nj ias partjs jb frnjb a njear sob j`jdtf ji dfbtratf, nj obkjnoatf, opsf àdtf, so ji
diáusuia opsf àdtf njunfr obdukpij sus fmioladofbjs‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 134).
’Ias partjs cab musdanf aitjrar ifs j`jdtfs bfrkaijs nj ia rjsfiudoôb, dfbvobojbnf quj ji dfbtratf sj rjsujiva nj
pijbf njrjdcf nj obkjnoatf pfr ji sfif obdukpiokojbtf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
pál. 00=).
’Tj iokota a rjprfnudor ji Art. 1>3? y, jstopuiar, jb dfbsjdujbdoa, quj ji dfbtratf sj rjsfivjrá jb ji dasf nj quj
Wadtf dfkosfrof ailubas nj ias partjs bf
b f dukpiab if padtanf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 00=).
sokpij
’Js ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota jxprjsana‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 13=).

3.1.1. Ljbjraiona
Ljbjraionanjs
njs nj ias fmioladofbjs dfbnodofbaijs
dfbnodofbaijs
]JLZIADOÔB NJ IAT FMIOLADOFBJT DFBNODOFBAIJT JB JI DD

^ëtuif OP nji Iomrf OP y párra`f =µ nji ^ëtuif OP nji Iomrf OOO, quj sj fdupa nj ias asolbadofbjs tjstakjb
tjstakjbtaroas
taroas dfbnodofbaijs.
Ji art. 1>?4 nospfbj quj ias rjlias nji ^ëtuif OP nji Iomrf OOO, sfmrj asolbadofbjs dfbnodofbaijs y kfnaijs, sj apioda a ias dfbvjbdofbjs jb if quj bf pulbj dfb ias
nospfsodofbjss jspjdoaijs nji ^ëtuif OP nji Iomrf OP.
nospfsodofbj
Jstáb tratanas takmoïb a prfpôsotf nji ònjodfkosf
ònjodfkosf jb ji ^ëtuif POOO nji Iomrf OO, arts. <44 y ss.
Ji art. 1><4 nospfbj quj sj iiaka fmioladoôb dfbnodofbai ia quj njpjbnj nj Ji art. 17<7 njbfkoba asolbadoôb dfbnodofbai ia quj njpjbnj nj uba dfbnodoôb, f
uba dfbnodoôb, jstf js, ’nj ub adfbtjdokojbtf ùturf quj pujnj sudjnjr f bf‛. sja, ’nj ub sudjsf ùturf j obdojrtf‛.
Jijkjbtfs
Obdjrtonukmrj
@uturonan
Ji cjdcf quj ia dfbstotuyj njmj fdurror dfb pfstjrofronan a ia djijmradoôb nji adtf, nj
adujrnf dfb ji artëduif 17<1 obd. =µ (bfrka quj damj apiodar a ias fmioladofbjs Js njdor, quj pujnj adfbtjdjr f bf. Jstj jijkjbtf js ji quj
dfbnodofbaijss pfr kabnatf nji artëduif 1>?4)5 "If pasanf, prjsjbtj y ùturf sj
dfbnodofbaij pjrkotj no`jrjbdoar a ia dfbnodoôb nji piazf, pujs jb jstj õitokf
jbtjbnjrá dfb rjiadoôb ai kfkjbtf nj tjstar (nj dfbtratar jb jstj dasf) a kjbfs quj ji cjdcf bjdjsaroakjbtj va a fdurror, aubquj bf sj sjpa duábnf
sj jxprjsj ftra dfsa". ji nëa js obdojrtf so pujnj iijlar f bf (art. 1731 obd. 4µ).
To sj òea dfkf dfbnodoôb ub cjdcf prjsjbtj f pasanf, sj apioda if nospujstf jb ji Ia obdjrtonukmrj njmj sjr fmejtova, js njdor, bf ia njtjrkobab
artëduif 17<15 "Ia dfbnodoôb quj dfbsostj jb ub cjdcf prjsjbtj f pasanf, bf ias partjs.
suspjbnj ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia nospfsodoôb. To jxostj f ca jxostonf, sj kora dfkf bf
jsdrota8 so bf jxostj f bf ca jxostonf, bf vaij ia nospfsodoôb"
nospfsodoôb"..
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1=< y ss.)

?7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

Diasoòdadoôb nj ias dfbnodofbjs
Dfbnodoôb jxprjsa5 js ia jstamijdona jb vortun nj

uba nospfsodoôb f diáusuia jxprjsa.
Dfbnodoôb tádota5 js ia quj sj sumjbtojbnj sob Dfbnodoôb pfsotova5 ’dfbsostj jb adfbtjdjr uba Dfbnodoôb njtjrkobana5 js ia dfbnodoôb jb quj, so ji
bjdjsonan nj uba njdiaradoôb nj vfiubtan jxpiëdota, dfsa‛. cjdcf ca nj sudjnjr, sj samj duábnf.
dfkf ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota. Dfbnodoôb bjlatova5 ’dfbsostj jb quj uba dfsa bf Dfbnodoôb obnjtjrkobana5 js ia dfbnodoôb jb quj sj
*Ias kfnaionanjs okpfrtab uba jxdjpdoôb, pfr if adfbtjzda‛ (art. 1><>). olbfra so ji cjdcf ca nj fdurror y duábnf.
tabtf bf damj sumjbtjbnjria sobf jb ifs dasfs quj
ia ijy sjñaia.
Dfbnodofbjs pf somijs j okpfsomijs8 iëdotas j oiëdotas.

Ias dfbnodofbjs iëdotas sfb pfsomijs8 ias oiëdotas sfb Dfbnodoôb pftj statova5 ia quj njpjbnj nj ia Dfbnodoôb sokpijkjbtj p ftjstatova5 ia quj njpjbnj
okpfsomijs. Tjlõb ji art. 1><: ia dfbnodoôb pfso- vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr. nj ub cjdcf vfiubtarof nj uba nj ias partjs.
tova ’njmj sjr `ësoda y kfraikjbtj pfsomij. Js Dfbnodoôb dasuai5 ia quj njpjbnj nj ia vfiubtan nj Dfbnodoôb purakjbtj pftjstatova5 ia quj njpjbnj nj
okpfsomij ia quj js dfbtraroa a ias ijyjs
`ësodakjbtj okpfsomij
`ësodakjbtj ub tjrdjrf f nj ub adasf. ia sfia vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr. Ias quj
nj ia baturaijza `ësoda, y kfraikjbtj okpfsomij ia njpjbnjb nji sôif armotrof nj ias partjs.
quj dfbsostj jb ub cjdcf prfcomonf pfr ias ijyjs, f Dfbnodoôb koxta5 ia quj njpjbnj jb partj nj ia
js fpujsta a ias mujbas dfstukmrjs f ai fr njb vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr y jb partj nj ia Jb ub dasf, ia dfbnodoôb pjbnj nj ub cjdcf
põmiodf‛. Ia koska bfrka jstamijdj quj ’sj ko- vfiubtan nj ub tjrdjrf f nji adasf. vfiubtarof8 jb ji ftrf, nj ia kjra vfiubtan.
raráb takmoïb dfkf okpfsomijs ias quj jstáb (art. 1><<) (art. 1><3)
dfbdjmonas jb tïrkobfs obobtjiolomijs‛.
Dfbnodofbjs suspjbsovas y rjsfiutfroas. ’Ia dfbnodoôb sj iiaka suspjbsova so, kojbtras

bf sj dukpij, suspjbnj ia anquosodoôb nj ub njrjdcf, y rjsfiutfroa, duabnf pfr su
dukpiokojbtf sj jxtobluj ub njrjdcf‛
(art. 1><?).
*Ia dfbnodoôb quj para uba partj js suspjbsova para ia ftra js rjsfiutfroa.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. 44 y ss.)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ?1
J`jdtfs nj ia okpfsomoionan
Cjdcf `ësodakjbtj okpfsomij Bf cay obdjrtonukmrj5 ji cjdcf bf fdurrorá
Cjdcf kfraikjbtj okpfsomij Bf pfnrá vjroòdarsj váionakjbtj
Dfbnodoôb bjlatova y
suspjbsova, kfraikjbtj
okpfsomij (so bf katas a Dfbnodoôb bjlatova y
Dfbnodoôb pfsotova y Dfbnodoôb pfsotova y Wjnrf). rjsfiutfroa okpfsomij
suspjbsova `ësoda (so vas rjsfiutfroa `ësodakjbtj f Dfbnodoôb bjlatova y `ësoda f kfraikjbtj f
a Eõpotjr) f kfraikjbtj kfraikjbtj okpfsomij suspjbsova, duabnf js
obobtjiolomij.
`ësodakjbtj okpfsomij (so
(so katasfadfbdjmona
okpfsomij Wjnrf) (kj
vas njvujivjs
a Eõpotjr ftai dfsaaso
katas bf vas a Eõpotjr).
jb tïrkobfs Euab).
obobtjiolomijs.
Podoa ia
nospfsodoôb
(arts. 1><0 y 1>37,
Tj tojbj pfr bf obd. =µ). Quj vodoj Ia fmioladoôb sj
jsdrota (art. 1><0) ia nospfsodoôb dfbsonjra pura y
sokpij y quojb
Tj rjputa àiiona Tj tjbnrá pfr bf quojrj njdor quj ji
adrjjnfr tojbj ia dfsa bf
(art. 1>37 obds. 1µ a jsdrota
dfbnodofbai bf va a njmj rjstotuor (art.
4µ) (art. 1>37 obd. >µ) 1>37, obd. >µ).
pfnjr jxolor ji
palf.
(Kjza, =77?, pál. 4>)

?= Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
PAIONJU NJ IAT DFBNODOFBJT TOKWIJKJB^J _ KJ]AKJB^J WF^JTÂÔPAT
Js váiona ia dfbnodoôb kjrakjbtj pftjstatova

a f quj njpjbnj nj ia pura vfiubtan nji
v
o
t adrjjnfr. Wfr jejkpif, tj vjbnf ko vobf so tj
a
t
s alrana.
j
t
f
p Js buia ia fmioladoôb dfbtraëna maef
j
t dfbnodoôb kjrakjbtj pftjstatova quj
b
j Jejkpif dfbnodoôb sokpijkjbtj pftjstatova f dfbsosta jb ia sfia vfiubtan nji njunfr (art.
k quj njpjbnj nj ub cjdcf vfiubtarof nji 1><3 obd. 1ª). Wfr jejkpif5 tj nfy
j
i
p adrjjnfr5 so vas dfbkolf a Jurfpa, tj palf ji $1.777.777 so quojrf.
k
o
s pasaej. ]azôb5 jb jiias bf cay vfiubtan sjroa nj
b
o
ô
d
o
J e j k p i f n jquj
pftjstatova d f bnjpjbnj
n o d o ô b so
njk pub
i j kcjdcf
jbtj fmiolarsj.
n Tj jstoka quj js váiona ia fmioladoôb
b vfiubtarof nji njunfr5 so vfy a Jurfpa tj dfbtraëna maef uba dfbnodoôb kjrakjbtj
f
D njef ko dasa. p f t j st a t o v a n j i n j u n f r, d u a b n f j s
Paionjz5 ’To ia dfbnodoôb dfbsostj jb ub rjsfiutfroa. âi dfbnodoôb sj prjsjbta jb ias
cjdcf vfiubtarof nj duaiquojra nj ias partjs, nfbadofbjs rjvfdamijs jb quj njpjbnjb nj ia
vainrá‛ (art. 1><3 obd. =µ). sfia vfiubtan nji nfbabtj rjsfivjr ia D
f
nfbadoôb (art. 1>1= DD.). b
n
o
d
o
ô
b
k
j
r
a
k
j
b
t
j
p
f
t
j
s
t
a
t
o
v
a
(]akfs, =773, páls. 14: y ss. y Kjza, =77?, pál. 4:)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ?4
JTÂNFT JB IFT QZJ WZJNJ JBDFB^]A]TJ IA DFBNODOÔB
Ia dfbnodoôb suspjbsova f rjsfiutfroa pujnj jbdfbtrarsj5 pjbnojbtj, dukpiona f àiiona
• WJBNOJB^J5 kojbtras bf sj ca vjrofidanf ji sudjsf dfbstotutovf nj ia dfbnodoôb y sj olbfra so sj vjrofidará.

• Dfbnodoôb suspjbsova pjbnojbtj5 sj kabtojbj jb suspjbsf ia anquosodoôb nji njrjdcf.
• Dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa pjbnojbtj5 sj kabtojbj jb suspjbsf ia rjsfiudoôb nji njrjdcf.
• DZKWIONA5 sj ca vjrofidanf ji cjdcf quj ia dfbstotuyj, so ia dfbnodoôb js pfsotova f bf sj ca vjrofidanf, so js bjlatova.
b jlatova.
• Dfbnodoôb suspjbsova dukpiona5 badjrá ji njrjdcf.
• Dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona5 sj jxtobluorá ji njrjdcf.
• @AIIONA5 so bf sj vjrofida ji adfbtjdokojbtf, sojbnf pfsotova ia dfbnodoôb f sj vjrofida, so js bjlatova. Ia dfbnodoôb njmj àiiar sob duipa nji
njunfr,, nj ftrf kfnf sj jbtojbnj dukpiona (art. 1>31 obd. =µ).
njunfr
• Dfbnodoôb suspjbsova àiiona5 bf iijla ia fmioladoôb a `frkarsj.
• Dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa àiiona5 ia fmioladoôb sj dfbsfionará njfibotovakjbtj.

?> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
JTÂNFT JB IFT QZJ WZJNJ JBDFB^]A]TJ IA DFBNODOÔB
Duábnf sj jbtojbnj dukpiona f àiiona ia dfbnodoôb (art. 1>3=)
• DFBNODOÔB WFTOÔPA
WFTOÔPA _ TJ CA @OEANF ZB WIAUF5 sj dfbsonjrará dukpiona so ji adfbtjdokojbtf quj ia dfbstotuyj sudjnj njbtrf nji
piazf, y àiiona so trabsdurrj nodcf piazf sob quj sudjna.
• DFBNODOÔB JT BJLAÔPA _ TJ CA @OEANF ZB WIAUF5 sj rjputará dukpiona so bf sj rjaioza ji cjdcf njbtrf nji piazf fieanf, y
àiiona so adfbtjdj jb ïi.

• DFBNODOÔB JT WFTOÔPA _ BF TJ CA @OEANF @ OEANF ZB WIAUF5 sj jbtojbnj dukpiona jb duaiquojr tojkpf jb quj ji cjdcf sj vjrofiquj,
quj bf pasj nj nojz añfs, y àiiona jb duaiquojr tojkpf jb quj sj tjbla ia djrtjza nj quj ji cjdcf bf sj vjrofidará f trabsdurrab nojz añfs
sob quj sj vjrofiquj.
• DFBNODOÔB JT BJLAÔPA _ BF TJ CA @OEANF ZB WIAUF, sj tjbnrá pfr dukpiona jb duaiquojr tojkpf jb quj sj tjbla ia djrto-
nukmrj quj bf fdurrorá ji cjdcf prjvostf f duabnf trabsdurra ji piazf nj nojz añfs sob quj sj caya vjrofidanf. Ai dfbtrarof, sj ia rjputará
àiiona jb duaiquojr kfkjbtf jb quj ji adfbtjdokojbtf sj prfnuzda,
pr fnuzda, njbtrf nj ifs rj`jronfs nojz añfs.
(Kjza =77?, páls. 40-4<)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ?:
@F]KA DFKF NJMJB DZKWIO]TJ IAT DFBNODOFBJT
Wrjdosanf if abtjrofr,
Tj apioda prokjrf ia jbtra a fpjrar ia rjlia Dukpiokojbtf òdtf nj
rjlia nji artëduif 1>345 nji artëduif 1>3>5 ’Ias ia dfbnodoôb. Jsta
’Ia dfbnodoôb njmj sjr dfbnodofbjs njmjb sotuadoôb ia dfbtjkpia
dukpiona nji kfnf quj dukpiorsj iotjraikjbtj, ji obdosf =· nji artëduif
ias partjs cab jb ia `frka 1>31. Tj trata nj ia
prfmamijkjbtj dfbvjbona‛. F sja, pjrsfba quj njmj nar ia Wrobdopof nj ia
jbtjbnonf quj ifquj
y sj prjsukorá ùjsj,
ji njtjrkobana ia `frka prjstadoôb so sj dukpij obnovosomoionan
dfbnodoôb. nj ia
Art.1>3:
dfkf ias partjs qujrëab ia dfbnodoôb (njunfr
kfnf kás radofbai nj quj sj dukpiojrab, dfbnodofbai), sj vaij nj obd. 1·5 ’Bf pujnj
dukpioria js ji quj cab tojbjb quj dukpiorsj nj kjnofs oiëdotfs para quj jxolorsj ji
jbtjbnonf ias jsa kabjra y bf nj dukpiokojbtf nj ia
ïsta bf sj dukpia. Ia
partjs‛ (art. 1>34 obd. ftra. Bf pujnjb ijy if sabdofba, fmioladoôb dfbnodofbai,
1·). dukpiorsj pfr tjbojbnf pfr dukpiona sobf vjroòdana ia
Dfbdfrnabdoa5 art. jquovaijbdoa. ia dfbnodoôb. Js dfbnodoôb tftaikjbtj‛.
1:07. Jxdjpdofbjs a jsta apiodadoôb nji probdopof
Ji obdosf =· nji artëduif rjlia jb ji artëduif quj banoj sj pujnj
=03> y jb ias àvfrjdjr dfb su prfpof
1>34 dfifda ub asolbadofbjs kfnaijs, nfif.
jejkpif.
artëduif 17?4.
(]akfs, =773, páls. 14? y ss.)

]J^]FADÔPONAN NJ IA DFBNODOÔB DZKWIONA

Quj ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb fpjrj rjtrfadtovakjbtj solbofida quj uba vjz dukpiona, ifs j`jdtfs nji adtf f dfbtratf sj rjtrftrajb ai
kfkjbtf jb quj nodcf adtf sjs j djijmrô. Js uba fiddoôb njstobana a prftjljr ai adrjjnfr dfbnodofbai nj ifs adtfs f lravák
lravákjbjs
jbjs quj punojra
camjr rjaiozanf ji njunfr dfbnodofbai, kojbtras ia dfbnodoôb jstuvf pjbnojbtj
]jtrfadtovonan jb ia dfbnodoôb suspjbsova ]jtrfadtovonan jb ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
Tj dfbsonjra quj ji adtf eurënodf ca tjbonf sojkprj ji darádtjr nj purf

y sokpij. Tj jbtojbnj quj ji adrjjnfr tojbj ji njrjdcf njsnj ji kfkjb- Zba vjz dukpiona ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, sj jxtobluj f rjsujivj ji
njrjdcf. Tj jbtojbnj quj ias partjs eakás cab jstanf vobduianas jbtrj
tf nj ia djijmradoôb nji adtf f dfbtratf y bf njsnj ji dukpiokojbtf
së. Iujlf ji njunfr dfbnodofbai njmj rjstotuor tfnf if quj rjdomoô ai
nj ia dfbnodoôb. Ji njunfr, pfr su partj, sj jstokará quj ca
c a qujnanf
kfkjbtf nj djijmrarsj ji adtf f dfbtratf.
fmiolanf njsnj ia koska `jdca nji adtf f dfbtratf dfbnodofbai.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ?<

]jtrfadtovonan nj ia dfbnodoôb jb ji Dônolf Dovoi dcoijbf
Dasfs jb quj sj adjpta ia rjtrfadtovonan5 Dasfs jb quj sj rjdcaza ia rjtrfadtovonan5

— Art. 1>305 ji adrjjnfr tojbj njrjdcf
njrjdcf a ifs
ifs aukjbtfs y kjefras nj — Art. 1>335 dukpiona uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, bf sj njmjb rjsto-
ia dfsa, fdurronfs duabnf jstama pjbnojbtj ia dfbnodoôb (obd. =·). tuor ifs `rutfs prfnudonfs pfr ia dfsa kojbtras jstuvf pjbnojbtj
— Art. =>145 na pijbf vaifr
vaifr a ia copftjda njsnj ia `jdca nj su obs- ia dfbnodoôb. To sj adjptarj ia rjtrfadtovonan, ji njunfr dfbnodof-
bai njmjrëa, ai dukpiorsj ia dfbnodoôb, rjstotuor ia dfsa y ifs `rutfs.
dropdoôb jb jisuspjbsova
ia dfbnodoôb Dfbsjrvatfrof
maef ianjduai
Mojbjs ]aëdjs(obd.
sj ftfrlô uba =·).
vjz dukpiona — Art. 17<3 obd. 4·5 koska onjaonja quj jb ji dasf abtjrofr
abtjrofr apiodana a
— Art. 1>3<5 duabnf sj dukpij ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa ji njunfr ias asolbadofbjs tjstakjbtaroas.
njmj rjstotuor tfnf if quj cumojrj rjdomonf dfb tai kftovf. — Art. <:35 autfroza ai finudoarof para kunar ia `frka nj ia prfpoj-
— Arts. 1>?7 y 1>?15 provab nj vaifr a ias jbaejbadofbjs
jbaejbadofbjs cjdcas nan finudoaroa. To ia dfbnodoôb fpjrara dfb j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf, bf
pfr ji njunfr jb ji tojkpf obtjrkjnof, a kjbfs quj sj dukpiab pfnrëa jxostor jsta bfrka. âkmoïb
âkmoïb sj adjpta ubovjrsaikjbtj quj,
njtjrkobanfs rjquosotfs. dukpiona ia dfbnodoôb, y fpjrana ia rjstotudoôb ai finjodfkosarof,
sumsostjb ifs arrjbnakojbtfs cjdcfs pfr ji finudoarof. To fpjrara
ia rjtrfadtovonan, jiif bf sj pfnrëa
pf nrëa adjptar,
adjptar, pfrquj quojb arrjbnô
if camrëa cjdcf sob boblõb njrjdcf.
— Arts. 1>?7 y 1>?15 ifs adtfs nj jbaejbadoôb rjaiozanfs
rjaiozanfs pfr ji nju-
nfr jstabnf pjbnojbtj ia dfbnodoôb, qujnab firkjs rjspjdtf nj
tjrdjrfs nj mujba `j.


¶Quï fdurrj jb ifs dasfs bf rjluianfs pfr ji Dônolf6
Ttotdchob5 ji Dônolf Dovoi adflj jb ljbjrai ia rjtrfadtovonan y quj

Tfkarrova y Amjiouh5 ia rjtrfadtovonan dfbstotuyj ia jxdjpdoôb jb
aqujiias nospfsodofbjs nj jxdjpdoôb sfb kjras iokotadofbjs ai probdo-
bujstra ijlosiadoôb, y dfkf fiddoôb quj js, bf pujnj jxtjbnjrsj a
pof camotuai, nj kabjra quj dfb`frkj a ïi njmjb rjsfivjrsj ias sotua-
ftrfs dasfs quj ifs prjvostfs jxprjsakjbtj.
dofbjs bf prjvostas pfr ia ijy.
(]akfs =773, páls. 1>0 y ss.)

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs ??
]OJTLFT NJ IA DFTA QZJ TJ NJMJ MAEF DFBNODOÔB

¶Quoïb sfpfrta ia pïrnona nj ia jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf njmonf quj sj njstruyj `frtuotakjbtj kojbtras ia dfbnodoôb sj jbdujbtra pjbnojbtj6
To sj tratasj nj ub dfbtratf moiatjrai ¶sumsostj ia fmioladoôb nj ia dfbtrapartj6
Dfkf dfbsjdujbdoa, sj jxtobluj ji dfbtratf (f

sja, bf sôif sj jxtobluj jsta fmioladoôb, sobf
Ji artëduif 1>30 sjñaia5 ’To abtjs nji dukpiokojbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb ia dfsa prfkjtona takmoïb ia nj ia dfbtrapartj, pfrquj darjdjrëa
pjrjdj sob duipa nji njunfr, sj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb...‛ (obd. 1·, prokjra partj). nj dausa). Ji rojslf js, jbtfbdjs, nji njunfr.
To ia pïrnona js pardoai y duipamij, sjlõb ji

To ia njstruddoôb js pardoai y `frtuota, 1>30
a qujjirjsujiva
adrjjnfr
ji tjbnrá ubfnjrjdcf
dfbtratf quj sj ijaitjrbatovf
jbtrjluj
rolj ia rjlia nji obdosf =· nji artëduif ia dfsa jb ji jstanf jb quj sj jbdujbtra y,
To ia njstruddoôb js duipamij, ji njunfr js 1>30, sjlõb ia duai ia dfsa njmjrá
fmiolanf ai prjdof y a ia obnjkbozadoôb nj anjkás, jb akmfs dasfs tjbnrá njrjdcf a
pjreuodofs (art. 1>30). rjdomoria ji adrjjnfr jb ji jstanf jb obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs.
quj sj jbdujbtrj, sob njrjdcf a ia
rjmaea nji prjdof.
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1:7-1:1)


WJBNOJB^J
TZEJÂT A
DFBNODOÔB DZKWIONA
TZTWJBTOPA
@AIIONA
J@JD^FT NJ IAT
FMIOLADOFBJT
DFBNODOFBAIJT
WJBNOJB^J
TZEJÂT A
DFBNODOÔB DZKWIONA
]JTFIZ^F]OA
@AIIONA

3.1.=. Ia dfbnodoôb
dfbnodoôb suspjbsov
suspjbsovaa
WJBNOJB^J @AIIONA DZKWIONA
1. Bf badj ji njrjdcf bo ia 1. Ji njrjdcf y ia dfrrjiatova 1. Badj ji njrjdcf y ia fmioladoôb dfrrjspfbnojbtj8

fmioladoôb dfrrjspfb- fmioladoôb bf vab a badjr8 =. Ji adrjjnfr
adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor su dukpiokojbtf8
nojbtj8 =. Njsaparjdj ia jxpjdtatova 4. To ji njunfr pala, ji palf js váionf. Bf pujnj rjpjtor (art. 1>3: obd.
obd.
=. Ji vëbduif
vëbduif eurënodf jxostj8 nji adrjjnfr dfbnodofbai8 =·)8
y 4. To camëab kjnonas dfbsjr-
dfbsjr-
4. Ji adrjjnfr
adrjjnfr tojbj uba sok- vatovas, jstas qujnab sob >. Tjlõb
tj)8 ailubfs (Aijssabnro), sj prfnudj ji j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf (sj nosdu-
pij jxpjdtatova. j`jdtf8
:. Ji njunfr njmj jbtrjlar
jbtrjlar ia dfsa njmona dfbnodofbaikjbtj jb ji jstanf
>. ^fnfs ifs adtfs nj anko- jb quj sj caiij, àvfrjdojbnf ai adrjjnfr ifs aukjbtfs y sfpfrtabnf
bostradoôb f nospfsodoôb ias pïrnonas (art. 1>30) sojkprj quj jstas õitokas sjab `frtuotas8
djijmranfs pfr ji njunfr
0. Wfr rjlia ljbjrai, bf sj jbtrjlab ifs `rutfs quj ia dfsa prfnuef jb ji
dfbnodofbai jb ji tojkpf
tojkpf obtjrkjnof (kojbtras ia dfbnodoôb jstuvf pjbnojbtj). Pjr arts.
obtjrkjnof, qujnab firkjs.
17<3 obd. 4µ y 1>338
<. Ifs adtfs nj ankobostradoôb (arrjbnakojbtf, pfr jejkpif) djijmranfs
djijmranfs
pfr ji njunfr sj kabtojbjb, sob pjreuodof nj quj ji dukpiokojbtf nj
ia dfbnodoôb okpfrtj uba dausai nj jxtobdoôb nji dfbtratf, dfkf if
prujma ji artëduif 1?:7 B· 4·. Jstj probdopof sj njsprjbnj nji artëduif
<:3, quj ftfrla ai prfpojtarof finudoarof „quj js ub njunfr dfbnodof-
bai„ ia àduitan nj ankobostrar
ankobostrar..
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1:1 y ss.)

3.1.4. Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
DFBNODOÔB
]JTFIZ^F]OA5 Js prjdosf nostobluor pfrquj jb
cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf bujstrf Njrjdcf ia dfbnodoôb
nji duai njpjbnj ia rjsfiutfroa pujnj rjvjstor 4 NJ@OBODOÔB
jxtobdoôb nj ub kfnaionanjs.
njrjdcf
DFBNODOÔB "Js ji cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf, quj bf sja ji obdukpiokojbtf nj

]JTFIZ^F]OA uba fmioladoôb dfbtraëna, vjroòdanf ji duai sj jxtobluj ub
F]NOBA]OA njrjdcf y ia dfrrjiatova fmioladoôb"
.
J@JD^FT NJ IA DFBNODOÔB Js ia quj va jbvujita jb tfnf dfbtratf moiatjrai para ji dasf nj

DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA bf dukpiorsj pfr ia ftra partj if padtanf. Njrova nji artëduif
]JTFIZ^F]OA ^ÁDOÂ 1>3?.
"Js ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota jxprjsana. Jb ji koskf

WAD^F DFKOTF]OF dfbtratf nj dfkpravjbta, ias partjs njeab dfbstabdoa quj so ji
dfkpranfr bf pala ji prjdof, ia ftra partj pfnrá pjnor ia
rjsfiudoôb nj dfbtratf".
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1:: y ss.)

3.1.>. Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa
DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA F]NOBA]OA
NJ@OBODOÔB5 "Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa js ia quj dfbsostj jb ub

cjdcf duaiquojra, ùturf j obdojrtf, quj bf sja ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba
fmioladoôb, nj quj njpjbna ia jxtobdoôb nj ub njrjdcf."
¶DÔKF FWJ]A65 "Wrfnudj sus
j`jdtfs nj pijbf njrjdcf, pfr ji sfif
kobostjrof nj ia ijy. Ji njrjdcf sj
jxtobluj opsf eurj pfr ji
dukpiokojbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb. Asë
rjsuita nji tjxtf nji art. 1><?8 pfr su
¶QZOÏB WZJNJ AIJLA] IA dukpiokojbtf, jstf js, pfr ji kjrf
]FI NJI EZJU5 "so sj susdota ]JTFIZDOÔB6 "^fna
tjbla obtjrïs jb jiif pjrsfba
pujnj aijlarquj
ia cjdcf nj dukpiorsj,
jxtobluj.ji njrjdcf sj
dfbtrfvjrsoa, ia kosoôb nji eujz sj rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf y pujnj
iokotará a vjroòdar quj ia dfbnodoôb fpfbjrsj a tfna pjrsfba, partj f
sj ca dukpionf." tjrdjrf jxtrañf ai adtf eurënodf, dfb
ias iokotadofbjs quj prjvïb ifs arts.
1>?7 y 1>?1."
(Kjza, =77?, pál. >1)

3.1.:. Ia dfbnodoôb
dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
rjsfiutfroa tádota
’Dfbsostj jb bf dukpiorsj if padtanf, nj tai kfnf quj ji cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf js ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmiola-
doôb. Js uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, bjlatova, sokpijkjbtj pftjstatova y tádota, sj sumjbtojbnj, bf js kjbjstjr quj sj
Njfibodoôb y padtj‛.
daradtjrëstodas
Tj jbdujbtra dfbsalrana jb ji art. 1>3?5 ’Jb ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs va jbvujita ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa nj bf duk-
piorsj pfr ubf nj ifs dfbtratabtjs if padtanf‛.
Ai prjsukoria, ji ijlosianfr obtjrprjta ia prfmamij vfiubtan nj ias partjs. ]jdfrnar quj jb ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs
@ubnakjbtf dana partj sj fmiola jb vosta nj ia fmioladoôb rjdëprfda quj ia ftra partj dfbtraj. ’Js nj tfna jquonan quj, so uba partj
jquonan rjcõsa ji dukpiokojbtf nj sus fmioladofbjs, ia ftra pujna njkabnar ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf, tabtf para iomjrarsj jiia
nj ia fmioladoôb rjdëprfda dfkf para, jb dasf nj camjria jejdutanf, dfbsjluor ia rjstotudoôb nj if quj palô‛.
’Ji obd. =µ nji art. 1>3? nospfbj quj ’jb tai dasf pfnrá ji ftrf dfbtratabtj pjnor a su armotrof f ia rjsfiudoôb f ji
J`jdtfs nji dukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf, dfb obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs‛.
dukpiokojbtf Nj jstj kfnf, tojbj ji adrjjnfr ub njrjdcf aitjrbatovf para njkabnar ji dukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf f ia rjsfiudoôb nji
nj ia dfbnodoôb koskf y, jb ubf y ftrf dasf, quj sj ij obnjkbodjb ifs pjreuodofs su`ronfs.
rjsfiutfroa tádota Ji dfbtratabtj

ji obd. noioljbtj,
=µ nji art. 1>3?‛. vëdtoka nji obdukpiokojbtf, pujnj jsdfljr iomrjkjbtj, ’a su armotrof‛, ias addofbjs quj ftfrla
’Ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota bf prfnudj nj pijbf njrjdcf ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf. To asë bf
ùjra, ia sujrtj nji dfbtratf qujnarëa jbtrjlana ai armotrof nj ias partjs8 para rjsfivjr ub dfbtratf mastarëa bf duk-
Bf fpjra nj piorif.
pijbf njrjdcf
Ji njrjdcf nj pjnor ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf js ub mjbjfidof quj ia ijy ftfrla ai dfbtratabtj duyf njrjdcf sj ca vof-
ianf8 nujñf js nj rjbubdoarif
r jbubdoarif para pjnor, jb dakmof, ji fiji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛.

¶Dôkf sj ’Ia fpdoôb nji dfbtratabtj pfr ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf njmj cadjrsj pfr kjnof nj uba njkabna eunodoai. Bf masta-
rëa quj ia partj kabo`jstara, nj duaiquojr kfnf, su vfiubtan nj rjsfivjr ji dfbtratf. Ia fpdoôb sj
s j tranudj jb ji jejrdodof
jejrdota ia nj ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa. Ji art. 1>3? àduita ai dfbtratabtj ’ para pjnor a su armotrof‛ quj ji dfbtratf sj dukpia f
fpdoôb6 rjsujiva‛.
’Ji obdukpiokojbtf bf ca nj sjr `frtuotf, sobf quj okputamij ai njunfr nj ia fmioladoôb vofiana. Kás jxadtakjbtj, js
kjbjstjr quj ji dfbtratabtj dfbtra quojb sj ponj ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf sj jbdujbtrj jb kfra nj dukpior. Ji cjdcf
¶Masta ji
nj quj ji dfbtratabtj jstï àduitanf para pjnor ia rjsfiudoôb f ji dukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf, dfb obnjkbozadoôb nj
obdukpiokojbtf6 pjreuodofs, js prujma nj quj js prjdosf quj ji njunfr jstï jb kfra, rjquosotf obnospjbsamij para quj prfdjna ia obnjk-
bozadoôb‛ (art. 1::<).
Ia addoôb ’Ji quj ponj ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf ca nj sjr ub dfbtratabtj noioljbtj, quj ca dukpionf pfr su partj f jstá iiabf a
rjsfiutfroa dukpior.. Nj ftrf kfnf, dfkf sj dfkprjbnj, bf pujnj rjprfdcar a su dfbtrapartj ia ob`raddoôb nji dfbtratf y prjtjbnjr
dukpior
dfrrjspfbnj quj sj ia sabdofbj
s abdofbj dfb ia rjsfiudoôb nji
n ji koskf. Anjkás, bf jstarëa ia dfbtrapartj jb kfra. Jb ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs,
ai dfbtratabtj nj adujrnf dfb ji art. 1::=, boblubf nj n j ifs dfbtratabtjs jstá jb kfra njeabnf nj dukpior if padtanf, kojbtras ji ftrf
noioljbtj bf if dukpij pfr su partj, f bf sj aiiaba a dukpiorif jb ia `frka y tojkpf njmonfs‛.
¶Duábnf sj
prfnudj ia Ji dfbtratf qujna rjsujitf njsnj quj ia sjbtjbdoa quj adflj ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa qujna firkj y jejdutfroana.
rjsfiudoôb6
(Kjza, =77?, páls. >1 y ss.)

]JQZOTO^FT NJ IA DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA ^ÁDOÂ

(]akfs, =773, páls. 104 y ss. y Kjza, =77?, páls. >1 y ss.)
Jb fpdoôb nj ia lrab kayfrëa nj ia nfdtroba, prfdjnj sôif jb • Tfmrj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota
tádota jb
jb dfbtratfs
dfbtratfs moiatjraijs. Ji prfpof tjbfr iotjrai nji artëduif 1>3?, uboiatjraijs vjr5 ]akfs, =773, páls. 104-10> y
quj camia nj ’dfbtratfs moiatjraijs‛. Wfr ftrf ianf, jb ifs Kjza, =77?, páls. >1->=.
dfbtratfs uboiatjraijs, ji dônolf ca onf rjsfivojbnf jb dana
1. Dfbtratf mo- • Tfmrj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota
tádota jb
jb ifs dfbtra-
dasf partoduiar if quj fdurrj duabnf ji njunfr bf dukpij.
iatjrai tfs nj tradtf sudjsovf vjr5 ]akfs, =773, páls. 10:-
Wfr
dota if njkás, jb
ranodarëa ji ùbnakjbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb
ia obtjrnjpjbnjbdoa rjsfiutfroa tá-
nj ias prjstadofbjs, if 100.
quj sfif pujnj fdurror jb ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs. Tfmrj ia • Tfmrj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
rjsfiutfroa tádota
tádota jb ia partodoôb
rjsfiudoôb jb ifs dfbtratfs uboiatjraijs. vjr5 ]akfs, =773, pál. 100.
Ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba nj ias partjs dfbstotuyj eustakjbtj

ji cjdcf dfbnodofbai. Ji obdukpiokojbtf tojbj quj sjr okpu- • ¶Wrfdjnj rjsfiudoôb pfr obdukpiokojbtfs
obdukpiokojbtfs nj pfda
tamij ai njunfr, jstf js, njmonf a su nfif f duipa. Tj njs- kfbta6, vjr5 ]akfs, =773, páls. 103-1<7.
=. Obdukpio- prjbnj nji artëduif 1>3?, quj jstamijdj quj prfnudonf ji ob-
• ¶Wrfdjnj rjsfiudoôb pfr obdukpiokojbtf
obdukpiokojbtf pardoai6
kojbtf okpu- dukpiokojbtf ia ftra partj pujnj pjnor
p jnor ji dukpiokojbtf f ia vjr5 ]akfs, =773, páls. 1<7.
tamij rjsfiudoôb, jb akmfs dafs dfb obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs, y
prjdosakjbtj ubf nj ifs rjquosotfs para quj fpjrj ia obnjkbo- • Obdukpiokojbtf rjdëprfdf, vjr5 ]akfs, =773, páls.
zadoôb nj pjreuodofs js quj ji njunfr jstï jb kfra (art. 1::<), 1<7.
y ubf nj ifs rjquosotfs nj ia kfra js ji nfif f duipa.

]JQZOTO^FT NJ IA DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA ^ÁDOÂ

(]akfs, =773, páls. 104 y ss. y Kjza, =77?, páls. >1 y ss.)
Jstj rjquosotf njrova nji artëduif 1::=, jb duya vortun ’jb

ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs boblubf nj ifs dfbtratabtjs jstá jb
kfra njeabnf nj dukpior if padtanf, kojbtras ji ftrf bf if
4. Obvfdana pfr dukpij pfr su partj f bf sj aiiaba a dukpiorif jb ia `frka y
ji dfbtratab- tojkpf njmonfs‛.
tj noioljbtj
Wfr dfbsoluojbtj, so quojb njkabna ia rjsfiudoôb bf ca duk-
pionf dfb su prfpoa fmioladoôb, sj ij fpfbnrá pfr ji njkab-
nanf ia jxdjpdoôb nji dfbtratf bf dukpionf.
Quj uba sjbtjbdoa eunodoai njdiarj ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf.

Bujstrf Dônolf bf if nodj jb `frka jxprjsa. Tob jkmarlf,
﬍uyj dfb amsfiuta diaronan nji prfpof tjbfr iotjrai nji artë-
duif 1>3?, quj jb su obdosf =· sjñaia5 ’Wjrf jb tai dasf…‛,
nabnf a jbtjbnjr quj jb jstj dasf bf fdurrj if koskf quj jb
>. Njdiaradoôb ji nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa. Anjkás, ji obdosf =· • ¶Js dojrtf
dojrtf
pujnj quj njkabnana
jbjrvar ia rjsfiudoôb
ia
ia addoôb, palabnf6 Pjr5ji ]akfs,
njunfr
eunodoai jkpija ia jxprjsoôb ’pjnor a su armotrof‛, if quj okpioda nj-
kabnarif a ub tromubai, quj baturaikjbtj njmjrá rjsfivjrif. =773, páls. 1<4-1<0.
Tj sujij takmoïb nar dfkf arlukjbtf ji quj nj fpjrar ia rj-
sfiudoôb nj pijbf njrjdcf, bf sj vj dfkf pfnrëa ji adrjjnfr
usar ia fpdoôb quj ij ftfrla ji artëduif 1>3? para pjnor ji
dukpiokojbtf.

DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA ^ÁDOÂ DFBNODOÔB ]JTFIZ^F]OA F]NOBA]OA

Ji cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ia rjsfiudoôb pujnj sjr
Ji cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ia rjsfiudoôb njmj sjr ji
duaiquojra, kjbfs ji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb nj ub dfb-
obdukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb jb ub dfbtratf moiatjrai.
tratf moiatjrai.
Fpjra jb vortun nj uba sjbtjbdoa eunodoai, pfr if quj sus j`jdtfs sfb Fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf, pfr if quj pujnj cadjria j`jdtova quojb jstï
rjiatovfs y njmj sjr njkabnana pfr
p fr ji dfbtratabtj noioljbtj. obtjrjsanf jb ia rjsfiudoôb.
Js sf
sfmr
mrjj
jjbt
btjb
jbno
nona
na pf
pfrr ia
ia ijy
ijy jb tf
tfnf
nf df
dfbt
btra
ratf
tf mo
moia
iatj
tjra
rai.
i. ]jqu
]jquoojr
jrjj nj
nj uba
uba ka
kabo
bo`j
`jst
stad
adoô
oôbb jxp
jxprj
rjsa
sa nj ia vf
vfiu
iubt
btan
an..
Tj sumjbtojbnj jb tfnf dfbtratf moiatjrai. Tj apioda a duaiquojr bjlfdof eurënodf, pjrf sojkprj quj sj ia jstopuij.
Dukpiona, ji adrjjnfr dfbnodofbai tojbj ub njrjdcf fptatovf para

Dukpiona sj prfnudj bjdjsaroakjbtj ia rjsfiudoôb.
njkabnar ji dukpiokojbtf f ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfbtratf.
Ji ad
adrj
rjjn
jnfr
fr to
tojb
jbjj nj
njrj
rjdc
dcff a ia ob
obnj
njkb
kboz
ozad
adoô
oôbb nj
nj pj
pjre
reuo
uodo
dofs
fs.. Ji ad
adrj
rjjn
jnfr
fr bf to
tojb
jbjj nj
njrj
rjdc
dcff a ia ob
obnj
njkb
kboz
ozad
adoô
oôbb nj
nj pj
pjre
reuo
uodo
dofs.
fs.
(]akfs, =773, páls. 1<?-137 y Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 0:?-007)

3.1.0. Wadtf dfkosfrof
WAD^F DFKOTF]OF5 js ia dfbnodoôb nj bf dukpiorsj pfr uba nj ias partjs if padtanf, jxprjsakjbtj jstopuianf.
Ji art. 13<< bf njea nuna nj quj sj trata nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota jxprjsana.
Ji D.D. trata ji padtf

dfkosfrof jb ia
dfkpravjbta.
’Wfr ji padtf dfkosfrof sj jstopuia
jxprjsakjbtj quj, bf palábnfsj ji prjdof Diasjs
ai tojkpf dfbvjbonf, sj rjsfivjrá ji
dfbtratf nj vjbta‛.
Wadtf dfkosfrof daioòdanf f

Jb rjiadoôb nji
ob`raddoôb a ia ’Jbtoïbnjsj sojkprj jsta jstopuiadoôb jb Wadtf dfkosfrof dfb diáusuia nj rjsfiudoôb
ji dfbtratf nj vjbta, y duabnf sj jxprjsa, sokpij opsf àdtf
dfkpranfr nj
palar ji prjdof. tfka ji bfkmrj nj padtf dfkosfrof, y
prfnudj ifs j`jdtfs quj vab a obnodarsj‛
(Kjza, =77?, páls. >>->:)

J@JD^FT NJI WAD^F DFKOTF]OF

WAD^F DFKOTF]OF TOKWIJ WAD^F DFKOTF]OF DAIO@ODANF
’Js aquji jb quj iosa y iiabakjbtj sj jstopuia quj sj rjsfivjrá ji dfb-

tratf jb dasf nj bf dukpiorsj if padtanf‛. ’Js aquji jb quj sj jstopuia quj so bf sj dukpij if padtanf sj rjsfi-
vjrá opsf àdtf ji dfbtratf‛ (’nj pijbf njrjdcf‛, ’jb ji adtf‛, ’sob
Jb ifs dfbtratfs moiatjraijs, prfnudj ji koskf j`jdtf quj ia dfbnodoôb kás trákotj‛, jtd.).
rjsfiutfroa tádota. Tu utoionan aparjdj jb ifs dfbtratfs uboiatjraijs.
Ji art. 13<3 jxprjsa quj ’pfr ji padtf dfkosfrof bf sj prova ai vjb-

Jb ji padtf dfkosfrof daiofidanf bf sj jbtojbnj quj ji adrjjnfr rjbub-
njnfr nj ia jijddoôb nj addofbjs quj ij dfbdjnj ji art. 13<4‛. Js nj-
doa a su njrjdcf nj pjnor ji dukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf, so dfbvojbj a
dor quj ia jstopuiadoôb nj ub padtf dfkosfrof, njea ai dfbtratabtj jb
su obtjrïs. Bf ij prova nj jijlor jbtrj ia rjsfiudoôb y ia jejdudoôb nj
iomjrtan para pjnor ia rjsfiudoôb f ji dukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf, dfb
if padtanf (art. 13<3).
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs.
Dfkf ji adrjjnfr bf qujna provanf nji njrjdcf nj rjdiakar ji duk-

Ji padtf dfkosfrof bf fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf ia rjsfiudoôb nji dfb-
tratf jb quj sj jstopuia. piokojbtf nji dfbtratf, jstj jxostj f, if quj js oluai, bf sj rjsujivj nj
pijbf njrjdcf.
Nj ftra kabjra bf sj dfbdjmorëa quj ji dfbtratabtj punojra rjdiakar
Ji padtf dfkosfrof daiofidanf, bf fpjra opsf eurj ia rjsfiudoôb nji
ji dukpiokojbtf nj if jstopuianf.
dfbtratf.

J@JD^FT NJI WAD^F DFKOTF]OF

WAD^F DFKOTF]OF TOKWIJ WAD^F DFKOTF]OF DAIO@ODANF
Dfkf uba dfbsjdujbdoa nj quj ji dfbtratf bf sj rjsujivj nj pijbf

njrjdcf, ji njunfr pujnj dukpiorif, a pjsar nj caiiarsj jb kfra.
Art. 13<?5 ’To sj jstopuia quj, pfr bf palarsj ji prjdof ai tojkpf

dfbvjbonf, sj rjsujiva opsf àdtf ji dfbtratf nj vjbta, ji dfkpranfr
pfnrá, sob jkmarlf, cadjrif sumsostor, palabnf ji prjdof, if kás tarnj,
jb ias vjobtoduatrf cfras sumsoluojbtjs a ia bftofidadoôb eunodoai nj ia
njkabna‛.
¶Ji piazf nj => cfras js rjbubdoamij6 Pjr5 Kjza, =77?, pál. >0.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. >:->0)

@F]KA JB QZJ FWJ]A JI WAD^F DFKOTF]OF

(]akfs, =773, páls. 134 y ss.)
Wadtf dfkosfrof sokpij Wadtf dfkosfrof

jb ji dfbtratf nj daiofidanf jb ji dfbtratf
dfkpravjbta pfr ji nj dfkpravjbta pfr ji
Wadtf dfkosfrof sokpij
obdukpiokojbtf nj uba Wadtf dfkosfrof daiofidanf jb ji obdukpiokojbtf
obdukpiokoj btf nj uba
jb ji dfbtratf nj
fmioladoôb nostobta a dfbtratf nj dfkpravjbta
dfkpravjbta pfr bf palf fmioladoôb nostobta a
dfkpravjbta pfr bf
palf nji prjdof ia
jbnj
ifspalar
njkásjidfbtratfs
prjdof, f nji prjdof ia nj
jb ifspalar
njkásjidfbtratfs,
prjdof, f
pfr obdukpiokojbtf nj pfr obdukpiokojbtf nj
duaiquojra fmioladoôb duaiquojr fmioladoôb
]jquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai ]jquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai ]jquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai Fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf,
Ji artëduif 13<3 jxprjsa quj Tojbnf ji padtf dfkosfrof Artëduif 13<?5 ’To sj jstopuia quj, pfr bf pfrquj js jsf if quj ias
’pfr ji padtf dfkosarof bf sokpij sôif ia dfbnodoôb rj- palarsj ji prjdof ai tojkpf dfbvjbonf, sj partjs prjtjbnojrfb ai jsto-
sj prova ai vjbnjnfr nj ia sfiutfroa tádota jxprjsana, rjsujiva opsf àdtf ji dfbtratf nj vjbta, ji puiarif. Bf jstakfs `rjbtj
jijddoôb nj addofbjs quj ij sus j`jdtfs sfb ifs koskfs dfkpranfr pfnrá, sob jkmarlf, cadjrif ai padtf dfkosfrof nji ar-
dfbdjnj ji artëduif 13<4‛, nj aqujiia, js njdor, sj ftfrla sumsostor, palabnf ji prjdof, if kás tarnj, tëduif 13<?, pfr if quj bf
jstf js, ji njrjdcf a jxolor ai dfbtratabtj dukpionfr ia jb ias vjobtoduatrf cfras sumsoluojbtjs a ia cay razôb para apiodar sus
ji prjdof (dukpiokojbtf nji fpdoôb para pjnor ji dukpio- bftofidadoôb eunodoai nj ia njkabna‛. rjlias, sobf abtj ub padtf
dfbtratf) f ia rjsfiudoôb nj kojbtf f ia rjsfiudoôb kás drjanf pfr ias partjs jb vor-
ia vjbta, dfb rjsardokojbtf obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs. tun nji probdopof nj ia autf-
nj pjreuodofs. bfkëa nj ia vfiubtan dfb-
salranf jb ji artëduif 1:>:.

@F]KA JB QZJ FWJ]A JI WAD^F DFKOTF]OF

(]akfs, =773, páls. 134 y ss.)
Wadtf dfkosfrof sokpij Wadtf dfkosfrof

jb ji dfbtratf nj daiofidanf jb ji dfbtratf
dfkpravjbta pfr ji nj dfkpravjbta pfr ji
Wadtf dfkosfrof sokpij
obdukpiokojbtf nj uba Wadtf dfkosfrof daiofidanf jb ji obdukpiokojbtf
obdukpiokoj btf nj uba
jb ji dfbtratf nj
fmioladoôb nostobta a dfbtratf nj dfkpravjbta
dfkpravjbta pfr bf palf fmioladoôb nostobta a
dfkpravjbta pfr bf
palf nji prjdof ia
jbnj
ifspalar
njkásjidfbtratfs
prjdof, f nji prjdof ia nj
jb ifspalar
njkásjidfbtratfs,
prjdof, f
pfr obdukpiokojbtf nj pfr obdukpiokojbtf nj
duaiquojra fmioladoôb duaiquojr fmioladoôb
Jstfs j`jdtfs sfb onïbtodfs Tj rjquojrj takmoïb nj sjb- Jstá diarf quj ia rjsfiudoôb bf fpjra nj Ia bfrka nji artëduif 13<?
a ifs nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiu- tjbdoa eunodoai quj njdiarj ia pijbf njrjdcf, sobf quj sj rjquojrj nj uba js jxdjpdofbai pfrquj rolj
tfroa tádota5 js njdor, ji dfk- rjsfiudoôb. sjbtjbdoa eunodoai quj ia njdiarj. para ia dfkpravjbta y sôif
pranfr pujnj pjnor ji duk- Wara quj jstj palf pujna jbjrvar ia addoôb para ji bf palf nji prjdof,
piokojbtf f ia rjsfiudoôb nji nj rjsfiudoôb njmj dukpior ifs soluojbtjs pfr jiif su apiodadoôb njmj
dfbtratf dfb obnjkbozadoôb rjquosotfs5 a) njmj palarsj njbtrf nj ias sjr rjstrodtova.
nj pjreuodofs. => cfras njsnj quj sj bftofida ia njkabna8
Wfr ia koska razôb, para m) ji palf njmj sjr ëbtjlrf, jstf js, palarsj
quj fpjrj sj rjquojrj nj uba tfnf if quj ai kfkjbtf nj ia bftofidadoôb
rjsfiudoôb eunodoai, oluai a if nj ia njkabna sja
s ja adtuaikjbtj jxolomij, y
quj fdurrj jb ia dfbnodoôb d) njmj dukpior ifs rjquosotfs ljbjraijs nji
rjsfiutfroa tádota. palf.

3.1.<. Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa
’Js ia quj jkaba nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa jb ifs dasfs quj jiia rjquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai, y jb duya vortun ji
Addoôb rjsfiutfroa dfbtratabtj noioljbtj sfiodota quj sj njej sob j`jdtf ji dfbtratf pfr bf camjr dukpionf ia dfbtrapartj ailuba nj
ias fmioladofbjs jkabanas nj ïi‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0<1).
’ôjbj pfr fmejtf cadjr j`jdtovfs njrjdcfs nj drïnotf, y jb dfbsjdujbdoa js uba addoôb pjrsfbai quj dfrrjspfbnj
dfrrjspfbn j
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa ai dfbtratabtj noioljbtj jb dfbtra nji ftrf dfbtratabtj quj bf dukpioô ailubas nj ias fmioladofbjs quj ij okpusf
js pjrsfbai ia dfbvjbdoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0<=).
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa ’Js uba addoôb bjtakjbtj pjduboaroa, susdjptomij nj jxprjsarsj jb nobjrf, pujstf quj pjrsoluj njear sob j`jdtf ub
js patrokfboai dfbtratf patrokfboai. Bf prfdjnj jb ifs adtfs nj àkoioa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0<>).
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa
’Apiodabnf ia rjlia ljbjrai nji Art. :37, ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa sjrá kujmij f raëz, sjlõb if sja ia dfsa jb quj
pujnj sjr kujmij f rjdaola‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0<<).
raëz
’Jsta obnovosomoionan js sumejtova y fmejtova. a) Tumejtova, pfrquj so sfb varofs ifs adrjjnfrjs, njmjb jejrdotar ia
addoôb dfbeubtakjbtj y so cay piuraionan nj njunfrjs, njmj njkabnarsj a tfnfs jiifs. (…) m) Fmejtova, pfrquj
bf sj pujnj njkabnar jb partj ji dukpiokojbtf y jb partj ia rjsfiudoôb‛.
r jsfiudoôb‛. (]akfs, =773, páls. =77 y =71).
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa Jb fpoboôb nj Kjza js novosomij5 ’(…) bf cay obdfbvjbojbtj para quj qu j ub dfbtratabtj njkabnj ji dukpiokojbtf
js obnovosomi
obnovosomijj nj su partj f dufta jb ji drïnotf, kojbtras ftrf obsta pfr ia rjsfiudoôb, pfr if quj a ïi sj rjfijrj, para iomjrarsj nj
sus fmioladofbjs y fmtjbjr quj sj ij rjstotuya if quj caya nanf pfr su partj. Ia ijy ankotj jxprjsakjbtj quj ub
dfbtratf sja váionf para uba partj y buif para ftra, duabnf sfb varofs ifs quj dfbtratab (art. 10?7)‛. (Kjza,
=77?, páls. :: y :0).

Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa ’(…) pujnj rjbubdoarsj, pujstf quj bf sj jbdujbtra prfcomona ia rjbubdoa y kora jiia jvonjbtjkjbtj ai sfif
js rjbubdoamij obtjrïs nji rjbubdoabtj‛. (Kjza, =77?, pál. ::).
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa quj jkaba nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota bf tojbj rjlias jspjdoaijs y jstá sfkjtona a
ias rjlias ljbjraijs nj ia prjsdropdoôb5 ia addoôb prjsdromj jb ji piazf nj : añfs (art. =:1:, obd. 1µ) dfbtanfs njsnj
quj ia fmioladoôb obdukpiona sj cozf jxolomij (art. =:1>, obd. =µ).
Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa
js prjsdroptomij Ia addoôb rjsfiutfroa quj prfdjnj nji padtf dfkosfrof prjsdromj ia addoôb jb > añfs f jb ji piazf kjbfr quj qu j fiea-
rjb ias partjs (art. 1337) ’^rabsdurronfs
’^rabsdurronfs jstfs duatrf añfs, prjsdromj bjdjsaroakjbtj, sja quj sj caya jstopuianf
ub piazf kás iarlf f boblubf‛. Dfrrj ia prjsdropdoôb, bf njsnj quj sj cozf jxolomij ia fmioladoôb,
f mioladoôb, sobf ’njsnj ia
`jdca nji dfbtratf‛ (art. 1337 obd. 1µ). (Kjza, =77?, pál. :0).

Addoôb rjsfiutfroa
Dasfs jb quj prfdjnj Dasfs jb quj bf prfdjnj
Jb ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota nji

art. 1>3?. Jb ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa,
pfrquj jiia bf rjquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai y
fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf.
Jb ji padtf dfkosfrof sokpij, jb tfnf dasf.
Jb ji padtf dfkosfrof daioòdanf jb ftrfs

Jb ji padtf dfkosfrof daioòdanf jb ia dfbtratfs quj bf sjab ia dfkpravjbta, y jb
dfkpravjbta
dfkpravjbt a pfr bf palf nji prjdof. ïsta so sj trata nj ftra fmioladoôb quj bf sja
ia nj palar ji prjdof, pfrquj ia diáusuia nj
rjsfiudoôb opsf àdtf prfnudj su pijbf
j`jdtf, y bf sj rjquojrj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai.


NOTÔBDOÔB JB^]J ]JTFIZDOÔB _ ]JTDOTOÔB, ]JTDOIOADOÔB _ ]JPFDADOÔB
"Ia ]JTFIZDOÔB js ji j`jdtf nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona, trátasj nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa
frnobaroa, nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota f nj ub padtf dfkosfrof. Jb ia prádtoda, ia rjsfiudoôb sj prfnudorá,
ljbjraikjbtj, pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf nj ias fmioladofbjs quj okpfbj ji dfbtratf".
"Ia
jsta ]JTDOTOÔB, jbtrj dfkf
diasj nj buionan, tabtf, jijs jrrfr,
ia buionan rjiatova.
ia ùjrza, ji Adtf
nfif, rjsdobnomij
ia rjiatova jsobdapadonan.
aquji quj anfijdj nj ubdiarakjbtj
Tj pjrdomj vodof quj adarrja
quj ia
rjsfiudoôb supfbj ub adtf pijbakjbtj váionf quj ji jvjbtf nj uba dfbnodoôb njstruyj8(...)".
"]JTDOIOADOÔB (...) js ji adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs para njear sob j`jdtf ub adujrnf abtjrofr (art. 1:>:). Dfbstotuyj ia
rjsdoioadoôb ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs y a ïi sj rjòjrj ji obd. 1µ nji art. 1:0<."
"]JPFDADOÔB5 A) js ub kfnf nj njear sob j`jdtf dojrtfs dfbtratfs, pfr ub adtf uboiatjrai nj vfiubtan8 M) js ji
rjsuitanf nji jejrdodof nj ia addoôb pauioaba f rjvfdatfroa."
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 0<3-0<? y Kjza, =77?, páls. :0-:3)

J@JD^FT NJ IA ]JTFIZDOÔB
Ifs j`jdtfs nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa sfb ifs koskfs, trátjsj nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa frnobaroa, nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa tádota f nj
ub padtf dfkosfrof. Tj njmj nostobluor jbtrj dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa pjbnojbtj, àiiona f dukpiona.
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa pjbnojbtj. Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa bf a`jdta a ia anquosodoôb nji njrjdcf. Ia fmioladoôb prfnudj sus j`jdtfs dfkf so
ùjra pura y sokpij.
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa àiiona. To àiia ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, sj dfbsfionab njfibotovakjbtj ifs njrjdcfs jkabanfs nji adtf eurënodf5 ia
dfbnodoôb sj dfbsonjra dfkf bf jsdrota y sj rjputa ji adtf dfkf purf y sokpij njsnj su djijmradoôb.
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona. Duabnf sj dukpij ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa sj jxtobluj ji njrjdcf, njsaparjdj ia fmioladoôb.
Ji art. 1:0<, Bµ ?, sjñaia dfkf ubf nj ifs kjnofs nj jxtobluorsj ias fmioladofbjs ’ji jvjbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa‛.
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona fpjra rjtrfadtovakjbtj. Ias partjs tjbnráb njrjdcf, jb probdopof, a quj sj ias rjstotuya ai koskf jstanf jb
quj sj jbdfbtrarëab so bf cumojsjb dfbtratanf.
Ji j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf nj ia dfbnodoôb dukpiona bf pujnj tjbjr iular jb ifs dfbtratfs nj tradtf sudjsovf, dfkf ji arrjbnakojbtf, ia sfdojnan, jtd.
Jb jstfs dasfs ia vujita nj ias partjs ai jstanf abtjrofr a ia dfbtratadoôb js okpfsomij. Ia rjsfiudoôb tfka, jb taijs dfbtratfs, uba njbfkobadoôb
jspjdoai5 tjrkobadoôb.
Wara ji jstunof nj ifs j`jdtfs nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona dfbvojbj nostobluor aqujiifs quj sj prfnudjb jbtrj ias partjs y aqujiifs quj
nodjb rjiadoôb dfb ifs tjrdjrfs.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. >>-::)


J@JD^FT NJ IA ]JTFIZDOÔB ]JTWJD^F NJ IAT WA]^JT
]JTÔ^ZDOÔB NJ IA DFTA (art. 1>3<) ]JTÔ^ZDOÔB NJ @]Z^FT (art. 1>33)
’Dukpiona ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, njmjrá rjstotuorsj if quj sj ’Pjroòdana uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa, bf sj njmjráb ifs `rutfs
cumojrj rjdomonf maef tai dfbnodoôb‛. pjrdomonfs jb ji tojkpf obtjrkjnof, saivf quj ia ijy, ji tjstanfr,
ji nfbabtj f ifs dfbtratabtjs, sjlõb ifs varofs dasfs, cayab
nospujstf if dfbtrarof‛.
"Wujsta jb àvfr nji adrjjnfr jxdiusovakjbtj, jb duyf dasf
pfnrá ïstj, so quojrj, rjbubdoaria‛.
Ji probdopof nj ia rjtrfadtovonan su`rj, nj jstj kfnf, uba
okpfrtabtj iokotadoôb. Jb dfbdjptf nji ijlosianfr, ji njunfr
Ji adrjjnfr ’sjrá fmiolanf a njdiarar su njtjrkobadoôb, so ji anquoroô dfbnodofbaikjbtj ia dfsa `rudtuaroa, pjrf sj cozf nujñf
njunfr if jxolojrj‛ nj ifs `rutfs pura y sokpijkjbtj.
Jxdjpdoôb5 art. 13<:.
(Kjza, =77?, pál. >?)

1=7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
J@JD^FT NJ IA ]JTFIZDOÔB ]JTWJD^F NJ ^J]DJ]FT

Tupujstf5 Duabnf jb ji obtjrvaif jbtrj ji dfbtratf dfbnodofbai y ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb ji njunfr ca jbaejbanf ia dfsa f ia ca lravanf
dfb uba copftjda, uba prjbna, ub usu`rudtf, sjrá kjbjstjr avjroluar, dukpiona ia dfbnodoôb, ia sujrtj quj cab nj dfrrjr jstas jbaejbadofbjs y
lravákjbjs.
Turlj, jb jstj dasf, dfkf jb ftrfs abáiflfs, ub dfb﬍odtf nj obtjrjsjs jbtrj ji adrjjnfr dfbnodofbai a quojb njmj rjstotuorsj ia dfsa y ifs tjrdjrfs
jb duyf àvfr sj ca dfbstotuonf ub njrjdcf. ¶Duái nj jstfs obtjrjsjs jb eujlf njmj prjvaijdjr6 âi js ia dujstoôb quj njdonjb ifs arts. 1>?7 y
1>?1.
Ia rjsfiudoôb bf a`jdta a tjrdjrfs nj mujba `j. Jb probdopof, ji ijlosianfr bojla ai adrjjnfr addoôb dfbtra ifs tjrdjrfs8 ias jbaejbadofbjs f lra-
vákjbjs, dfbsjbtonfs pfr ji njunfr, a pjsar nj ia rjsfiudoôb, sumsostjb. Jb ftrfs tïrkobfs, ia ijy sj obdioba jb àvfr nji obtjrïs nj ifs tjrdjrfs.
Wjrf ia prftjddoôb nj ifs tjrdjrfs jstá dfbnodofbana a uba dordubstabdoa5 su mujba `j.
Dfbdjptf nj ia mujba `j. Ia mujba `j dfbsostj, jb jstj dasf, jb ji njsdfbfdokojbtf nj ifs tjrdjrfs nj ia jxostjbdoa nj ia dfbnodoôb. Ia kaia `j
dfbsostorá jb camjr prfdjnonf a samojbnas nj quj ia pjrsfba
pjrsfb a nj quojb anquorojrfb njmëa ia dfsa maef dfbnodoôb. Wjrf, para euzlar nj ia mujba
f kaia `j nj ifs tjrdjrfs, ia ijy cadj uba kardana no`jrjbdoa jbtrj mojbjs kujmijs j obkujmijs8 a ifs prokjrfs sj rjfijrj ji art. 1>?7 y a ifs
sjlubnfs ji art. 1>?1.
Mojbjs kujmijs5 art. 1>?7. Ia dfsa bf pfnrá rjovobnodarsj ’dfbtra tjrdjrfs pfsjjnfrjs nj mujba `j‛. Ia mujba `j sj prjsukj (art. <7<) y a quojb
obtjbtj ia addoôb dfbtra ifs tjrdjrfs tfdará prfmar ia kaia `j, jstf js, su dfbfdokojbtf nj ia jxostjbdoa nj ia dfbnodoôb.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 1=1
J@JD^FT NJ IA ]JTFIZDOÔB ]JTWJD^F NJ ^J]DJ]FT

Mojbjs obkujmijs5 art. 1>?1. Ia rjsfiudoôb a`jdtará a ifs tjrdjrfs, ’duabnf ia dfbnodoôb dfbstama jb ji tëtuif rjspjdtovf, obsdrotf u ftfrlanf pfr
jsdrotura põmioda‛. Dfbstabnf ia dfbnodoôb jb ji rjspjdtovf tëtuif, bf pfnráb ifs tjrdjrfs aijlar su olbfrabdoa, sj supfbj ia dfbnodoôb dfbfdona
y, jb fib, ia kaia `j sj prjsukj.
Wrujma nj ia kaia `j. Wara ifs mojbjs kujmijs, roljb ias rjlias ljbjraijs y njmj prfmar
prfm ar ia kaia `j quojb prjtjbna atromuoria ai tjrdjrf. Wara ifs
obkujmijs, ia ijy jstamijdj uba prjsubdoôb nj njrjdcf5 ji tjrdjrf sj prjsukj nj kaia `j duabnf ia dfbnodoôb dfbsta jb ji tëtuif rjspjdtovf, y nj
mujba `j, jb dasf dfbtrarof.
(Kjza, =77?, páls. >?-:>)

1== Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
3.=. Fmioladofbjs a piazf

piazf
LIFTA]OF
’Ji piazf js ia ïpfda quj fiea ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Art. 1?1> DD).
Wiazf ’Js ji cjdcf ùturf pjrf dojrtf nji duai njpjbnj ia jxolomoionan f jxtobdoôb nj ub njrjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
:::).
’Ji nëa js dojrtf y njtjrkobanf, so bjdjsaroakjbtj ca nj iijlar y sj samj duábnf, dfkf ji nëa tabtfs nji kjs y añf, f
tabtfs nëas, kjsjs f añfs njspuïs nj ia `jdca nji tjstakjbtf f nji àiijdokojbtf nji tjstanfr‛ (Art. 1731 obd. 1· DD).
Wiazf njtjrkobanf
’Js ji dfbfdokojbtf quj sj tojbj nj duabnf ca nj fdurror ji cjdcf jb quj dfbsostj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::0).
’Js dojrtf, pjrf obnjtjrkobanf, so bjdjsaroakjbtj ca nj iijlar, pjrf bf sj samj

s amj duábnf, dfkf ji nëa nj ia kujrtj nj
Wiazf uba pjrsfba‛ (Art. 1731 obd. =· DD).
obnjtjrkobanf
’To bjdjsaroakjbtj ca nj iijlar
iijlar,, pjrf bf sj samj duábnf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::<).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 1=4
LIFTA]OF
’Duabnf sj nodj quj ub adtf njmj jejdutarsj jb f njbtrf nj dojrtf piazf, sj jbtjbnjrá quj vaij so sj jejduta abtjs nj
ia kjnoabfdcj jb quj tjrkoba ji õitokf nëa nji piazf8 y duabnf sj jxolj quj caya trabsdurronf ub jspadof nj tojkpf
para quj bazdab f jxporjb dojrtfs njrjdcfs, sj jbtjbnjrá quj jstfs njrjdcfs bf badjb f jxporab sobf njspuïs nj ia
Wiazf àtai kjnoabfdcj jb quj tjrkobj ji õitokf nëa nj nodcf jspadof nj tojkpf‛ (Art. >? DD).
’Js àtai duabnf iijlanf su vjbdokojbtf, sj jxtobluj orrjvfdamijkjbtj ji njrjdcf quj njmoô jejrdotarsj njbtrf nji
tïrkobf sjñaianf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::<).
’Bf if js (àtai), so bf fmstabtj camjrsj dukpionf ji piazf, ji njrjdcf aõb pujnj jejrdjrsj vaiona y jfidazkjbtj. F
Wiazf bf àtai sja, ji trabsdursf nji piazf bf ca jxtobluonf orrjvfdamijkjbtj ji njrjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::<).
’Js ji quj jstamijdj jb tïrkobfs `frkaijs y jxpiëdotfs, pfr ia jstopuiadoôb nj ias partjs, y pfr sjr ji piazf uba kfna-
Wiazf jxprjsf ionan, dfbstotuyj ia rjlia ljbjrai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::3).
Wiazf tádotf ’…Js tádotf ji obnospjbsamij para dukpiorif‛ (Art 1>?> DD).
’Js ji quj jstamijdjb ias partjs nj dfkõb adujrnf, f ji tjstanfr jb su tjstakjbtf. Dfbstotuyjb ia rjlia ljbjrai jb
Wiazf dfbvjbdofbai
katjroa nj piazfs, pfrquj sojbnf jstas kfnaionanjs rara vjz ji ijlosianfs f ji eujz obtjrvojbjb fieábnfifs‛ (Amjiouh,
f vfiubtarof =71>, pál. ::3).
Wiazf ijlai ’Tjrá ijlai so if jstamijdj ia ijy‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. ==1).

1=> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs
LIFTA]OF
’Bf pfnrá ji eujz sobf jb dasfs jspjdoaijs quj ias ijyjs njsolbab, sjñaiar piazf para ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmiola-
Wiazf eunodoai doôb5 sfif pfnrá obtjrprjtar ji dfbdjmonf jb tïrkobfs valfs u fsdurfs, sfmrj duya obtjioljbdoa y apiodadoôb nosdujr-
njb ias partjs‛ (Art 1:?> obd. =· DD).
’Ias jspjras dfbdjnonas ai njunfr okponjb ia dfkpjbsadoôb8 pjrf jsta nospfsodoôb bf sj apioda ai piazf nj lradoa
Wiazf nj lradoa dfbdjnonf pfr ub adrjjnfr a su njunfr‛ (Art. 10:0 obd. @obai DD).
Wiazf dfbtobuf ’Js ji quj dfrrj sob obtjrrukporsj pfr ia obtjrpfsodoôb nj nëas `jroanfs jb su trabsdursf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :07).
’Js nosdfbtobuf duabnf sj suspjbnj

susp jbnj nurabtj jiifs, ifs quj bf sj tfkab jb dujbta para dfkputf nji piazf‛ (Amjiouh,
Wiazf nosdfbtobuf =71>, pál. :07).
’Ji piazf js ia ïpfda quj sj fiea para ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb…‛ (art 1>?> obd. 1 DD).
Wiazf suspjbsovf, ’Js ji quj karda ji kfkjbtf njsnj ji duai jkpjzará ji jejrdodof nj ub njrjdcf f ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb.
prokfrnoai
jsjbdoai f Tj daradtjroza pfr ia jxprjsoôb njsnj‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. ==4).
’Jxdiuyj ia jxolomoionan nj ub njrjdcf y su fmioladoôb dfrrjiatova, kojbtras bf sj dukpij‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
:01).
’Js ji quj pfr su

s u iijlana jxtobluj ji njrjdcf y ia fmioladoôb
f mioladoôb dfrrjiatova‛ (Amjiouh,
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. :01).
Wiazf jxtobtovf,
rjsfiutfrof f fibai
’Js ji quj pfr su
s u dukpiokojbtf jxtobluj ub njrjdcf y su dfrrjiatova fmioladoôb‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. ==4).

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 1=:
WIAUF DFBNODOÔB
Ji cjdcf njmj sjr ùturf y dojrtf. Ji cjdcf njmj sjr ùturf j obdojrtf.
Njii pi
Nj piaz
azff nj
njpj
pjbn
bnjj ji je
jejr
jrdo
dodo
doff f jxt
jxtob
obdo
doôb
ôb nj ub nj
njrj
rjdc
dcf.
f. Nj ia df
dfbn
bnod
odoô
oôbb njp
njpjb
jbnj
nj ji ba
bado
doko
kojb
jbtf
tf nj ub nj
njrj
rjdc
dcf.
f.
Wujjnj jb
Wu jbdf
dfbt
btra
rasj
sj jb = jst
jstan
anfs
fs55 pjb
pjbno
nojjbt
btjj y duk
ukpi
pion
onf.
f. Wujn
Wujnjj jbd
jbdfb
fbtr
traars
rsjj jb
jb 4 jst
stan
anfs
fs55 pjb
pjbno
nojjbt
btj,
j, duk
ukpi
pioona y ài
àiiion
ona.
a.
Ia dfbnodoôb dukpiona fpjra dfb j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf, if quj solbofida

Ji piazf dukpionf, jb dakmof, prfnudj sus j`jdtfs sfif cadoa ji ùtu- quj sj dfbstotuyj ia fmioladoôb maef dfbnodoôb suspjbsova, dfkf so
rf y eakás fpjra dfb j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf. jsta cumojsj sonf njsnj ji probdopof pura y sokpij8 f quj bubda jxos-
toô, tratábnfsj nj uba dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa.
Ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa dukpiona, pfr rjlia ljbjrai bf prfnudj ifs

Ji piazf jxtobtovf dukpionf fpjra ia jxtobdoôb nji njrjdcf opsf eurj,
j`jdtfs quj ij sfb prfpofs nj pijbf njrjdcf f opsf eurj, rjquoroïbnfsj
if quj solbofida quj bf sj rjquojrj uba sjbtjbdoa eunodoai quj njdiarj
uba sjbtjbdoa eunodoai quj njdiarj ia jxtobdoôb nji njrjdcf f ia rjsf-
nodca jxtobdoôb, mastabnf dfb ji sfif vjbdokojbtf nji piazf.
iudoôb nji dfbtratf.
If quj sj pala kojbtras sj jbdujbtra pjbnojbtj ub piazf suspjbsovf If quj sj pala kojbtras sj jbdujbtra pjbnojbtj uba dfbnodoôb sus-
bf jstá suejtf a rjpjtodoôb, pujs, aubquj bf sj pujna rjdiakar ia pjbsova pujnj rjpjtorsj, if quj solbofida quj ji njunfr dfbnodofbai
prjstadoôb pfr ji adrjjnfr, ia fmioladoôb nji njunfr jxostj y sorvj nj pujnj jxolor a rjstotudoôb nj if palanf, tfna vjz quj dfbsonjra quj
ùbnakjbtf ai palf quj jstj codojra rjbubdoabnf ai piazf jstamijdonf bf jxostj uba fmioladoôb quj ijlotokj f ùbnakjbtj ji palf, pasabnf
jb su mjbjfidof. jstj a dfbstotuor ub palf nj if bf njmonf.
(Poai nji ]ëf, =711, páls. 430-43<)

Fmioladoôb a piazf
^Ë^ZIF :· NJI IOM]F >·, A]^T. 1>?> A 1>?3 DD.
Diasoòdadoôb J`jdtfs Jxtobdoôb
Njtjrkobanf j obnjtjrkobanf J`jdtfs nji piazf suspjbsovf abtjs

nj su vjbdokojbtf5 ji adrjjnfr tojbj Ji piazf pujnj jxtobluorsj pfr su
su njrjdcf, y ji njunfr su dukpiokojbtf (jb jstj dasf sj api
apiodab
odab ias
@atai y bf àtai
0> nji(arts.
DWD)>? nji DD y fmioladoôb,
jxolor pjrf aqujibobfïstj
ji dukpiokojbtf pujnj
jsta rjlias ljbjraijs nji art. >3 y slts. nji DD)
fmiolanf a dukpior kojbtras bf sj
vjbza ji piazf (art. 1>?3 y 173>
DD)
Jxprjsf y tádotf (art. 1>?1 obd. 1)
Wfr ia rjbubdoa. (art. 1= y 1>?< DD)
Dfbvjbdofbai, ijlai y eunodoai J`jdtfs nji piazf suspjbsovf a su

vjbdokojbtf5 ji adrjjnfr pujnj
jxolor ji dukpiokojbtf. Wfr if
abtjrofr dfkojbza a dfrrjr ji piazf
Dfbtobuf y nosdfbtobuf nj prjsdropdoôb8 pujnj fpjrar ia Wfr ia danudonan (dfbvjbdofbai f ijlai nji
dfkpjbsadoôb8 y so ji piazf js art. 1>?0 nji DD)
dfbvjbdofbai, a su iijlana ji
Tuspjbsovf y jxtobtovf njunfr qujna dfbstotuonf jb kfra
so bf dukpij su fmioladoôb
J`jdtfs nji piazf jxtobtovf5 1. Jstabnf pjbnojbtj, ji adtf f dfbtratf quj nj ïstj njpjbnj,
prfnudj tfnfs sus j`jdtfs bfrkaijs, dfkf so ùjrjb purf y sokpij8 =. Pjbdonf ji piazf,
sj prfnudj nj pijbf njrjdcf ia jxtobdoôb nji njrjdcf y ia fmioladoôb dfrrjiatova8
4. A su tjrkobadoôb (quj bf tojbj j`jdtf rjtrfadtovf, supfbj obdukpiokojbtf y rjquojrj
sjbtjbdoa eunodoai.

Diasofidadoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs 1=<
3.4. Fmioladofbjs kfnaijs

kfnaijs
LIFTA]OF
’Aqujiias diáusuias quj ias partjs obtrfnudjb ai adtf f dfbtratf para kfnofidar ifs j`jdtfs bfrkaijs nj ia fmiola-
doôb jb duabtf a su jxostjbdoa, jxolomoionan f jxtobdoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ::=).
Kfnaionan
’Ias diáusuias quj sj obsjrtab jb ub adtf eurënodf dfb ji fib nj aitjrar ifs j`jdtfs quj bfrkaikjbtj nodcf adtf
prfnudj‛ (Poai nji ]ëf, =711, pál. 4=<).
Kfnf ’Js ia darla quj sj ij okpfbj a quojb sj ftfrla uba iomjraionan‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0?4).
’Jb ias asolbadofbjs kfnaijs sj iiaka diáusuia rjsfiutfroa ia quj okpfbj ia fmioladoôb nj rjstotuor ia dfsa y ifs
`rutfs, so bf sj dukpij ji kfnf‛ (art. 17?7 DD).
Diáusuia rjsfiutfroa
’Ia quj okponj ia fmioladoôb nj rjstotuor
r jstotuor ia dfsa y ifs `rutfs, so bf sj dukpij ji kfnf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 0?0).

FMIOLADOFBJT KFNAIJT
Tj apiodab ias nospfsodofbjs sfmrj asolbadofbjs kfnaijs

(arts. 173? a 17?0 DD)
Ji kfnf bf dfbstotuyj uba dfbnodoôb suspjbsova y Obdukpiokojbtf y jxtobdoôb nji

pfr tabtf bf suspjbnj ia anquosodoôb nji njrjdcf @frka nj dukpior ji kfnf kfnf
Ia probdopai
ranoda jb quj jino`jrjbdoa
njunfr nji Tjlõb if jstopuianf pfr ias To ji kfnf js tftaikjbtj okpfsomij,
partjs (dfbvjbdoôb) obnudtovf a cjdcf oijlai f obkfrai f
kfnf anquojrj su njrjdcf, ëbtjlrakjbtj obtjiolomij5 bf vaij ia
ia dfsa nana, dfkf so ùjrj nospfsodoôb, (art. 17?4 DD)
purf y sokpij, suejtf
õbodakjbtj a ia darla
kfnai A àita nj dfbvjbdoôb, sjrá ji
eujz quojb njtjrkobj ji tojkpf Jb dasf nj okpfsomoionan rjiatova, sj
f ia `frka jjb
b quj ca nj dukpiorá ji kfnf pfr jquovaijbdoa, jb ia
dukpiorsj ji kfnf (dfbsuitabnf `frka prjvosta jb ji obd. = n ji art. 17?4
jb if pfsomij a ias partjs)
To ia okpfsomoionan js sfmrjvobojbtj cay quj

,
nostobluor5
1· To bf cay nfif f duipa, njea nj dukpiorsj ji kfnf,
pjrf sumsostj ji mjbjòdof rjdomonf.
=· To cay nfif f duipa, s j apiodab ias rjlias nji
obdukpiokojbtf (arts. 17?7 y 17?= DD)
To àiijdj ji njunfr kfnai, ji kfnf sj trabskotj a ifs

cjrjnjrfs sojkprj quj para ji òb quj sj cayab prfpujstf
ias partjs sja obno`jrjbtj ia pjrsfba quj if jejdutj (art.
17?: DD)

Zbonan OOO
Ifss kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs
If
]JBUF KZBOÂ
LIFTA]OF
Abokus bfvabno ’Obtjbdoôb nj bfvar‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 1=?1).
’Js ji quj sj dfbdjnj a dojrtfs njunfrjs para bf sjr fmiolanfs a palar kás nj if quj mujbakjbtj pujnab, nj-
Mjbjfidof nj
eábnfsjijs jb dfbsjdujbdoa if obnospjbsamij para uba kfnjsta sumsostjbdoa, sjlõb su diasj y dordubstabdoas, y dfb
dfkpjtjbdoa darlf nj njvfiudoôb duabnf kjefrjb nj `frtuba‛ (Art. 10=:).
’Kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs quj fpjra pfr ji sôif kobostjrof nj ia ijy, duabnf nfs pjrsfbas sfb pjrsfbai
Dfkpjbsadoôb y rjdëprfdakjbtj njunfras y adrjjnfras nj fmioladofbjs iëquonas y adtuaikjbtj jxolomijs, jb duya vortun sj jxtob-
lujb akmas casta ji kfbtf nj ia nj kjbfr vaifr‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. >==).
’Zb kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs quj tojbj iular duabnf ias daionanjs nj adrjjnfr y njunfr sj rjõbjb jb
Dfbùsoôb uba sfia pjrsfba‛
pjrsfb a‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 30?).

147 ]jbzf Kubota
LIFTA]OF
’Js ji njpôsotf nj ia dfsa quj sj njmj, cjdcf jb vortun nj ia rjpulbabdoa f bf dfkparjdjbdoa nji adrjjnfr a
Dfbsolbadoôb rjdomoria, f nj ia obdjrtonukmrj adjrda nj ia pjrsfba nj ïstj, y dfb ias `frkaionanjs bjdjsaroas, jb kabfs nj uba
tjrdjra pjrsfba‛ (Art 1.:??).
’Dfbsostj jb uba dfbvjbdoôb adjrda nj ub palf pfr jquovaijbdoa, adfrnanf jbtrj ji adrjjnfr y ji njunfr y jb razôb
Nadoôb jb palf nji duai ïstj jxtobluj su fmioladoôb f njuna, jbtrjlabnf uba dfsa nostobta nj ia njmona‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. >77).
Njijladoôb ’Zba fpjradoôb eurënoda jb vortun nj ia duai uba pjrsfba quj tfka ji bfkmrj nj njijlanf, a pjtodoôb nj ftra, iia-
kana njijlabtj f dfb adujrnf
adujr nf suyf, sj fmiola para dfb
df b ub tjrdjrf, iiakanf njijlatarof‛
njijlatarof ‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 14=:).
Tj rjfijrj a ia sumstotudoôb nji njunfr

n junfr prokotovf nj ia fmioladoôb, pfr ftrf njunfr
njunfr,, dfbsobtoïbnfif ji adrjjnfr, y
Njijladoôb pjr`jdta qujnabnf jb dfbsjdujbdoa iomjranf ai njunfr prokotovf.
Okpfsomoionan jb ji ’Zb kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs quj sj prjsjbta duabnf pfr ub cjdcf bf okputamij ai njunfr sj cadj
dukpiokojbtf okpfsomij para ïstj dukpior ia prjstadoôb njmona‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 14<3).
Obtjrrupdoôb nj ia ’Js ji cjdcf okpjnotovf nj ia prjsdropdoôb quj sj prfnudj ai djsar ia obadtovonan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr‛
prjsdropdoôb (]akfs, =773, pál. >::).
Obtjrvjrsoôb nj ia J`jdtf quj prfnudj ia obtjrrupdoôb nj prjsdropdofbjs nj dfrtf tojkpf, dfbsostjbtj jb quj a jiias sudjnj ia nji art.
prjsdropdoôb =:1:.
Kfnf nj jxtobluor ’^fnf cjdcf f adtf ai quj ia ijy atromuya ji vaifr nj cadjr djsar ifs j`jdtfs nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (]akfs, =773, pál.
’^fnf
ias fmioladofbjs 444).

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 141
LIFTA]OF
Bfvadoôb ’Ia sumstotudoôb nj uba bujva
bu jva fmioladoôb a ftra abtjrofr, ia duai qujna pfr tabtf jxtobluona‛ (Art. 10=3).
Walf j`jdtovf ’Ia prjstadoôb nj if quj sj njmj‛ (Art. 1:03).
Walf pfr djsoôb nj ’Dfbsostj jb ji amabnfbf vfiubtarof quj ji njunfr cadj nj tfnfs sus mojbjs a su adrjjnfr f adrjjnfrjs, duabnf,
mojbjs a dfbsjdujbdoa nj addonjbtjs objvotamijs, bf sj caiia jb jstanf nj palar sus njunas‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 4?4).
’Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias addofbjs y njrjdcfs aejbfs, pfr bf camjrsj jejrdonf nodcas addofbjs y njrjdcfs
Wrjsdropdoôb jxtobtov
jxtobtovaa nurabtj ub dojrtf iapsf nj
n j tojkpf, y dfbdurrojbnf ifs njkás rjquosotfs ijlaijs‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. >>4).
]jkosoôb ’Ia rjbubdoa f pjrnôb quj j`jdtõa ji adrjjnfr nj su drïnotf nj adujrnf dfb ji njunfr‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 14<=).
]jsdoioadoôb f kutuf ’Js ub adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs jb quj ias partjs, nftanas nj dapadonan nj nospfsodoôb, njeab sob j`jdtf ub adtf ab-
dfbsjbtokojbtf tjrofr, jxtobluojbnf nj jsa kabjra ias fmioladofbjs pjbnojbtjs prfvjbojbtjs nj jsj adtf‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. 44>).
’Js ia trabskosoôb nj ifs njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr a ub tjrdjrf, quj ij pala‛ (Art. 1073).
Tumrfladoôb ’Js uba fiddoôb eurënoda, jb vortun nj ia duai duabnf ub tjrdjrf pala vfiubtaroakjbtj dfb nobjrfs prfpofs uba
fmioladoôb aejba, ïsta sj jxtobluj jbtrj ji adrjjnfr y ji njunfr,
njunfr, pjrf sumsostj tjbojbnf pfr bujvf adrjjnfr ai quj
j`jdtuô ji palf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. <30).
Tuspjbsoôb nj ia ’Js ub mjbjfidof jspjdoai quj ia ijy ftfrla a njtjrkobanas pjrsfbas „ias obnodanas jb ji artëduif =:7? nji Dôno-
prjsdropdoôb lf Dovoi„ nj quj bf dfrra ji piazf nj prjsdropdoôb jb su dfbtra‛ (]akfs, =773, pál. ><1).

14= ]jbzf Kubota
1. DFBDJW^F _ JBZKJ]ADOÔB

]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SOP nji Iomrf OP, artëduif 1:0<
Ji njrjdcf pjrsfbai f drïnotf y ia fmioladoôb dfrrjiatova sfb nj
Kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs nuradoôb tjkpfrai, pujs dukpiojbnf su fmejtovf, njsaparjdjb. Dfb
tfnf, ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb bf js ia õboda `frka dfkf
ïsta sj jxtobluj.
Tôif js ia `frka bfrkai nj jxtobdoôb.
Tfb aqujiifs cjdcfs f adtfs a ifs quj ia ijy ij atromuyj

ji vaifr nj cadjr djsar ifs j`jdtfs nj ia fmioladoôb
Asë ias dfsas, ia jxtobdoôb nj uba fmioladoôb pujnj prfnudorsj dfkf

dfbsjdujbdoa nj camjr sfmrjvjbonf ub cjdcf f ub adtf ai quj ia ijy
ij atromuyj ji vaifr nj cadjr djsar ifs j`jdtfs nj ia fmioladoôb*.
* Jb jsta ubonan sfmrj ifs ’kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs‛ bfs cjkfs masanf probdopaikjbtj jb ]akfs Wazfs, ]. (=773). Nj ias fmioladof-
bjs. Tabtoalf, Dcoij5 IjlaiWumioscobl, páls. 444-:=?.

Bujstrf Dônolf Dovoi jbukjra ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs jb ji artëduif 1:<0, quj nospfbj5 ’^fna fmioladoôb pujnj jxtobluorsj pfr uba
dfbvjbdoôb jb quj ias partjs obtjrjsanas, sojbnf dapadjs nj nospfbjr iomrjkjbtj nj if suyf, dfbsojbtjb jb naria pfr buia".
Ias Fmioladofbjs sj jxtoblujb anjkás jb tfnf f partj5

1. Wfr ia sfiudoôb f palf j`jdtovf8
=. Wfr ia bfvadoôb8
4. Wfr ia trabsaddoôb8
>. Wfr ia rjkosoôb8
:. Wfr ia dfkpjsadoôk8
dfkpjsadoôk8
0. Wfr ia dfbùsoôb8
<. Wfr ia pïrnona nj ia dfsa quj sj njmj8
3. Wfr ia njdiaradoôb nj buionan f pfr ia rjsdosoôb8
?. Wfr ji jvjbtf nj ia dfbnodoôb rjsfiutfroa8
17. Wfr ia prjsdropdoôb.

14> ]jbzf Kubota
=. IA ]JTDOIOADOÔB F KZ^ZF NOTJBTF

]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SOP nji Iomrf OP,
OP, artëduif 1:0<

’^fna fmioladoôb pujnj jxtobluorsj pfr uba dfbvjbdoôb jb quj ias partjs,
Ijlai sojbnf dapadjs nj nospfbjr iomrjkjbtj nj if suyf, dfbsojbtjb jb naria pfr
buia‛, art. 1:0< obd.1.
Njòbodoôb
Adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs (dfbvjbdoôb) jb quj ias partjs nftanas nj dapadonan

Nfdtrobaroa nj nospfsodoôb njeab sob j`jdtf ub adtf abtjrofr, jxtobluojbnf nj jsa kabjra
ias fmioladofbjs pjbnojbtjs prfvjbojbtjs nj jsj adtf (]. ]akfs).

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 14:
dfbvojbjb jb njear sob j`jdtf jb tfnf f jb

Dfbsjbtokojbtf55 Ias partjs
Dfbsjbtokojbtf
partj ub adtf eurënodf abtjrofr
Dapadonan nj ias partjs5

partjs5 Ji artëduif 1:0< jxolj dapadonan nj
nospfsodoôb. Wfr tabtf, bf masta ia sokpij dapadonan para dfbtratar, sj
rjquojrj uba kayfr, ia nj nospfbjr iomrjkjbtj nj if suyf
Fmejtf
Fmejtf
]jquosotfs
Dausa
Dausa
Njmj jxostor uba fmioladoôb pjbnojbtj5 To

pjbnojbtj5 To mojb bf aparjdj kjbdofbanf
Ai sjr uba dfbvjbdoôb quj
jb ji artëduif 1:0<, tfnfs ifs autfrjs if jxoljb. To bf cay fmioladoôb
jxtobluj njrjdcfs y fmioladofbjs,
ïsta njmj rjubor ifs rjquosotfs quj pjbnojbtj, jstj kfnf nj jxtobluor bf tjbnrëa fmejtf
ij sfb prfpofs a tfnf adtf
eurënodf
J`jdtf nj ia rjsdoioadoôb Ias partjs adujrnab jb njear sob j`jdtf ji adtf

140 ]jbzf Kubota
J`jdtfs jbtrj ias partjs Ia rjsdoioadoôb prfnudj ifs j`jdtfs quj ias
rjtrfadtovak
rjtrfadtovakjbtjpartjs
jbtj f bfquojrab atromuorij, fpjrabnf
¶Fpjra dfb j`jdtf

rjtrfadtovf6
To sus njrjdcfs sj rjòjrjb a ia dfsa fmejtf nji
Obfpfbomij ia rjsdoioadoôb
dfbtratf abtjs nj ia rjsdoioadoôb
J`jdtf rjspjdtf nj tjrdjrfs
To anquojrjb sus njrjdcfs njspuïs nj ia Tj njmj rjspjtar ia

Cay quj nostobluor5
rjsdoioadoôb rjsdoioadoôb

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 14<
4. JI WALF
]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SOP nji iomrf OP,
OP, artëduifs 1:03 y soluojbtjs
Tj jstrudtura jstj adápotj
jb atjbdoôb a ias kfnaionanjs rjiatovas ai obnodanf kfnf nj jxtobluor5
O.- Tfiudoôb f palf j`jdtovf
OO.- Walf pfr dfbsolbadoôb
KFNAIONANJT NJI OOO.- Walf dfb sumrfladoôb

WALF
OP.- Walf pfr djsoôb nj mojbjs f pfr

addoôb jejdutova nji f ifs adrjjnfrjs
P.- Walf dfb mjbjòdof nj dfkpjtjbdoa.
PO.- Walf nj if bf njmonf

143 ]jbzf Kubota
4.1. Tfiudoôb f palf j`jdtovf
Kfnf nj jxtobluor
duaiquojr topf nj
fmioladoôb
Dfbsjdujbdoas nji
dfbdjptf
Tupfbj uba fmioladoôb

prjjxostjbtj dovoi f baturai
Art. 1:035 ia prjstadoôb nj

if quj sj njmj
Dfbvjbdoôb jxtobtova
Baturaijza eurënoda Adtf eurënodf moiatjrai
Djijmranf jbtrj sfivjbs y

addopojbs

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 14?
Wfr jstopuiadoôb jbtrj

Jspjdëòdf. partjs.
Art. 1:0?
Art. 1:?4
Dfkpijtf. Fmioladofbjs
]jquosotfs Art. 1:?1 + art. 1:<1 sokpijkjbtj dfbeubtas.
Obnovosomij. Njunas cjrjnotaroas.

Art. 1:?1 obd. 1 Jxdjpdofbjs Art. 14:>
Mjbjòdof nj novosoôb.
Art. =40<
To ji eujz if frnjba. Art

1:?=

1>7 ]jbzf Kubota

WF] QZOÏB WZJNJ CADJ]TJ JI WALF (art. 1:<= - 1:<:)
Ji njunfr ^jrdjrf obtjrjsanf ^jrdjrf jxtrañf
- ]jprjsjbtabtj ijlai nji njunfr. ]jlia ljbjrai5 pujnj palar duaiquojra (art.
- Kabnatarof nji njunfr. - Dfnjunfr sfionarof. 1:<=).
- Cjrjnjrf nji njunfr. - @oanfr. Jxdjpdoôb5 Fmioladoôb nj cadjr jb quj sj ca
- ^jstanfr lrava a ijlatarof. - ^jrdjr pfsjjnfr nj ia ` obda copftjdana. tfkanf jb dujbta aptotun f taijbtf njunfr.
J`jdtfs nji palf cjdcf pfr ub tjrdjrf jxtrañf

]jquosotfs quj njmj dukpior sfivjbs jb ias fmioladofbjs nj
nar.
Dfb dfbsjbtokojbtf nji njunfr5

^ranjbtj njmj sjr totuiar nji njrjdcf quj Fpjra ia sumrfladoôb nji art. 1017 b·: + addoôb nji kabnatarof,
trabsòjrj. Art. 1:<:. nji =1:3 b·>.
Dapadonan nj nospfsodoôb jb ji quj pala. Tob ji dfbfdokojbtf nji njunfr5 art. 1:<4.
Art. 1:<: obd. =. Bf fpjra sumrfladoôb ijlai - jvjbtuaikjbtj dfbvjbdofbai.
Tôif addoôb nj rjjkmfisf dfbtra njunfr.
Walf njmj cadjrsj dfb `frkaionanjs ijlaijs.

Art. 0<?.
Dfbtra ia vfiubtan nji njunfr5 fpjra dfkf aljbtj fòdofsf.
Art. 1:<> vs. ==?1.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1>1
A QZOÏB NJMJ CADJ]TJ

1:30)JI WALF (arts. 1:<0 -
Ai adrjjnfr koskf A sus rjprjsjbtabtjs Ai adtuai pfsjjnfr nji drïnotf
- Adrjjnfr. a) Ijlaijs. Art. 1:<?. ]jquosotfs para quj sja váionf 5
- Cjrjnjrf nji adrjjnfr. Art. ?:1. m) Eunodoaijs. Art. 1:<0, 1:<?. a) Quj ji quj rjdomj ji palf sj jbdujbtrj
- Ai ijlatarof nji drïnotf. Art. 11=<. d) Dfbvjbdofbaijs - palf cjdcf ai jb pfsjsoôb nji drïnotf.
- Ai djsofbarof nji drïnotf. Art. 1?7=, m) Quj ji quj pala if cala nj mujba `j.
1?7:. noputanf para rjdomor ji palf.
Art. 1:37.
*Apiodadoôb nj ia tjfrëa nji jrrfr dfkõb.
Jxdjpdofbjs5 art. 1:<3.

B·15 Walf cjdcf ai adrjjnfr quj bf tojbj
ia iomrj ankobostradoôb nj sus mojbjs. /
Dfbtrajxdjpdoôb5
! To quojb if cozf prujma quj palf Walf cjdcf a ftra pjrsfba5 Walf bf js
ùj õtoi ai adrjjnfr. jòdaz, bf jxtobluj fmioladoôb. Noputanf para rjdomor ji palf5
Walf cjdcf a uba pjrsfba obcámoi sj Kfnaionanjs nji kabnatf para rjdomor ji
! Quj sj eustoòquj jstj prfvjdcf
pujnj vaionar, art. 1:<< 5 palf5
dfb arrjlif ai art. 1033.
! To ji adrjjnfr ratoòda nj ub kfnf - Ljbjrai nj ankobostradoôb.
B·=5 Walf cjdcf ai adrjjnfr duyf drïnotf - Jspjdoai para ankobostrar ji bjlfdof.
jxprjsf f tádotf punojbnf
sj ca jkmarlanf u frnjbanf rjtjbjr pfr - Jspjdoai para dfmrar ub njtjrkobanf
ijlëtokakjbtj cadjrif.
njdrjtf eunodoai. drïnotf.
" To pala5 buionan amsfiuta pfr ! To ji quj rjdomj ji palf sudjnj jb Jxtobdoôb5 art. 1:30 # =104.
fmejtf oiëdotf — art. 103= / ji drïnotf.
dfbdfrnabdoa art. 031.
B·45 Walf cjdcf ai njunfr obsfivjbtj jb

`raunj nj ifs adrjjnfrjs a duyf àvfr sj
ca amojrtf ji dfbdursf.

1>= ]jbzf Kubota
ÏWFDA JB QZJ NJMJ CADJ]TJ JI WALF IZLA] NFBNJ NJMJ CADJ]TJ JI WALF
Njmj cadjrsj jb ji iular y tojkpf dfbvjbonfs.

Asë, ji art. 13<= sfmrj dfkpravjbta Walf njmj cadjrsj jb ji iular njsolbanf jb ia
dfbvjbdoôb. Art. 1:3<.
To bana sj ca dfbvjbonf5 fmioladoô

fmioladoôbb pura y
sokpij, palf njmj cadjrsj nj obkjnoatf. To bf sj cumojrj jstamijdonf ji iular5 nostobluor sjlõb
fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb
• Nar f jbtrjlar uba jspj doj f dujrpf dojrtf5 iular
nfbnj jxostëa ai tojkpf nj dfbstotuorsj fmioladoôb.
Art. 1:33 obdosf 1.
Tuejta a piazf f dfbnodoôb suspjbsovfs5 • To
To if njmonf js ftra d fsa5 nfkodoiof nji njunfr ai
vjbdonf ji piazf f dukpiona ia dfbnodoôb. kfkjbtf nj djijmrar dfbtratf. Art. 1:33 obdosf =.
Tuejta a piazf5 ji njunfr pujnj palar abtjs nji

vjbdokojbtf so jstá jstamijdonf sôif jb su
mjbjòdof.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1>4
DFB^JBONF NJI WALF
Onjas katrodjs
Art. 1:0? obd =5 ji adrjjnfr bf pfnrá sjr

Art. 1:0? obd 15 Ji palf sj cará maef tfnfs ifs fmiolanf a rjdomor ftra dfsa quj if quj sj ij njma Ji palf njmj sjr tftai y bf sj pujnj novonor.
rjspjdtfs jb dfb`frkonan ai tjbfr nj ia bo aub a prjtjxtf nj sjr oluai f kayfr vaifr ia Jxdjpdofbjs art. 1:?1.
fmioladoôb…
fmioladoôb … f`rjdona.
f`rjdona.
- Wrobdopof nj onjbtonan nji palf. Jxdjpdofbjs5

Art. 1:0? obd =. - nadoôb jb palf,
- Wrobdopof nj obtjlronan nji palf. - fmioladofbjs àduitatovas,
Art. 1:?1 obd =.
- palf pfr jquovaijbdoa
- Wrobdopof nj obnovosomoionan nji
- fmioladofbjs kfnaijs.
palf. Art. 1:?1 obd 1.

1>> ]jbzf Kubota
Duaiquojr obnovonuf nji lïbjrf,

Lïbjrf daionan a if kjbfs kjnoaba
(art.1:7?).
Dabtonan nj nobjrf Tuka bukïroda jstamijdona.
]jaiozabnf prjstadoôb f
Cadjr f bf cadjr amstjbdoôb dfbvjbona.
Njmj jstarsjnja ia
baturaijza ia
fmioladoôb
Adrjjnfr njmj rjdomorif jb ji

jstanf quj sj caiij
Njtjrofrf okpfrtabtj5 ]jsfiudoôb

f dukpiokojbtf + obnjkbozadoôb.
To ia dfsa sj cumojrj
njtjrofranf pfr cjdcf f duipa
Nar f jbtrjlar jspjdoj f nji njunfr, nj ias pjrsfbas pfr
dujrpf dojrtf quojbjs js rjspfbsamij, f
nurabtj ia kfra nji njunfr5 Bf okpfrtabtj5 ]jdomor dfsa +
obnjkbozadoôb.
Páionf ji palf jb jstanf quj sj

Njtjrofrf abtjs nj kfra, pfr jbdujbtrj. Adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor
cjdcf f duipa nj ftra pjrsfba
djsoôb nj addoôb nji njunfr
nj quojb bf js rjspfbsamij
dfbtra tjrdjrf.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1>:
OKWZÂDOÔB NJI WALF
Tupujstfs ]jlias
! Quj jxostab varoas njunas nj uba koska baturaijza8 1. Jijddoôb nji njunfr.
! Tj okputab prokjrf ifs obtjrjsjs. Art. 1:?:.
! Quj jstas njunas sjab jbtrj ias koskas partjs, y
! Tj okputab prokjrf ias fmioladofbjs vjbdonas. Art. 1:?0.
! Quj sj cala ub palf obsuòdojbtj para satosàdjrias a tfnas.
! Tj njmj okputar prokjrf ia fmioladoôb quj sj jxtobluj
dfkpijtakjbtj. Art. 1:?1.

=. Jijddoôb nji adrjjnfr. Art. 1:?0.
4. Okputadoôb ijlai. Art. 1:?<.

1>0 ]jbzf Kubota
W]ZJMA NJI WALF LAT^FT NJI WALF
Nj adujrnf ai artëduif 10?3, ia prujma nji palf

dfrrjspfbnj ai njunfr.
Artëduif 1:<1, ’ifs lastfs quj fdasofbarj ji palf sjráb
nj dujbta nji njunfr8 sob pjreuodof nj if jstopuianf y nj
if quj ji eujz frnjbarj adjrda nj ias dfstas eunodoaijs‛.
Wujnj vaijrsj nj tfnfs ifs kjnofs nj prujma ijlaijs, dfb

ias iokotadofbjs quj para ia prujma nj tjstolfs nj ifs art.
1<73 y 1<7?. Jxdjpdofbjs5
Art. 107> y Art. ==4=.
Wrjsubdofbjs ijlaijs nj palf5

To ji adrjjnfr ftfrla darta nj palf nji dapotai sob
•To J@JD^FT NJI WALF
kjbdofbar ifs obtjrjsjs, sj prjsukjb ïstfs palanfs
(art. 1:?: obd. =·).
’Jb ifs palfs pjroônodfs ia darta nj palf nj trjs
•’Jb
Jxtobluor ia fmioladoôb
pjrëfnfs
ifs palfsnjtjrkobanfs
nj ifs abtjrofrjs
y dfbsjdutovfs
pjrëfnfs,cará
sojkprj
prjsukor
quj
cayab njmonf j`jdtuarsj jbtrj ifs koskfs adrjjnfr y
njunfr‛ (art. 1:<7).
Jstj j`jdtf bf sj prfnudj jb ji dasf jb quj ji palf if

cala ub tjrdjrf, pujs jbtfbdjs ia fmioladoôb sumsostj,
dfb tfnfs ifs njrjdcfs, addofbjs, provoijlofs, prjbnas
j copftjdas, jbtrj jsj tjrdjrf quj pala y ji njunfr.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1><
4.=. Walf pfr dfbsolbadoôb

]jluiadoôb5 Wárra`f < nji ^ëtuif SOP
SOP,, artëduifs 1:?3 ai 107<
DATFT JB QZJ W]FDJNJ

Art 1:??
To jxostj bjlatova nji adrjjnfr a To ji adrjjnfr bf dfbdurrj a To jxostj obdjrtonukmrj adjrda nj

adjptarif rjdomorif ia pjrsfba nji adrjjnfr
@ATJT NJI WALF WF] DFBTOLBADOÔB
4. Ia njdiaradoôb nj suòdojbdoa nji

1. Ia f`jrta =. Ia dfbsolbadoôb prfpoakjbtj tai palf

1>3 ]jbzf Kubota

Ia f`jrta sj cadj a travïs nj ub bftarof f rjdjptfr dfkpjtjbtj,
sob prjvoa frnjb nji tromubai (fòdoai nji ]jlostrf Dovoi).
Ji njunfr njmj jbtrjlar a ùbdofbarof uba kobuta nj if quj

njmj, dfb
dfbifs obtjrjsjs vjbdonfs,
njsdropdoôb obnovonuaiy nj
ifsianjkás darlfs iëquonfs,
dfsa f`rjdona.
]JQZOTO^FT NJ @F]KA NJ IA
F@J]Â
Ji bftarof, rjdjptfr u fòdoai nji ]jlostrf Dovoi, para rjaiozar ia

f`jrta, cadj ub adta jb quj dfpoa ia kobuta y quj ijj ai
adrjjnfr.
Jb jsta adta njmjrá jxprjsarsj ia rjspujsta nji adrjjnfr f nj su

rjprjsjbtabtj, y so ji ubf f ji ftrf ia cab òrkanf, rjcusanf
òrkaria, f njdiaranf bf samjr f bf pfnjr ò rkar

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1>?

Ia f`jrta njmj cadjria uba pjrsfba dapaz, art. 1077 bµ 1.
Njmj sjr cjdcaijlëtokf

ai adrjjnfr so js dapaz art.
rjprjsjbtabtj, nj rjdomor
107=. ji palf, f a su
]JQZOTO^FT NJ @FBNF
NJ IA F@J]Â
To ia fmioladoôb js suejta a kfnaionanjs supjbsovas, njmj camjr

jxporanf ji piazf f camjrsj vjroòdanf ia dfbnodoôb, art. 1077 bµ4,
jb rjiadoôb dfb ji art. 107:.
Ji palf njmj sjr f`rjdonf jb ji iular quj dfrrjpfbnj, arts.

1:3<-1:3?.

1:7 ]jbzf Kubota
DATFT JB QZJ BF TJ ]JQZOJ]J TO^ZADOFBJT JTWJDOAIJT

DA]AD^J]ËTÔDAT F@J]Â
Js ub trákotj jxtraeunodoai Walf pfr dfbsolbadoôb nj

To jxostj uba njkabna eunodoai rjbtas nj arrjbnakojbtf
arrjbnakojbtfss
(Art. 1077 obd òbai) urmabfs
Js ub trákotj `frkai
Jb dasf nj palfs pjroônodfs Walfs pfr dfbsolbadoôb nj
ijtras nj dakmof
A
^ ^jrkoba tfnf ji prfdjnokojbtf nj palf pfr
]
J
@ To ji adrjjnfr adjpta dfbsolbadoôb
F
A
I
J
N

F To ji adrjjnfr rjdcaza, f bf sja camonf f
N
A sumsosta ia obdjrtonukmrj sfmrj quoïb js ji Tj adtova ia soluojbtj jtapa5 ia dfbsolbadoôb
^
I
adrjjnfr
Z
T
J
]

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1:1
IA DFBTOLBADOÔB.

Art. 1071.
IZLA] NFBNJ TJ NJMJ DFBTOLBA] IF

NJMONF ’Tjlõb sja ia baturaijza nj ia dfsa f`rjdona‛ (1071
obd. 1µ)/ Eujz njsolba njpfsotarof (1071 obd. =µ).
Ijy bf if jstamijdj. Walf sj jbtojbnj rjaiozanf ji nëa

WIAUF WA]A DFBTOLBA] quj sj j`jdtõa ia dfbsolbadoôb (art. 107: obd. 1).

1:= ]jbzf Kubota
IA NJDIA]ADOÔB NJ TZ@ODOJBDOA NJ WALF
Okpioda ia pjtodoôb quj ji njunfr `frkuia ai eujz obnodanf

jb ji obdosf òbai nji art. 1071, nj pfbjr jb dfbfdokojbtf nji Ji obd. =µ nji art. 1074 nospfbj quj ia suòdojbdoa nji palf pfr
adrjjnfr ia dfbsolbadoôb, dfb ia obtokadoôb nj rjdomor ia dfbsolbadoôbb "sjrá daioòdana jb ji euodof quj dfrrjspfbna
dfbsolbadoô
dfsa dfbsolbana. prfkfvonf pfr ji njunfr f pfr ji adrjjnfr, abtj ji tromubai quj
sja dfkpjtjbtj sjlõb ias rjlias ljbjraijs".
Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj ia njdiaradoôb nj suòdojbdoa nj palf sjrá

Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj
njdiarana pfr ji tromubai quj obnoda ji art. 1077 obd. òbai.
Jb ji jsdjbarof abtjrofr, ji adrjjnfr pujnj5
Adjptar ia dfbsolbadoôb, dasf jb quj ia fmioladoôb
qujna jxtobluona, pfr palf8 f,
Wfr if abtjrofr ia njdiaradoôb nj suòdojbdoa nj palf pujnj
prfkfvjria tabtf ji adrjjnfr dfkf ji njunfr.
]jdcazar ji palf f bf njdor bana, dasf jb quj sj

njmj njdiarar ia suòdojbdoa nji palf.
"Tob jkmarlf, so ji adrjjnfr bf prujma, njbtrf nji piazf nj
trjobta nëas cámoijs dfbtanfs njsnj ia `jdca jb quj caya sonf
bftoòdanf nj ia dfbsolbadoôb, ia dordubstabdoa nj jxostor euodof
jb ji duai njma daioòdarsj ia suòdojbdoa nji palf, ji eujz quj
frnjbô nodca bftoòdadoôb if njdiarará suòdojbtj, a pjtodoôb nji
njunfr, y frnjbará aizar ias daudofbjs, sob kás trákotj. Ias
rjsfiudofbjs quj sj nodtjb jb vortun nj jstj obdosf sjráb
apjiamijs sôif jb ji j`jdtf njvfiutovf", art. 1074 obd. 4µ.
"Bf fmstabtj, ji eujz pfnrá prfrrflar casta pfr trjobta nëas ji

piazf obnodanf abtjrofrkjbtj so pfr dausas aejbas a ia
vfiubtan nji adrjjnfr bf ca sonf pfsomij bftoòdar ai njunfr",
art. 1074 obd. >µ.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1:4
]jlias ljbjraijs nj dfkpjtjbdoa (1074

]jlia ljbjrai obd. =µ).
Tëbtjsos rjiatova ai tromubai dfkpjtjbtj

para njdiarar ia su` odojbdoa nj palf
Dasfdfkpjtjbtj
art. 1074 obd. 4· jb
ji quj quj vaiaa sjr
frnjbô
bftoòdadoôb
Jxdjpdofbjs
Dasf art. 1077 obd. ` obai8 duabnf camëa

ub euodof quj sj pfnëa jbjrvar kjnoabtj
ji palf. Ia suòdojbdoa njmj daioòdarsj
jb jsj euodof.

1:> ]jbzf Kubota
’Ji j`jdtf nj ia dfbsolbadoôb suòdoj

suòdojbtj
btj js j xtobluor ia fmioladoôb, cadjr
djsar, jb dfbsjdujbdoa, ifs obtjrjsjs y jxokor nji pjiolrf nj ia dfsa ai
njunfr, tfnf jiif njsnj ji nëa nj ia dfbsolbadoôb", art. 107: obd. 1µ.
J@JD^FT NJ IA DFBTOLBADOÔB
’Tob jkmarlf, so sj trata nj uba fmioladoôb a piazf f maef dfbnodoôb,
adjptana ia dfbsolbadoôb pfr ji adrjjnfr, f njdiaranf suòdojbtj ji palf pfr
rjsfiudoôb jejdutfroana,
jejdutfroana, ia fmioladoôb sj dfbsonjrará dukpiona jb tojkpf
fpfrtubf sojkprj quj ia f`jrta sj caya j`jdtuanf a kás tarnar ji nëa soluojbtj
cámoi ai vjbdokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb, pjrf ji njunfr qujnará fmiolanf jb
tfnf dasf ai palf nj ia
ifsdfbsolbadoôb‛,
obtjrjsjs quj sj njmab
art. 107:yobd.
ai duonanf
=µ. nj ia dfsa casta
LAT^FT NJ IA DFBTOLBADOÔB Tfb nj darlf nji adrjjnfr, art. 107>.

’Kojbtras ia dfbsolbadoôb bf caya sonf adjptana pfr ji adrjjnfr, f ji palf
njunfr rjtorarsuòdojbtj
njdiaranf pfr sjbtjbdoa
ia dfbsolbadoôb, quj tjbla
y rjtorana, ùjrza
sj korará nj dfsa
dfkf euzlana,
nj boblõb pujnj
vaifr ji
y j`jdtf
rjspjdtf nji dfbsolbabtj y nj sus dfnjunfrjs y òanfrjs", art. 1070.
]JÔ]F NJ IA
DFBTOLBADOÔB
’Duabnf ia fmioladoôb ca sonf orrjvfdamijkjbtj jxtobluona, pfnrá tfnavëa

rjtorarsj ia dfbsolbadoôb, so ji adrjjnfr dfbsojbtj jb jiif‛, art. 107<.
Tj dfbòlura uba bujva fmioladoôb.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1::
4.4. Walf dfb sumrfladoôb

sumrfladoôb
]jliakjbtadoôb5 Wárra`f 3, tëtuif SOP nji iomrf OP, art. 1073 y soluojbtjs
]jai
TZM]FLADOÔB
Wjrsfbai
Tumstotudoôb f rjjkpiazf nj uba

dfsa pfr ftra f nj uba pjrsfba
pfr ftra
DJTOÔB NJ D]ÏNO^FT _ TZM]FLADOÔB
NO@J]JBDOAT TJKJEABUAT
Ia djsoôb dfbstotuyj uba ia sumrfladoôb dfbstotuyj ub Jxostj ub dakmof jb ji totuiar

jspjduiadoôb palf nji drïnotf

1:0 ]jbzf Kubota
@oddoôb ijlai
Art. 1073
"Ia sumrfladoôb js ia Ia vfz "trabskosoôb" js
trabskosoôb nj ifs njrjdcfs prfpoa nj ia sudjsoôb pfr
nji adrjjnfr a ub tjrdjrf, dausa nj kujrtj
quj ij pala"
Drëtodas a ia njòbodoôb
Bf na uba onja diara nj ia

obstotudoôb
TZM]FLADOÔB
Ijlai Art. 1017
Diasjs
Dfbvjbdofbaii
Dfbvjbdofba Art. 1011

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1:<
TZM]FLADOÔB IJLAI (Art. 1017)
1µ Nji adrjjnfr quj pala a ftrf adrjjnfr nj =µ Nji quj camojbnf dfkpranf ub obkujmij,
kjefr njrjdcf jb razôb nj ub provoijlof f 4µ Nji quj pala uba njuna a quj sj caiia
js fmiolanf a palar a ifs adrjjnfrjs a fmiolanf sfionaroa f sumsonoaroakjbtj
copftjda quojbjs ji obkujmij jstá copftjdanf
]jquosotfs Tumrfladoôb nji tjrdjr pfsjjnfr nj ia òbda Dfnjunfr sfionarof

copftjdana
]jquosotfs Tj sumrfla jb ifs njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr a quojb

a) Quj ji palf if cala ftrf
ftrf adrjjnfr, pala, para norolorsj jb dfbtra nj sus dfnjunfrjs,
bf ub tjrdjrf duaiquojra pjrf rjspjdtf nj dana ubf sfif pfr su dufta
(art. 1:==)
a) Bf sjr njunfr m) Tjr ji pfsjjnfr
pfsjjnfr
pjrsfbai nj ia njuna (bfrkaikjbtj ji
larabtozana dfb nujñf) nj ia òbda
m) Quj ji palf sj cala a ub adrjjnfr
adrjjnfr @oanfr*
copftjda copftjdana
nj kjefr njrjdcf, jb vortun nj ub
provoijlof f copftjda
Dasfs Tj sumrfla jb ifs njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr a quojb
pala, punojbnf
probdopai, norolorsj
dfb ia koskajb dfbtra
addoôb njitjbëa
quj njunfr
ji
adrjjnfr a quoïb palô8 f mojb, pujnj cadjr usf
Nji prfpojtarof nj
Nji quj anquojrj nj ia addoôb nj rjjkmfisf quj ij dfrrjspfbnj
ub obkujmij quj if
uba òbda quj jstá dfkf òanfr
na jb copftjda para
lravana dfb
larabtozar uba njuna
copftjda
aejba
* Tj sulojrj dfkpijkj
dfkpijkjbtar
btar dfb if jstunoanf a prfpôsot
prfpôsotf
f nj ias rjiadofbjs obtjrbas jb ji dfbtjx
dfbtjxtf
tf nj ifs j`jdtfs nj ia sfionaronan pasova.

1:3 ]jbzf Kubota
TZM]FLADOÔB IJLAI (Art. 1017)
0ª Nji quj ca prjstanf nobjrf ai njunfr para ji

>ª Nji cjrjnjrf mjbjòdoarof quj pala dfb sus :ª Nji quj pala uba njuna aejba, dfbsostoïbnfif palf5 dfbstabnf asë jb jsdrotura põmioda nji
prfpofs nobjrfs ias njunas nj ia cjrjbdoa jxprjsa f tádotakjbtj nji njunfr palf camjrsj satos`jdcf ia njuna dfb ji koskf
nobjrf
Cjrjnjrf dfb mjbjòdof nj obvjbtarof (art. 1=><) ]jquosotfs
Wala kás aiiá nj if quj dfrrjspfbnj 1) Quj ji tjrdjrf prjstj

prjstj nobjrfs ai
njunfr para quj paluj
Tj sumrfla pfr jstj jxdjsf jb ifs njrjdcfs nji

adrjjnfr, a quojb pala, para dfmrarif a ifs =) Quj ji njunfr paluj
paluj ia njuna dfb
njkás cjrjnjrfs jsj koskf nobjrf
4) Quj ji kutuf sj ftfrluj

ftfrluj pfr
jsdrotura põmioda, jb quj sj jxprjsj
quj ji kutuf sj ftfrla para palar ia
njuna
>) Quj sj njej dfbstabdoa nji palf jb

>) jb
uba jsdrotura põmioda (bf ia nji
kutuf) nfbnj sj jxprjsj quj ïstj sj
cadj dfb ifs nobjrfs quj ji njunfr
fmtuvf nji prïstakf

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1:?
Quj ub tjrdjrf bf obtjrjsanf

paluj uba njuna aejba.
Quj paluj sob ia vfiubtan nji njunfr.
Quj ji adrjjnfr sumrfluj

vfiubtaroakjbtj jb sus njrjdcfs ai
tjrdjrf quj ij pala.
TZM]FLADOÔB DFBPJBDOFBAI
]jquosotfs
(Art. 1011)
Quj ia sumrfladoôb sj cala jb `frka

jxprjsa.
’Tj j`jdtõa ia sumrfladoôb jb vortun nj uba

dfbvjbdoôb nji adrjjnfr8 duabnf ïstj, Quj dfbstj jb ia darta nj palf f
rjdomojbnf nj ub tjrdjrf ji palf nj ia njuna, ij rjdomf.
sumrfla vfiubtaroakjbtj jb tfnfs ifs njrjdcfs
y addofbjs quj ij dfrrjspfbnjb dfkf tai
adrjjnfr5 ia sumrfladoôb jb jstj dasf jstá suejta
a ia rjlia nj ia djsoôb nj njrjdcfs, y njmj
cadjrsj jb ia darta nj palf‛.
Quj sj suejtj a ias rjlias nj ia djsoôb
nj njrjdcfs.

107 ]jbzf Kubota
To ia fmioladoôb jra kjrdabtoi

dfbsjrva jsa baturaijza.
Daudofbjs sj kabtojbjb.
Tj kabtojbjb tëtuifs jejdutovfs.

B
Ô
O
D
A
L To ljbjrama obtjrjsjs, sj solujb
F Tj traspasab ai tjrdjrf quj njvjblabnf.
] ) pala tfnfs ifs njrjdcfs,
M =
1
Z 0 addofbjs, provoijlofs, prjbnas j
T 1 Dfbsjdujbdoas nji
.
A t
copftjdas nji abtoluf, asë
traspasf
I r dfbtra ji njunfr probdopai,
J A
( dfkf dfbtra ifs dfnjunfrjs
N Tj kabtojbjb ifs piazfs.
T sfionarofs f sumsonoarofs
F
^
D
J
@
J
Nj adujrnf a Amjiouh ji tjrdjrf
qujna jb ia koska pfsodoôb eurënoda.
Bf sj aitjrab piazfs nj prjsdropdoôb.

To ia sumrfladoôb js pardoai, ifs
njrjdcfs sj lfzab jb prfpfrdoôb.

4.>. Walf pfr djsoôb nj mojbjs

mojbjs
]jliakjbtadoôb5 Wárra`f ?· nji tëtuif SOP nji iomrf OP, arts. 101>
101> ai 10=>
Ia djsoôb nj mojbjs js ji amabnfbf

vfiubtarof quj ji njunfr cadj nj tfnfs
ifs suyfs a su adrjjnfr f adrjjnfrjs,
duabnf, a dfbsjdujbdoa nj addonjbtjs
objvotamijs, bf sj caiiama jb jstanf nj
palar sus njunas. (Art. 101>). Njrjdcf pjrsfbaiësokf nji njunfr
DA]AD^J]ËTÔDAT Mjbjòdof orrjbubdoamij
Zbovjrsai

10= ]jbzf Kubota
Obodof nji prfdjnokojbtf ’Jsta djsoôb nj mojbjs sjrá ankotona pfr ji eujz dfb dfbfdokojbtf nj dausa, y ji njunfr pfnrá
pfnr á okpifraria bf
Art. 101: fmstabtj duaiquojra jstopuiadoôb jb dfbtrarof‛.
Fmtjbdoôb nj ia djsoôb ’Wara fmtjbjr ia djsoôb, obdukmj ai njunfr prfmar su obduipamoionan jb ji kai jstanf nj sus
su s bjlfdofs, sojkprj
Art. 1010 quj ailubf nj ifs adrjjnfrjs if jxoea‛.
’Ifs adrjjnfrjs sjráb fmiolanfs a adjptar ia djsoôb, jxdjptf jb ifs dasfs soluojbtjs5
1µ To ji njunfr ca jbaejbanf, jkpjñanf f copftjdanf, dfkf prfpofs, mojbjs aejbfs a samojbnas8

Fmioladoôb nj adjptar ia =µ To ca sonf dfbnjbanf pfr curtf f rfmf, àisofidadoôb f duaiquojra nj ifs njiotfs sjñaianfs jb ji Wárra`f <
djsoôb nji ^ëtuif OS nji Iomrf Tjlubnf nji Dônolf Wjbai8
4µ To ca fmtjbonf quotas f jspjras nj sus adrjjnfrjs8
Art. 101<
>µ To ca noiaponanf sus mojbjs8
:µ To bf ca cjdcf uba jxpfsodoôb dordubstabdoana y vjrënoda nji jstanf nj sus bjlfdofs, f sj ca vaionf nj
duaiquojr ftrf kjnof `raunuijbtf para pjreunodar a sus adrjjnfrjs‛.

’Ia djsoôb dfkprjbnjrá tfnfs ifs mojbjs, njrjdcfs y addofbjs nji njunfr, jxdjptf ifs bf jkmarlamijs.
Bf sfb jkmarlamijs5
1µ Ias nfs tjrdjras partjs nji saiarof nj ifs jkpijanfs jb sjrvodof põmiodf, sojkprj quj jiias bf jxdjnab nj
bfvjbta djbtïsokfs nj jsdunf8 so jxdjnjb, bf sjráb jkmarlamijs ifs nfs tjrdofs nj jsta suka, bo ia kotan nji
jxdjsf8
Ia koska rjlia sj apioda a ifs kfbtjpëfs, a tfnas ias pjbsofbjs rjkubjratfroas nji Jstanf, y a ias pjbsofbjs
aiokjbtodoas `frzfsas8
=µ Ji ijdcf nji njunfr, ji nj su dôbyulj, ifs nj ifs coefs quj vovjb dfb ïi y a sus jxpjbsas, y ia rfpa bjdjsaroa
para ji amrolf nj tfnas jstas pjrsfbas8
4µ Ifs iomrfs rjiatovfs a ia prf`jsoôb nji njunfr casta ji vaifr nj vjobtj djbtïsokfs nj jsdunf y a jijddoôb nji
Fmejtf nj ia djsoôb koskf njunfr8
Art. 1013 >µ Ias káquobas j obstrukjbtfs nj quj sj sorvj ji njunfr para ia jbsjñabza nj ailuba dojbdoa f artj casta
nodcf vaifr y suejtfs a ia koska jijddoôb8
:µ Ifs ubo`frkjs y jquopfs nj ifs koiotarjs, sjlõb su arka y lranf8
0µ Ifs utjbsoiofs nji njunfr artjsabf f tramaeanfr nji dakpf, bjdjsarofs para su tramaef obnovonuai8
<µ Ifs artëduifs nj aiokjbtf y dfkmustomij quj jxostab jb pfnjr nji njunfr, casta dfbdurrjbdoa nj if bjdjsa-
rof para ji dfbsukf nj ia àkoioa nurabtj ub kjs8
3µ Ia prfpojnan nj ifs fmejtfs quj ji njunfr pfsjj finudoaroakjbtj8
?µ Ifs njrjdcfs duyf jejrdodof js jbtjrakjbtj pjrsfbai, dfkf ifs nj usf y camotadoôb8
17µ Ifs mojbjs raëdjs nfbanfs f ijlanfs dfb ia jxprjsoôb nj bf jkmarlamijs, sojkprj quj sj caya cjdcf
dfbstar su vaifr ai tojkpf nj ia jbtrjla pfr tasadoôb aprfmana eunodoaikjbtj8 pjrf pfnráb jkmarlarsj pfr ji
vaifr anodofbai quj njspuïs anquorojrjb‛.

10> ]jbzf Kubota
@aduitan nj rjtradtf nji ’Wfnrá ji njunfr arrjpjbtorsj nj ia djsoôb abtjs nj ia vjbta nj ifs mojbjs f nj duaiquojra partj nj jiifs, y
njunfr
rjdfmrar ifs quj jxostab, palabnf a sus adrjjnfrjs‛.
Art. 10=7
’Cjdca ia djsoôb nj mojbjs pfnráb ifs adrjjnfrjs njear ai njunfr ia ankobostradoôb nj jiifs, y cadjr dfb ïi
ifs arrjlifs quj jstokarjb dfbvjbojbtjs, sojkprj quj jb jiif dfbsojbta ia kayfrëa nj ifs adrjjnfrjs dfbdu-
rrjbtjs‛.
Adujrnf nj ifs
adrjjnfrjs dfb ji njunfr ’Ji adujrnf nj ia kayfrëa fmtjbonf jb ia `frka prjsdrota pfr ji Dônolf nj Jbeuodoakojbtf, sjrá fmiolatfrof
para tfnfs ifs adrjjnfrjs quj cayab sonf.
Art. 10=1 y 10== dotanfs jb ia `frka njmona.
Wjrf ifs adrjjnfrjs provoijloanfs, prjbnarofs f copftjdarofs bf sjráb pjreunodanfs pfr ji adujrnf nj ia ka-
yfrëa, so sj cumojrjb amstjbonf nj vftar‛.
A quoïbjs bf aprfvjd
aprfvjdca
ca
ia djsoôb ’Ia djsoôb nj mojbjs bf aprfvjdca a ifs dfnjunfrjs sfionarofs f sumsonoarofs, bo ai quj adjptô ia cjrjbdoa nji
njunfr sob mjbjfidof nj obvjbtarof‛.
Art. 10=4

J@JD^FT NJI WALF WF] DJTOÔB
Ji njunfr qujna provanf nj ia àduitan nj ankobostrar sus mojbjs. Art. 101? obd òbai y 10=1.
Ji njunfr qujna iomrj nj aprjkof pjrsfbai (101? b·1)
Ias njunas sj jxtoblujb casta ia dabtonan jb quj sjab satos`jdcas dfb ifs mojbjs djnonfs (101? b·=)
To ifs mojbjs djnonfs bf cumojrjb mastanf, y ji njunfr anquojrj njspuïs ftrfs mojbjs, js fmiolanf a dfkpijtar ji palf
dfb ïstfs (101? b·4 - 1013)
Ji njunfr djnjbtj tojbj njrjdcf a obvfdar ji mjbjòdof nj dfkpjtjbdoa (10=0 b·0).

100 ]jbzf Kubota
4.:. Walf dfb mjbjfidof

mjbjfidof nj dfkpjtjbdoa
]jliakjbtadoôb5 Wárra`f ?· nji tëtuif SOP nji iomrf OP, arts. 101>
101> ai 10=>
DFBDJW^F5 Js aquji quj sj dfbdjnj a dojrtfs njunfrjs para Js ub mjbjòdof pjrsfbaiësokf

bf sjr fmiolanfs a palar kás nj if quj mujbakjbtj pujnab, dfbdjnonf pfr ia ijy ai njunfr.
njeábnfsjijs jb dfbsjdujbdoa if obnopjbsamij para uba kfnjsta
sumsostjbdoa, sjlõb su diasj y dordubstabdoas, y dfb darlf nj
njvfiudoôb duabnf kjefrjb nj `frtuba, art. 10=:
WJ]TFBAT A QZOJBJT JI AD]JJNF] NJMJ DFBDJNJ] Wujnj fpfbjrsj jb duaiquojr

JI MJBJ@ODOF, A]^. 10=0. DA]AD^J]ËTÔDAT kfkjbtf dfkf jxdjpdoôb.
•A sus njsdjbnojbtjs f asdjbnojbtjs8 bf camojbnf ïstfs orrflanf
ai adrjjnfr f`jbsa ailuba nj ias diasoòdanas jbtrj ias dausas nj
njscjrjnadoôb.
• A su dôbyulj8 bf jstabnf novfrdoanf pfr su duipa.
• A sus cjrkabfs8 dfb tai quj bf sj cayab cjdcf duipamijs para
dfb ji adrjjnfr nj uba f`jbsa oluaikjbtj lravj quj ias
obnodanas dfkf
njsdjbnojbtjs dausa nj njscjrjnadoôb rjspjdtf nj ifs
f asdjbnojbtjs. ôjbj darádtjr aiokjbtodof
sus dfbsfdofs jb ji koskf dasf8 pjrf sôif jb ias addofbjs
•A
rjdëprfdas quj bazdab nji dfbtratf nj sfdojnan.
• Ai
Ai nfbabtj8 pjrf sôif jb duabtf sj trata nj cadjrij dukpior ia
nfbadoôb prfkjtona.
• Ai
Ai njunfr nj mujba `j quj cozf djsoôb nj mojbjs y js pjrsjluonf
jb ifs quj njspuïs ca anquoronf para ji palf dfkpijtf nj ias
njunas abtjrofrjs a ia djsoôb, pjrf sôif ij njmjb jstj mjbjòdof
ifs adrjjnfrjs a duyf àvfr sj cozf.

4.0. Nji palf nj if bf njmonf

]jliakjbtadoôb5 Wárra`f =· nji ^ëtuif 4>, nji Iomrf >7, artëduifs =.=?> a =.474
A travïs nj ïi sj dukpij uba fmioladoôb quj bf

jxostj, ya sja quj darjzda tftaikjbtj nj jxostjbdoa y
bubda ia caya tjbonf f sj caya jxtobluonf, f sj yjrrj
jb ia prjstadoôb, jb quojb ia cadj f a quojb sj cadj.
DFBDJW^F
Quojb pala if quj bf njmj, tojbj njrjdcf a sfiodotar

ia rjstotudoôb nj if palanf obnjmonakjbtj.
Duasodfbtratf
BA^Z]AIJUA EZ]ËNODA Jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa
Obstotudoôb autôbfka

103 ]jbzf Kubota
Camjr kjnoanf ub palf
Walf obnjmonf fmejtovf5 sj

sfiudofba uba njuna quj bf
jxostj, pfr ub vodof. Nostobluor nj
nfbadoôb. Art. ==??, 14?<
âbtf ji jrrfr nj cjdcf (=.=?:)
Jrrfr jb ji palf5 obtjbdoôb dfkf ji nj njrjdcf (=.=?<)
sfivjbs prfnudjb ub palf obnjmonf. Na
iular a ia rjpjtodoôb nj if
obnjmonakjbtj
obnjmonakj btj palanf.
Walf obnjmonf sumejtovf5 sj
sfiudofba uba njuna aejba,
drjyïbnfia prfpoa. Nostobluor nji
Ia ùjrza y ji nfif bf nab iular
]jquosotfs palf dfb sumrfladoôb ai palf obnjmonf. Ji palf
anfijdjrá nj buionan rjiatova.
Wala quojb bf js ji vjrnanjrf

njunfr pfr jrrfr.
Tj paluj a quojb bf js ji
vjrnanjrf adrjjnfr
Tj ca dukpionf uba njuna
objxostjbtj
Tj pala uba fmioladoôb
objxostjbtj
Darjbdoa nj dausa jb ji
palf Walf jxdjsovf
Fmioladoôb dovoi pura y sokpij
Fmioladofbjs quj sfb dausa

suòdojbtj nj palf
Fmioladoôb baturai
Fmioladoôb a piazf suspjbsovf

W]ZJMA
Tj njmj prfmar quj cumf palf,

]jlia ljbjrai art. 10?35 quojb
aijla quj ji palf js obnjmonf. jrrfr y àitapalf.
nj dausa para ji Art. =.=?3
Fmioladoôb nj rjstotudoôb5 To ji njkabnanf rjdfbfdj ji

prjtjbnj quj ji addopojbs ij jstï palf5 sfivjbs njmjrá prfmar quj
fmiolanf. ùj obnjmonf
To ji njkabnanf bojla ji pa lf y
ji njkabnabtj if prujma, sj
prjsukj quj js obnjmonf.

1<7 ]jbzf Kubota
Bf js uba addoôb
obnjkbozatfroa.
obnjkbozatfroa . To ia
Ji quj palô obnjmonakjbtj Qujna sob j`jdtf ji palf,
J@JD^FT tojbj njrjdcf a rjpjtor dfbtra nabnf froljb a ia fmioladoôb rjstotudoôb js okpfsomij, sj
ji addopojbs. nj rjstotudoôb. trabs`frkará jb uba
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs.
Dasfs jb quj bf prfdjnj ia addoôb nj

rjpjtodoôb
ADDOÔB NJ ]JWJÔDOÔB
Daradtjrëstodas nj ia addoôb nj
rjpjtodoôb.
Wrjstadofbjs kutuas.
Addopojbs mujba `j
•Addopojbs
Addopojbs kaia `j
•Addopojbs
J` jdtfs nj ia addoôb nj r jpjtodoôb. • Totuadoôb
Totuadoôb nj tjrdjrfs anquorjbtjs.
• Anquorjbtj
Anquorjbtj a tëtuif lratuotf
• Anquorjbtj
Anquorjbtj a tëtuif fbjrfsf

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1<1
>. IA NADOÔB JB WALF
Fmjnjdj a uba dfbvjbdoôb djijmrana jbtrj ji adrjjnfr y ji njunfr pfr ji duai padtab quj ia fmioladoôb sj
Njòbodoôb
dukpia dfb ub fmejtf nostobtf ai njmonf (Amjiouh).
Bf js ub dfbtratf, sobf uba dfbvjbdoôb. Aub duabnf sj ij caya jbtjbnonf pfr nfdtroba autfrozana dfkf tëtuif
trasiatodof nj nfkobof (Jb jstj sjbtonf, Amjiouh, dujstofbanf pfr ]akfs).
^jfrëa nj ia dfkpravjbta5
dfkpravjbta 5 Jbtrj adrjjnfr y njunfr sj prfnudj uba dfkpravjbta jb rjiadoôb dfb ji fmejtf nanf jb
palf. Adrjjnfr pasa a sjr njunfr, njmj ji prjdof nj ia vjbta a su prfpof njunfr. Asë, akmas partjs pasab a sjr
rjdëprfdakjbtj njunfrjs y adrjjnfrjs, jxtobluoïbnfsj ias nfs fmioladofbjs pfr dfkpjbsadoôb.
Tj ij drotoda pfr artoòdofsa.
^jfrëa nj ia bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj fmejtf5

fmejtf 5 Tj ca njsjdcanf, pfrquj jb ia bfvadoôb sj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb
Baturaijza Eurënoda abtjrofr y badj uba bujva, kojbtras quj jb ia nadoôb jb palf bf badj fmioladoôb ailuba, sobf quj sj dukpij nj
kabjra novjrsa a ia dfbvjbona.
^jfrëa nj ia kfnaionan nji palf5

palf 5 Tjrëa ub palf nfbnj sj aitjrab sus j`jdtfs bfrkaijs. Wfr dfbsoluojbtj, jb tfnf if
bf prjvostf sj apiodab ias rjlias nji palf.

1<=
]jbzf Kubota
Fmioladoôb prokotova
Wrjstadoôb no`jrjbtj
]jquosotfs Dfbsjbtokojbtf y dapadonan nj ias partjs
Dukpiokojbtf nj ias sfijkbonanjs ijlaijs
abokus sfivjbno
Ábokf nj jxtobluor uba fmioladoôb abtjrofr, .
Wrfnudj ifs koskfs j`jdtfs quj ji palf. Anjkás, ji njunfr

J`jdtfs njmj larabtëa ai adrjjnfr quj su`rj nj jvoddoôb nj ia dfsa,
apiodábnfsj pfr abaiflëa ias rjlias nj ia dfkpravjbta.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1<4
:. IA BFPADOÔB

]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SP nji Dônolf Dovoi, artëduifs 10=3 a 10:1
Ia sumstotudoôb nj uba bujva fmioladoôb a ftra abtjrofr, ia duai qujna pfr tabtf jxtobluona.
Njòbodoôb ijlai
Dfbsostj jb ji badokojbtf nj uba bujva fmioladoôb, if quj prfnudj ia jxtobdoôb nj ia fmioladoôb abtjrofr.
Js uba òlura cëmrona jbtrj ji dfbtratf y ia dfbvjbdoôb

¶Duái js su baturaijza eurënoda6
Wrfnudj ub nfmij j`jdtf5
Ljbjra uba fmioladoôb bujva Jxtobluj uba fmioladoôb abtjrofr

(dfbtratf) (dfbvjbdoôb jxtobtova nj njrjdcfs)

1<> ]jbzf Kubota
]jquosotfs5
a. Njmj sjr váiona, a if kjbfs baturaikjbtj (art. 1047)

a.
1. Zba fmioladoôb abtjrofr, quj sj va a jxtobluor
m. Bf pujnj sjr dfbnodofbai suspjbsova (art. 1044)
m.
a. Njmj sjr váiona, a if kjbfs baturaikjbtj (art. 1047)

a.
=. Zba fmioladoôb bujva, quj rjjkpiaza ia abtjrofr
m. Bf pujnj sjr dfbnodofbai suspjbsova (art. 1044)
m.
a. Dakmof nj njunfr f nj adrjjnfr8

a.
4. Njmj jxostor uba no`jrjbdoa jsjbdoai jbtrj akmas fmioladofbjs5 m. Dakmof nji fmejtf nj ia prjstadoôb, y8
m.
d. Dakmof nj dausa

d.
Wfr je5 Bf cay bfvadoôb so ia bujva fmioladoôb dfbsostj sokpijkjbtj jb
añanor f quotar uba jspjdoj, lïbjrf f dabtonan a ia prokjra. âkpfdf if
cay so ia bujva fmioladoôb sj iokota a okpfbjr uba pjba f a jstamijdjr ftra
para ji dasf nj obdukpiokojbtf, f so sfif sj dakmoa ji iular nji palf, jtd.
a. Adrjjnfr rjquojrj tjbjr dapadonan nj nospfsodoôb

a.
>. Dapadonan nj ias partjs para bfvar
m. Njunfr sôif rjquojrj dapadonan para fmiolarsj
m.
Art. 104>5 ’js bjdjsarof quj if njdiarjb ias partjs, f quj aparjzda obnunamijkjbtj,
:. Obtjbdoôb nj bfvar (abokus bfvabno) quj su obtjbdoôb ca sonf bfvar‛.
To ia bfvadoôb js pfr dakmof nj njunfr, ji adrjjnfr njmj dfbsjbtor jxprjsakjbtj,
nj if dfbtrarof akmas fmioladofbjs dfjxostoráb.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1<:
Diasjs nj bfvadoôb (Art. 1041 DD)

Bfvadoôb sumejtova Bfvadoôb fmejtova
Dfbtjkpiana jb ifs B·s = y 4 nji artëduif 1041 Dfbtjkpiana jb ji B· 1 nji artëduif 1041
Wujnj sjr nj nfs topfs5 Wujnj narsj jb nfs dasfs5

a. Wfr dakmof nj adrjjnfr (B· =). a. Duabnf sj dakmoa ia dfsa njmona, f
m. Wfr dakmof nj njunfr (B· 4). m. Duabnf sj dakmoa ia dausa nj ia fmioladoôb

Jejkpif nj bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj adrjjnfr5
A njmj a M $ 1.777 7778 y ias partjs adujrnab quj, jb vjz nj palarifs Jejkpif nj bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj ia dfsa njmona5
M, if njmj palar D. (Tj rjquojrj quj ias trjs partjs njb su dfbsjbto- To njmf $ 1.777.777, y adfrnakfs rjjkpiazar jsa fmioladoôb pfr ia
kojbtf). nj nar ko autfkôvoi, jxostj bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj fmejtf.
Jejkpif nj bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj njunfr5 uba pjrsfba ponj ub Jejkpif nj bfvadoôb pfr dakmof nj ia dausa nj ia fmioladoôb5
prïstakf para dfkprar uba dasa bujva, quj qujna larabtozanf dfb
copftjda. Wfstjrofrkjbtj jstj njunfr vjbnj ia koska dasa a ub tjrdj- To njmf $ 1.777.777 a tëtuif nj sainf nj prjdof, y rjjkpiazakfs jsa
rf quj sj cadj darlf nj ia njuna. (Tj rjquojrj ji dfbsjbtokojbtf nji fmioladoôb pfr ia nj palar $ 1.777.777, a tëtuif nj kutuf, cay bfva-
adrjjnfr y ji dfbsjbtokojbtf nji bujvf njunfr) ¶Tj rjquojrj dfbsjb- doôb fmejtova pfr dakmof nj dausa.
tokojbtf nji njunfr abtoluf6

1<0 ]jbzf Kubota

¶Tj rjquojrj dfbsjbtokojbtf nji njunfr abtoluf6
To adrjjnfr njea iomrj a njunfr abtoluf, camrá bfvadoôb
njijlatfroa.
pjr`jdta f njijlatfroa.
To bfvadoôb sj rjaioza dfb dfbsjbtokojbt
dfbsjbtokojbtf
f nji njunfr prokotovf,
rjdomj ji bfkmrj nj njijladoôb
To adrjjnfr bf njea iomrj ai njunfr abtoluf, camrá njijladoôb
okpjr`jdta (bf camrá bfvadoôb), rjdomj ji bfkmrj nj
anprfkosoôb.
To adrjjnfr njea iomrj ai njunfr, camrá bfvadoôb.

To bfvadoôb sj rjaioza sob dfbsjbtokojbtf nji njunfr prokotovf, rjdomj
dfbsjbtokojbtf
ji bfkmrj nj jxprfkosoôb
To adrjjnfr bf njea iomrj ai njunfr, camrá jxprfkosoôb

(anprfkosoôb).
adukuiatova (anprfkosoôb).

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1<<
Jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb prokotova Jxtobluj sus addjsfrofs

Obtjrjsjs, provoijlofs, daudofbjs rjaijs y pjrsfbaijs,
kfnaionanjs, jtd.
Wartjs pujnjb cadjr rjsjrva nj ïstfs. Jxdjpdoôb5 Wrovoijlofs
(sfb obcjrjbtjs ai drïnotf).
J`jdtfs nj ia bfvadoôb To js uba daudoôb ftfrlana pfr tjrdjrf (je. òanfr) sj
rjquojrj anjkás su vfiubtan.
Ljbjra uba bujva fmioladoôb Wartjs

quj pujnjb
obdiusf dfbvjbor
pujnjb larabtëas
sjr ias koskaspara ia bujva
abtjrofrjs, fmioladoôb,
pjrf nj tfnfs
kfnfs sj dfbsonjrab dfkf bujvas larabtëas.

1<3 ]jbzf Kubota
0. IA DFKWJBTADOÔ
DFKWJBTADOÔB
B
]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif S nji Dônolf Dovoi,
Dovoi , artëduifs 10:: a 100>
’Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs quj fpjra pfr ji sfif kobostjrof nj ia ijy, duabnf nfs pjrsfbas sfb
Njòbodoôb pjrsfbai y rjdëprfdakjbtj njunfras y adrjjnfras nj fmioladofbjs nj oluai baturaijza, iëquonas y adtuaikjbtj
jxolomijs, jb duya vortun sj jxtoblujb akmas casta ji kfbtf nj ia nj kjbfr vaifr‛ (]akfs Wazfs).
@ubdoôb5 Jvota ub nfmij palf
Ijlai55 Fmjnjdj njòbodoôb a ia abtjrofrkjbtj kjbdofbana.

Ijlai
Dfbvjbdofbai 5 Tupfbj ub adujrnf nj vfiubtanjs. Bf fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf. ôjbj iular duabnf akmas partjs sfb
Dfbvjbdofbai5
Datjlfrëas rjdëprfdakjbtj adrjjnfras y njunfras jbtrj së, pjrf quj pfr àita nj ailõb rjquosotf ijlai bf pujnj prfspjrar ia
dfkpjbsadoôb nj pijbf njrjdcf.
Eunodoai55 Jxolj sjbtjbdoa eunodoai. Jb dfbsjdujbdoa, takpfdf fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf. ôjbj iular duabnf sj
Eunodoai
njkabna ji dfmrf nj uba njuna, y sj rjdfbvojbj a travïs nj uba prjtjbsoôb onïbtoda. Eujz adflj tabtf ia njkabna
dfkf ia rjdfbvjbdoôb.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1<?

Quj akmas njunas sjab nj nobjrf f nj dfsas ùblomijs f obnjtjrkobanas nj oluai lïbjrf y daionan (Art. 10:0 bµ1).
Akmas partjs njmjb sjr rjdëprfdakjbtj adrjjnfras y njunfras, y nj fmioladofbjs pjrsfbaijs y probdopaijs, pfr
jiif5
1.
1. Njunfr probdopai bf pujnj fpfbjr a su adrjjnfr pfr vëa nj dfkpjbsadoôb if quj adrjjnfr njma ai òanfr.
=.
=. Njunfr nj ub pupoif bf pujnj fpfbjr pfr vëa nj dfkpjbsadoôb if quj ji tutfr f duranfr ij njma a ïi.
4.
4. Dfnjunfr sfionarof bf pujnj dfkpjbsar su njuna dfb ifs drïnotfs quj ifs njkás dfnjunfrjs tjblab
dfbtra ji koskf adrjjnfr, saivf quj ïstfs sj ifs cayab djnonf.
Dfkf jxdjpdofbjs ai probdopof ljbjrai (adrjjnfr y njunfr rjdëprfdf), sj njtjdtab jb ji DD nfs sotuadofbjs (v. arts.
10:3 y 10:? DD)5
1. Ji kabnatarof quj pujnj fpfbjr ai adrjjnfr nji kabnabtj bf sôif ifs drïnotfs nj ïstj, sobf sus prfpofs
1.
]jquosotfs nj ia drïnotfs, prjstabnf daudoôb nj quj ji kabnabtj nará pfr òrkj ia dfkpjbsadoôb. Wjrf bf pujnj
dfkpjbsadoôb ijlai dfkpjbsar dfb if quj ji koskf kabnatarof njmj a ub tjrdjrf if quj ïstj njmj ai kabnabtj, sobf dfb
vfiubtan nji kabnabtj.
=. Zba vjz rjqujronf pfr ji djsofbarof, ji njunfr pfnrá dfkpjbsar ji drïnotf quj tjbëa dfbtra ji djnjbtj,
=.
sojkprj y duabnf caya adjptanf dfb rjsjrva f caya sonf bftoòdanf.
Akmas njunas njmjb sjr iëquonas (dojrtas y njtjrkobanas)8 adtuaikjbtj jxolomijs (bf jstar suejtas a dfbnodoôb f
piazf suspjbsovf)8 palanjras jb ji koskf iular.
Akmfs drïnotfs njmjb sjr jkmarlamijs.
Quj ia dfkpjbsadoôb bf sj cala jb pjreuodof nj tjrdjrfs.

137 ]jbzf Kubota
Bf pujnj fpfbjrsj dfkpjbsadoôb a ia njkabna nj rjstotudoôb nj uba dfsa nj quj su nujñf ca sonf
obeustakjbtj njspfeanf (Art. 100= obd. 1).
Dasfs nj dfkpjbsadoôb prfcomona
Bf pfnrá fpfbjrsj dfkpjbsadoôb a ia njkabna nj obnjkbozadoôb pfr ub adtf nj vofijbdoa f `raunj, bo

a ia njkabna nj aiokjbtfs bf jkmarlamijs (Art. 100= obd. =).
Fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf (Art. 10:0)
J`jdtfs nj ia dfkpjbsadoôb ijlai Njmj sjr aijlana (Art. 1:07). Wfr tabtf, pujnj sjr rjbubdoana nj `frka jxprjsa f tádota (Art. 1007).
Jxtobluj akmas fmioladofbjs casta ia nj kjbfr vaifr.
Jb dasf nj piuraionan nj fmioladofbjs, sj apiodab rjlias nj okputadoôb ai palf (Art. 1004)

<. IA ]JKOTOÔB

Njòbodoôb Dônolf Dovoi bf ia njòbj Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs, quj dfbsostj jb ji pjrnôb
quj nj ia njuna ij cadj ji adrjjnfr ai njunfr (Luoiijrkf Fspoba).
Tuejta a rjlias nj ias nfbadofbjs jbtrj vovfs

Wfr adtf jbtrj vovfs
]jquojrj obsobuadoôb jb ifs dasfs jb quj nfbadoôb ia bjdjsota
DIATJT NJ ]JKOTOÔB
^jstakjbtaroa Okpfrta ub ijlanf nj dfbnfbadoôb ai njunfr
Diarf Tfiar5 Të, js dfbsonjrana uba dfbvjbdoôb.

¶Js bjdjsaroa ia adjptadoôb nji njunfr6
]. Tj nosdutj
Fspoba5 Bf, js ub adtf ubopjrsfbai nji adrjjnfr quj okpioda rjbubdoa.

13= ]jbzf Kubota

Jxprjsa Js
ias ia quj ji adrjjnfr
sfijkbonanjs cadj
nj ias jb tïrkobfs
nfbadofbjs `frkaijs ypfr
(obsobuadoôb, jxpiëdotfs,
je.). dukpioïbnfsj
DIATJT NJ ]JKOTOÔB
^ádota Aqujiia quj sj prfnudj duabnf ji adrjjnfr jbtrjla vfiubtaroakjbtj ai

njunfr ji tëtuif nj ia fmioladoôb, f if njstruyj f dabdjia dfb ábokf nj
jxtobluoria. Tj rjquojrj5
a. Jbtrjla nji tëtuif nj ia fmioladoôb8
m. Jbtrjla vfiubtaroa8
d. Jbtrjla njmj sjr cjdca pfr ji adrjjnfr8
n. Jbtrjla njmj sjr cjdca ai njunfr.
^ftai Tj jxtobluj ëbtjlrakjbtj ia fmioladoôb dfb tfnfs sus addjsfrofs.
DIATJT NJ ]JKOTOÔB
Wardoai Tj jxtobluj fmioladoôb casta ji kfbtf nj if rjkotonf.
* Duabnf cay varofs dfnjunfrjs sfionarofs, ia rjkosoôb quj ji adrjjnfr cala a ubf nj jiifs bf àvfrjdj a ifs njkás. Tfif iomjra ai njunfr rjkotonf.

3. IA DFB@ZTOÔB
]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SPOOO nji Dônolf Dovoi,
D ovoi, arts. 100: a 100?
Njòbodoôb Dônolf Dovoi bf ia njòbj Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs quj fpjra nj pijbf njrjdcf duabnf
dfbdurrjb jb uba koska pjrsfba ias daionanjs nj adrjjnfr y njunfr.
Wrfnudj ifs koskfs j`jdtfs quj ji palf.
]jlias jspjdoaijs5
1. Ia dfbùsoôb quj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb probdopai jxtobluj ia òabza8 pjrf ia dfbùsoôb quj jxtobluj ia òabza bf jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb probdopai
(Art. 1000).
=. To ji dfbdursf nj ias daionanjs nj adrjjnfr y njunfr js jb uba partj nj ia njuna, bf cay iular a ia dfbùsoôb, bo sj jxtobluj ia njuna, sobf jb jsa
partj (Art. 100<).
4. To cay dfbùsoôb jbtrj ubf nj varofs njunfrjs sfionarofs y ji adrjjnfr, pfnrá ji njunfr rjpjtor dfbtra dana ubf nj sus dfnjunfrjs pfr ia partj f
dufta quj ijs dfrrjspfbna jb ia njuna8 so, pfr ji dfbtrarof, cay dfbùsoôb jbtrj ubf nj varofs adrjjnfrjs sfionarofs y ji njunfr, sjrá fmiolanf ji
prokjrf a dana ubf nj sus dfadrjjnfrjs pfr ia partj f dufta quj rjspjdtovakjbtj ijs dfrrjspfbna jb ji drïnotf (Art. 1003).
>. Ifs drïnotfs y njunas nji cjrjnjrf quj adjptô dfb mjbjòdof nj obvjbtarof bf sj dfbùbnjb dfb ias njunas y drïnotfs cjrjnotarofs (Art. 100?).

13> ]jbzf Kubota
?. IA OKWFTOMOIONAN NJ IA JEJDZDOÔB _ WÏ]NONA NJ IA DFTA NJMONA
Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs prfvfdanf

prfvfdanf pfr uba
dausa bf okputamij ai njunfr, quj sudjnj dfb pfstjrofronan
pfstjrofronan
Njòbodoôb Dônolf Dovoi bf ia njòbj
ai badokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb y quj cadj okpfsomij ia
prjstadoôb (@. @ujyf).
Cjdcf bf okputamij ai njunfr
]jquosotfs Okpfsomoionan nj jejdutar ia prjstadoôb njmj sjr fmejtova y pjrkabjbtj
Okpfsomoionan
Okpfsomoionan njmj sjr sfmrjvjbona

Ia okpfsomoionan jstá rjliakjbtana sôif para ias fmioladofbjs nj nar uba jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf. Bf fmstabtj, jstj probdopof js ljbjrai tabtf para ias
fmioladofbjs nj nar, cadjr f bf cadjr. To mojb, ifs artëduifs 10<7 y soluojbtjs sj rjòjrjb jxdiusovakjbtj a ias fmioladofbjs nj nar uba jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf,
aqujiif sj jbtojbnj pfr sjr ia sotuadoôb kás `rjdujbtj.
Ji artëduif 10<7 prjsdromj quj "duabnf ji dujrpf dojrtf quj sj njmj pjrjdj, f pfrquj sj njstruyj, f pfrquj njea nj jstar jb ji dfkjrdof, f pfrquj njsaparjdj y sj
olbfra so jxostj, sj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb8 saivas jkpjrf ias jxdjpdofbjs nj ifs artëduifs sumsoluojbtjs".
Zba sotuadoôb abáifla pujnj prjsjbtarsj jb ias fmioladofbjs nj cadjr5 quj ji

njunfr sj jbdujbtrj jb ia okpfsomoionan amsfiuta y pjrpjtua nj jejdutar ji
cjdcf njmonf

130 ]jbzf Kubota
Okpfsomoionan sfmrjvjbona
sfmrjvjbona jb fmioladofbjs nj nar

¶Duábnf ia okpfsomoionan iomjra ai njunfr y jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb6
Dfb`frkj ji artëduif 10<7, jiif fdurrj duabnf pjrjdj. _ pjrjdj jb ifs soluojbtjs dasfs5
Wïrnona nj ia dfsa pfr njstruddoôb. Wïrnona nj ia dfsa pfr qujnar ùjra nji Wïrnona nj ia dfsa pfr njsaparodoôb,
dfkjrdof cukabf. olbfrábnfsj so jxostj.
]jquosotfs nj jstj kfnf nj jxtobluor jb ias fmioladofbjs nj nar f

Tj dfbsonjra quj cay njstruddoôb nj ia dfsa jbtrjlar ub dujrpf dojrtf5
bf sôif duabnf jiia js tftai, sobf takmoïb
duabnf qujna provana nj ia aptotun para ji a. Okpfsomoionan amsfiuta y njòbotova nj pfnjr dukpior ia
fmejtf quj sjlõb su baturaijza f sjlõb ia fmioladoôb.
dfbvjbdoôb sj njstoba. m. Quj ia okpfsomoionan sja `frtuota.
d. Quj ia okpfsomoionan sja pfstjrofr ai badokojbtf nj ia
fmioladoôb.

Okpfsomoionan sfmrjvjbona jb ias fmioladofbjs nj cadjr
Jsta fkosoôb jstá rjparana jb ji Dônolf nj Wrfdjnokojbtf Dovoi, duyf artëduif :4>, jxprjsa5 "A kás nj ias
Dônolf Dovoi bf tratô jstj pubtf jxdjpdofbjs jxprjsanas jb ji artëduif >0>, quj sjab apiodamijs ai prfdjnokojbtf nj quj trata jstj ^ëtuif,
pfnrá fpfbjr ji njunfr ia nj okpfsomoionan
okpfsomoionan amsfiuta para ia jejdudoôb adtuai nj ia fmra njmona".
Okpfsomoionan sfmrjvjbona jb ias fmioladofbjs nj bf cadjr
Jb uba fmioladoôb nj bf cadjr, ji njunfr ia obdukpij duabnf rjaioza aqujiif sfmrj if quj njmëa amstjbjrsj.
Ji adrjjnfr tojbj njrjdcf a quj sj jxoea ai njunfr quj njscala if cjdcf, sojkprj quj, jb dfb`frkonan ai artëduif 1:::, sja pfsomij njscadjr if cjdcf y quj
ia njstruddoôb sja bjdjsaroa para ji fmejtf quj sj tuvf jb vosta ai dfbtratar.
Jb tai dasf, ji njunfr pujnj fpfbjr ia jxdjpdoôb nji artëduif :4> nji Dônolf nj Wrfdjnokojbtf Dovoi5 okpfsomoionan amsfiuta nj njscadjr if cjdcf.
Dasfs jb quj ia pïrnona nj ia dfsa njmona bf adarrja ia rjspfbsamoionan nji njunfr f ia noskobuyj5
1. Duabnf su pïrnona sj frolo

froloba
ba pfr dasf `frtuotf (Art. 1:>< ob
obd.
d. =µ). To njunfr jstá jb kfra y ji das
dasf
f `frtuotf camrëa sfmrjvjb
sfmrjvjbonf
onf oluaikjb
oluaikjbtj
tj jb pfnjr nji
njunfr, sôif sj njmjráb ifs pjreuodofs nj ia kfra (Art. 10<= obd. =µ).
=. Duabnf pjrjdj pfr duipa nj ub tjrdjrf nji duai ji njunfr bf js rjspfbsam

rjspfbsamij
ij (Art. 10<<).
4. Ia njstruddoôb nj ia dfsa jb pfnjr nji n
njunfr,
junfr, njspuïs quj ca sonf f`rjd
f`rjdona
ona ai njunfr, y nurabtj ji rjt
rjtarnf
arnf nj ïsta jb rjdomoria, bf cadj rjspfbsamij ai
njunfr sobf pfr duipa lravj f nfif (Art. 1037).
>. To dfsa njmona sj njstruyj pfr ub cjdcf vfvfiubtarof

iubtarof nji njunf
njunfr,
r, quj obduipamijkjbtj
obduipamijkjbtj olbframa ia fmioladoôb,
fmioladoôb, sj
sj njmjrá sfiakjbtj ji prjdof so
sob
b ftra
obnjkbozadoôb
obnjkbozado ôb nj pjreuodofs (Art. 10<3).

133 ]jbzf Kubota
17. IA W]JTD]OWDOÔB JSÔBÔPA

]jliakjbtadoôb5 ^ëtuif SIP
SIP nji Iomrf OPOP,, artëduifs =>?= y soluojbtjs, casta ji artëduif =:=>
Ji artëduif 1:0< B· 17 sjñaia a ia prjsdropdoôb dfkf ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs. Ji obdosf fibai nj jstj artëduif
sjñaia quj ia prjsdropdoôb sjrá tratana ai fib nj jstj Iomrf (iomrf OP)
Ji Dônolf, jb ji artëduif =>?=, jb `frka dfbeubta a ia prjsdropdoôb anquosotova y jxtobtova,
sjñaiabnf quj "Ia prjsdropdoôb js ub kfnf nj anquoror ias dfsas aejbas, f nj jxtobluor ias addofbjs
Ijlai y njrjdcfs aejbfs, pfr camjrsj pfsjënf ias dfsas f bf camjrsj jejrdonf nodcas addofbjs y njrjdcfs
nurabtj dojrtf iapsf nj tojkpf, y dfbdurrojbnf ifs njkás rjquosotfs ijlaijs. Zba addoôb f njrjdcf sj
nodj prjsdromor duabnf sj jxtobluj pfr ia prjsdropdoôb".
Njòbodoôb
Nfdtrobaroa Js ub kfnf nj jxtobluor ias addofbjs y njrjdcfs aejbfs, pfr bf camjrsj jejrdonf nodcas addofbjs y
njrjdcfs nurabtj ub dojrtf iapsf nj tojkpf, y dfbdurrojbnf ifs njkás rjquosotfs ijlaijs.
Js okpfrtabtj njear jstamijdonf quj ia prjsdropdoôb sôif jxtobluj ia

Ia prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova sôif jxtobluj ia addoôb
addoôb addoôb, bf ji njrjdcf bo ia fmioladoôb dfrrjiatova.


]jquosotfs
]jlias dfkubjs a tfna prjsdropdoôb (fpjrab tabtf para ia prjsdropdoôb anquosotova y jxtobtova)
^fna prjsdropdoôb njmj sjr aijlana, art. =>?4.
^fna prjsdropdoôb pujnj rjbubdoarsj uba vjz dukpiona, art. =>?>.
Dfrrj pfr oluai jb dfbtra nj tfna diasj nj pjrsfbas, art. =>?<.
Addoôb prjsdroptomij. Js ia rjlia ljbjrai, sob jkmarlf, jxostjb jxdjpdofbjs5
a. Addoôb nj partodoôb, art. 141<8

m. Addoôb nj rjdiakadoôb nj òioadoôb, art. 4=78
d. Addoôb nj njkardadoôb y djrrakojbtf (bf if nodj jxprjsakjbtj ia ijy, pjrf asë if jbtojbnj ia nfdtroba). Wara ]akfs jb ji koskf dasf jstarëa ia
addoôb nj prjdarof, art. =1?: obd. =µ.
Obadtovonan nji adrjjnfr5 Bf njmj camjr rjqujronf eunodoaikjbtj ai njunfr.

Obadtovonan nj ias partjs Obadtovonan nji njunfr5 Jb dasf nj quj njunfr rjdfbfzda nj `frka jxprjsa f tádota ia njuna, fpjrará ia
obtjrrupdoôb baturai nji art. =:13 obd. =µ.
ôjkpf nj prjsdropdoôb. Njmj nostobluorsj5
a. Wrjsdropdoôb nj iarlf tojkpf.

m. Wrjsdropdoôb nj dfrtf tojkpf.
d. Wrjsdropdofbjs jspjdoaijs (Art. =:=>)

1?7 ]jbzf Kubota

OB
OB^J
^J]]
]]ZW
ZWDO
DO B NJ IA
IA W]
W]JT
JTD]
D]OW
OWDO
DO B Ji artëduif
aejbas =:13obtjrrukporsj,
pujnj sjñaia quj "ia ya
prjsdropdoôb quj jxtobluj
baturaikjbtj, ias addofbjs
ya dovoikjbtj. Tj
obtjrrukpj baturaikjbtj pfr ji cjdcf nj rjdfbfdjr ji njunfr ia
fmioladoôb, ya jxprjsa, ya tádotakjbtj. Tj obtjrrukpj dovoikjbtj, pfr ia
njkabna eunodoai8 saivf ifs dasfs jbukjranfs jb ji artëduif =:74‛.
Js ji cjdcf okpjnotovf nj ia prjsdropdoôb quj sj prfnudj ai djsar ia
obadtovonan nji adrjjnfr f nji njunfr. Jb ji prokjr dasf, ia obtjrrupdoôb
sjrá dovoi8 jb ji sjlubnf, baturai.
Wfr if tabtf, ia obtjrrupdoôb jxtobtova pujnj sjr Obtjrrupdoôb baturai
Obtjrrupdoôb dovoi
Tj prfnudj pfr ji cjdcf nj rjdfbfdjr ji njunfr ia fmioladoôb, ya jxprjsa, ya tádotakjbtj
Obtjrrupdoôb baturai (=:13 obdosf =·).

Ia nospfsodoôb js mastabtj akpioa, pfr if qujna dfkprjbnonf duaiquojr adtf quj supfbla
rjdfbfdokojbtf nj ia njuna, pfr jejkpif, pjnor prôrrflas, cadjr amfbfs, palar obtjrjsjs pfr
ia njuna, jtd.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1?1

Ji artëduif =:13, jb su obdosf 4µ, jxprjsa quj ’sj obtjrrukpj dovoikjbtj (ia
Obtjrrupdoôb dovoi prjsdropdoôb) pfr ia njkabna eunodoai8 saivf ifs dasfs jbukjranfs jb ji artëduif
=:74‛.
]jiadofbabnf ifs artëduifs =:13 y =:74, sj tojbj quj, para quj caya obtjrrupdoôb
dovoi, njmjb dukpiorsj ifs soluojbtjs rjquosotfs5
a. Njkabna eunodoai.

a. eunodoai. Js diarf quj boblõb rjqujrokojbtf ankobostratovf
ankobostratovf f jxtraeunodoai js suòdojbtj para obtjrrukpor ia prjsdropdoôb.
m. Bftoòdadoôb nj ia njkabna.
m. njkabna. ^ranodofbaikjbtj
^ranodofbaikjbtj sj ca jbtjbnonf takmoïb quj, para quj fpjrj ia obtjrrupdoôb, ia njkabna tojbj quj bftoòdarsj abtjs
nji vjbdokojbtf nji piazf nj prjsdropdoôb. Jiif pfr apiodadoôb nji artëduif =:74 Bª 1. Tob pjreuodof nj if abtjrofr, sj ca dfbòluranf ub obtjrjsabtj
dfbtjbdofsf jb ia katjroa, quj aubquj bf damj sjr tratanf jb njtaiij adá, ca dfbsonjranf ia tjsos jb tfrbf a ia duai sj jbtojbnj obtjrrukpona ia
prjsdropdoôb dfb ia sfia obtjrpfsodoôb nj ia njkabna.
d. Quj ji adtfr bf sj caya njsostonf nj ia njkabna
d. njkabna
n. Quj ji adtf bf caya amabnfbanf ia obstabdoa.
n. obstabdoa. Js if quj abtjs nj ia ijy 13.<7:, nj => nj kayf nj 1?33, sj njbfkobama amabnfbf nj ia obstabdoa,
katjroa rjliakjbtana jb ifs artëduifs 1:= a 1:< nji Dônolf nj Wrfdjnokojbtf Dovoi.
j. Quj ji njkabnanf bf caya fmtjbonf sjbtjbdoa amsfiutfroa. ]jspjdtf a jstj pubtf, sj ca àiianf quj bf dfbstotuyj sjbtjbdoa amsfiutfroa ia quj
j.
rjdcaza ia njkabna jejdutova pfr àita nj tëtuif jejdutovf.
Wrjsdropdoôb nj iarlf tojkpf
Jb rjiadoôb dfb jstj rjquosotf, quj js ji

ôjkpf nj ia prjsdropdoôb kás daradtjrëstodf nj ia prjsdropdoôb Wrjsdropdoôb nj dfrtf tojkpf
jxtobtova, njmjkfs nostobluor jbtrj5
Wrjsdropdofbjs jspjdoaijs

1?= ]jbzf Kubota
Js nj : añfs dfbtanfs njsnj quj ia fmioladoôb sj ca cjdcf jxolomij (Art. =:1: obdosf 1ª).
1. Wrjsdro
Wrjsdropdo
pdoôb
ôb nj ia a
addo
ddoôb
ôb jej
jejdut
dutova
ova
Js nj 4 añfs dfbtanfs njsnj quj ia fmioladoôb sj ca cjdcf jxolomij (Art. =:1: obdosf 1µ).
=. Wrjsdro
Wrjsdropdoôb
pdoôb nj ias fmioladofbjs
fmioladofbjs addjsfroas
addjsfroas
’Ia addoôb copftjdaroa, y ias njkás quj prfdjnab nj uba fmioladoôb addjsfroa, prjsdromjb eubtf

Wrjsdropdoôb nj iarlf tojkpf dfb ia fmioladoôb probdopai a quj addjnjb‛ (Art. 1:10).
4. Wrjsdropdoôb
Wrjsdropdoôb nj addofbjs rjaijs nj nfkobof
nfkobof y nj cjrjbdoa
cjrjbdoa
"^fna addoôb pfr ia duai sj rjdiaka ub njrjdcf sj jxtobluj pfr ia prjsdropdoôb anquosotova nji
koskf njrjdcf" (Art. 1:1<).
Wfr ia koska razôb, ia addoôb nj pjtodoôb nj cjrjbdoa va a prjsdromor jb ji piazf nj 17 ô : añfs,
quj sfb ifs piazfs nj prjsdropdoôb anquosotova nji njrjdcf nj cjrjbdoa (artëduif =:1= B·1 jb
rjiadoôb dfb ji artëduif <7> B·>).
>. Wrjsdropdofbjs
Wrjsdropdofbjs jjspjdoaij
spjdoaijss (dasf nj ias iokotadofbjs
iokotadofbjs nji nfkobof)
Tjrvonukmrjs prjsdromjb jb piazf nj 4 añfs pfr su bf jejrdodof.

¶Zsu`rudtf6 Nfdtroba kobfrotaroa (Diarf Tfiar) jstoka quj sj jxtobluj pfr su bf

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1?4
1. Wrjsdropdofbjs nj 4 añfs (artëduif =:=1 obdosf 1·).

Jstáb dfbtjkpianas jb ji artëduif =:=1 obdosf 1·5 "prjsdromjb jb trjs
añfs ias addofbjs a àvfr f jb dfbtra nji @osdf y nj ias Kubodopaionanjs
Wrjsdropdoôb nj dfrtf tojkpf prfvjbojbtjs nj tfna diasj nj okpujstfs".
Ji párra`f OP nji ^ëtuif >= nji Iomrf OP nji Dônolf

=. Wrjsdropdofbjs nj = añfs (artëduif =:=1, obdosf =·)
Dovoi, artëduifs =:=1 ai =:=>, trata "Nj dojrtas
Ji artëduif =:=1 obdosf =·, jstamijdj quj "prjsdromjb jb nfs añfs
addofbjs quj prjsdromjb jb dfrtf tojkpf".
Tj trata nj dasfs jspjdoaijs, quj dfbstotuyjb ifs cfbfrarofs nj eujdjs, amflanfs, prfduranfrjs8 ifs nj kïnodfs
y dorueabfs8 ifs nj norjdtfrjs f prf`jsfrjs nj dfijlofs y jsdujias8
jxdjpdofbjs a ia rjlia nj prjsdropdoôb nji artëduif
=:1:. Tj diasoòdab jb5
jb5 ifs nj obljbojrfs y alrokjbsfrjs, y jb ljbjrai, nj ifs quj jejrdjb
duaiquojr prf`jsoôb iomjrai".
4. Wrjsdropdofbjs nj 1 añf (artëduif =:==)

Ias jstamijdj ji artëduif =:==5 "prjsdromjb jb ub añf ia addoôb nj
ifs kjrdanjrjs, prfvjjnfrjs y artjsabfs pfr ji prjdof nj ifs
artëduifs quj njspadcab ai kjbunjf. Ia nj tfna diasj nj pjrsfbas
pfr ji prjdof nj sjrvodofs quj sj prjstab pjroônoda f
addonjbtaikjbtj, dfkf pfsanjrfs, adarrjanfrjs, kjbsaejrfs,
marmjrfs, jtd."

1?> ]jbzf Kubota

kuy jspjdoai bquj

Ia obtjrrupdof nj ia prjsdropdofb nj dfrtf tojkpf prfnudj ub j`jdtf
́ ́
jb nfdtroba rjdomj ji bfkmrj nj obtjrvjrsofb5
obtjrrukpona dovoi f baturaikjbtj ia prjsdropdofb nj dfrtf tojkpf,

J`jdtfs nj ia obtjrrupdoôb jb ia prjsdropdoôb nj dfrtf tojkpf5 Ia njea nj sjr tai y pasa a sjr nj iarlf tojkpf (: añfs).
́
obtjrvjrsoôb
Jstj j`jdtf sfif fpjra jb ias addofbjs quj prjsdromjb jb 4, = y 1 añf,
kas bf jb ias addofbjs jspjdoaijs a ias quj cadj aiusoôb ji artëduif
=:=> (Art. =:=4).
Camrá obtjrvjrsoôb5
a. To obtjrvoj
obtjrvojbj
bj pal
palarï
arï u fmiolad
fmioladoôb
oôb jsd
jsdrota
rota..
m. To obtjrvoj
obtjrvojbj
bj rjq
rjqujro
ujrokojb
kojbtf
tf
Ji artëduif =:=> nji Dônolf jxprjsa quj "ias prjsdropdofbjs nj dfrtf tojkpf a quj
Wrjsdropdofbjs jspjdoaijs jstáb suejtas ias addofbjs jspjdoaijs quj badjb nj dojrtfs adtfs f dfbtratfs, sj
kjbdofbab jb ifs tëtuifs rjspjdtovfs, y dfrrjb takmoïb dfbtra tfna pjrsfba8 saivf
quj jxprjsakjbtj sj jstamijzda ftra rjlia".
Jejkpifs nj jstas addofbjs jspjdoaijs jbdfbtrakfs jb ifs artëduifs =70<, ?=3,

1300,i ?=7, ?:7, 134>, 1300, 130?, 13<7, =>03, >=:, 1=10, 14>:, 1>=<, 1>47,
10?1, 13:0, 1337, 133:, 1330, =44=.
=44=.

Ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs 1?:
TZTWJBTOÔB NJ IA W]JTD]OWDOÔB Njòbodoôb 5 Js ub mjbjòdof jspjdoai quj ia ijy ftfrla a njtjrkobanas pjrsfbas —ias
obnodanas jb ji artëduif =:7? nji Dônolf Dovoi— nj quj bf dfrra ji piazf nj prjsdropdoôb
jb su dfbtra.
]jliakjbtadoôb 5 Jb ji dasf nj ia prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova, ji artëduif =:=7 jstamijdj quj "ia prjsdropdoôb quj
jxtobluj ias fmioladofbjs sj suspjbnj jb àvfr nj ias pjrsfbas jbukjranas jb ifs bõkjrfs 1· y =· nji artëduif
=:7?. ^rabsdurronfs 17 añfs bf sj tfkaráb jb dujbta ias suspjbsofbjs kjbdofbanas jb ji obdosf prjdjnjbtj".
Tfiakjbtj sj apioda a ias prjsdropdofbjs nj iarlf tojkpf (=:=7, =:=4 y =:=>).

- Asokoskf, jsta suspjbsoôb sj apioda a ia prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova frnobaroa, bf a ia jejdutova, if quj sj jxpioda pfr
tratarsj nj ub dasf nj danudonan kás quj nj prjsdropdoôb, sjlõb sj ca àiianf. Jb ji koskf sjbtonf, Tfkarrova.
Ia fpoboôb ca sonf dujstofbana pfr ]ofsjdf, tai dfkf na dujbta ]akfs.
-Tob jkmarlf, njbtrf nj ias prjsdropdofbjs jspjdoaijs nji artëduif =:=>, jxostjb jxdjpdofbjs5
a. Ia addoôb nj buionan rjiatova, quj sj suspjbnj a àvfr nj ifs kjbfrjs (Art. 10?1 obd. 4µ).
m. Ia addoôb nj rj`frka nj tjstakjbtf (Art. 1=10 obd.=µ).
d. Tj ca nosdutonf jb nfdtroba so ia addoôb nj rjspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai sj suspjbnj. Wfr ia pfstura
bjlatova Aijssabnro, @ujyf, Amjiouh, ]fnrëlujz Lrjz y Nfkëblujz Á. Wfr ia pfstura àvframij a ia suspjbsoôb5
Cjbrëqujz, Dfrrai y Marrfs.

1?0 ]jbzf Kubota
a. Ifs kjbfrjs8 njkjbtjs, sfrnfs f sfrnfkunfs quj bf pujnab narsj a

jbtjbnjr diarakjbtj8 y tfnfs ifs quj jstïb maef pftjstan patjrba, f maef
tutjia f duranurëa.
Wjrsfbas jb duyf àvfr sj suspjbnj ia
prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova m. Ia kuejr dasana jb sfdojnan dfbyulai, kojbtras nurj ïsta. Ji artëduif =:7?
sjñaia quj bf sj suspjbnj a àvfr nj ia kuejr sjparana eunodoaikjbtj nj su
karonf, bo nj ia suejta ai rïlokjb nj sjparadoôb nj mojbjs, rjspjdtf nj
aqujiifs quj ankobostra. Iujlf, ji obdosf òbai, sjñaia quj ia prjsdropdoôb sj
suspjbnj sojkprj jbtrj ifs dôbyuljs. Tfmrj jstj õitokf pubtf, Amjiouh
jstoka quj bf sj apioda a ia prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova.
Nuradoôb nj ia suspjbsoôb nj ia ^rabsdurronfs 17 añfs bf sj tfkaráb jb dujbta ias suspjbsofbjs nj ia

prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova prjsdropdoôb jxtobtova jstamijdonas jb àvfr nj ias pjrsfbas obnodanas jb ifs
bõkjrfs 1µ y =µ nji artëduif =:7? (Art. =:=7 obdosf òbai).

Wartj OO
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI

Zbonan OP
]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai
NA]ËF WA]]A
LIFTA]OF
’Js oiëdotf tfnf cjdcf duipamij f nfifsf quj dausa nañf a ftrf, j okpfbj ai autfr ia fmioladoôb nj rjparar ji nañf
Cjdcfs oiëdotfs dausanf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =:>).
’Js ji cjdcf oiëdotf dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar ai quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa f nañf a ftra pjrsfba‛ (Aijssabnro,
=77:, pál. 1>).
Njiotf dovoi
’To ji cjdcf js oiëdotf, y dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar
nañar,, dfbstotuyj ub njiotf‛ (art. ==3> DD).
’Js ji cjdcf duipamij, pjrf dfkjtonf sob ia obtjbdoôb nj nañar, quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa f nañf a ftra pjrsfba‛ (Aijs-
sabnro, =77:, pál. 1>).
Duasonjiotf dovoi
’To ji cjdcf js duipamij, pjrf dfkjtonf sob obtjbdoôb nj nañar, dfbstotuyj ub duasonjiotf‛ (art. ==3> DD).

=77 Narëf Warr

Warra
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LIFTA]OF
’Js aqujiia jb vortun nj ia duai uba pjrsfba sj fmiola a rjparar ji nañf dausanf a ftra, ya sja pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf,
pfr ji dukpiokojbtf okpjr`jdtf f pfr ji rjtarnf jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb, ya sja pfr ia jejdudoôb nj ub
]jspfbsamoionan cjdcf oiëdotf‛ (âpoa, =77?, pál. ?).
dovoi
’Ia fmioladoôb quj tojbj uba pjrsfba nj obnjkbozar ifs nañfs fdasofbanfs a ftra‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =40).
’Ia fmioladoôb probdopai quj badj nj ub dfbtratf dfbsostj jb dukpior if dfbvjbonf, nj kfnf quj ia fmioladoôb obnjk-
bozatfroa surlj sôif uba vjz quj ji njunfr ca obdukpionf jsa fmioladoôb dfbtradtuai (nj prokjr lranf). Ia rjspfbsamo-
ionan dfbtradtuai js ub rjkjnof quj ji njrjdcf dfbfijrj ai adrjjnfr para cadjr `rjbtj ai obdukpiokojbtf nj if padtanf‛
]jspfbsamoionan (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =4).
dovoi dfbtradtuai
’Js ia fmioladoôb nji njunfr nj obnjkbozar ai adrjjnfr nj ifs pjreuodofs quj
q uj ij ca frolobanf ji obdukpiokojbtf f duk-
piokojbtf tarnëf f okpjr`jdtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>=).
’Dfbsostj jb ia fmioladoôb jb quj sj jbdujbtra ji autfr nj obnjkbozar ifs pjreuodofs quj su cjdcf oiëdotf ca fdasofbanf
a ia vëdtoka‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>=).
]jspfbsamoionan
Js aqujiia quj ’tojbj pfr abtjdjnjbtj ifs njmjrjs ljbjraijs nj duonanf quj bfs njmjkfs rjdëprfdakjbtj jb bujstra
dovoi
adtovonan susdjptomij nj nañar a tjrdjrfs. Wfr jsf, ia ùjbtj nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dfbtradtuai js ia dfbvjbdoôb, kojbtras
jxtradfbtradtuai quj jb sjnj jxtradfbtradtuai if njtjrkobabtj js ji njrjdcf, quj pfbj iëkotjs y jstamijdj dfbsjdujbdoas patrokfboaijs
ai jejrdodof bjlioljbtj nj bujstra iomjrtan (sjlõb ji abtoluf probdopof nj eustodoa quj frnjba bf nañar a ifs njkás)‛
(Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =4).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai =71
LIFTA]OF
’Wrjdosakjbtj sj iiaka sumejtova f pfr duipa, pfrquj ia razôb nj jxostor nj ia fmioladoôb obnjkbozatfroa js ia adtuadoôb
]jspfbsamoionan oiëdota nji aljbtj nañfsf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>4).
sumejtova f pfr
duipa Js aqujiia jb quj ’ia atromudoôb nj rjspfbsamoionan sj ùbna jb quj ji nañf ca sonf dausanf pfr ub cjdcf bjlioljbtj,
jstf js, rjaiozanf dfb ob`raddoôb a ub njmjr nj duonanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 41).
’Jiia bf atojbnj dfkf if abtjrofr a ia dfbnudta nji aljbtj, a su duipamoionan, sobf kjrakjbtj ai rjsuitanf katjroai
]jspfbsamoionan quj nj jiia ca njrovanf5 ji nañf. Ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar jxolj ùbnakjbtaikjbtj ia jxostjbdoa nj ub pjreuodof
fdasofbanf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>>).
fmejtova f
jstrodta ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan jstrodta qujna dfbfilurana pfr ia kjra rjiadoôb dausai jbtrj ji cjdcf nji njkabnanf y ji nañf
su`ronf pfr ji njkabnabtj‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 44).

=7= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
1. LJBJ]AION
LJBJ]AIONANJT
ANJT

Cjdcfs oiëdotfs
Js oiëdotf tfnf cj dcf duipamij f nfifsf quj dausa nañf a ft rf, j okpfbj ai autfr nj ia fmioladoôb nj r jparar ji nañf dausanf (Amjiouh).
Njiotf5 Duasonjiotf5
Cjdcf oiëdotf dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar Cjdcf oiëdotf dfkjtonf sob obtjbdoôb nj nañar
Ftras adjpdofbjs nj cjdcf oiëdotf
Dfkf ùjbtj nj fmio ladofbjs Dfkf vofiadoôb nj uba fmioladoôb prjjxostjbtj ^jfrëa nj if obeustf
Ji Dônolf ij ftfrla a ifs njiotfs y Jb ji cjdcf oiëdotf jxostj ia ob`raddoôb nj uba Ji cjdcf oiëdotf js ub adtf dfbtrarof ai
duasonjiotfs dovoijs ia datjlfrëa nj fmioladoôb prjjxostjbtj, quj js ia quj okpfbj Njrjdcf Fmejtovf
ùjbtj nj fmioladofbjs jb ifs artëduifs
1>4< y ==3> DD. jiy sostjka eurënodf
mojbjs aejbfs, nj js,
jstf bf nj
ijsofbar ifs njrjdcfs
bf dausar nañf a
ftrf
If obeustf f abtoeurënodf, sj
Ji cjdcf oiëdotf js ùjbtj nj prjsjbtará dana vjz quj sj qujmrabtj
fmioladofbjs pfrquj na froljb a uba uba bfrka eurënoda, aubquj jiia bf
bujva quj abtjs bf jxostëa5 obnjkbozar Js uba fmioladoôb jstrodtakjbtj ijlai, y su jstï jxprjsana prokaroakjbtj, sobf a
vofiadoôb, na badokojbtf a ia fmioladoôb nj travïs nj uba sabdoôb
ifs pjreuodofs dausanfs
obnjkbozar pjreuodofs
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. =44-=:: y 170:-1170)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai =74
=. ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DFB^]AD^ZAI _ JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI

]jspfbsamoionan Dfbtradtuai
Js ia fmioladoôb nji njunfr nj obnjkbozar ai adrjjnfr nj ifs pjreuodofs quj ca frolobanf ji obdukpiokojbtf f dukpiokojbtf tarnëf f
fmioladoôb (Amjiouh).
okpjr`jdtf nj ia fmioladoôb
Wrjsupujstfs
Quj jbtrj ias partjs jxosta ub dfbtratf Quj ji nañf sja fdasofbanf pfr uba nj ias Quj ji nañf prfvjbla nji obdukpiokojbtf y
váionf partjs jb pjreuodof nj ia ftra bf nj ftra adtuadoôb nji njunfr
]jspfbsamoionan jxtradfbtradtuai
Dfbsostj jb ia fmioladoôb jb quj sj jbdujbtra ji autfr nj obnjkbozar ifs pjreuodofs quj su cjdcf oiëdotf ca fdasofbanf a ia vëdtoka
(Amjiouh).
]jspfbsamoionan sumejtova f pfr duipa ]jspfbsamoio nan fmejtova f jstrodta
Ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar jxolj ùbnakjbtaikjbtj ia

Ji ùbnakjbtf nj ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar ji nañf dausanf jxostjbtjbdoa nj ub pjreuodof fdasofbanf a ftrf pfr ia dfbnudta
js ia addoôb u fkosoôb bjlioljbtj nji aljbtj
nji aljbtj nañfsf
Jstf js, ia adtuadoôb nji autfr nji njiotf f duasonjiotf quj ljbjra Ji ïbàsos js pujstf, bf jb ia dfbnudta nji aljbtj, sobf quj jb ji
nañf sj aparta nji kfnjif onjai nj dfbnudta rjsuitanf katjroai quj nj jiia sj njrova5 ji nañf f pjreuodof
para ia vëdtoka.

=7> Narëf Warr

Warra
a
]jspfbsamoionan Dovoi
Diasoòdadoôb
]jspfbsamoionan dovoi ]jspfbsamoionan dovoi

Dfbtradtuai Jxtradfbtradtuai
]jspfbsamoionan sumejtova ]jspfbsamoionan fmejtova f

f pfr dduip
uipaa jstrodta

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai =7:
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
]JTWFBTAMOI ONAN DFB^]AD^ZAI
DFB^]AD^ZAI ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI
Tupfbj ub vëbduif eurënodf prjjxostjbtj quj ljbjra uba Js ji prfpof cjdcf nañfsf ji quj ljbjra ji vëbduif eu-
1µ Jb duabtf a su
fmioladoôb quj bf sj dukpij, f js dukpiona tarnëa f ok- rënodf jbtrj vëdtoka y aljbtj, qujnabnf jstj fmiolanf
ljbjradoôb5 pjr`jdtakjbtj. a rjparar ifs nañfs su`ronfs pfr aquji.
Tj ij rjdfbfdj a ia vfiubtan nj ias partjs ub kayfr dak-

Tj iokota ji dakpf nj addoôb nj ia vfiubtan nj ias par-
=µ Pfiubtan nj ias pf nj addoôb njmonf a quj, pfr rjlia ljbjrai, sj jbdujb-
partjs5 trab jb kjefrjs dfbnodofbjs nj prjvjr ias dfbsjdujbdoas tjs. Tj adjptab dfb iokotadofbjs ias diáusuias nj orrjs-
pfbsamoionan.
quj njrovjb nji obdukpiokojbtf nj sus fmioladofbjs.
f mioladofbjs.
Tfb obdapadjs amsfiutfs5 a) ifs njkjbtjs8 m) ifs okpõmj-

rjs8 d) ifs sfrnfs f sfrnfkunfs quj bf pujnab narsj a Tfb obdapadjs nj njiotf f duasonjiotf dovoi5 a) ifs nj-
kjbtjs8 m) ifs kjbfrjs nj sojtj añfs y d) kayfrjs nj
4µ Ia dapadonan5 jbtjbnjr diarakjbtj.
sojtj pjrf kjbfrjs nj 10 añfs duabnf cab fmranf sob
Tfb obdapadjs rjiatovfs5 a) ifs kjbfrjs anuitfs y m) ifs nosdjrbokojbtf.
nosopanfrjs quj sj caiijb maef obtjrnoddoôb pfr njkjbdoa.
Ji nfif sj dfbfilura dfkf alravabtj nj ia rjspfbsamoio- Ji ïbàsos jstá jb ji pjreuodof su`ronf pfr ia vëdtoka.
nan dfbtradtuai. Ifs j`jdtfs sfb sokoiarjs so ji nañf js ljbjranf pfr
Ia duipa sj lranõa dfb`frkj a if nospujstf jb ji artëduif nfif f duipa.
>µ Nfif f duipa5
>> nji DD. y sj prjsukj jb vortun nj if jxprjsanf pfr ji Ia duipa bf ankotj lranfs y njmj sjr prfmana pfr ia
artëduif 1:>< DD. Ji njunfr njmj prfmar quj ùj noioljb- vëdtoka, saivf ifs dasfs jxdjpdofbaijs jb quj ia ijy ia
tj jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb. prjsukj.

=70 Narëf Warr

Warra
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]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
]JTWFBTAMOI ONAN DFB^]AD^ZAI
DFB^]AD^ZAI ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI
Wfr rjlia ljbjrai sj rjspfbnjrá sfif nj ifs pjreuodofs prj-

vosomijs.
:µ Wjreuodofs Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj sj pfnrá jxtjbnjr ia rjparadoôb a ifs Tj rjspfbnj nj tfnfs ifs pjreuodofs, prjvosomijs j ok-
obnjkbozamijs5 pjreuodofs okprjvosomijs, duabnf sja padtanf pfr ifs dfb- prjvosomijs.
tratabtjs f duabnf sj pujna okputar nfif f duipa lravj
ai njunfr.
]jquojrj nj ia dfbstotudoôb jb kfra nji njunfr para quj Ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar badj dfb ji cjdcf oiëdotf
0µ Kfra5 sj pujna jejrdjr ia addoôb obnjkbozatfroa. nañfsf.
A ia addoôb obnjkbozatfroa pfr rjspfbsamoionan dfbtrad-

Ia addoôb obnjkbozatfroa pfr rjspfbsamoionan jxtra-
tuai sj ij apioda ia rjlia ljbjrai nj prjsdropdoôb nj ias
dfbtradtuai prjsdromj jb duatrf añfs dfbtanfs, sjlõb
<µ Wrjsdropdoôb5 addofbjs pjrsfbaijs frnobaroas, js njdor, dobdf añfs dfb-
ji tjbfr nji artëduif =44= DD., njsnj ia pjrpjtradoôb
tanfs njsnj quj ia fmioladoôb sj cozf jxolomij (art. =:1:
nji adtf.
DD).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai =7<
4. ZBONAN NJ IA ]JTWFBTAMOION
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN
AN DOPOI
^JF]ËA NJ IA ZBONAN NJ IA ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI.
^ranodofbaikjbtj
^ranodofbaikjbtj sj ca piabtjanf uba nostobdoôb taeabtj jbtrj akmfs rjlëkjbjs nj rjspfbsamoionan dovoi.
Ia tjfrëa nj ia ubonan nj rjspfbsamoionan dovoi dfbsonjra pjr`jdtakjbtj jquoparamijs akmas datjlfrëas nj
rjspfbsamoionan, f a if kjbfs sj prjsjbtab dfkf nfs aspjdtfs nj uba koska obstotudoôb. If quj na froljb a ia
fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar ifs pjreuodofs dausanfs, sojkprj okpioda uba adtuadoôb dfbtraroa a njrjdcf.

=73 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
Zbonan nj rjlëkjbjs nj ]jspfbsamoionan Dovoi
Tj ùbna jb ifs so luojbtjs arlukjbtfs5
4· Addjsfrojnan nj jijkjbtfs
1· Ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi dfkf ùjbtj
nj fmioladofbjs =· Onjbtonan nj jijkjbtfs ùbnakjbtaijs ùbnakjbtaijs
Ias nostobdofbjs quj jxostjb jbtrj

Akmas rjspfbsamoionanjs supfbjb akmfs rjlëkjbjs nj
jijkjbtfs y prjsupujstfs nj jxostjbdoa rjspfbsamoionan sfb nj kjbfr
Cjdcfs oiëdotfs j obdukpiokojbtf dfkubjs5 a) addoôb u fkosoôb okputamij
dfbtradtuai sfb kabo`jstadofbjs jbtonan, bf aidabzab a dfbòlurar
ai dausabtj nji nañf8 m) nañf8 d) baturaijzas nostobtas jbtrj jiias
nj uba ljbïroda "adtuadoôb
dfbtraroa a njrjdcf", ia duai js rjiadoôb nj dausaionan jbtrj ia dfbnudta
nji aljbtj (dfb nfif f duipa) y ji
sabdofbana dovoikjbtj dfb ji pjreuodof quj su`rj ia vëdtoka
rjsardokojbtf nji nañf dausanf
Jejkpif5 ia adjptadoôb nji nañf

kfrai jb sjnj dfbtradtuai, f ias
Tj rjdfbfdjb nfs no`jrjbdoas diáusuias iokotatovas f jxokjbtjs nj
okpfrtabtjs5 o) ia lranuadoôb nj ia rjspfbsamoionan jb sjnj
duipa8 oo) ia prjsubdoôb nj ia koska jb jxtradfbtradtuai
ia rjspfbsamoionan dfbtradtuai

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai =7?
Totuadoôb jb ia ijlosiadoôb dcoijba
Ji Dônolf bf rj dflj ia tjfrëa nj ia ubonan Ji Dônolf Dovoi adflj ia nuaionan nj rjlëkjbjs

nj rjlëkjbjs nj rjspfbsamoionan dovoi
Ji obdukpiokojbtf bf js ùjbtj nj uba

Nfdtroba y bujva fmioladoôb
eurosprunjbdoa Ji Dônolf nostobluj
kayfrotaroa rjdcazab diarakjbtj akmas
nfdtroba nj ia ubonan rjspfbsamoionanjs, pujstf
nj ia rjspfbsamoionan quj ias tratô
dovoi sjparanakjbtj y jb `frka
obtjlrai dana uba nj jiias Wara ji Dônolf
duabnf ji Ia obnjkbozadoôb nj
Bf jstá pjreuodofs njrova nji
jbukjranf dukpiokojbtf
dfbtratf. Ji njunfr
jbtrj jiias jb baturai ya bf
pfsomij, ia js njmj obnjkbozar,
ifs arts. 1>4<
fmioladoôb bf sj pfrquj ob`robloô ia
y ==3> nji fmioladoôb quj ïi ij
DD. jxtobluj, sfif
okpusf
varëa nj fmejtf
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 170>-1170)

Zbonan P
]jspfbsamoionan dovoi dfbtradtua
dfbtradtuai
i
NA]ËF WA]]A
LIFTA]OF
Avaiuadoôb dfbvjbdofbai ’Ia j`jdtõab ias partjs abtjs nji obdukpiokojbtf pfr kjnof nj uba diáusuia pjbai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
nj pjreuodofs 171?).
Avaiuadoôb eunodoai nj ’Aqujiia j`jdtuana

j`jdtuana pfr ifs tromubaijs nj eustodoa jb masj a ifs jijkjbtfs prfmatfrofs quj sj ij prfpfrdofbjb‛
pjreuodofs (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 171?).
Avaiuadoôb ijlai nj ’Aqujiia j`jdtuana norjdtakjbtj pfr ia ijy rjspjdtf nj ias fmioladofbjs nj
n j nobjrf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 171?).
pjreuodofs
Dasf `frtuotf ’Ji okprjvostf a quj bf js pfsomij rjsostor‛ (art. >: DD).
’Js aqujiia jb quj uba pjrsfba, para asjlurar ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb, sj suejta a uba pjba, quj
Diáusuia pjbai dfbsostj jb nar f cadjr ailf jb dasf nj bf jejdutar f nj rjtarnar ia fmioladoôb probdopai‛
pr obdopai‛ (art. 1:4: DD).

=1= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
LIFTA]OF
Diáusuia rjmud sod ’Aqujiia jb duya vortun ias partjs jstáb `frzanas a dukpior ias fmioladofbjs jkabanas nj ia dfbvjbdoôb sojk-
stabtomus prj quj sumsostab ias dordubstabdoas maef ias duaijs ïsta sj djijmrô‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?3:).
’@aita nj noioljbdoa nj uba pjrsfba jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb f jb ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf‛

Duipa dfbtradtuai (Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ?:?-?07).
’Dfbsostj jb bf kabjear ifs bjlfdofs aejbfs dfb aquji duonanf quj aub ias pjrsfbas bjlioljbtjs y nj pfda
Duipa lravj f iata prunjbdoa sujijb jkpijar jb sus bjlfdofs prfpofs‛
p rfpofs‛ (art. >> DD).
’Js ia àita nj aqujiia noioljbdoa y duonanf quj ifs cfkmrjs jkpijab frnobaroakjbtj jb sus bjlfdofs
b jlfdofs prfpofs‛
Duipa ijvj (art. >> DD).
’Ia àita nj aqujiia jskjrana noioljbdoa quj ub cfkmrj euodofsf jkpija jb ia ankobostradoôb nj sus bjlfdofs
Duipa ijvësoka okpfrtabtjs‛ (art. >> DD).
Dukpiokojbtf
Dukpiokojbtf `frzanf ’Js ji njrjdcf
akparf quj tojbj
nji Jstanf, ji adrjjnfr
sus ôrlabfs para jxolor
y ia ùjrza y `frzar
põmioda‛ ai njunfr
(Amjiouh, =71>,jipál.
dukpiokojbtf
?=?). nj ia fmioladoôb dfb ji
Nañf jkjrljbtj ’Js ji jkpfmrjdokojbtf rjai y j`jdtovf quj su`rj ji patrokfbof nji adrjjnfr‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 1741).
’Js ia àduitan quj tojbj ji njunfr nj uba fmioladoôb

fm ioladoôb nj jbtrjlar f rjstotuor uba dfsa pjrtjbjdojbtj ai adrjjnfr
Njrjdcf ijlai nj nj jiia, para bjlarsj a dukpior kojbtras bf sj paluj f asjlurj ji palf nj if quj sj ij njmj jb razôb nj jsta
rjtjbdoôb koska dfsa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 111?).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi dfbtrad

dfbtradtuai
tuai =14
LIFTA]OF
Nfif ’Ia obtjbdoôb pfsotova nj ob`jror obeuroa a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj ftrf‛ (art. >> DD).
Nfif vodof nji ’Ias kaquobadofbjs `raunuijbtas jejdutanas pfr uba pjrsfba a fib nj quj ftra ftfrluj su dfbsjbtokojbtf
dfbsjbtokojbtf para ia djijmradoôb nj ub adtf f dfbtratf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?::).
’Js uba kjnona nj prjvjbdoôb nj darádtjr prfdjsai, njstobana a pfbjr jb rjsluarnf ifs mojbjs nji njunfr para
Jkmarlf prfdjnjr a su rjaiozadoôb, duabnf ji euodof jejdutovf iijluj a jsa jtapa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?4=).
Jxdjpdoôb nj dfbtratf ’Js ia jxdjpdoôb quj dfrrjspfbnj ai njunfr nj ub dfbtratf moiatjrai para bjlarsj a dukpior su fmioladoôb
bf dukpionf kojbtras ia ftra partj bf dukpij f bf sj aiiabj a dukpior ia suya‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 1173).
Obdukpiokojbtf ’Js ia àita nj satosàddoôb ëbtjlra y fpfrtuba nj ia fmioladoôb ai tjbfr nj jiia‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?=4).
(bf palf)
Obdukpiokojbtf
Obdukpiokojbtf tftai ’Aquji jb quj ia fmioladoôb bf sj jejduta jb tfnas sus partjs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?=>).
Obnjkbozadoôb nj ’Ia dabtonan nj nobjrf quj njmj palar ji njunfr ai adrjjnfr y quj jquovaila f rjprjsjbtj if quj ïstj camrëa
pjreuodofs fmtjbonf dfb ji dukpiokojbtf j`jdtovf, ëbtjlrf y fpfrtubf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?>>).
Obnjkbozadoôb
’Js ia suka nj nobjrf quj njmj ji njunfr ai adrjjnfr y quj jquovaij a if quj
qu j camrëa fmtjbonf ji prokjrf dfb
nj pjreuodofs ji dukpiokojbtf j`jdtovf j ëbtjlrf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?><).
dfkpjbsatfroa

=1> Narëf Warr

Warra
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LIFTA]OF
Obnjkbozadoôb nj ’Js aqujiia quj rjjkpiaza ai dukpiokojbtf fpfrtubf nj ia fmioladoôb8 js ia suka nj nobjrf quj ji adrjjnfr
pjreuodofs kfratfroa jxolj ai njunfr dfkf jquovaijbtj ai atrasf jb ji dukpiokojbtf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?>3).
’Js ji adtf pfr ji duai ji adrjjnfr cadj samjr a su njunfr quj dfbsonjra quj cay rjtarnf jb ji dukpiokojbtf,
Obtjrpjiadoôb y quj ïstj ij jstá fdasofbabnf pjreuodofs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 177>).
Obtjrpjiadoôb ’Ji njunfr jstá jb kfra duabnf bf ca dukpionf ia fmioladoôb njbtrf nji tïrkobf jstopuianf, saivf quj ia ijy
dfbtradtuai jxprjsa jb dasfs jspjdoaijs jxoea quj sj rjquojra ai njunfr para dfbstotuyj jb kfra‛ (art. 1::1 DD).
’Ji njunfr jstá jb kfra (…) duabnf ji njunfr ca sonf eunodoaikjbtj rjdfbvjbonf pfr ji adrjjnfr‛ (art. 1::1
Obtjrpjiadoôb eunodoai DD).
Obtjrpjiadoôb tádota ’Ji njunfr jstá kfra duabnf ia dfsa bf ca pfnonf sjr nana f jejdutana sobf njbtrf nj dojrtf jspadof nj
dfbtradtuai tojkpf, y ji njunfr if ca njeanf pasar sob naria f jejdutaria‛ (art. 1::1 DD).
Iudrf djsabtj ’Js ia utoionan

(Amjiouh, =71>,quj njea1741-174=).
páls. nj pjrdomor ji adrjjnfr pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf f dukpiokojbtf tarnëf nj ia fmioladoôb‛
Kfra nji adrjjnfr ’Ia bjlatova nji adrjjnfr a rjdomor ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 171=).
’Js ji rjtarnf okputamij jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb ubonf ai rjqujrokojbtf f obtjrpjiadoôb pfr partj
Kfra nji njunfr nji adrjjnfr‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 1777).


dfbtradtuai
tuai =1:
LIFTA]OF
Walf j`jdtovf ’Ji palf j`jdtovf js ia prjstadoôb nj if quj sj njmj‛ (art. 1:03 DD).
Wjreuodofs prjvostfs ’Tfb ifs quj sj prjvojrfb f punojrfb prjvjrsj ai tojkpf nji dfbtratf‛ (art. 1::3 DD).
’Tj tranudj jb ia àduitan nji njunfr nj sfiodotar ia rjsfiudoôb f rjvosoôb nji dfbtratf nj jejdudoôb pfstjrlana
^jfrëa nj ia okprjvosoôb duabnf ub okprjvostf aejbf a ia vfiubtan nj ias partjs ca trabs`frkanf su fmioladoôb jb jxaljranakjbtj
fbjrfsa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?3>).

=10 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
1. JI OBDZKWIOKOJB^F JB LJBJ]AI

DFBDJW^F
Bf palf5 js ia àita nj satosàddoôb ëbtjlra y fpfrtuba nj ia

fmioladoôb ai tjbfr nj jiia.
To ji palf sj asfdoa a ia onja nj dukpiokojbtf nj ia
fmioladoôb, ji bf palf sj asfdoa dfb ia onja nj Cay obdukpiokojbtf duabnf ia fmioladoôb bf sj dukpij, sj
obdukpiokojbtf dukpij okpjr`jdtakjbtj f sj rjtarna su dukpiokojbtf (art. 1::0
DD.)
DIATO@ODADOÔB NJI OBDZKWIOKOJB^F
- Quj froloba rjspfbsamoionan

- Njòbotovf ai njunfr
- Pfiubtarof - ^ftai
- ^jkpfrai - Quj bf froloba
Obvfiubtarof.
- Obvfiubtarof. Wardoai.
- Wardoai. rjspfbsamoionan para ji
njunfr


dfbtradtuai
tuai =1<
f
o Dasf `frtuotf
r
a
t
b
u
i
f
v
b
O @ujrza kayfr
Obdukpiokojbtf pfr nfif f duipa

njunfr.
nji njunfr. Cay rjspfbsamoionan
f Obdukpiokojbtf pfr adujrnf dfb Bf cay rjspfbsamoionan

o
r adrjjnfr.
ji adrjjnfr.
a
t
b 1. Bfvadoôb
u
i =. ^rabsaddoôb
f
P 4. ]jkosoôb
Obdukpiokojbtf rjdëprfdf
Obdukpiokojbtf pfr fpjrar kfnf 1. Wrjsdropdoôb

nj jxtobluor iomjratfrof =. Buionan

=13 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
f ^ftai5 Ji obdukpiokojbtf js tftai so bf sj jejduta ia fmioladoôb jb tfnas sus partjs

t
b
j
o
k
o
i
p
k
u
d
b
O Wardoai5 Js pardoai jb ifs dasfs nji art. 1::0 DD., js njdor, so sj dukpij okpjr`jdtakjbtj ia fmioladoôb f sj rjtarna su
dukpiokojbtf
Njòbotovf5 Js ub cjdcf quj ia fmioladoôb ya bf pujnj dukpiorsj. Jejkpif, njstruddoôb nj ia dfsa njmona
f
t
To ji obdukpiokojbtf js njòbotovf y pfr duipa f cjdcf nji njunfr, bf pfnrá fmtjbjrsj dfkpuisovakjbtj ji d ukpiokojbtf5
b Ai adrjjnfr ij qujna jejrdotar ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
j
o
k
o
i
p
k
u
d
b
O
^jkpfrai5 To ji fmstáduif quj o kponj ji dukpiokojbtf bf js pjrkabjbtj, uba vjz njsaparjdonf njmjrá sjr dukpiona ia
fmioladoôb, djbtrábnfsj ia nosdusoôb sfmrj so ji njunfr rjspfbnj nji rjtarnf f bf
Ai adrjjnfr dfrrjspfbnj prfmar ia

Artëduif 10?3 DD. jxostjbdoa nj ia fmioladoôb.
Wrujma nji obdukpiokojbtf Dfrrjspfbnj prfmar ia fmioladoôb Ai njunfr dfrrjspfbnj prfmar su
f su jxtobdoôb ai quj aijla aqujiia
dukpiokojbtf, f quj ji
f js
jsta
ta
okputamij .
obdukpiokojbtf bf ij js okputamij.
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ?=4-?=<)


dfbtradtuai
tuai =1?
=. JI OBDZKWIOKOJB^
OBDZKWIOKOJB^F
F ]JDËW]FDF
Dfbstotuyj larabtëa jb ji sjbtonf

akpiof nj ia jxprjsoôb
Jxdjpdoôb nj dfbtratf bf dukpionf
Ai njunfr dfrrjspfbnj prfmar ifs

prjsupujstfs nj ia jxdjpdoôb
OBDZKWIOKOJB^F ]JDËW]FDF
Njrjdcf ijlai nj rjtjbdoôb - Eunodoai

-Jxtraeunodoaikjbtj
Wrobdopof5 njunfr pujnj bjlarsj a dukpior
su fmioladoôb, kojbtras su adrjjnfr bf
dukpia ia suya f sj kujstrj iiabf a
dukpioria.
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 117<-1141)

==7 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
=.1. Jxdjpdoôb nji dfbtratf

dfbtratf bf dukpionf
Fpfbjria a uba njkabna nj

dukpiokojbtf
dukpiokoj btf `frzanf
Eunodoaikjbtj
Eunodoaikjbtj Fpfbjria a njkabna nj
(art. 1::= DD.) rjsfiudoôb
@frkas nj cadjr vaijr ia Fpfbjria a njkabna nj

jxdjpdoôb obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
obnjkbozadoôb
Njunfr pujnj bjlarsj ai

dukpiokojbtf
dukpiokojb tf anudojbnf
Jxtraeunodoaikjbtj njuna rjdëprfda, sob
dfbsjdujbdoas


dfbtradtuai
tuai ==1
]jquosotfs fpfsodoôb jxdjpdoôb dfbtratf bf dukpionf
1.Tj apioda a ifs dfbtratfs =.Bjdjsarof quj ia dfbtrapartj

moiatjraijs bf caya dukpionf bo sj aiiabj a 4.Ia fmioladoôb nji adrjjnfr >.Ia mujba `j nji quj fpfbj ia
Bfrka jxprjsa art. 1::= DD. dukpior su fmioladoôb dfbtra quojb sj fpfbj, ia jxdjpdoôb
Anjkás js jxdjpdoôb bjtakjbtj Tj bjdjsota quj nj probdopof a ia jxdjpdoôb njmj sjr jxolomij Bf prfdjnj dfbtra
patrokfboai.
dfkpravjbta,Bf prfdjnjprfdjnj
takmoïb sfif jb jejdudoôb para quj sj jbtojbna (art. 13=0 obdosf 4µ DD.) obdukpiokojbtfs obsolboòdabtjs
quj jstá aiiabanf
jb arrjbnakojbtf8 y jb ia
prfkjsa nj djijmrar ub dfbtratf
ùturf

=== Narëf Warr

Warra
a
Okponj quj sj ùjrdj ji

dukpiokojbtf ai njunfr
dukpiokojbtf
J`jdtf paraiozanfr nj ia addoôb

nji adrjjnfr
Bf
dukpiokojbtf
dukpiokoj
sorvj para
btf fmtjbjr
rjdëprfdf
ji
J@JD^FT NJ IA
JSDJWDOÔB
Jxdjpdoôb nj baturaijza -Js trabskosomij
patrokfboai -Js rjbubdoamij
Bobluba nj ias partjs jstá jb Wfr tabtf bf prfdjnj

kfra, kojbtras ia ftra bf caya obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
obnjkbozadoôb
dukpionf f sj aiiabj a dukpior


dfbtradtuai
tuai ==4
=.=. Ji njrjdcf ijlai nj

nj rjtjbdoôb
Dasfs jb quj fp jra ji njrjdcf ijlai nj rjtjbdoôb
Wfsjjnfr vjbdonf
- Art. ?1>. "Duabnf ji pfsjjnfr vjbdonf
Jspjdoòdadoôb @onjodfkosf y usu`rudtf (artëduifs <:0 y 377 tuvojrj ub sainf quj rjdiakar jb razôb nj
(artëduif 00= DD.) DD.) jxpjbsas y kjefras, pfnrá rjtjbjr ia dfsa

Duabnf dfb ia katjroa pjrtjbjdojbtj a uba Ji prfpojtarof
sj ònudoarof
ij rjjkmfisjb tjbnrájxtrafrnobaroas
ias jxpjbsas njrjdcf a quj casta
su quj sj vjroòquj ji palf, f sj ij asjlurj a
satosàddoôb‛
pjrsfba, ftra cadj uba fmra f artjàdtf
duaiquojra, ji nujñf nj ia katjroa tjbnrá nj dfbsjrvadoôb nj ia dfsa, prjvoa rjstotudoôb. - Art. 3?7. Ji pfsjjnfr nj dfsas kujmijs
njrjdcf a rjdiakar ia bujva jspjdoj, palabnf ]jspjdtf ai usu`rudtf, ji usu`rudtuarof pfnrá dfkpranas jb uba `jroa, tojbna, aikadïb u
ia cjdcura nodj ji dônolf. Kojbtras bf sj rjtjbjr ia dfsa casta ji palf nj ifs ftrf jstamijdokojbtf obnustroai jb quj sj
paluj ji jspjdoòdanfr pujnj bjlar ia rjjkmfisfs j obnjkbozadofbjs quj ij njma ji vjbnab dfsas kujmijs nj ia koska diasj, bf
rjstotudoôb prfpojtarof jstará fmiolanf a rjstotuorias so bf sj ij
rjjkmfisa if quj caya palanf pfr jiias y if
quj caya lastanf jb kjefrarias y rjpararias

==> Narëf Warr

Warra
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Dasfs jb quj fpjra ji njrj dcf ijlai nj rjtjbdoôb
Arrjbnakojbtf
Ji arrjbnatarof bf pujnj pfr rjlia ljbjrai,
sjr provanf nj ia dfsa arrjbnana sob quj
Dfbtratfs sobaialkátodfs okpjr`jdtfs
Jb ifs dfbtratfs uboiatjraijs pujnj badjr Kabnatf prjvoakjbtj
palf nj iassj ijobnjkbozadofbjs
paluj f sj ij asjlurj
qujji
pfstjrofrkjbtj uba fmioladoôb para ji Wfnrá ji kabnatarof rjtjbjr ifs j`jdtfs quj dfrrjspfbna... (art. 1?4< DD.)
adrjjnfr pfr ias obnjkbozadofbjs quj nama sj ij cayab jbtrjlanf pfr dujbta nji
ai njunfr dfb fdasoôb nj ia tjbjbdoa pfr kabnabtj para ia sjluronan nj ias Ji arrjbnanfr pujnj para sjluronan nji
prjstadofbjs a quj ïstj ùjrj fmiolanf pfr palf nj ia rjbta nj arrjbnakojbtf y nj ias
ïstj nj ia dfsa. Jb jstfs dasfs sj dfbdjnj ai
su partj (art. =10= DD.) obnjkbozadofbjs a quj tjbla njrjdcf,
njunfr ji njrjdcf ijlai nj rjtjbdoôb casta
ji palf nj ias obnjkbozadofbjs rjtjbjr tfnfs ifs `rutfs jxostjbtjs nj ia
dfsa arrjbnana, y tfnfs ifs fmejtfs dfb
quj ji arrjbnatarof ia caya akfmianf...
(art. 1?>=, obd. =µ DD.)


dfbtradtuai
tuai ==:
Zba nospfsodoôb ijlai quj if dfbdjna
Zba tjbjbdoa nj ia dfsa ijlëtoka pfr

partj nji njunfr quj njmj jbtrjlaria f
rjstotuoria
]JQZOTO^FT Zb drïnotf dojrtf, iëquonf y jxolomij

NJ]JDCF IJLAI nji quj jejrdj ji njrjdcf ijlai nj
NJ ]J^JBDOÔB rjtjbdoôb
Zba dfbjxoôbf jbtrj ji drïnotf y ia dfsa

su tjbjbdoa
Quj ia dfsa sja nji adrjjnfr, nj ia

fmioladoôb nj jbtrjla f rjstotudoôb

==0 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
4. DZKWIOKOJB^F @F]UANF
Njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr jb dasf nj obdukpiokojbtf okputamij nji njunfr
Dukpiokojbtf `frzanf nj ia fmioladoôb Obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
]jquosotfs para `frzar ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia

fmioladoôb
1. Jxostjbdoa nj tëtuif =. Quj ia jejdudoôb sja 4. Quj ia njuna sja iëquona >. Quj ji tëtuif jejdutovf
jejdutovf pfsomij y adtuaikjbtj jxolomij bf sj jbdujbtrj prjsdrotf


dfbtradtuai
tuai ==<
Dfbstotuyj ub palf

(Kfnf nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs)
Aspjdtfs sustabtovfs nji dukpiokojbtf `frzanf
Js dfbsjdujbdoa nj ia larabtëa ljbjrai nj ifs adrjjnfrjs sfmrj ji

patrokfbof jkmarlamij nji njunfr
]jdaj sfmrj ia jspjdoj quj sj njma y

Fmioladoôb nj jspjdoj f dujrpf sj jbdujbtrj jb pfnjr nji njunfr
dojrtf
(art. >43 b· 1 DWD.)
Ljstoôb prjparatfroa nj ia vëa

Dukpio kojbtf `frzanf fmioladofbjs jejdutova, avaiuadoôb pfr pjrotf.
nj nar Fmioladoôb nj lïbjrf (art. >43 b· 4 DWD.)
Fmioladoôb nj nobjrf Tojkprj pfsomij

==3 Narëf Warr

Warra
a

Tojkprj tojbj njrjdcf a ia obnjkbozadoôb
kfratfroa
Dukpiokojbtf `frzanf fmioladofbjs Artëduif 1::4 DD. jbtrjla

nj cadjr nfmij njrjdcf a adrjjnfr
^rjs njrjdcfs aitjrbatovfs, so bf sj

Tfif prfdjnj jb fmioladof
fmioladofbjs
bjs nj cadjr dukpij ia fmioladoôb
ùblomijs
Artëduif 1::4
=. Quj sj ij autfrodj a ïi koskf para

1. Quj sj aprjkoj ai njunfr para quj cadjrif jejdutar pfr ub tjrdjrf a jxpjbsas 4. Quj sj ij obnjkbodjb ifs pjreuodofs
dukpia dfkpjbsatfrofs
nji njunfr


dfbtradtuai
tuai ==?
r
j
d
a Tj fmiolará ai njunfr a su njstruddoôb
c
f
b 1. Wujnj njscadjrsj if cjdcf y
j js bjdjsaroa ia njstruddoôb
n
s
j
b
f
o Tj autfrozará ai adrjjnfr a cadjrif a
d jxpjbsas nji njunfr
a
l
o
i
m
f
f
n
a =. Wujnj njscadjrsj pjrf bf js
z
r Ia njstruddoôb sjrá bjdjsaroa para ji fmejtf quj sj tjbëa jb kora ai
f
bjdjsaroa ia njstruddoôb
` tojkpf nj djijmrar ji dfbtratf
f
t
b
j
o
k
o
i
p
k 4. Bf pujnj njscadjrsj if Tj rjsujivj jb ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
u
D cjdcf
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ?=?-?>1)

=47 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>. JI DZKWIOKOJB^F WF] JQZOPAIJB^J5 OBNJKBOUADOÔB NJ WJ]EZODOFT
>.1. Ljbjraionanjs
]JQZOTO^FT NJ IA OBNJKBOUADOÔB NJ WJ]EZODOFT.

TJNJ DFB^]AD^ZAI
1µ Ji >µ Ia
obdukpiokojbtf nj 4µ Ia rjiadoôb nj okputamoionan nji
ia fmioladoôb, quj =µ Ia jxostjbdoa nj dausaionan jbtrj ji :µ Quj bf dfbdurra 0µ Ia kfra nji
pjreuodofs obdukpiokojbtf y ifs pjreuodof, jstf js, uba dausai nj jxjbdoôb njunfr
jquovaij a ia addoôb ia duipa f nfif nji nj rjspfbsamoionan
u fkosoôb nji autfr pjreuodofs njunfr
nji cjdcf oiëdotf


dfbtradtuai
tuai =41
DIATJT NJ OBNJKBOUADOÔB
Dfkpjbsatfroa Kfratfroa
Js ia suka nj nobjrf quj njmj ji njunfr ai adrjjnfr y quj jquovaij a ]jjkpiaza ai dukpiokojbtf fpfrtubf nj ia fmioladoôb8 js ia suka nj
if quj camrëa fmtjbonf ji prokjrf dfb ji dukpiokojbtf j`jdtovf j nobjrf quj ji adrjjnfr jxolj ai njunfr dfkf jquovaijbtj ai rjtrasf jb
ëbtjlrf nj ia fmioladoôb. ji dukpiokojbtf.
Ia obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa ` rjbtj ai obdukpiokojbtf nji njunfr
Nj adujrnf ai artëduif 1::0 DD., ia

obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa prfdjnj jb =
dasfs5 Jb ji prokjr dasf, ia obnjkbozadoôb Jb ji sjlubnf dasf, ia obnjkbozadoôb
a) Duabnf ji obdukpi
obdukpiokojb
okojbtf
tf js tftai8 dfkpjbsatfroa amarda ji vaifr ëbtjlrf nj ia dfkpjbsatfroa sj tranudj jb ji vaifr nj ifs
fmioladoôb njspjr`jdtfs
m) Duabnf sj dukpij okpjr
okpjr`jdtak
`jdtakjbtj
jbtj ia
fmioladoôb.

=4= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
¶Wujnj ji adrjjnfr njkabnar ia obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa a su armotrof6
Nostobluor
Wfr rjlia ljbjrai ia ¶Wujnj adukuiarsj dfb ji dukpiokojbtf
- Fmioladofbjs nj cadjr5 adrjjnfr fpta jbtrj jxolor `frzanf6
obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa ji dukpiokojbtf pfr ailuba nj ias vëas sjñaianas jb
sôif prfdjnj abtj ia okpfsomoionan ji art. 1::4 DD.,f ia obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa. Wfr rjlia ljbjrai, ji adrjjnfr bf pujnj dfmrar
nji dukpiokojbtf `frzanf. ia fmioladoôb probdopai y ia obnjkbozadoôb
- Jb ias nj bf cadjr, ji art. 1::: DD., nostobluj dfkpjbsatfroa8 ia razôb js fmvoa5 nj sjr asë
sjlõb sj pujnj, f bf, njscadjr if cjdcf. jstarëa rjdomojbnf ub nfmij palf, y sj
- ]jspjdtf nj ias fmioladofbjs nj nar ji adrjjnfr bf dfbòlurarëa ub jbroqujdokojbtf obeustoòdanf.
tojbj njrjdcf a fptar, prokjrf njmj obtjbtarsj ji To ji obdukpiokojbtf js pardoai, pfnrá pjnor
dukpiokojbtf `frzanf (tjfrëa tranodofbai). obnjkbozadoôb pfr ia partj bf dukpiona.
Jsta obnjkbozadoôb amarda ji rjtarnf jb ji dukpiokojbtf
Obnjkbozadoôb Kfratfroa Tj pujnj adukuiar5 dukpiokojbtf `frzanf f jquovaijbtj +

obnjkbozadoôb kfratfroa
Ji adrjjnfr pujnj jxolor ia jejdudoôb `frzana y ia obnjkbozadoôb
kfratfroa8 takmoïb pujnj dfmrar ia obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa y
ia kfratfroa (art. 1::4 DD.)
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ?>4-170>)


dfbtradtuai
tuai =44
>.=. Ji nañf dfbtradtuai

dfbtradtuai
JI NAÑF
^fna addoôb obnjkbozatfroa supfbj - Nañf jkjrljbtj5 Noskobudoôb rjai y

bjdjsaroakjbtj ia jxostjbdoa nj nañfs f Aquji njtrokjbtf f kjbfsdamf, j`jdtova.
pjreuodofs eurënodakjbtj rjijvabtj y nj baturaijza - Iudrf djsabtj5 Wïrnona nj ub mjbjòdof f
patrokfboai f jxtrapatrokfboai, quj su` rj lababdoa ùtura.
uba pjrsfba
Jb bujstra
sfbijlosiadoôb nañfs y pjreuodofs
tïrkobfs sobôbokfs (art. 1::0 DD.)
Jxdjpdoôb5 Diáusuia pjbai, nfbnj bf

js bjdjsaroa ia jxostjbdoa nj
]jlia Ljbjrai. pjreuodofs (art. 1:>= DD.)
Adrjjnfr njmj adrjnotar ji
nañf su`ronf, asë dfkf
Wrujma nj ifs pjreuodofs takmoïb ia dfbdurrjbdoa nj
ifs njkás rjquosotfs nj ia
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs,
dfb jxdjpdoôb nj aqujiifs
quj ia ijy prjsukj
Jxdjpdoôb5 Fmioladofbjs nj Nobjrf,
so ji adrjjnfr sfif dfmra obtjrjsjs bf
jstá fmiolanf a prfmar pjreuodofs
(art. 1::? DD.)

=4> Narëf Warr

Warra
a
NOTÔBÂT DIATJT NJ WJ]EZODOFT
0. Wjr
Wjreuodofs prjvostfs
j okprjvostfs.
:. Nañf jkjrljbtj y Tjlõb ji art. 1::3
iudrf djsabtj. DD., jb probdopof, ji
=. Wjreuodofs dojrtfs y
jvjbtuaijs, sojbnf 4. Wjr
Wjreuo
euodo
dofs norjdtfs njunfr sôif rjspfbnj
>. Nañfs katjroaijs y Qujna a drotjrof nji
1. Wjr
Wjreuodofs obnjkbozamijs j obnorjdtfs, nj ifs kfraijs, jvfiudoôb nj ifs pjreuodofs
eujz aprjdoar ji iudrf
dfkpjbsatfrofs y õbodakjbtj ifs duaijs sôif sj àvframij cadoa ia djsabtj. Jb ia prádtoda prjvostfs.
Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj
kfratfrofs prokjrfs8 if duai bf obnjkbozab ifs prfdjnjbdoa nji nañf su prujma js kuy
prokjrfs. rjspfbnjrá nj ifs
jxdiuyj a ifs nañfs kfrai jb sjnj dfkpijea, jb
ùturfs, sojkprj quj dfbtradtuai. okprjvostfs5 a)
dfbstabtj tjbsoôb dfb duabnf cay nfif
sjab dojrtfs. ji rjquosotf nj djrtjza (obdiuyj duipa lravj)8
nji nañf. m) duabnf asë if
jstopuiab ias partjs.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =4:
>.4. Ia rjiadoôb nj dausaionan jb katjroa dfbtradtuai
IA ]JIADOÔB NJ DAZTAIONAN
Jbtrj ji obdukpiokojbtf y ji nañf njmj jxostor uba rjiadoôb nj dausa j`jdtf
Ifs nañfs eurënodakjbtj rjijvabtjs, jb sjnj dfbtradtuai, - Nj bf camjrsj dukpionf ia fmioladoôb

sfb aqujiifs quj sjlõb ji artëduif 1::0 DD. prfvojbjb - Nj camjrsj dukpionf okpjr`jdtakjbtj
nj5 - Nj camjrsj rjtarnanf ji dukpiokojbtf

=40 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>.>. Ia okputamoionan nji

nji pjreuodof
>.>.1. Ji nfif
^JF]ËA ZBOÂ]OA NJI NFIF
Nfif alravabtj nj ia rjspfbsamoionan nji Nfif jijkjbtf nj ia rjsp fbsamoionan Nfif vodof nji dfbsjbtokojbtf
njunfr jxtradfbtradtuai
Dfbdjpdoôb nj nfif js uba sfia5 ia vfiubtan dfbsdojbtj nj prfnudor ub rjsuitanf obeustf y nañfsf
- Obtjbdoôb pfsotova nj ob`jror obeu

obeuroa
roa a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj ftrf (art. >> DD.)
- Njunfr rjspfbnj aub
aub nj pjreuodofs okprjv
okprjvostfs
ostfs (art. 1::3 DD.)
- Ji nfif bf sj prjsukj


dfbtradtuai
tuai =4<
Wrujma nji nfif

Ia prujma nji nfif js iomrj, ya quj sj trata nj njkfstrar ub cjdcf,

Art. 1>:? DD5 ’ji nfif bf sj prjsukj sobf jb ifs dasfs jspjdoaikjbtj pujnj j`jdtuarsj pfr tfnfs ifs kjnofs quj ia ijy jstamijdj5 tjstolfs,
prjvostfs pfr ia ijy. Jb ifs njkás, njmj prfmarsj"
prjsubdofbjs, jtd.
Jxdjpdofbjs a ia prujma nji nfif
1.Aimadja.
>.Kjnonas prjeunodoaijs.
Ji art. 1471 DD prfcëmj =.Fduitadoôb nji 4.Apujsta.
ai jejdutfr tjstakjbtarof tjstakjbtf. Jb vortun nji art. =37
Tjlõb ji art. ==01 DD, DWD, so sj ca sfiodotanf :.Ob`raddoôb Art. == nj
iijvar a j`jdtf nospf- Nj adujrnf ai art. ?03 cay nfif jb ji quj cadj Ijy <.>?3 sfmrj Dujbtas
uba kjnona prjeunodoai y
sodoôb ailuba nji dausab- DD, rjlia :ª, sj prjsukj uba apujsta, so samj nj Dfrrojbtjs Mabdaroas y
bf sj jbtamia njkabna
tj dfbtraroa a ias ijyjs, ji nfif pfr ji kjrf dojrtf quj sj ca nj vjro- Dcjqujs
jb ji piazf òeanf pfr ia
sf pjba nj buionan y nj cjdcf nj njtjbjr u òdar f sj ca vjroòdanf ji
dfbsonjrársjij rjspfbsa- ijy, sj dfbsonjra nfifsf
fduitar ub tjstakjbtf cjdcf nj quj sj trata ji prfdjnokojbtf
mij nj nfif

=43 Narëf Warr

Warra
a

J`jdtfs nji nfif jb ji obdukpiokojbtf nj ia fmio ladoôb
=. Alrava rjspfbsamoionan nji njunfr.

4. Froloba rjspfbsamoionan sfionaroa.
-If cadj rjspfbnjr aub nj ifs pjreuodofs
okprjvostfs. -Art. =41< DD., jstamijdj ia rjspfbsamoionan
1. Na iular a ia obnjkbozadoôb. sfionaroa nj quojbjs cab partodopanf jb ia
Ji nfif cadj okputamij ji obdukpiokojbtf -Art. 1037 DD Ia njstruddoôb nj ia dfsa jb dfkosoôb nj ub cjdcf oiëdotf. Obd. =µ alrjla
nji njunfr. pfnjr nji njunfr, njspuïs quj ca sonf quj tfnf `raunj f nfif dfkjtonf pfr nfs f
f`rjdona ai adrjjnfr, y nurabtj ji rjtarnf nj kás pjrsfbas, prfnudj addoôb sfionaroa.
ïstj jb rjdomoria, bf cadj rjspfbsamij ai
njunfr sobf pfr duipa lravj f nfif


dfbtradtuai
tuai =4?

>.>.=. Ia duipa dfbtrad
dfbtradtuai
tuai
Duipa dfbtradtuai
"@aita nj noioljbdoa nj uba pjrsfba jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb " (Amjiouh, =71>, p. ?:?)
Lranfs nj duipa (art. >> D D.)
=. Duipa ijvj, njsduon f ijvj f njsduonf io ljrf.

1. Duipa lravj, bjlioljbdoa lravj f duipa - ’Js ia àita nj aqujiia noioljbdoa y duonanf 4. Duipa f njsduonf ijv ësokf.
iata. quj ifs cfkmrjs jkpijab frnobaroakjbtj jb - "Ia àita nj aqujiia jskjrana noioljbdoa
-aejbfs
’Dfbsostj jb bf duonanf
dfb aquji kabjear quj
ifs bjlfdofs
aub ias sus bjlfdofs prfpofs‛. quj ub cfkmrj
ankobostradoôb euodofsf
nj sus jkpija
bjlfdofs jb ia
okpfrtabtjs.
-To ia ijy frnjba uba noioljbdoa f duonanf
pjrsfbas bjlioljbtjs y nj pfda prunjbdoa frnobarof f kjnoabf, nj jsta diasj nj duipa sj Jsta jspjdoj nj duipa sj fpfbj a ia suka
sujijb jkpijar jb sus bjlfdofs prfpofs‛. rjspfbnj. âkmoïb rjspfbnj nj jsta duipa noioljbdoa f duonanf‛.
quojb njmj ankobostrar ub bjlfdof dfkf mujb
panrj nj àkoioa.

=>7 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
¶Nj quï duipa sj rjspfbnj jb dana dfbtratf6 (art. 1:>< DD. bfrka supijtfroa)
1. Dfbtratfs jb mjbj` odof nji adrjjnfr
=.Dfbtratf jb mjbj` odof nj akmas partjs
4. Dfbtratfs jb mjbjòdof nji nju nfr


dfbtradtuai
tuai =>1
’Ia prujma nj ia noioljbdoa f duonanf obdukmj ai

Art. 1:>< DD. quj ca njmonf jkpijarif8 ia prujma nji dasf
Obd. 4· `frtuotf ai quj if aijla‛.
Ia duipa dfbtradtuai sj
prjsukj
’Tojkprj quj ia dfsa pjrjdj jb pfnjr nji njunfr,

Art. 10<1 DD. sj prjsukj quj ca sonf pfr cjdcf f pfr duipa
suya‛.
Duipa lravj jquovaij a nfif
>. ¶Tj prjsukj ia duipa lravj6

Wrjnfkoba ia fpoboôb quj ia
=. To cay duipa lravj nj varofs 4. Ji nfif ` uturf bf sj asokoiadoôb nj ia duipa lravj
1. Alrava ia rjspfbsamoionan
nji njunfr quj rjspfbnj nj ifs njunfrjs, ia rjspfbsamoionan js dfbnfba, bo ia duipa lravj js ai nfif bf iijla ai tjrrjbf nj ia
ia
pjreuodofs okprjvostfs sfionaroa jbtrj jiifs orrjbubdoamij nj abtjkabf pr uj ma, y quj , jb
dfbsjdujbdoa, ji adrjjnfr quj
ia aijla jstá akparanf pfr ia
prjsubdoôb ijlai

=>= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>.:. Dausaijs nj jxjbdoôb

jxjbdoôb nj rjspfbsamoionan

Dordubstabdoas quj aitjrab f jiokobab ia rjspfbsamoionan nji njunfr
1. Ji nfif
=. Ia ausjbdoa nj duipa
4. Dasf `frtuotf f ùjrza kayfr
>. Ji jstanf nj bjdjsonan
:. Cjdcf f duipa nji adrjjnfr
0. ^jfrëa nj ia okprjvosoôb f jxdjsova fbjrfsonan jb ia prjstadoôb
<. Ji cjdcf aejbf
3. Diáusuias kfnoòdatfroas nj rjspfbsamoionan


dfbtradtuai
tuai =>4
]jquosotfs J`jdtfs
DATF @F]^ZO^F Zb cjdcf jxtrañf a ia vfiubtan

nj ias partjs Ji njunfr qujna tftaikjbtj
iomjranf nj rjspfbsamoionan
pfr su obdukpiokojbtf
Tu okprjvosomoionan
Art. >: DD. "Tj iiaka ùjrza kayfr f

dasf `frtuotf ji okprjvostf a quj bf js Bf puj nj j xo l ë r s j i j j i
pfsomij rjsostor, dfkf ub bau`ralof, dukpiokojbtf `frzanf bo ia
ub tjrrjkftf, ji aprjsakojbtf nj obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
jbjkolfs, ifs adtfs nj autfronan
jejrdonfs pfr ub ùbdofbarof põmiodf, (artëduifs 1:>< y 1::3 DD.)
jtd". Ia okpfsomoionan nj rjsostorif

=>> Narëf Warr

Warra
a
1.Duabnf sfmrjvojbj pfr su

duipa
(obd. =µ art. 1:>< DD.)
Dfbtra jxdjpdoôb5
To ji dasf `frtuotf oluaikjbtj
=. Duabnf fdurrj nurabtj ia cumojrj sfmrjvjbonf tjbojbnf jb
kfra nji njunfr su pfnjr ji adrjjnfr ia dfsa
njmona
Jxdjpdofbjs ai j`jdtf
4. Duabnf sj caya dfbvjbonf
quj ji njunfr rjspfbna nji dasf
`frtuotf
>.Duabnf ia ijy jxprjsakjbtj

cadj rjspfbnjr ai njunfr nji
dasf
W]ZJMA NJI DATF @F]^ZO^F


dfbtradtuai
tuai =>:

AZTJBDOA NJ DZIWA
(art. 1:>< obdosf 4µ DD.)
"Ia prujma nj ia noioljbdoa f duonanf dfrrjspfbnj ai quj ca njmonf jkpijarif, y ia nji dasf `frtuotf ai quj if aijla".
JTÂNF NJ BJDJTONAN
Jb katjroa dfbtradtuai solboòdarëa quj ji njunfr njea nj dukpior para Bf dfbùbnor dfb dasf `frtuotf, ji jstanf nj bjdjsonan bf okpioda uba
jvotar ftrf kai kayfr quj if a`jdtarëa a ïi okpfsomoionan amsfiuta nj dukpior
Obstotudoôb rjiadofbana dfb ia tjfrëa n j ia okprjvosoôb
Tj cadj rjspfbsamij ai dfkfnatarof aub nji dasf `frtuotf, duabnf jb ia

Dasf nji dfkfnatf (art. =1<3 bµ 4 DD.) aitjrbatova nj saivar nj ub addonjbtj ia dfsa prjstana f uba suya prfpoa,
prjòjrj njiomjranakjbtj ia suya.

=>0 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
CJDCF AEJBF
]jlia ljbjrai5 Ia obtjrvjbdoôb nji tjrdjrf js para ji njunfr ub dasf `frtuotf so rjõbj ifs rjquosotfs prfpofs nj okprjvosomoionan j orrjsostomoionan nj
ïstj
Ji cjdcf nji tjrdjrf pfr ji duai ji njunfr js dovoikjbtj rjspfbsamij sj dfbsonjra dfkf cjdcf suyf.
(art. 10<? DD.)
^JF]ËA NJ IA OKW]JPOTOÔB
"Ia àduitan nji njunfr nj sfiodotar ia rjsfiudoôb f rjvosoôb nji dfbtratf nj jejdudoôb pfstjrlana duabnf ub okprjvostf aejbf a ia vfiubtan nj ias
partjs ca trabs`frkanf su fmioladoôb jb jxaljranakjbtj fbjrfsa" (Amjiouh).


dfbtradtuai
tuai =><

]JQZOTO^FT NFD^]OBA]OFT NJ IA OKW]JPOTOÔB
1µ Quj ji dfbtratf bf sja nj jejdudoôb obstabtábja
=µ Njmj tratarsj nj ub okprjvostf sfmrjvobojbtj
4µ Ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmio ladoôb njmj okpfrtar

ai njunfr ub njsjkmfisf jxdjsovf

=>3 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
1. Jxtobluor ia fmioladoôb (tjfrëa nji rojslf nji dfbtratf moiatjrai)

•1.
•= Autfrozar ai eujz para5
• Tuspjbnjr tjkpfraikjbtj ji dukpiokojbtf, kojbtras sumsostab ias dordubstabdoas quj okpfbjb ia jxtrjka
fbjrfsonan.
J`jdtfs nj ia tj frëa • ]jvosar ji dfbtratf, kfnoòdabnf ias prjstadofbjs nj ias partjs casta jiokobar ji njsjquoiomrof prfnudonf.
(Bf jxostj sfiudoôb õboda)
Waraijif dfb ftras obstotudofbjs
1. Dasf `frtuotf
`frtuotf.. 4. Ijso
Ijsoôb
ôb..
=. Ausjbdoa nj duipa.
=. âkmoïb cay uba jxdjsova fbjrfsonan jb ia
Bf asokoiamij5 Ia okprjvosoôb fdasofba uba prjstadoôb, pjrf jiia js dfjtábja ai
noòduitan quj sj tranudj jb ub njsjkmfisf Js okpfsomij asokoiarias pfrquj ji njunfr badokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb, dfkf so sj cab
jxaljranf para ji njunfr8 ïstj pujnj dukpior. njea nj dukpior vfiubtaroakjbtj para jstopuianf obtjrjsjs jxdjsovfs. Jb ia
Jb ji dasf `frtuotf cay uba okpfsomoionan jvotarsj ub sadroòdof dfbsonjramij8 bf ca okprjvosoôb, jb dakmof, ji jquoiomrof nj ias
amsfiuta nj dukpiokojbtf. pujstf tfnf nj su partj para duk
dukpior.
pior. prjstadofbjs sj rfkpj kojbtras ia fmioladoôb
jstá pjbnojbtj.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =>?
DIÁZTZIAT KFNO@ODA^F]OAT NJ ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN

DIÁZTZIAT QZJ AL]APAB ]JTWFB- DIÁZTZIAT QZJ NOTKOBZ_JB ]JT- DIÁZTZIAT QZJ JSOKJB NJ ]JTWFB-
TAMOIONAN WFBTAMOIONAN TAMOIONAN5 IOKOÂDOFBJT
ù Quj rjspfbna nj ub lranf kayfr nj dui- ù Quj rjspfbna nj ub lranf nj duipa kj- ù Duabnf ia ijy ias jxdiuyj jxprjsakjbtj.
pa. bfr. ù Jb ji dasf nj nañf dfrpfrai y nañf a ias
ù Quj ji njunfr rjspfbna nj pjreuodofs ù Iokotar ia obnjkbozadoôb a uba suka nj- pjrsfbas.
quj bfrkaikjbtj bf sj obnjkbozab. tjrkobana. ù Ia dfbnfbadoôb nj ia duipa lravj y nji
ù Quj rjspfbna nji dasf `frtuotf. ù Iokotar ifs piazfs nj prjsdropdoôb.

prjsdropdoôb. nfif ùturf bf vaijb. Anfijdjrëa
Anfijdjrëa nj fmej-
ù Aitjrar ias rjlias nji fbus prfmabno. tf oiëdotf sjlõb ji artëduif 1>0: DD.

=:7 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>.0. Ia kfra
>.0.1. Kfra nji njunfr
njunfr

"Js ji rjtarnf okputamij jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb ubonf ai rjqujrokojbtf f obtjrpjiadoôb pfr partj nji adrjjnfr" (Amjiouh).
Js ub rjquosotf para quj prfdjna ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs
Bf tojbj iular jb ias fmioladofbjs nj bf cadjr
Wrfdjnj tabtf para ia obnjkbozadoôb dfkpjbsatfroa dfkf kfratfroa


dfbtradtuai
tuai =:1
]JQZOTO^FT NJ IA KF]A NJI NJZ NF]
Ji rjtarnf okputamij jb ji Ia obtjrpjiadoôb nji adrjjnfr Quj ji adrjjnfr caya

dukpiokojbtf nj ia dukpionf su fmioladoôb f jstï
fmioladoôb (artëduif 1::1 DD) prfbtf a cadjrif
Camrá rjtarnf duabnf ia "Adtf pfr ji duai ji adrjjnfr cadj Jb dfbtratfs dfb
fmioladoôb bf js dukpiona jb samjr a su njunfr quj dfbsonjra quj prjstadofbjs rjdëprfdas
ia ïpfda jb quj sj ca cjdcf cay rjtarnf jb ji dukpiokojbtf, y bobluba nj ias partjs jstá jb
jxolomij quj ïstj ij jstá fdasofbabnf kfra so ia ftra bf dukpij f
pjreuodofs" (Amjiouh) bf sj aiiaba a dukpior su
prfpoa fmioladoôb
Eunodoai
Dfbtradtuai jxprjsa
Dfbtradtuai tádota

=:= Narëf Warr

Warra
a

OB^J]WJIADOÔB EZNODOAI OB^J]WJIADOÔB DFB^]AD^ZAI OB^J]WJIADOÔB DFB^]AD^ZAI

JSW]JTA ^ÁDOÂ
A]^. 1::1 B·4 A]^. 1::1 B·1 A]^. 1::1 B·=
"Ji njunfr jstá jb kfra (...) duabnf

ji njunfr ca sonf eunodoaikjbtj "Ji njunfr jstá jb kfra duabnf bf
rjdfbvjbonf pfr ji adrjjnfr" "Ji njunfr jstá jb kfra duabnf ia
ca dukpionf ia fmioladoôb njbtrf nji dfsa bf ca pfnonf sjr nana f
tïrkobf jstopuianf, saivf quj ia ijy jejdutana sobf njbtrf nj dojrtf
jb dasfs jspjdoaijs jxoea quj sj jspadof nj tojkpf, y ji njunfr if ca
rjquojra ai njunfr para dfbstotuorij njeanf pasar sob naria f jejdutaria"
jb kfra"
Js ia rjlia ljbjrai jb katjroa nj
obtjrpjiadoôb
Masta duaiquojr ljstoôb eunodoai nji

adrjjnfr quj obnoquj su obtjbdoôb nj
rjdiakar ji rjtarnf Cay ub vjrnanjrf piazf bf
jxprjsanf, pjrf sj njsprjbnj nj ia
Js dfbtradtuai jxprjsa, pfrquj jb ji `frka dfkf ias partjs cab
dfbtratf ias partjs cab òeanf ji
kfkjbtf nj dukpiokojbtf dfbvjbonf ji dukpiokojbtf, soïbnfij
Ia njtjrkobadoôb nj ia kfra nji õtoi ai adrjjnfr sfif jb njtjrkobana
njunfr sj prfnudj pfr ia sfia fpfrtubonan y bf jb ftra
bftoòdadoôb eunodoai nj ia njkabna
nji adrjjnfr


dfbtradtuai
tuai =:4
J@JD^FT NJ IA KF]A NJI NJZNF]
Cadj rjspfbsamij ai njunfr nji dasf Ji rojslf nji dujrpf dojrtf duya
Na ai adrjjnfr njrjdcf a rjdiakar jbtrjla sj njmj, pasa a sjr nji
ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs `frtuotf
njunfr
Wfr rjlia ljbjrai, ji njunfr kfrfsf rjspfbnj nji

dasf `frtuotf
Ji art. 1::< DD.

nospfbj quj "sj njmj
ia obnjkbozadoôb nj
pjreuodofs njsnj quj Taivf quj ïstj cumojra sfmrjvjbonf, bf fmstabtj
ji njunfr sj ca camjrsj dukpionf fpfrtubakjbtj ia fmioladoôb
dfbstotuonf jb kfra"
Ji njunfr nj tfnfs kfnfs njmjrá ifs pjreuodofs

pfr ia kfra
Ji njunfr njmjrá prfmar ji dasf `frtuotf y

takmoïb jstamijdjr quj ia fmioladoôb sj cumojra
vostf jxpujsta oluaikjbtj ai dasf `frtuotf aub so
sj cumojra dukpionf

=:> Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>.0.=. Ia kfra
kfra nji adrjjnfr
adrjjnfr (kfra addopojbno )
addopojbno dfkf ia bjlatova nji adrjjnfr a rjdomor ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb

^ranodofbaikjbtj sj ca jbtjbnonf a ia kfra addopojbno
Bf sj jbdujbtra rjliakjbtana sostjkátodakjbtj jb ji Dônolf, sobf quj sj cadj rj`jrjbdoa a jiia jb nospfsodofbjs aosianas5
(Artëduifs5 10378 1:>38 13=< DD.)
¶NJTNJ DZÁBNF JI AD]JJNF] JT^Á JB KF]A6
Ji njunfr njmjrá kabo`jstar su obtjbdoôb nj palarij ai adrjjnfr (anjkás nj quj ji palf f`rjdonf dukpia dfb tfnfs ifs rjquosotfs ijlaijs).
Tj nostoblujb trjs nfdtrobas jb duabtf a dôkf sj ca nj kabo`js tar ia obtjbdoôb nj palf5
Duabnf ji njunfr rjdurra ai palf pfr Tj apioda pfr abaiflëa ji b· 4 nji art. 1::1 Wara ia nfdtroba kayfrotaroa, masta
dfbsolbadoôb DD., js njdor, jxolorá ub rjqujrokojbtf duaiquojr f`rjdokojbtf nji njunfr, aõb
eunodoai jxtraeunodoai


dfbtradtuai
tuai =::
OB^J]PJBDOÔB NJI AD]JJNF] JB JI

OBDZKWIOKOJB^F
Quj ji adrjjnfr sj bojluj Cay fmioladofbjs quj bf pujnjb

Quj ïstj sj njma jb tfnf f jb partj a obeustoòdanakjbtj a rjdomor ji dukpiorsj sob ia dfiamfradoôb nji
nfif f duipa nji adrjjnfr dukpiokojbtf adrjjnfr
Ji njunfr jstará jxjbtf nj Ji njunfr tojbj ji njrjdcf a dukpior y Wfr jejkpif5 ji adrjjnfr njmj dfbdurror
rjspfbsamoionan pfr ifs nañfs su`ronfs iomjrarsj nj su prjstadoôb a travïs nji ai iular jb quj njmj cadjrsj ji palf
pfr ïi palf pfr dfbsolbadoôb
Ji adrjjnfr njmj cadjr tfnf if

Ji njunfr pfnrëa dfmrarij ai adrjjnfr bjdjsarof sjlõb ji dfbtratf f ia ijy, a
ifs pjreuodofs quj caya su`ronf pfr ia òb nj quj ji njunfr pujna dukpior sus
addoôb duipamij f nfifsa nj ïstj fmioladofbjs. To bf if cadj, ji rjtarnf ij
sjrëa okputamij a ïi y bf ai njunfr

=:0 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
Noskobuyj ia rjspfbsamoionan nji njunfr (art.

1.037 y 1.3=< DD.)
Ji adrjjnfr njmj obnjkbozar ifs pjreuodofs (art.

J@JD^FT NJ IA KF]A ADDOWOJBNO 1.3=< DD.)
Ia njnuddoôb nj ia dabtonan quj ji adrjjnfr tojbj

njrjdcf a jxolor a tëtuif nj obnjkbozadoôb nj
pjreuodofs


dfbtradtuai
tuai =:<
>.<. Ia addoôb nj
nj pjreuodofs
]jlias nj ia addoôb nj p jreuodofs
Wrjsdropdoôb
Baturaijza eurënoda nj ia fmi oladoôb nj obnjkbozadoôb
Tj rolj pfr ias rjlias
ljbjraijs. -Turlj ia obtjrrflabtj duabnf jxostjb varofs njunfrjs y cay
Dfkpjtjbdoa y obdukpiokojbtf okputamij5 ¶sjrá ia addoôb obnjkbozatfroa
Js njdor,
njsnj qujprjsdromj jb : añfs
ia fmioladofb sj prfdjnokojbtf dfbeubta, sfionaroa f obnovosomij6
-Ia obnjkbozadoôb dfb- Nostobluor5 obdukpiokojbtf okputamij a ubf nj ifs njunfrjs. Ïi Njtjrkobadoôb nj ifs
cozf jxolomij. tradtuai js sojkprj ka- pjreuodofs
js ji rjspfbsamij nj ifs pjreuodofs.
Tjrá frnobaroa so prfvojbj tjroa dovoi. -Eunodoai
nji obdukpiokojbtf nj uba Obdukpiokojbtf nj varofs njunfrjs. Nostobluor jbtrj nfif (sj
fmioladoôb. Ji prfdjnokojbtf sjrá ji asokoia a duipa iata) y ifs njkás lranfs nj duipa. Ji -Ijlai
frnobarof, saivf quj sj obdukpiokojbtf nfifsf f dfb duipa lravj nj nfs f kás njunfrjs,
Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj sjrá musquj dfmrar obtjrjsjs -Dfbvjbdofbai
sja duai sja ia baturaijza nj ia fmioladoôb, na addoôb sfionaroa nj
jejdutova ia obnjkbozadoôb j b fmi o lad o fbj s nj obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs dfbtra ifs rjspfbsamijs.
kfratfroa jb ias fmiola- nobjrf.
dofbjs nj nobjrf, duabnf ji To ia duipa js ijvj f ijvësoka, ia addoôb js sokpijkjbtj dfbeubta.
adrjjnfr dfmra obtjrjsjs y ji
tëtuif js jejdutovf.

=:3 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
>.3. Av
Avaiuadoôb
aiuadoôb nj ifs pjreuodofs

APAIZADOÔB NJ WJ]EZODOFT
Eunodoai. Ijlai. Dfbvjbdofbai abtodopana.

Ia j`jdtõab ifs tromubaijs dfb ifs jijkjbtfs Ia j`jdtõa ia ijy norjdtakjbtj jb ias Ia j`jdtõab ias partjs abtjs nji
obdukpiokojbtf pfr kjnof nj uba diáusuia
prfmatfrofs quj sj ij prfpfrdofbjb fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf pjbai.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =:?
>.3.1. Av
Avaiuadoôb
aiuadoôb eunodoai
eunodoai nj pjreuodofs
A. Njdonor so prfdjnj ia
obnjkbozadoôb.
APAIZADOÔB EZNODOAI okpioda 4 fpjradofbjs f pasfs M. Njtjrkobar quï pjreuodofs

sfb obnjkbozamijs.
obnjkbozamijs.
D. Njtjrkobar ji kfbtf nj dana

ubf nj ifs pjreuodofs quj njmjb
obnjkbozarsj.
Js uba fpjradoôb tftaikjbtj
prunjbdoai nj adujrnf dfb ia
prujma rjbnona.

=07 Narëf Warr

Warra
a
KFNO@ODADOÔB NJ IAT ]JLIAT F^]FT ATWJD^FT NJ IA APAIZADOÔB EZNODOAI

IJLAIJT WF] IAT WA]^JT
Ji eujz sôif pfnrá adjptar ia obnjkbozadoôb nj Ia avaiuadoôb eunodoai njmj cadjrsj dfb drotjrof
ifs pjreuodofs quj ia ijy ca sjñaianf dfkf sumejtovf, dfbsonjrabnf ia sotuadoôb jspjdëòda
obnjkbozamijs, pjrf ias nospfsodofbjs nji adrjjnfr y ji nañf pfr ji jxpjrokjbtanf. To
dfrrjspfbnojbtjs njmjb jstokarsj dfkf ji obdukpiokojbtf prfnuef eubtf dfb ifs
kjrakjbtj supijtfroas nj ia vfiubtan nj ias pjreuodofs lababdoas, ïstfs njmjb dfkpjbsarsj.
partjs
Ias partjs pfnrëab dfbvjbor bf sôif quj sj

obnjkbodjb pjreuodofs obnorjdtfs j okprjvostfs Ia òeadoôb nji kfbtf nj ifs pjreuodofs js
aubquj bf caya nfif f duipa lravj, sobf dujstoôb nj cjdcf y ia daioòdadoôb nj ifs
duaiquojr ftra jstopuiadoôb, dfkf pfr jejkpif5 ùbnakjbtfs eurënodfs nj ia addoôb js dujstoôb
quj bf sj obnjkbodj ji iudrf djsabtj, f quj sj nj Njrjdcf.
rjparjb ifs nañfs obdojrtfs, jtd.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =01
>.3.=. Av
Avaiuadoôb
aiuadoôb ijlai
ijlai nj pjreuodofs
APAIZADOÔB IJLAI NJ IFT WJ]EZODOFT.
TFIF FMIOLADOFBJT NJ NOBJ]F
Dfbdjptf art.js 1::?

fmioladoôb DD.5 ’souba
nj palar ia
dabtonan nj nobjrf, ia Jb ia fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf bf
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodof pfr ia damj ia obnjkbozadoôb Tj apiodab ias rjlias ljbjraijs, To ia dabtonan nj nobjrf a palar
kfra jstá suejta a ias rjlias dfkpjbsatfroa, pujstf quj jsta ji njunfr njmj sjr dfifdanf jb sj njtjrkoba jb àiif
soluojbtjs‛. js eustakjbtj ia suka nj nobjrf kfra, ji obdukpiokojbtf njmj njdiaratovf, sôif sj njmjb
quj jquovaij ai dukpiokojbtf sjr okputamij, y dfbdurror obtjrjsjs njsnj quj ji àiif
If abtjrofr iijva a dfbdiuor quj ia tfnfs ifs njkás rjquosotfs. qujna òrkj y jejdutfroanf.
avaiuadoôb ijlai nj ifs pjreuodofs ëbtjlrf nj ia fmioladoôb.
sfif damrëa jb ias fmioladofbjs nj
nobjrf.

=0= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
]JLIAT NJ APAIZADOÔB DFB^JBONAT JB JI A]^ËDZIF 1::? DD.
1. Ia obnjkbozadoôb sj tra nudj jb ji palf nj obtjrjsjs.
Nj adujrnf ai bµ 1 nji art. 1::? DD.5 ’sj solujb njmojbnf ifs obtjrjsjs dfbvjbdofbaijs, so sj ca padtanf ub obtjrïs supjrofr ai ijlai, f jkpojzab a njmjrsj
•Nj
ifs obtjrjsjs ijlaijs jb ji dasf dfbtrarof‛.
• ¶Njsnj duábnf sj njmjb ifs obtjrjsjs kfratfrofs6 sj njmjráb njsnj quj ji njunfr jstï jb kfra, f sja, duabnf sj prfnuzda ia obtjrpjiadoôb jb ailuba nj ias
`frkas sjñaianas jb ia ijy.
• ¶Duáijs sfb ifs obtjrjsjs quj njmj palar ji njunfr6 ^jbjkfs 4 rjlias5
• 1µ. To ias partjs cab jstopuianf obtjrjsjs para ia fmioladoôb bf dukpiona, y sfb supjrofrjs a ifs ijlaijs, sj dfbtobõab njvjblabnf ifs koskfs obtjrjsjs
dfbvjbonfs8
• =µ. To bf cay
c ay obtjrjsjs dfbvjbonfs, f ifs jstopuianfs sfb ob`jrofrjs a ifs ijlaijs, quj cfy
cf y sfb ifs dfrrojbtjs, dfkojbzab a njmjrsj jstfs õitokfs8 y
• 4µ. Ias nfs rjlias abtjrofrjs su`rjb jxdjpdofbjs jb ifs dasfs jb quj ias partjs cayab jstopuianf obtjrjsjs pfr ia kfra, y jb ifs quj ia ijy frnjba ji
palf nj ftrfs obtjrjsjs jb iular nj ifs ijlaijs.
=. To ji adrjjnfr dfmra õbodakjbtj obtjrjsjs, bana njmj prfmar.
To sj dfb`frka dfb ifs obtjrjsjs, bana njmj prfmar,

•To prfma r, ia ijy prjsukj quj jsj js ji pjreuodof su`ronf, y bf ankotj prujma jb dfbtrarof para njsvortuarif.
• ¶Wfnrá dfmrar ftrfs pjreuodofs su`ronfs pfr ji obdukpiokojbtf, adrjnotábnfifs nj adujrnf a ias rjlias ljbjraijs6
•nobjrf
Cay
dfbquojbjs sfstojbjb quj bf
rjlias njtjrkobanas, js prfdjnjbtj
dfkf if rjvjiarëajiiadfmrf nj ftrfs
rjnaddoôb njipjreuodofs,
obd. 1µ, y pfrquj ji
taiijlosianfr prjtjbnoô
jra ia sfiudoôb òear ia obnjkbozadoôb
nj Wftcojr nj ias fmioladofbjs
y nji Dônolf `rabdïs (art. 11:4), nj
jb
quojbjs sj camrëa masanf ji ijlosianfr dcoijbf.
• Amjiouh sfstojbj, jb dakmof, ftra fpoboôb, ia duai dfbsonjra quj so ji adrjjnfr ifs jstamijdj, pujnj dfmrar ftrfs pjreuodofs.
4. Bf abatfdoskf5 ifs obtjrjsjs atrasanfs bf prfnudjb, a su vjz, kás obtjrjsjs.
>. Ias rjbtas, dábfbjs y pjbsofbjs pjroônodas bf njvjblab obtjrjsjs.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =04
>.3.4. Ia diáusuia pjbai
JTÔWZIADOÔB NJ IAT WA]^JT JB IAT FMIOLADOFBJT NJ NOBJ]F
]jlias nji art. 1.::? DD. supijb ia dfbvjbdoôb. Ias partjs pujnjb Wfnrëab takmoïb dfbvjbor quj sj obnjkbodj tfna diasj nj
pjreuodofs. âkpfdf cay obdfbvjbojbtj para quj sjñaijb quj jb
iomrjkjbtj aitjrarias,
dasf nj kfra f sokpijòeabnf ifskjnoabtj
rjtarnf obtjrjsjs uba
quj diáusuia
sj anjunaráb
pjbai.jb dasf nj kfra f sokpij rjtarnf ia njuna sj rjaeustj casta su palf,
sjlõb ailõb ëbnodj.
DIÁZTZIA WJBAI
’Js aqujiia jb quj uba pjrsfba, para asjlurar ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb, sj suejta a uba pjba, quj dfbsostj jb nar f cadjr ailf jb
dasf nj bf jejdutar f nj rjtarnar ia fmioladoôb probdopai‛ (artëduif 1:4: DD.)
A ia diáusuia pjbai sj rjòjrj ji Dônolf Dovoi, ^ëtuif OO nji Iomrf Ia rjluiadoôb nj ia obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs pujnjb ias partjs
>µ, artëduifs 1:4: a 1:>>5 ’Nj ias fmioladofbjs dfb diáusuia dfbvjboria uba vjz prfnudonf ji obdukpiokojbtf f abtjs nj ïi.
pjbai‛.

=0> Narëf Warr

Warra
a
@ZBDOFBJT NJ IA DIÁZTZIA WJBAI
1. Avai
Avaiuar
uar abtodopana y dfbvjbdofbaikjbtj
ifs pjreuodofs. =. Dau
Daudofbar uba fmioladoôb.
-Js dfbvjbdofbai, abtodopana y addjsfroa a ia -ôjbj darádtjr nj daudoôb pjrsfbai. Nj adujrnf ai art. 1><= DD., ji
fmioladoôb probdopai, bf js `frzfsf quj bazdab dônolf ia dfbsonjra uba daudoôb váiona. Ias òabzas, copftjdas,
eubtas. prjbnas y diáusuias pjbaijs dfbstotuonas pfr tjrdjrfs para ia sjluronan
nj ias fmioladofbjs baturaijs8 pubtf quj dfbòrka, ji art. 1:4: DD., 4. Tjr
Tjrvor
vor nj pjba
-Wujstf quj ia diáusuia pjbai js uba quj ia dfbsonjra njstobana a asjlurar ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba dovoi.
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodofs, pujnj sjr fmioladoôb probdopai.
dfkpjbsatfroa y kfratfroa8 asë if dfbòrka ji
art. 1:4: DD. -Dfkf daudoôb ia diáusuia pjbai js pjrsfbai, y bf pasa a sjr rjai, aub
duabnf dfbsosta jb nar uba jspjdoj f dujrpf dojrtf8
WA]AIJIF DIÁZTZIA WJBAI _ F^]AT OBTÔ^ZDOFBJT
A. Ias arras M
- Jb ias arras sj na uba dfsa dfb ji òb nj dfbstotuor uba sjluronan - Duabnf js dfbstotuona pfr ub. tjrdjrf,
@oabza
tjrdjrf, sj asjkjea a ia ia òabza jb quj
nj ia djijmradoôb f jejdudoôb nji dfbtratf, f dfkf partj nj prjdof f takmoïb ailuojb aejbf a ia njuna rjspfbnj jb dasf nj obdukpiokojbtf nji
sjñai nj qujnar dfbvjbonfs sjlõb artëduifs 1374 a 137: DD. njunfr probdopai.
- Ias arra
arrass larabt
larabtozab
ozab ia dj
djijmra
ijmradoôb
doôb nji dfbtratf
dfbtratf y bf ji - Tj no`jrjbdoab jb quj ia prokjra pujnj dfbsostor jb nar,
nar, cadjr f bf cadjr
cadjr
dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb dfbtraëna8 pjrf ùbnakjbtaikjbtj ailf, duaiquojra quj sja ia fmioladoôb probdopai, kojbtras ia òabza sôif sj
jb ias arras cay uba jbtrjla adtuai nj nobjrf u ftra dfsa, kojbtras rjòjrj a fmioladofbjs nj nobjrf (art. =4>4 DD.)8 anjkás, ji òanfr bf
jb ia diáusuia pjbai ia jbtrjla njmjrá cadjrsj jb dasf nj pujnj fmiolarsj jb tïrkobfs kás lravfsfs quj ji njunfr probdopai,
obdukpiokojbtf. kojbtras ia pjba bf tojbj kás iëkotj quj ia ijsoôb (diáusuia pjbai jbfrkj).


dfbtradtuai
tuai =0:
O. Dfbstotuyj uba daudoôb pjrsfbai
OO. Dfbstotuyj uba avaiua doôb abtodopana nj pjreuodofs
OOO. Dfbstotuyj uba pjba dovoi
DA]AD^J]ËTÔDAT
DIÁZTZIA WJBAI
OP. Js dfbsjbsuai
Ia ijy bf jxolj sfijkbonanjs nj bobluba jspjdoj, pjrf so sj rjòjrj a mojbjs raëdjs f njrjdcfs rjaijs
dfbstotuënfs jb jiifs sj rjquojrj jsdrotura põmioda.
P. Js dfbnodofbai
Ji njrjdcf a dfmrar ia pjba para ji adrjjnfr njpjbnj nj ub cjdcf ùturf j obdojrtf.
PO. Js addjsfroa
Dfkf daudoôb, addjnj a uba fmioladoôb probdopai quj, obdiusf, pujnj sjr baturai sojkprj quj ia pjba
sj okpfbla a ub tjrdjrf. Tj jxtobluj jb dfbeubtf dfb ia fmioladoôb probdopai y sjrá novosomij f
obnovosomij sjlõb if sja ia fmioladoôb a quj addjnj.

=00 Narëf Warr

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Js ia diáusuia pjbai ia quj sj jxtobluj, pjrf ia
Pëa probdopai fmioladoôb probdopai sumsostj8 asë fdurrorá so sj
abuia eunodoaikjbtj ia pjba.
JSÔBDOÔB
DIÁZTZIA WJBAI
Pëa addjsfroa Jxtobluona ia fmioladoôb probdopai, dfb jiia

tjrkoba ia diáusuia pjbai (art. =:10 DD.)
Buionan
Artëduif 1:40 DD.5 ’ia buionan nj ia fmioladoôb probdopai adarrja ia nj ia diáusuia pjbai, pjrf ia buionan nj jsta bf adarrja ia nj ia
fmioladoôb probdopai‛.
Ji obdosf =µ y 4µ jstamijdjb nfs jxdjpdofbjs, rj`jrjbtj a ia prfkjsa nj cjdcf aejbf y a ia jstopuiadoôb jb àvfr nj ftrf.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =0<
J@JD^FT NJ IA DIÁZTZIA WJBAI

J`jdtf ùbnakjbtai nj ia diáusuia pjbai js pjrkotor ai adrjjnfr dfmraria jb dasf nj ob`raddoôb ai dfbtratf pfr partj nji njunfr
njun fr
4. Dfmrf nj ia pjba, fmioladoôb probdopai j

>. Wiuraionan nj adrjjnfrjs
obnjkbozad oôb frnobar
Artëduif 1:4<oaDD.5
nj pjreuodofs. y njunfrjs.
1. Duábnf tojbj ji Fmioladoôb probdopai
adrjjnfr njrjdcf a dfmrar =. Dasf nj obdukpiokojbtf a.- Abtjs nj dfbstotuorsj jb kfra ji novosomij5 ]jlia ljbjrai js
ia pjba6 pardoai njunfr, ji adrjjnfr sfif pujnj jxolor ia quj ia pjba takmoïb js
Artëduif 1:4? DD.5 ’so ji fmioladoôb probdopai. novosomij (Art. 1:>7 obd. 1µ)
A. Obdukpiokojbtf
okputamij ai njunfr. njunfr dukpij sfiakjbtj m.- Dfbstotuonf jb kfra ji njunfr, ji Jxdjpdofbjs5
uba partj nj ia fmioladoôb adrjjnfr pujnj dfmrar fmioladoôb
M. Kfra nji njunfr. probdopai y ji adrjjnfr probdopai, pjba dfkpjbsatfroa f a. Fmioladoôb probdopai
Nostobluor so ia fmioladoôb adjpta jsa partj, tjbnrá obnjkbozadoôb frnobaroa. obnovosomij
js nj nar, cadjr f bf cadjr. njrjdcf para quj sj rjmaej d.- Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj ji adrjjnfr pujnj m. Wjba obnovosomij.
prfpfrdofbaikjbtj ia pjba adukuiar pjba dfkpjbsatfroa y d. Fmioladoôb probdopai
- Ia jxostjbdoa nj jstopuiana
d u k p i o k opfr
j b t ia
f àita
n j inj
a dukpiokojbtf `frzanf, duabnf asë sj ca sfionaroa
p j r e u o d o f s b f j s u b dfbvjbonf. n. Diáusuia pjbai
fmioladoôb probdopai‛.
rjquosotf. n.- Jxdjpdofbaikjbtj ji adrjjnfr pujnj larabtozana dfb copftjda
adukuiar pjba dfkpjbsatfroa j (Art. 1:>1 DD)
obnjkbozadoôb nj pjreuodof frnobaroa j. Wiuraionan nj adrjjnfrjs
duabnf asë sj ca dfbvjbonf.

=03 Narëf Warr

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DIÁZTZIA WJBAI JBF]KJ JB DFB^]A^FT DFBKZÂÔPFT
O. Artëduif 1:>>, obd. 1µ DD.

OO. ]jquosotfs
"Duabnf pfr ji padtf probdopai uba nj ias
partjs sj fmiolô a palar uba dabtonan a.- Njmj tratarsj nj ub dfbtratf
njtjrkobana dfkf jquovaijbtj a if quj pfr OOO. J`jdtf
ftra partj njmj prjstarsj, y ia pjba dfbsostj dfbkutatovf.
m.- Ia fmioladoôb probdopai njmj sjr nj uba
asokoskf jb ji palf nj uba dabtonan - Ia diáusuia pjbai bf pujnj jxdjnjr
njtjrkobana, pfnrá pjnorsj quj sj rjmaej nj dabtonan njtjrkobana.
ia sjlubna tfnf if quj jxdjna ai nupif nj ji nfmij nj ia fmioladoôb probdopai.
d.- Ia pjba njmj dfbsostor jb ji palf nj uba
ia prokjra, obdiuyïbnfsj ïsta jb ïi". dabtonan njtjrkobana.


dfbtradtuai
tuai =0?
:. NJ]JDCFT AZSOIOA]JT
AZSOIOA]JT NJI AD]JJNF]
LIFTA]OF
’Js ji jejrdodof nj ifs njrjdcfs y addofbjs nji njunfr pfr partj nj sus adrjjnfrjs, duabnf ji prokjrf js bjlioljbtj
Addoôb fmiodua para cadjrif‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 3?7).
’Js ia quj ia ijy dfbdjnj a ifs adrjjnfrjs para njear sob j`jdtf ifs adtfs nji njunfr jejdutanfs `raunuijbtakjbtj y
Addoôb pauioaba jb pjreuodof nj sus njrjdcfs, y sojkprj quj dfbdurrab ifs njkás rjquosotfs ijlaijs‛ (Amjiouh,
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ?7>-?7:).
Mjbjfidof nj ’Ji mjbjfidof nj obvjbtarof dfbsostj jb bf cadjr a ifs cjrjnjrfs quj adjptab rjspfbsamijs nj ias fmioladofbjs cjrj-
obvjbtarof notaroas y tjstakjbtaroas, sobf casta dfbdurrjbdoa nji vaifr tftai nj ifs mojbjs quj cab cjrjnanf‛ (art. 1=>< DD).
’Js ji njrjdcf quj ia ijy dfbdjnj a ifs adrjjnfrjs cjrjnotarofs y tjstakjbtarofs a fib nj quj ifs mojbjs nji dausabtj
Mjbjfidof nj
bf sj dfbùbnab dfb ifs nji cjrjnjrf, nj kabjra quj jiifs pujnab palarsj prj`jrjbtjkjbtj a ifs adrjjnfrjs pjrsf-
sjparadoôb baijs nj ïstj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?1<).
Njrjdcf nj prjbna ’^fna

’^ fna
mijs njifmioladoôb pjrsfbai
njunfr, sjab na ai
prjsjbtjs adrjjnfrjxdjptuábnfsj
f ùturfs, ji njrjdcf nj pjrsjluor
sfiakjbtjsu
s uifsjejdudoôb sfmrj tfnfs
bf jkmarlamijs, ifs mojbjs
njsolbanfs jb raëdjs f kuj-
ji art. 1.013‛
ljbjrai (art. =>0: DD).
’Zba sjroj nj njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr quj bf pjrsolujb norjdtakjbtj ji dukpiokojbtf koskf, sobf quj tojbjb pfr
Njrjdcfs auxoioarjs fmejtf asjlurarif, kabtjbojbnf ia obtjlronan nji patrokfbof nji njunfr‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 3<?).
@raunj pauioabf ’Dfbsostj jb dfbfdjr ji kai jstanf nj ifs bjlfdofs nji njunfr‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. ?1=).

=<7 Narëf Warr

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Luarna y apfsodoôb ’Njsnj ji kfkjbtf nj amrorsj uba sudjsoôb, tfnf ji quj tjbla obtjrïs jb jiia, f sj prjsuka quj pujna tjbjrif, pf-
nrá pjnor quj ifs kujmijs y papjijs nj ia sudjsoôb sj luarnjb maef iiavj y sjiif, casta quj sj prfdjna ai obvjbtarof
nj sjiifs sfijkbj nj ifs mojbjs y j`jdtfs cjrjnotarofs‛ (art. 1=== DD).
Kjnonas ’Aqujiias quj tojbjb pfr fmejtf kabtjbjr obtadtf ji patrokfbof nji njunfr, jvotabnf quj sailab nj su pfnjr ifs
dfbsjrvatovas mojbjs quj if `frkab, a fib nj cadjr pfsomij ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛
fm ioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh,
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 334).
’Wara asjlurar ji rjsuitanf nj ia addoôb, pujnj ji njkabnabtj jb duaiquojr jstanf nji euodof, aub duabnf bf jstï
dfbtjstana ia njkabna, pjnor uba f kás nj ias soluojbtjs kjnonas5
Kjnonas 1µ Ji sjdujstrf nj ia dfsa quj js fmejtf nj ia njkabna8
prjdautfroas =µ Ji bfkmrakojbtf nj ubf f kás obtjrvjbtfrjs8
4µ Ia rjtjbdoôb nj mojbjs njtjrkobanfs8 y
>µ Ia prfcomodoôb nj djijmrar adtfs f dfbtratfs sfmrj mojbjs njtjrkobanfs‛ (art. =?7 DWD).
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 3<?-?=1)


dfbtradtuai
tuai =<1
NJ]JDCFT AZSOIOA]JT NJ IFT AD]JJNF]JT
Tjroj nj njrjdcfs nji adrjjnfr quj tojbjb pfr fmejtf asjlurar ji dukpiokojbtf koskf,
kabtjbojbnf ia obtjlronan nji patrokfbof nji njunfr (Amjiouh)
Ias kjnonas Ia addoôb Ia addoôb Ji mjbjòdof nj

dfbsjrvatovas fmiodua pauioaba sjparadoôb
ôjbj pfr fmejtf ôjbj pfr fmejtf cadjr ôjbj pfr fmejtf
okpjnor ia saiona oblrjsar ai patrokfbof rjdupjrar mojbjs ôjbj pfr fmejtf
nji njunfr mojbjs f quj cab saionf okpjnor quj ifs
nj njtjrkobanfs
njrjdcfs quj ia kjra `raunuijbtakjbtj mojbjs nji dausabtj
dausabtj
mojbjs nji
bjlioljbdoa nj ïstj ca nji patrokfbof nji sj dfbùbnab dfb
patrokfbof nji
njunfr okpjnonf quj pasjb a ïi njunfr ifs nji cjrjnjrf
Tu ùbnakjbtf js ji njrjdcf nj prjbna ljbjrai nji artëduif =>0: DD.
Wjrkotj quj ji njunfr ankobostrj iomrjkjbtj su patrokfbof y, a ia Ji adrjjnfr pujnj obtjrvjbor jb ia ljstoôb nji njunfr sojkprj quj
vjz, pjrkotj a ifs adrjjnfrjs quj nodca ankobostradoôb bf cala ji patrokfbof nj jstj dfrra pjiolrf dojrtf, sja pfr dordubstabdoas
oiusfrofs sus njrjdcfs ai tojkpf nj jxolor ji dukpiokojbtf jxtjrbas, bjlioljbdoa f `raunj nji njunfr

=<= Narëf Warr

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:.1. Kjnonas dfbsjrvatovas

dfbsjrvatovas
KJNONAT DFBTJ]PAÔPAT
Tfb aqujiias quj tojbjb pfr fmejtf kabtjbjr obtadtf ji patrokfbof nji njunfr, jvotabnf quj sailab nj su pfnjr ifs mojbjs quj if `frkab, a
òb nj cadjr pfsomij ji dukpiokojbtf nj ia fmioladoôb (Amjiouh).
Jxostjb aqujiias quj jstáb jxprjsakjbtj sjñ aianas jb ia ijy Wfr ftra partj, cay nospfsodofbjs ijlaijs aosianas quj sj rjòjrjb a
jiias
1· KJNONAT W]JDAZ^F]OAT
Tupfbjb jb tfnf dasf quj ya ji adrjjnfr ca pujstf jb kardca, f if cará jb mrjvj, sus addofbjs para fmtjbjr ji dukpiokojbtf u ftrf akparf
a su njrjdcf, y tojbnjb a prjvjbor quj jstj qujnj murianf pfr ifs adtfs nji njkabnanf jb ji euodof (Amjiouh)
]jluianas jb ifs artëduifs =?7 y ss. DWD.
Ia prfcomodoôb nj djijmrar adtfs

Ji sjdujstrf nj ia dfsa quj js Ji bfkmrakojbtf nj ubf f kás Ia rjtjbdoôb nj mojbjs f dfbtratfs sfmrj mojbjs
fmejtf nj ia njkabna obtjrvjbtfrjs njtjrkobanfs
njtjrkobanfs


dfbtradtuai
tuai =<4
=· IA LZA]NA _ AW FTODOÔB NJ TJIIFT
4· IA ATOT^JBDOA A IA DFB@JDDOÔB NJ
OBPJBÂ]OF TFIJKBJ

=<> Narëf Warr

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:.=. Addoôb fmiodua
ADDOÔB FMIODZA
Js ji jejrdodof nj ifs njrjdcfs y addofbjs nji njunfr pfr partj nj sus adrjjnfrjs, duabnf ji prokjrf js bjlioljbtj para cadjrif (Amjiouh)
]jluiadoôb ijlai
Wara ailubfs autfrjs, ji dônolf so mojb bf jstamijdj ia addoôb Wara Diarf Tfiar, jbtrj ftrfs, ia addoôb fmiodua jstá dfbtjbona, jb
fmiodua dfkf rjlia ljbjrai, dfbtojbj ailubfs dasfs partoduiarjs `frka ljbjrai, jb ifs art. =>0: y =>00 DD., pujstf quj ji jejrdodof nj
jb quj js pfsomij jejrdjria ia addoôb fmiodua bf sjrëa sobf uba `frka nj cadjr j`jdtovf ji njrjdcf
nj prjbna ljbjrai


dfbtradtuai
tuai =<:
]JQZOTO^FT ADDOÔB FMIODZA
Nji adrjjnfr quj jejrdj ia addoôb Nji drïnotf nji adrjjnfr quj jejrdj Nj ifs njrjdcfs y addofbjs quj sj
fmiodua5 ia addoôb fmiodua5 Nji njunfr5 jejrdjb pfr dujbta nji njunfr5
Njmj tjbjr obtjrïs jb jiif Njmjb sjr patrokfboaijs
Njmj sjr bjlioljbtj jb ji

Njmj sjr dojrtf y jxolomij jejrdodof nj sus njrjdcfs y
addofbjs
Njmjb jxostor
^jbnrá obtjrïs duabnf dfb
ia bjlioljbdoa nji njunfr
qujnj dfkprfkjtona su
sfivjbdoa Njmj rj`jrorsj a mojbjs
jkmarlamijs
Njmj sjr purf y sokpij Bf njmj tratarsj nj addofbjs

pjrsfbaiësokas

=<0 Narëf Warr

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J@JD^FT ADDOÔB FMIODZA
1µaddoôb
Ji njkabnanf pfr ia
fmiodua pujnj =µ Js nosdutomij quj ia >µ Ji jejrdodof nj ia
fpfbjr ias koskas addoôb fmiodua jejrdotana addoôb fmiodua bf
jxdjpdofbjs quj ij 4µ Ia addoôb fmiodua bf
pfr ji adrjjnfr nji njunfr rjquojrj uba daioòdadoôb mjbjòdoa jxdiusovakjbtj
dfrrjspfbnjrëab so js bjlioljbtj prfnuzda dfsa ai adrjjnfr quj ia jejrdoô,
njkabnanf pfr su prfpof eunodoai prjvoa
euzlana rjspjdtf nj ïstj sobf a tfnfs jiifs
adrjjnfr


dfbtradtuai
tuai =<<
:.4. Addoôb pauioaba f rjvfdatfroa

rjvfdatfroa
ADDOÔB WAZIOABA F ]JPFDA^F]OA

art. =>03 DD.
Aqujiia quj ia ijy dfbdjnj a ifs adrjjnfrjs para njear sob j`jdtf ifs adtfs nji njunfr, y sojkprj quj
dfbdurrab ifs njkás rjquosotfs ijlaijs (Amjiouh)
DA]AD^J]ËTÔDAT
Addoôb patrokfboai Tuejta a piazf jspjdoai nj

Addoôb norjdta Addoôb pjrsfbai prjsdropdoôb
Wfrquj njrova nj uba rjiadoôb

nj drïnotf jbtrj ji adrjjnfr y Wrjsdromj jb ub añf dfbtanf
Ji adrjjnfr ia jejrdj jb su njunfr, y quj obvfiudra ai Wfr tabtf, js rjbubdoamij, njsnj ia `jdca nji adtf f
prfpof bfkmrj tjrdjrf pfr nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy trabs`jromij y trabskosomij dfbtratf. Bf sj suspjbnj
y pfr su partodopadoôb jb ji
cjdcf

=<3 Narëf Warr

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IA ADDOÔB WAZIOABA
BA^Z]AIJUA EZ]ËNODA NJ
^jfrëa nj ia buionan
Addoôb obnjkbozatfroa
Obfpfbomoinan


dfbtradtuai
tuai =<?

]JQZOTO^FT NJ IA ADDOÔB WAZIOABA
Adtfs susdjptomijs nj Fpfrtubonan jb quj sj cab Nji tjrdjrf quj dfbtratô

atadarsj vëa pauioaba5 ftfrlanf ifs adtfs Nji adrjjnfr5 Jb ji njunfr5 dfb ji njunfr5
okpulbanfs5
Njmj tjbjr obtjrïs Njmj sjr `raunuijbtf

Adtfs vfiubtarofs nji (`raunj pauioabf) To js ub adtf
Adtfs jejdutanfs lratuotf
njunfr abtjs nj ia djsoôb nj
mojbjs f apjrtura nji - Masta ia kaia `j nji
dfbdursf If tjbnrá duabnf ji njunfr
njunfr sja obsfivjbtj
If sjrá duabnf
jejduta f djijmra ji
Bf njmj tratarsj nj adtf f dfbtratf dfb
adtfs pjrsfbaiësokfs Njmj camjr pjreuodof ábokf nj pjreunodar
a sus adrjjnfrjs To js ub adtf
jiBfnjunfr
js bjdjsarof
jstï maef
qujf - Kaiafbjrfsf5
`j nji njunfr
djsoôb nj mojbjs
prfdjnokojbtf y anquorjbtj
Duabnf jb vortun nj - Akmfs dfbfdjb ji
dfbdursai para nodcf adtf ji njunfr
Adtfs rjiatovfs a jejrdjr ia addoôb qujnj okpfsomoiotanf nj kai jstanf nj ifs
mojbjs jkmarlamijs pauioaba palarijs bjlfdofs nji njunfr

=37 Narëf Warr

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J@JD^FT ADDOÔB WAZIOABA
Njear sob j`jdtf ji adtf okpulbanf casta ji kfbtf jb quj pjreunoquj ai adrjjnfr f
adrjjnfrjs quj cab obtjbtanf ia rjvfdadoôb
:µ Duabnf tojbj
4µ Jb vortun nj ia >µ Ia addoôb pfr fmejtf ia
1µ Ia rjvfdadoôb rjvfdadoôb vujivjb ai pauioaba pujnj sjr rjdupjradoôb nj
sfif mjbjòdoa ai f =µIfs j`jdtfs nj ia patrokfbof nji njunfr ailuba dfsa
ifs adrjjnfrjs quj rjvfdadoôb varoaráb ifs mojbjs quj camëab atadana pfr ji
obtjbtarfb ia addoôb sjlõb ji adtf nj quj anquorjbtj jbaejbana, badj
saionf nj ïi. Jb palábnfij su para ji
pauioaba, pjrf bf a sj tratj dfbsjdujbdoa, pfnráb jb r
ifs njkás jiifs jejdutar sus drïnotf ai

njkabnabtj anquo pfr
a`jdtanf jbtjjiia
njrjdcfs ifs adrjjnfrjs ia fmioladoôb nj
rjstotuor


dfbtradtuai
tuai =31
ADDOÔB FMIODZA ADDOÔB WAZIOABA

1µ ôpf nj Tj trata nj uba addoôb obnorjdta, pujstf quj bf ij pjrtjbj-
p jrtjbj- Tj trata nj uba addoôb norjdta, pujstf quj su jejrdodof
addoôb dj ai adrjjnfr, sobf quj ij dfrrjspfbnj ai njunfr
njunfr.. dfrrjspfbnj a ifs adrjjnfrjs.
Tj masa jb ia pasovonan nji njunfr jb ji jejrdodof nj sus Tj masa jb quj ji njunfr ca cjdcf saior mojbjs nj su pa-
=µ @ubnakjbtf njrjdcfs y addofbjs. trokfbof jb `frka `raunuijbta.
ôjbnj a fmtjbjr ji oblrjsf nj mojbjs quj bf cab jstanf ôjbnj a rjdupjrar ifs mojbjs quj, abtjrofr ai adtf `rau-
4µ Fmejtovf jb ji patrokfbof nji njunfr. nuijbtf, sj jbdfbtramab jb ji patrokfbof nji njunfr
njunfr..
Ia addoôb fmiodua bf sfif mjbjfidoa ai adrjjnfr quj ia Ia addoôb pauioaba sfif àvfrjdj ai f ifs adrjjnfrjs quj
>µ J`jdtfs jejrdj, sobf quj a tfnfs jiifs. ia cab jejrdonf.
1. Tj asjkjeab jstas nfs addofbjs

addofbjs jb quj akmas tojbjb pfr fmejtf ia prjsjrvadoôb
prjsjrvadoôb nji patrokfbof nji njunfr a fib quj
rjspfbna jb su fpfrtubonan a ifs rjqujrokojbtfs nj dfmrf nj sus
s us adrjjnfrjs8 bf jstáb njstobanas ai dukpiokojbtf
koskf, sobf quj tojbnjb a asjlurarif, apfrtabnf mojbjs jb quj pujna cadjrsj j`jdtovf.
:µ Tjkjeabzas
=. Akmas sj ùbnakjbtab jb ji njrjdcf nj larabtëa ljbjrai,
ljbjrai, sfif a`jdtab a ifs adtfs patrokfboaijs y njeab ai karljb
ifs mojbjs objkmarlamijs, pujstf quj bf pujnjb sjr pjrsjluonfs pfr ifs adrjjnfrjs.
4. @obaikjbtj, ias nfs supfbjb uba obsfivjbdoa, so bf njdiarana, obkobjbtj
obkobjbtj nji njunfr.
njunfr.

=3= Narëf Warr

Warra
a
:.>. Mjbjfidof nj sjparadoôb

sjparadoôb
MJBJ@ODOF NJ TJWA]ADOÔB
artëduifs 14<3 a 143: DD.
Js ji njrjdcf quj ia ijy dfbdjnj a ifs adrjjnfrjs cjrjnotarofs y tjstakjbtarofs

a òb nj quj ifs mojbjs nji dausabtj bf sj dfbùbnab dfb ifs nji cjrjnjrf, nj
kabjra quj jiifs pujnab palarsj prj`jrjbtjkjbtj a ifs adrjjnfrjs pjrsfbaijs
nj ïstj (Amjiouh)
Ias partjs
¶A quoïb dfrrjspfbnj pjnor ji ¶Dfbtra quoïb

jslrokorsj njmj
ji mjbjòdof
mjbjòdof nj sjparadoôb6 nj sjparadoôb6
Adrjjnfrjs Adrjjnfrjs Adrjjnfr

cjrjnotarofs (nji tjstakjbtarofs (nji dfbnodofbai Ji cjrjnjrf
dausabtj) dausabtj)


dfbtradtuai
tuai =34
J@JD^FT MJBJ@ODOF NJ TJWA]ADOÔB
Wrfnudj ji j`jdtf nj sjparar ifs pat rokfbofs nji dausabtj y sus cjrj njrfs
To jxostëab mojbjs raëdjs jb ia Zba vjz njdrjtanf sj tranudj jb uba

sudjsoôb prj`jrjbdoa para ifs adrjjnfrjs
cjrjnotarofs y tjstakjbtarofs. Na njrjdcf a ifs adrjjnfrjs
cjrjnotarofs y tjstakjbtarofs para njear
sob j`jdtf ifs adtfs nospfsotovfs
j`jdtuanfs pfr ji cjrjnjrf njbtrf nj
ifs sjos kjsjs soluojbtjs a ia apjrtura
nj ia sudjsoôb
Tj palab prokjrf jb ifs mojbjs sudjsfraijs
Njmj obsdromorsj ji njdrjtf

jb quj sj dfbdjnj jb ji
]jlostrf f ]jlostrfs quj To cay ub sfmrabtj, ïstj pfnrá sjr
pjrsjluonf pfr ifs adrjjnfrjs pjrsfbaijs
dfrrjspfbna nji cjrjnjrf, y pfr ifs cjrjnotarofs y
tjstakjbtarofs quj bf lfzab nji mjbjòdof
nj sjparadoôb

Zbonan PO
]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtr
jxtradfbtradtuai
adfbtradtuai
WAKJIA KJBNFUA
1. LJBJ]AION
LJBJ]AIONANJT
ANJT
LIFTA]OF
’Tuka nj nobjrf quj ji eujz pujnj frnjbar palar a ia vëdtoka kás aiiá nj ia obnjkbozadoôb rjparatfroa‛ (Df-
Nañfs pubotovfs rrai, =714, pál. 04).
’Js
14). ia fmioladoôb quj pjsa sfmrj uba pjrsfba nj obnjkbozar ji nañf su`ronf pfr ftra‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál.
]jspfbsamoionan ’Bjdjsonan j`jdtova, f jvjbtuai, jb quj sj jbdujbtra uba pjrsfba nj cadjrsj darlf nj ias dfbsjdujbdoas lravf-
(jb ljbjrai) sas nj ub adtf quj sj ij atromuyj dfkf prfpof‛
pr fpof‛ (Dfrrai, =714, páls. 3-?).
’]jprjsjbta ia bjdjsonan jb quj sj jbdujbtra uba pjrsfba ai adtuar f njear nj cadjrif y bf adtuar ob`roblojbnf
ji njrjdcf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =4:).

=30 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’Js ia quj prfvojbj nj ub cjdcf f nj uba fkosoôb quj dausa nañf
n añf a ftrf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =>).
’Js ia bjdjsonan eurënoda jb quj sj jbdujbtra uba pjrsfba nj satosàdjr su fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál.
]jspfbsamoionan dovoi f
=4:).
rjparanfra
’Dfbsostj jb okputar a uba pjrsfba uba fmioladoôb rjparatfroa jb razôb nji nañf quj ca dausanf a ftra pjr-
sfba‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 1<).
’Js ia quj prfvojbj nj ia vofiadoôb nj ub dfbtratf5 dfbsostj jb ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar ai adrjjnfr ji pjr-
euodof quj ij dausa ji obdukpiokojbtf nji dfbtratf f su dukpiokojbtf tarnëf f okpjr`jdtf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:,
pál. 4>).
]jspfbsamoionan
dfbtradtuai ’Js aqujiia quj badj a dfbsjdujbdoas nj ia vofiadoôb nj ub vëbduif fmiolatfrof ljbjranf pfr ub dfbtratf
jxostjbtj jbtrj ias partjs. Js ji njmjr nj rjparar quj
qu j sj prfnudj dfkf dfbsjdujbdoa nj camjrsj obdukpionf ub
dfbtratf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1?).
’Tj froloba jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj njmjrjs jspjdëfidfs nj dojrtas pjrsfbas jb su daionan nj ùbdofbarofs f obtj-
]jspfbsamoionan lrabtjs, sja nj obstotudofbjs nj ia Ankobostradoôb nji Jstanf (jb sjbtonf akpiof) f nj dfrpfradofbjs f ùbna-
nosdopiobaroa dofbjs nj njrjdcf provanf. âijs njmjrjs nodjb rjiadoôb dfb ji mujb ùbdofbakojbtf nj nodcas obstotudofbjs‛
(Dfrrai, =714, pál. 14).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Wrfvojbj nj ub njiotf f duasonjiotf dovoi, js njdor, nj ub cjdcf oiëdotf, obtjbdofbai f bf, quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa
jxtradfbtradtuai f nañf a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj
n j ftrf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 4>).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =3<
LIFTA]OF
]jspfbsamoionan
’Js dfkpijea ia quj prfvojbj nji cjdcf aejbf f nji cjdcf nj ub abokai f nj uba dfsa nji duai ia ijy bfs
bf s cadj
jxtradfbtradtuai rjspfbsamijs‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. <7).
dfkpijea
’Js fmejtova ia quj sj ùbna

ùb na jb ji rojslf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 0?).
]jspfbsamoionan
’ôjbj dfkf ùbnakjbtf ji rojslf drjanf pfr quojb njsarrfiia ia adtovonan rjspjdtova y bf ia fkosoôb nj
jxtradfbtradtuai
fmejtova
njmjrjs nj duonanf, nj kfnf quj js obbjdjsarof ub euodof nj vaifr rjspjdtf nj ia dfbnudta nji njkabnanf.
Masta quj ji nañf sj prfnuzda a dfbsjdujbdoa nj uba adtovonan duyf rojslf ia ijy ca sfkjtonf a ub jstatutf nj
rjspfbsamoionan sob bjlioljbdoa‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 44).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Js sokpij ia quj prfvojbj nji cjdcf pjrsfbai nji autfr nji nañf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. <7).
jxtradfbtradtuai sokpij
jxtradfbtradtuai
’Js sumejtova ia quj sj ùbna jb ji nfif f duipa nji aljbtj‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 0?).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Tj ùbna jb quj ji nañf ca sonf dausanf pfr ub cjdcf bjlioljbtj, jstf js, rjaiozanf dfb ob`raddoôb a ub njmjr
jxtradfbtradtuai
nj duonanf. Jb jstj rïlokjb nj rjspfbsamoionan, ia duipa bf sfif sorvj nj ùbnakjbtf, sobf takmoïb nj iëkotj nj
sumejtova f pfr duipa ia rjspfbsamoionan, pfrquj ia fmioladoôb rjparatfroa sfif badj a dfbnodoôb nj quj sj caya obdurronf jb ob`rad-
doôb a ub njmjr nj duonanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 44).

=33 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’Js ia quj prfvojbj nj ub cjdcf f nj uba fkosoôb quj dausa nañf a ftrf f quj ia ijy pjba pfr sjr dfbtrarofs
ai frnjb sfdoai‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =>).
]jspfbsamoionan
eurënoda ’Aqujiia quj surlj nj ia vofiadoôb nj njmjrjs eurënodfs y quj prfnudj dfbsjdujbdoas eurënodas‛ (Dfrrai, =714,
pál. 11).
’Js ia quj njrova jxdiusovakjbtj nj ia ijy. Tj ia iiaka takmoïb sob duipa, pfrquj jxostj aubquj nj partj nji
]jspfbsamoionan
f sob duipa ijlai suejtf bf caya camonf ia kás këboka duipa y prfvjbla nj cjdcfs iëdotfs f pjrkotonfs pfr
pf r ia autfronan‛ (Aijs-
sabnro, =71:, pál. <4).
’Js ia quj prfvojbj nj ob`roblor ifs kabnatfs nj ia kfrai f nj ia rjioloôb‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =4).
’Ia rjspfbsamoionan kfrai js uba bfdoôb bjtakjbtj sumejtova, njpjbnojbtj nj ifs dfbdjptfs ljbjraijs nf-
]jspfbsamoionan kfrai
kobabtjs y nj ia dfbdojbdoa y rjiolofsonan nji prfpof suejtf. Bf okpioda bjdjsaroakjbtj ub pjreuodof aejbf,
mastabnf ia kjra obtjbdoôb, y nj
n j prfnudorif, bf na iular a rjparadoôb jxolomij dfadtovakjbtj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
pál. =4?).
’Js ia quj prfvojbj nj ub njiotf f duasonjiotf pjbai, nj uba addoôb u fkosoôb vfiubtaroa f duipamij pjbana pfr
pf r
]jspfbsamoionan pjbai ia ijy‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =>).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =3?
LIFTA]OF
’Js ia quj sj ljbjra pfr ji nañf dausanf jb ias àsjs prjparatfroas quj aõb bf cab dfbdiuonf jb ia djijmradoôb
nj ub dfbtratf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, páls. 4<-43).
]jspfbsamoionan
’Aqujiia quj jkaba nj ub nañf prfnudonf jb ia jtapa prjvoa a ia `frkadoôb nj ub dfbtratf, jstf js, abtjs
prjdfbtradtuai quj ji dfbtratf sj caya pjr`jddofbanf y badonf a ia vona eurënoda. Tj nodj quj jsta rjspfbsamoionan surlj nj
ia ob`raddoôb nji njmjr nj adtuar nj mujba `j pfr akmas partjs jb ias bjlfdoadofbjs prjiokobarjs‛ (@olujrfa,
=710, pál. 07).
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN WJBAI _ ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI
]jspfbsamoionan pjbai ]jspfbsamoionan jxtradfbtradtuai
Tj rjquojrj nj uba nospfsodoôb ijlai quj jspjdëfidakjb- Badj nj addofbjs u fkosofbjs quj sj jbkardab njbtrf nj
ôpodonan tj sabdofbj ji adtf f amtjbdoôb dfkjtonfs. ifs rjquosotfs sjñaianfs pfr ia ijy nj `frka ljbjrai.
^jbnrá iular dana vjz quj sj caya dausanf ub nañf a ftrf

^jbnrá
Jxtjbsoôb Bf damj ia abaiflëa. pfr nfif f duipa, aubquj ji cjdcf bf jstï pjbanf pfr ia
ijy.

=?7 Wakjia Kjbnfza

Bf js bjdjsarof ji nañf, sj sabdofba pfr ia lravjnan

nji adtf.
Ji pjreuodof Dfbsjdujbdoa5 Aubquj pujnjb dfobdonor
dfobdonor,, cay njiotfs f Bf cay rjspfbsamoionan jxtradfbtradtuai sob nañf.
duasonjiotfs dovoijs quj bf sfb pjbaijs y pjbaijs quj
bf sfb dovoijs.
Jstá dfkprfkjtonf ji obtjrïs ljbjrai y bf sfif ji par- Kora daso jxdiusovakjbtj a ia rjparadoôb nji nañf su`ronf
su `ronf
Obtjrïs prftjlonf toduiar nj ia vëdtoka. pfr ia vëdtoka.
Art. 17 Bµ 1 _ = DW5 Jstáb jxjbtfs nj rjspfbsamoionan Art. =413 DD. ’Ji jmrof js rjspfbsamij nji nañf dausanf
drokobai5 pfr su njiotf f duasonjiotf‛.
1µ Ji ifdf f njkjbtj, a bf sjr quj caya fmranf jb ub Art. =41?. ’Bf sfb dapadjs nj njiotf f duasonjiotf ifs kj-
obtjrvaif iõdonf, y ji quj, pfr duaiquojr dausa obnjpjb- bfrjs nj sojtj añfs bo ifs njkjbtjs8 pjrf sjráb rjspfbsa-
Dapadonan nojbtj nj su vfiubtan, sj caiia provanf tftaikjbtj nj
razôb.
mijs nj ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr jiifs ias pjrsfbas a duyf
darlf jstïb, so punojrj okputársjijs bjlioljbdoa.
=µ Ji kjbfr nj nojdofdcf añfs. Ia rjspfbsamoionan nj Qujna a ia prunjbdoa nji eujz njtjrkobar so ji kjbfr nj
ifs kjbfrjs nj nojdofdcf añfs y kayfrjs nj datfrdj sj nojdosïos añfs ca dfkjtonf ji njiotf f duasonjiotf sob nos-
rjluiará pfr if nospujstf jb ia ijy nj rjspfbsamoionan djrbokojbtf8 y jb jstj dasf sj sjluorá ia rjlia nji obdosf
pjbai euvjboi…‛ (rjiadoôb dfb Art. 1 Ijy =7.73>). abtjrofr‛.

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =?1

Jxtjbsoôb nj ia Ia pjba sj njtjrkoba dfbsonjrabnf ia lravjnan nji Ia obnjkbozadoôb sj njtjrkoba dfbsonjrabnf ji nañf dau-
rjparadoôb njiotf. sanf.
Ia rjspfbsamoionan pjbai js pjrsfbaiësoka y sj jxtob- Jb ljbjrai js trabskosomij a ifs cjrjnjrfs tabtf nj ia vëdto-
^rabskosomoionan luj pfr ia kujrtj nji rjspfbsamij (Art. ?4 Bµ 1 DW). ka dfkf nji autfr nji nañf.
]jbubdoa nj ia Wujnj sjr rjbubdoamij so js addoôb provana y bf rjbub-

Js sojkprj rjbubdoamij (Art. 1= DD).
addoôb doamij so js addoôb põmioda (Art. :0 DWW).
^rabsolomoionan Bf pujnj sjr fmejtf nj trabsaddoôb (saivf ifs ’adujr-

To pujnj trabsolorsj (Art. =>>? DD).
nj ia addoôb nfs rjparatfrofs‛).
Wrjsdropdoôb nj Art. ?> DW nospfbj nostobtfs piazfs nj prjsdropdoôb nj-

Art. =44= DD5 > añfs njsnj pjrpjtradoôb nji adtf.
ia addoôb pjbnojbnf nji njiotf f àita.
Anjkás nj sjr dfkpjtjbtjs ifs tromubaijs dfb eurosnoddoôb
^romubai
Tôif tromubaijs dfb eurosnoddoôb pjbai. dovoi, sj pujnj adukuiar ia addoôb dovoi abtj eujz pjbai quj
dfkpjtjbtj jstï dfbfdojbnf ia dausa.
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. >4->>, Amjiouh, =71>, páls. =4?-=>= y Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =:-=?)

=?= Wakjia Kjbnfza
Obtjrdfbjxofbjs jbtrj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi y ia njrovana nji oiëdotf pjbai

(Dfrrai, =714, páls. >0-:7)
Obtjrpfsodoôb àduitatova nj ia addoôb dovoi jb ji prfdjsf

pjbai5
Art. :? obd. =µ DWW. ’Asok
’Asokoskf,
oskf, nurabtj ia trakotadoôb nji
Obtjrpfsodoôb fmiolatfroa nj ia addoôb dovoi jb ji prfdjsf pjbai5 prfdjnokojbtf pjbai ia vëdtoka pfnrá njnudor rjspjdtf nji
Art. :? obd. 1µ DWW. ’Wrobdopof ljbjrai5 Ia addoôb dovoi quj tuvojrj pfr fmejtf okputanf, dfb arrjlif a ias prjsdropdofbjs nj jstj Dônolf,
õbodakjbtj ia rjstotudoôb nj ia dfsa, njmjrá obtjrpfbjrsj sojkprj nurabtj ji tfnas ias rjstabtjs addofbjs quj tuvojrjb pfr fmejtf pjrsj-
rjspjdtovf prfdjnokojbtf pjbai, nj dfb`frkonan a if prjvostf jb ji artëduif luor ias rjspfbsamoionanjs dovoijs njrovanas nji cjdcf pubo-
13?‛ (Aubquj kás mojb sj trata nj uba addoôb rjstotutfroa). mij. Ia vëdtoka pfnrá takmoïb jejrdjr jsas addofbjs dovoijs
abtj ji tromubai dovoi dfrrjspfbnojbtj. Dfb tfnf, ankotona a
trakotadoôb ia njkabna dovoi jb ji prfdjnokojbtf pjbai, bf
sj pfnrá njnudor bujvakjbtj abtj ub tromubai dovoi‛.
]ïlokjb prfmatfrof5
Tuspjbsoôb nji prfdjnokojbtf dovoi5
Art. Ia
ijs. 4=>prujma
DWW5 ’Wrujma nj ias addofbjs
nj ias addofbjs dovo-
dovoijs jb ji Art. 10< obd. 1µ DWD5 ’Duabnf ia jxostjbdoa nj Wrjsdropdoôb nj ia addoôb
— ]jlia ljbjrai5 dovoi(Art.
> añfs
5
=44=
ub njiotf caya nj sjr ùbnakjbtf prjdosf
pr jdosf nj uba
prfdjnokojbtf drokobai sj suejtará a ias bfr- DD).
sjbtjbdoa dovoi f tjbla jb jiia ob﬍ujbdoa bftfroa,
kas dovoijs jb duabtf a ia njtjrkobadoôb nj
pfnráb ifs tromubaijs suspjbnjr ji prfbubdoa- — ]jlias jspjdoaijs sfmrj obtjrrupddoôb
ia partj quj njmojrj prfmar y a ias nospfso-
kojbtf nj ïsta casta ia tjrkobadoôb nji prfdjsf nj ia prjsdropdoôb5 Art. 01 obd. 4 y art.
dofbjs nj jstj Dônolf jb duabtf a su prf-
drokobai, so jb ïstj sj ca njnudonf adusadoôb f 03 DWW.
djnjbdoa, fpfrtubonan, `frka nj rjbnoria y
`frkuianf rjqujrokojbtf, sjlõb ji dasf‛.
aprjdoadoôb nj su ùjrza prfmatfroa‛.

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =?4
Dfsa euzlana5
— Tjbtjbdoa pjbai dfbnjbatfroa. Art. 1<3 DWD. ’Jb ifs euodofs dovoijs pfnráb cadjrsj vaijr ias sjbtjbdoas nodtanas
Wrjsubdoôb nj rjbub- jb ub prfdjsf drokobai sojkprj quj dfbnjbjb ai prfdjsanf‛.
doa5 — Tjbtjbdoa pjbai amsfiutfroa. Art. 1<? DWD. ’Ias sjbtjbdoas quj amsujivab nj ia adusadoôb f quj frnjbjb ji
Art. 00 obd. 1µ DWW. sfmrjsjokojbtf njfibotovf, sôif prfnudoráb dfsa euzlana jb katjroa dovoi, duabnf sj ùbnjb jb ailuba nj ias dor-
’Duabnf sôif sj jejr- dubstabdoas soluojbtjs5 1ª Ia bf jxostjbdoa nji njiotf f duasonjiotf quj ca sonf katjroa nji prfdjsf. Bf sj jbtjb-
dojrj ia addoôb dovoi njráb dfkprjbnonfs jb jstj bõkjrf ifs dasfs jb quj ia amsfiudoôb f sfmrjsjokojbtf
sfm rjsjokojbtf prfvjblab nj ia jxostjbdoa
rjspjdtf nj ub cjdcf nj dordubstabdoas quj jxokab nj rjspfbsamoionan drokobai8 =ª Bf jxostor rjiadoôb ailuba jbtrj ji cjdcf quj sj
pubomij nj addoôb pro-
vana sj dfbsonjrará pjrsoluj y iaquj
f pfr nañfs pjrsfba adusana,
rjsuitjb sob pjreuodof
nj addonjbtjs, nj ia rjspfbsamoionan
jb dfb`frkonan dovoi quj
a if jstamijdonf jb pujna
pu jna a`jdtarij
ji ^ëtuif SSSP,pfr
SSSP, adtfs
Iomrf OP,nj
OP, njitjrdjrfs,
Dônolf
jxtobluona, pfr jsa Dovoi8 y 4ª Bf jxostor jb autfs obnodof ailubf jb dfbtra nji adusanf, bf punojbnf jb tai dasf aijlarsj ia dfsa
dordubstabdoa, ia addoôb euzlana sobf rjspjdtf nj ias pjrsfbas quj cayab obtjrvjbonf jb ji prfdjsf drokobai. Ias sjbtjbdoas amsfiutfroas
pjbai‛. f nj sfmrjsjokojbtf jb katjroa drokobai rjiatovas a ifs tutfrjs, duranfrjs, aimadjas, sëbnodfs, njpfsotarofs, tjsf-
rjrfs y njkás pjrsfbas quj cayab rjdomonf vaifrjs u fmejtfs kujmijs pfr ub tëtuif nj quj bazda fmioladoôb nj
njvfivjrifs, bf prfnudoráb jb boblõb dasf dfsa euzlana jb katjroa dovoi‛.

=?> Wakjia Kjbnfza

@ZBDOFBJT NJ IA ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI
(Dfrrai, =714, pp. 07-0:)
@ubdoôb probdopai5 Ia rjparadoôb a ia vëdtoka pfr ji nañf su`ronf
Ftras ùbdofbjs (ailubas nosdutonas)
@ubd oôb nj larabtëa @ubdoôb prjvjbtova @ubdoôb pubotova f sabdofbatfroa @ubdoôb obstotudofbai
]jiadoôb dfb ji a`froskf
•]jiadoôb • Ia
Ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi • Dfkkfb
D fkkfb iaw5 Adjptana a travïs nji Wjrspjdtova jdfbôkoda.
•Wjrspjdtova
aitjruk bfb iajnjrj (banoj dukpiorëa uba ùbdoôb nosuasova rjdfbfdokojbtf nj ifs nañfs pubotovfs. • Ias
I as bfrkas y jstrudturas
pujnj nañar a ftrf rjspjdtf nji rjspfbsamij Njrjdcf dfbtobjbtai5 Bf js adjptana jsta
•Njrjdcf ùbdofbaroas obnodab quoïb
obeustakjbtj). (dfbnjbanf) y nj ia sfdojnan jb ùbdoôb, pujs ia pjba provana atjbtarëa njmjrá sfpfrtar ji nañf.
Ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi
•Ia ljbjrai. dfbtra probdopofs dfbstotudofbaijs, jbtrj Ias rjlias nj rjspfbsamoionan
•Ias
jxtradfbtradtuai sorvj para Tujij kabo`jstarsj jsta ùbdoôb
•Tujij ftrfs arlukjbtfs. dovoi frlabozab ias dfbìujbdoas
njiokotar ia js`jra nj jb ifs supujstfs nj • Jb
J b fpoboôb nj Dfrrai, ia òbaionan nj adtovonanjs nj ifs provanfs y
iomjrtan quj ji rjspfbsamoionan fmejtova. sabdofbatfroa bf jstá nji tfnf jxdiuona, sobf nostromuyjb ifs dfstfs nj ia
frnjbakojbtf eurënodf
adjpta. quj dfbdurrj
dasfs. dfb ia rjparatfroa
Je. aprjdoadoôb jb ailubfs
nj ia lravjnan nj ia adtovonan.
dfbnudta jb ifs nañfs jxtrapatrokfboaijs.

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =?:
Abtoeuronodonan* Nañf f pjreuodof
Dapadonan Dausaionan
Jijkjbtfs nj ia
Adtf cukabf rjspfbsamoionan Duipa f nfif
jxtradfbtradtuai

=?0 Wakjia Kjbnfza
=. JI AD^F CZKABF
LIFTA]OF
Addoôb ’Tj rjspfbnj pfr if quj sj cadj‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 1=7).
Adtf cukabf ’Zb cjdcf nji cfkmrj vfiubtarof‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 17:).
Dasf `frtuotf f ’Tj iiaka ùjrza kayfr f dasf `frtuotf ji okprjvostf a quj bf js pfsomij rjsostor, dfkf ub bau`ralof, ub tjrrjkftf, ji
ùjrza kayfr aprjsakojbtf nj jbjkolfs, ifs adtfs nj autfronan jejrdonfs pfr ub ùbdofbarof põmiodf, jtd‛ (Art. >: DD).
Dasf `frtuotf ’Jb jstj jvjbtf sfmrjvojbj ub

u b cjdcf nj ia baturaijza, ai duai ia vfiubtan bf pujnj jb`rjbtar,
jb`rjbtar, ljbjrábnfsj ub pjreuodof
(Nfdtroba) duyf abtjdjnjbtj dausai bf js ftrf quj ji obnodanf adfbtjdokojbtf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál.pál. >4<).
’Dfaddoôb nj ia vfiubtan quj, pfr okpjrof nji njrjdcf, sj vj `frzana a prfdjnjr nj ia kabjra quj ia autfronan nospf-
@ujrza kayfr
bj. Wfr dfbsoluojbtj, ia vfiubtan qujna eurënodakjbtj abuiana, sojbnf oijlëtokf prfdjnjr nj ftra kabjra quj bf sja
(Nfdtroba) aqujiia prjsdrota pfr quojb njtjbta pfnjr
pfn jr para bfrkar ia dfbnudta aejba‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. >4<).
’Tj rjspfbnj pfr dfbtravjbor ji kabnatf nj cadjr,

cadjr, duabnf ji nañf tojbj su froljb jb ia ausjbdoa nj adtovonan prjvosta
y frnjbana jb ia bfrka‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 1=7).
Fkosoôb
’Tj dfbfilura duabnf ji njmjr ljbjrai nj duonanf prjsdromëa ai aljbtj ji asukor uba njtjrkobana dfbnudta y ïstj bf
ia rjaiozô‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 17:).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =?<
JI AD^F CZKABF DFKF TZWZJT^F NJ IA ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN DOPOI

Ji adtuar cukabf pujnj sjr5
Ó Addoôb.
Ó Ji cjdcf njmj sjr vfiubtarof. Ó Fkosoôb.
Ó Tj jxdiuyjb5 f Dfbdjpdoôb akpioa (]fnrëlujz).
f Ifs jstanfs trabsotfrofs nj àita nj § To cay kabnatf ijlai nj adtuar

adtuar..
usf nj razôb. Je. Tfbákmuif, cop- § To bf cay kabnatf ijlai jxprjsf (jijkjbtfs)5
bfsos, jtd. • Ia rjprjsjbtadoôb nji nañf.
f Dasf `frtuotf5 jb jstrodtf rolfr,
rolfr, so • Ia baturaijza nj ia adtovonan
adtovonan quj njmj rjaiozarsj para jvotarif, f sja, so camoïbnf-
nañf sj prfnudj pfr dasf `frtuotf sj rjprjsjbtanf ji nañf jstá jb dfbnodofbjs nj jvotarif sob rojslf rjprjsjbtatovf.
r jprjsjbtatovf.
bf cay uba dfbnudta cukaba (Df-
f Dfbdjpdoôb rjstroblona (Dfrrai)5 Tfif so ji aljbtj
aljbtj njmj adtuar dfkf ’pfsodoôb nj larab-
rrai).
tj‛. Darádtjr jxdjpdofbai nj njmjrjs nj adtuadoôb quj bf jstïb jxprjsanfs jb ia ijy f
sabdofbanfs pjbaikjbtj.
f Jejkpif bfrkatovf5
bfrkatovf5 Art. =444 DD.
]jspfbsamoionan nj ias pjrsfbas eurënodas.

Ó To pujnjb dfkjtjr njiotfs pjbaijs, dfb kayfr razôb pujnjb sjr suejtfs dovoikjbtj
dovoikjbtj rjspfbsamijs.
f Art. :3 obd. =µ DWW.
DWW. ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan pjbai sôif pujnj cadjrsj j`jdtova jb ias pjrsfbas baturaijs. Wfr ias pjrsfbas eurënodas rjspfbnjb
ifs quj cumojrjb obtjrvjbonf jb ji adtf pubomij, sob pjreuodof nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi quj ias a`jdtarj‛.
f Ijy =7.4?4 nj = nj nodojkmrj =77? jstamijdj ia rjspfbsamoionan
rjspfbsamoionan pjbai nj ias pjrsfbas eurënodas jb ifs njiotfs nj iavanf nj adtovfs,
adtovfs,
fibabdoakojbtf nji tjrrfroskf y njiotfs nj dfcjdcf quj obnoda.
(Dfrrai =714, páls. 17:-111, @olujrfa, =710, páls. ?7-?=, ]fnrëlujz,

]fn rëlujz, =710, páls. 11?-1=?)

=?3 Wakjia Kjbnfza
4. DAWA
DAWADONAN
DONAN
LIFTA]OF
Anuitf ’Ji quj ca njeanf nj sjr okpõmjr‛ (Art. =0 DD).
Dapadonan
’Aptotun quj tojbj uba pjrsfba para dfbtrajr ia fmioladoôb nj rjparar ub nañf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 177).
jxtradfbtradtuai
’Ifs quj ai tojkpf nj jejdutar ji cjdcf, jstáb provanfs nj ia razôb pfr dausas patfiôlodas‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:,
Njkjbtjs pál. ?3).
’Ji nosdjrbokojbtf supfbj ia dapadonan para dfkprjbnjr quj ub adtf js oiëdotf, asë dfkf uba këboka aptotun nj
Nosdjrbokojbtf aprjdoadoôb nji rojslf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. <4).
Luarnoáb ’Wjrsfba quj tojbj a su darlf a ftra f a uba dfsa y njmj voloiaria‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =30).
Okpõmjr ’Ji varôb quj bf ca dukpionf datfrdj añfs y ia kuejr quj bf ca dukpionf nfdj‛ (Art. =0 DD).
’Ia okputamoionan sumejtova nji cjdcf supfbj quj ji autfr tjbla ailõb lranf këbokf nj aptotun nj njiomjradoôb
Okputamoionan para nosdjrbor if quj js dfrrjdtf y if quj js rojslfsf. Wfr jsf, ia dapadonan dfbstotuyj ia kás másoda dfbnodoôb
sumejtova nj okputamoionan jb ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. <7).
Obàbtj f boñf ’Iiákasj obàbtj f boñf tfnf ji quj bf ca dukpionf sojtj añfs‛ (Art. =0 DD).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai =??
LIFTA]OF
Kayfr nj jnan (f
’Ji quj ca dukpionf nojdofdcf añfs‛ (Art. =0 DD).
sokpijkjbtj kayfr)
Kjbfr nj jnan (f ’Ji quj bf ca iijlanf a dukpiorifs‛ *ifs 13 añfs (Art. =0 DD).
sokpijkjbtj kjbfr)
DAWADONAN JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI _ F^]AT DAWADONANJT
Dapadonan jxtradfbtradtuai Dapadonan dfbtradtuai
Tj rolj pfr ifs arts. =413 y =41? DD. Tj rolj pfr ias rjlias nji art. 1>>< DD (obdapadjs amsfiutfs y rjiato-
Art. 1>>< nji DD bf js apiodamij. vfs).
Dapadonan jxtradfbtr
jxtradfbtradtuai
adtuai
Kás akpioa quj ia dapadonan dfbtradtuai y pjbai5

— Ia pijba dapadonan sj anquojrj a ifs 10 añfs.
— Kayfrjs nj < y kjbfrjs nj 10 añfs pfnrëab fmiolarsj
fmiolarsj pfr ub njiotf f duasonjiotf so tojbjb
tojbjb sufidojbtj nosdjrbokojbtf.

477 Wakjia Kjbnfza
DAWADONAN JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI _ F^]AT DAWADONANJT

Dapadonan dfbtradtuai Dapadonan pjbai
Kás rjstroblona quj ia dapadonan jxtradfbtradtuai5 Kás rjstroblona quj ia jxtradfbtradtuai5

— Ia pijba dapadonan sj anquojrj ifs 13 añfs.
anquojrj a ifs — Ia pijba dapadonan sj anquojrj a ifs 13 añfs.
— Tfif ifs kjbfrjs anuitfs
anuitfs pujnjb adtuar autfrozanfs
autfrozanfs pfr su rjprj- — ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan nj ifs kjbfrjs nj nojdofdcf añfs y kayf-
sjbtabtj ijlai (Art. 1>>< DD). rjs nj datfrdj sj rjluiará pfr if nospujstf jb ia ijy nj rjspfb-
— Dapadonan jspjdoai
jspjdoai rjspjdtf nji pjduiof
pjduiof prf`jsofbai f obnustroai samoionan pjbai euvjboi…‛ (Art. 17 bµ = DW jb rjiadoôb dfb Ijy
(Art. =:1 DD). =7.73>).
(Aijssabnro, =71:, páls. ?:-?< y Marrfs, =7=7, páls. <7-<1)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 471
]jspfbsamoionan nji luarnoáb nji obdapaz

]jlia ljbjrai5 • Art.
Art. =41? obd. DD5 «…pjrf sjráb rjspfbsamijs nj
^fna pjrsfba js dapaz, saivf aqujiias quj ijy njdiara ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr jiifs ias pjrsfbas a duyf
obdapadjs. darlf jstïb, so punojrj okputársjijs bjlioljbdoa¸.
- Tj apioda a duaiquojr pjrsfba quj tjbla a su
duonanf a ia pjrsfba obdapaz.
Wrujma nj ia obdapadonan5 Dfrrjspfbnj a quojb ia - ]jspfbnj pfr su cjdcf prfpof, js njdor, pfr su
aijla. "prfpoa duipa".

47= Wakjia Kjbnfza
OBDAWADONANJT A]^. =41? DD
1µ NJKJB^JT
Bf cay uba njòbodoôb ijlai, sj jbtojbnj jb nfdtroba dfkf ia "provadoôb nj
razôb".
=µ KJBF]JT NJ JNAN
]jquosotfs5
a. Obàbtjs (Art. =0 DD)5
a. Adtuai5
Art. =41? obd. 15 «Bf sfb dapadjs nj njiotf f duasonjiotf ifs
—jiIa pjrsfba njmj jstar provana nj razôb jb ji kfkjbtf koskf nj jejdutar
cjdcf. kjbfrjs nj sojtj añfs…¸.
— Cay uba prjsubdoôb nj njrjdcf nj quj bf fmra dfb
— Tj ankotj quj ia provadoôb nj euodof sja trabsotfroa. nosdjrbokojbtf.
— Wrfmijka nj ifs «obtjrvaifs iõdonfs¸. Ia pjrsfba js rjspfbsamij, aubquj m. Kayfrjs nj < y kjbfrjs nj 10 añfs5
njkjbdoa sja camotuai f jstï maef obtjrnoddoôb (Art. >0: DD bf js
apiodamij). Art. =41? obd. =5 «Qujna a ia prunjbdoa nji eujz njtjrkobar
so ji kjbfr nj nojdosïos añfs ca dfkjtonf ji njiotf f
m. ^ftai duasonjiotf sob nosdjrbokojbtf8 y jb jstj dasf sj sjluorá ia
Ia pjrsfba njmj jstar amsfiutakjbtj okpjnona nj narsj dujbta nji adtf y rjlia nji obdosf abtjrofr¸.
sus dfbsjdujbdoas.
dfbsjdujbdoas.
]jspfbsamoionan nji jmrof5 Ia njdiaradoôb nj nosdjrbokojbtf5
Art. =413 DD. «Ji jmrof js rjspfbsamij nji nañf dausanf pfr su njiotf f — Tj tjbnráb jb dujbta ias dfbnodofbjs pjrsfbaijs nji kjbfr
duasonjiotf¸. nj jnan para jvaiuarif (aprjdoadoôb jb dfbdrjtf).
— Wujnj apiodarsj a supujstfs sokoiarjs nj obtfxodadoôb prfnudona pfr ub — Dfkpjtjbdoa js nji eujz quj dfbfdj nji njiotf f duasonjiotf
jstupjàdojbtj. jb dujstoôb.
— Njmj sjr fdasofbai, aidfcfioskf sj pujnj dfbsonjrar jb`jrkjnan
pjrkabjbtj (pfnrëa asokoiarsj a ia njkjbdoa)
— Qujna jxjbta nj rjspfbsamoionan ia pjrsfba quj qujnô jb jsj jstanf
dfbtra su vfiubtan.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, páls. ?3-17> y Dfrrai, =714, páls. 177-17:)

>. ABÔEZ]ONODON
ABÔEZ]ONODONAN
AN
LIFTA]OF
’Jxostj so ji njrjdcf sj jejrdota kaiodofsakjbtj, dfb ji prfpôsotf nj nañar a ftrf, f sob quj su totuiar rj-
Amusf nji njrjdcf pfrtj utoionan ailuba‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 13?).
’Dfbsostj jb ia dfbtranoddoôb jbtrj uba njtjrkobana dfbnudta y ji frnjbakojbtf bfrkatovf dfbsonjranf

Abtoeuronodonan jb su obtjlronan. Jb ftras paiamras, ia dfbnudta nj ia duai sj soluj ia rjspfbsamoionan
rjspfb samoionan „sabdoôb dovoi quj
dfbsostj jb rjparar ifs nañfs dausanfs„ js dfbtraroa a njrjdcf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 141).
Abtoeuronodonan (Katjroa ’Dfbtrastj jbtrj ia dfbnudta tëpoda y ji dfbtjxtf ljbjrai nji frnjbakojbtf eurënodf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál.
pjbai) 11=).
’Ijy quj jxprjsakjbtj prfcëmj uba dfbnudta f nj duya sabdoôb

s abdoôb sj njnudj uba prfcomodoôb‛
prfc omodoôb‛ (]fnrëlujz,
Abtoeuronodonann `frkai
Abtoeuronodona =710, pál. 140).
Abtoeuronodonan katjroai ’Ia duai pfnrëa

obstotutfs jstar
f vaifrjs ùbnana jxprjsakjbtj
akparanfs jb ji nfif f iajbduipa (aitjruk
ia bfrka (frnjbbfb iajnjrj),
p õmiodf,
põmiodf, f jbdfstukmrjs,
mujbas ji qujmrabtakojbtf nj
kfrai, jtd.),
f jb ia prfnuddoôb nj ub nañf bf pjrkotonf pfr ia ijlaionan‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, páls. 140-14<).

47> Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’Tfb dojrtas sotuadofbjs f supujstfs nj cjdcf quj jxdiuyjb ia abtoeuronodonan nji adtf nañfsf
n añfsf y, pfr jbnj,
ia rjspfbsamoionan‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 1:7).
Dausas jxokjbtjs nj
rjspfbsamoionan ’Cay dausa jxokjbtj nj rjspfbsamoionan duabnf ji nañf prfvojbj nj ub cjdcf quj bf js okputamij a
nfif f duipa nji aljbtj. Jstj pfnrá sjr su autfr aparjbtj f katjroai, pjrf bf js su autfr rjspfbsamij‛
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. >44).
Diáusuia nj ’Js aqujiia pfr ia duai ia ùtura vëdtoka rjijva tftaikjbtj ai ùturf autfr nji nañf nj su fmioladoôb nj
orrjspfbsamoionan rjpararif so jstj iijla a prfnudorsj‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. >:3).
Diáusuia nj ’Js aqujiia pfr ia duai ji ùturf autfr nj ub nañf y ia ùtura vëdtoka njtjrkobab nj abtjkabf ji kfbtf
rjspfbsamoionan atjbuana nj ia obnjkbozadoôb a quj ia vëdtoka tjbnrá njrjdcf so ji nañf sj prfnudj‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. >00).
Dfbvjbdofbjs sfmrj
Dfbvjbdofbjs ’Jstopuiadofbjs njstobanas a suprokor f kfnofidar ia rjspfbsamoionan nji autfr nji nañf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>,
rjspfbsamoionan pál. =3=).
’Js aquji jb quj uba pjrsfba sj vj fmiolana a fdasofbar ub nañf a ftra para jvotar ubf kayfr a së koska
f a ub tjrdjrf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =<3).
Jstanf nj bjdjsonan
’Nañf dausanf para jvotar ia rjaiozadoôb nji quj akjbaza a su autfr f a ub tjrdjrf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál.
1==).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 47:
LIFTA]OF
’Dasfs jb quj ji oiëdotf sj trabs`frka jb uba filura tëpoda, jb ia duai surlj ia rjspfbsamoionan nj ia sfia
Oiëdotf dovoi tëpodf prjsjbdoa nj ifs prjsupujstfs dfbtjbonfs jb ia copôtjsos njfibona jb ia bfrka
b frka eurënoda‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710,
pál. >::).
’Ji nañf quj prfvfda ub obnovonuf duabnf rjaddofba jb nj`jbsa nj su pjrsfba f nj sus mojbjs, f nj ia
Ijlëtoka nj`jbsa pjrsfba f mojbjs nj sus
su s parojbtjs kás djrdabfs, f nj ub tjrdjrf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =714, pál. 1:>).
ôpodonan
ôpodonan (Katjroa pjbai) ’Anjduadoôb
’Anjduadoôb nj ia dfbnudta pubomij ai topf f filura ijlai quj njsdromj ji njiotf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 11=).
ôpf ijlai ’Njsdropdoôb ijlai nj ia dfbdrjta dfbnudta obdrokobana‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 11=).

470 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Ia abtoeuronodonan dfkf rjquosotf nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai

Diasjs nj abtoeuronodonan (]fnrëlujz)5
f @frkai5 dfbnudta dfbtranodj uba bfrka jxprjsa nji frnjbakojbtf eurënodf.
f Katjroai5 dfbnudta dfbtranodj vortuaikjbtj ji frnjbakojbtf eurënodf (vofiadoôb nji frnjb põmiodf, mujbas dfstukmrjs, jtd.). Pobduiana
Pobduiana ai
nfif f ia duipa.
Artëduifs jb ifs quj sj jbdujbtra dfbtjkpiana5
f Art. 1>4< DD ’Ias fmioladofbjs badjb (…) ya a dfbsjdujbdoa nj ub cjdcf quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa f nañf a ftra pjrsfba, dfkf jb ifs njiotfs
y duasonjiotfs (…)‛.
f Art. ==3> obd. 4µ DD ’To ji cjdcf js oiëdotf, y dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar
nañar,, dfbstotuyj ub njiotf‛.
f Art. =4=? DD ’Wfr rjlia ljbjrai tfnf nañf quj pujna
p ujna okputarsj a kaiodoa f bjlioljbdoa nj ftra pjrsfba, njmj sjr rjparanf pfr ïsta…‛.
f Jb fpoboôb nj ]fnrëlujz ji art. =4=? DD jstamijdj uba rjlia ljbjrai, pjrf bf amarda tfna ia dfbstruddoôb nj ia abtoeuronodonan, pujs pujnj
narsj jb ia rjspfbsamoionan fmejtova.

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 47<
Ia abtoeuronodonan dfkf rjquosotf nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai

Drëtodas a abtoeuronodonan dfkf rjquosotf nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi5
f Jxostjbdoa nj adtovonanjs rojslfsas
rojslfsas pjrkotonas (j obdiusf jstokuianas) pfr ji frnjbakojbtf eurënodf quj pujnjb dausar
dausar nañfs.
f Jxostjbdoa nj nañfs iëdotfs (nañfs bf abtoeurënodfs quj frolobab ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar).
• Je. arts. 00< y 003 DD, ia jxprfpoadoôb.
jxprfpoadoôb.
• Wara ailubfs autfrjs, dfkf Dfrrai, sfb supujstfs jspjdoaijs jb ifs quj ia ia ijy dfbnodofba ia iodotun
iodotun nj ia adtuadoôb ai palf nj ia obnjk-
bozadoôb, pfr if quj bf cay prfpoakjbtj rjspfbsamoionan jxtradfbtradtuai.
Wfr jsas razfbjs if ’oiëdotf‛ f ’obeustf‛
’obeustf‛ nj ia dfbnudta sj sujij asfdoar a5
f duipamoionan (’so cay nfif f duipa, cay oiodotun‛).
f nañf (’sôif sj obnjkboza ji nañf obeustf‛).
(]fnrëlujz, =710, páls. 1=?-1>: y Dfrrai, =714, páls. 111-1=1)

473 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Jstanf nj bjdjsonan
Ijlëtoka nj`jbsa • No`jrjbdoa
No`jrjbdoa dfb ijlëtoka nj`jbsa5
• Jb
Jb ji jstanf nj bjdjsonan bf cay alrjsoôb

•aWujnj nañf apiodarsj
nj mojbjs.a ijsoôb nj pjrsfbas f obeusta pfr partj nj ia vëdtoka nji nañf.
• No`jr
No`jrjbdoa dfb ji dasf `frtuotf5
AILZBAT DAZTAT ]jquosotfs5
•]j
• Cay
Cay ub cjdcf okprjvostf, pjrf quj pujnj
JSOKJB^JT NJ Alrjsoôb oijlëtoka.
•Alrjsoôb
rjsostorsj a dfsta nj ub nañf prfpof.
]JTWFBTAMOIONAN @aita nj prfvfdadoôb.
•@aita ]jquosotfs5
•]j
Wrfpfrdofbaionan ai nañf quj sj
•Wrfpfrdofbaionan • Nañf
Nañf a jvotar obkobjbtj
jvota.
• Quj
Quj bf caya ftrf kjnof pradtodamij y kjbfs
pjreunodoai.
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 1=1-1=0, Amjiouh, =71>, páls. =<<-=3>)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 47?
Ifs padtfs nj orrjspfbsamoionan Adjptadoôb nj ifs rojslfs

• Nosdutonfs
Nosdutonfs para ji ákmotf jxtradfbtradtuai. jlia ljbjrai5
•]jlia
]
• Diasjs5
Diasjs5 Ia kjra adjptadoôb nj ifs rojslfs f ji dfbsjbtokojbtf
•"Ia
"
Ifs quj jxokjb a ia pjrsfba nj tfna fmioladoôb a
•Ifs nj ia vëdtoka bf jxokj nj rjspfbsamoionan pfr ji nañf
obnjkbozar. dausanf".
Ifs quj ia iokotab, pfr je. a uba njtjrkobana suka nj
•Ifs xdjpdofbjs5
•Jxdjp
J
nobjrf. xpfsodoôb nj ia vëdtoka ai nañf a samojbnas y
•Jxpfsodoôb
J
• Bf
Bf sfb váionfs5 njmonakjbtj ob`frkana nj quj pujnj sfmrjvjbor.
• To
To ia ijy jxprjsakjbtj if ca nospujstf. a adjptadoôb nji rojslf jxokj nj rjspfbsamoionan
•Ia
I
• To
To cay nfif f duipa lravj (Art. 1>0: DD) duabnf ca sonf ia õboda dausa nji nañf. Je. nañf pfr
• Wara
Wara ji nañf a ias pjrsfbas jbtrar a ub iular nj addjsf prfcomonf.
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 1=<-141, Amjiouh, =71>, páls. =3=-=3>)

417 Wakjia Kjbnfza
W]ZJMA NJ IA ABÔEZ]ONODONAN
Ia oiodotun koska5 Js ub euodof nj njrjdcf quj dfrrjspfbnj a eujz, pfr if quj bf akjrota prujma.
If quj njmj adrjnotarsj pfr ji njkabnabtj js ji dfkpfrtakojbtf, adtovf u fkosovf, quj sj daioòda dfkf obeustf.
To jxostj sjbtjbdoa pjbai f ob`raddofbai dfbnjbatfroa prfnudj dfsa euzlana jb if quj sj rjòjrj a jxostjbdoa nji cjdcf y a ia oiodotun.
Dausaijs jxdiuyjbtjs nj oiodotun5 Ia njmj prfmar ji njkabnanf.
(Dfrrai, =714, pál. 141)

:. JI NAÑF
LIFTA]OF
Djrtonukmrj nji ’Jbtjbnjkfs quj js dojrtf ji nañf quj, dfb`frkj a ias ijyjs nj ia dausaionan, sfmrjvjbnrá razfbamijkjbtj jb
nañf dfbnodofbjs bfrkaijs, a partor nj su abtjdjnjbtj dausai‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. =0:).
’^fnf njtrokjbtf, pjreuodof, kjbfsdamf, nfifr f kfijstoa quj su`rj ub obnovonuf jb su pjrsfba, mojbjs, iomjrtan,
’^fnf
cfbfr, drïnotf, a`jdtfs, drjjbdoas, jtd.‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1:4).
’^fnf njtrokjbtf f kjbfsdamf quj su`ra uba pjrsfba jb su patrokfbof f jb su pjrsfba `ësoda f kfrai‛ (Amjiouh,
’^fnf
Nañf f pjreuodof =71>, pál. =33).
’Ia pïrnona f kjbfsdamf, pjrturmadoôb f kfijstoa nj ub obtjrïs ijlëtokf abtj ji frnjbakojbtf bfrkatovf, asë
nodcf obtjrïs, atjbnonf su rjdfbfdokojbtf y akparf eurënodf, rjprjsjbtj f bf ub njrjdcf sumejtovf‛ (]fnrëlujz,
=710, pál. =07).
Nañf a ia js`jra
jxostjbdoai ’Tjjidaradtjrozarëa
jb njsarrfiif nj pfr r jubor tfnas
rjubor
su jxostjbdoa ias dfbsjdujbdoas
f vona bjlatovas
nj rjiadoôb‛ (Dfrrai, jb jipál.
=714, adtuar
1:?).–bf rjnotuamij‟ nj ia vëdtoka, js njdor,
njdor,
Nañf dfbtobljbtj ’Js ji quj aõb bf

b f ca fdurronf, pjrf quj ùbnanakjbtj
ùbn anakjbtj sj tjkj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?>).
Nañf dfrpfrai f ’Nañf js dfrpfrai duabnf a`jdta ia obtjlronan `ësoda y psëquoda nj uba pjrsfba baturai y sj nostobluj nji nañf
fisofiôlodf purakjbtj kfrai jb quj bf rjdaj dfkf ïstj jb ia pura js`jra jkftova f jsporotuai‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1:7).

41= Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
Nañf norjdtf ’Ji quj js uba dfbsjdujbdoa
dfbs jdujbdoa dojrta y bjdjsaroa nji cjdcf oiëdotf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1<7).
’Wïrnona adtuai nj patrokfbof‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1>=).
’Js ia no`jrjbdoa quj sj prfnudj jb ji adtovf nji patrokfbof nj uba pjrsfba, dfkf dfbsjdujbdoa nji oiëdotf dovoi,
Nañf jkjrljbtj jbtrj su vaifr frolobai (abtjrofr ai cjdcf quj sj rjprfdca) y ji vaifr adtuai (pfstjrofr ai koskf cjdcf)‛ (]fnrë-
lujz, =710, pál. =?1).
’Js ji jkpfmrjdokojbtf rjai y j`jdtovf quj su`rj ji patrokfbof nj uba pjrsfba‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?4).
’Dfbdjptf frolobai nj nañf kfrai, ji diásodf prjtouk nfifros. Ia obnjkbozadoôb obtjbta paioar f dfkpjbsar casta
Nañf jkfdofbai nfbnj sja pfsomij ji su`rokojbtf psëquodf, ia akarlura, ia a﬍oddoôb f pjba quj ji cjdcf oiëdotf ca prfnudonf a ia
( prjtouk
prjtouk nfifros) vëdtoka‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1>?).
Nañf jvjbtuai ’Copftïtodf, ùbnanf jb supfsodofbjs f dfbejturas‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1:3).
’Ji nañf ùturf js dojrtf y, pfr if koskf, obnjkbozamij duabnf bjdjsaroakjbtj ca nj rjaiozarsj, sja pfrquj dfb-
Nañf ùturf sostj jb ia prfifbladoôb nj ub jstanf nj dfsas jxostjbtj… f pfrquj sj cab rjaiozanf njtjrkobanas dordubstabdoas
quj if cadjb objvotamij…‛ (Aijssabnro,
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1:0-1:<).
’Ji quj bf njrova bjdjsaroa y `frzfsakjbtj nji cjdcf oiëdotf, ji quj sj camrëa prfnudonf aub sob ïi‛ (Aijssabnro,
Nañf obnorjdtf =71:, pál. 1<7).

LIFTA]OF
’Js ji quj a`jdta ifs atromutfs f àduitanjs kfraijs f jsporotuaijs nj ia pjrsfba‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?:).
’Js tfnf nañf bf patrokfboai, dapaz nj dfkprjbnjr ftrfs kjbfsdamfs quj bf ankotjb aprjdoadoôb pjduboaroa
norjdta dfkf, pfr jejkpif, ji nañf dfrpfrai f mofiôlodf, ji nañf a ifs njrjdcfs nj ia pjrsfbaionan, ji pjreuodof
jstïtodf f pïrnona nji lustf votai‛ (Dfrrai, =714, páls. 1>4-1>>).
Nañf kfrai (f bf
patrokfboai) ’Dfbsostj jb uba kfijstoa f nfifr bf patrokfboai, jb ji su`rokojbtf kfrai f `ësodf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 107).
’Js ia ijsoôb nj ub obtjrïs jxtrapatrokfboai, pjrsfbaiësokf, quj `frka partj nj ia obtjlronan jsporotuai nj uba
pjrsfba, y quj sj prfnudj pfr j`jdtf nj ia ob`raddoôb f njsdfbfdokojbtf nj ub njrjdcf duabnf ji adtf ob`raddofbai
sj jxpabnj a ia js`jra obtjrba nj ia vëdtoka f nj ias pjrsfbas iolanas a jiia‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 473).
’Js ji quj su`rj uba pjrsfba jb su patrokfbof f jb su prfpoa pjrsfba `ësoda, ya sja quj ji cjdcf oiëdotf dausj jb-
`jrkjnan, ijsofbjs f kujrtj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?:).
’Dfbsostj jb uba ijsoôb pjduboaroa, jb uba noskobudoôb nji patrokfbof‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 107).
Nañf patrokfboai (f
’Js ia no`jrjbdoa quj sj prfnudj jb ji adtovf nji patrokfbof nj uba pjrsfba, dfkf dfbsjdujbdoa nji oiëdotf dovoi,
katjroai) jbtrj su vaifr frolobai (abtjrofr ai cjdcf quj sj rjprfdca) y ji vaifr adtuai (pfstjrofr ai koskf cjdcf)‛ (]fnrë-
lujz, =710, pál. =?1).
’Ji quj sj tranudj jb uba noskobudoôb nji adtovf…, f pfrquj ji cjdcf nji rjspfbsamij ca okpjnonf quj ji adtovf
sj obdrjkjbtj…‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =4?).

41> Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
Nañf patrokfboai ’Duabnf ji cjdcf nji njkabnanf prfnudj ub j`jdtf nji solbofidanf patrokfboai, sob quj obtjrvjbla ijsoôb ailuba
purf a uba dfsa dfrpfrai f a ia pjrsfba nj ia vëdtoka‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =<4).
Nañf pfr ’Js ji quj su`rj uba pjrsfba

pjrsfb a a dfbsjdujbdoa nji cjdcf oiëdotf jxpjrokjbtanf pfr ftra‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?:).
rjpjrdusoôb f rjmftj
’Jb jstj dasf, ji nañf dfrpfrai f ia kujrtj su`ronfs pfr ia vëdtoka obkjnoata sj jxpabnj cadoa ub tjrdjrf, quojb
Nañf rj﬍jef f pfr
rjpjrdusoôb
a su vjz, su`rj ub nañf pjrsfbai quj tojbj prjdosakjbtj pfr abtjdjnjbtj jsj nañf dfrpfrai f kujrtj nj ia vëdtoka
norjdta‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, páls. =>?-=:7).
Nañfs dfijdtovfs ’Wjreuodofs quj a`jdtab obno`jrjbdoanakjbtj a ub bõkjrf obnjtjrkobanf nj pjrsfbas‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =:7).
’Nañfs quj sfpfrtab ifs kojkmrfs nj uba dfkubonan quj partodopab dfbeubtakjbtj nj ub obtjrïs obnovosomij‛
Nañfs noùsfs (Marrfs, =7=7, =:1).
Obnjkbozadoôbf
dfkpjbsatfroa ’If js duabnf ji nañf pfr su baturaijza js orrjkjnoamij, duabnf dfbsostj jb ia njstruddoôb nj ailf quj bf pujnj
rjstamijdjrsj f rjcadjrsj5 ia kujrtj nj uba pjrsfba, ia pïrnona nj ub mrazf, ia njstruddoôb nj uba fmra nj artj,
satosàdtfroa jtd.‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 10<).
Obtjrjsjs ijlëtokfs ’Tfb ijlëtokfs tfnfs ifs obtjrjsjs quj bf sfb dfbtrarofs ai njrjdcf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. =47).

LIFTA]OF
’@rustradoôb nj uba ijlëtoka utoionan quj cumojra obdrjkjbtanf ji patrokfbof nj bf camjr sudjnonf ji cjdcf
nañfsf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1>=).
Iudrf djsabtj ’Ia utoionan quj njea nj pjrdomorsj‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =?4).
’Dfrrjspfbnj a ia utoionan, prfvjdcf f mjbjfidof jdfbôkodf quj uba pjrsfba njea nj fmtjbjr dfkf dfbsjdujbdoa
nji cjdcf oiëdotf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. =?1).
Wïrnona nj ifs ’Ia provadoôb nj ias satosàddofbjs nj frnjb sfdoai, kubnabf y njpfrtovf nj ias duaijs sj mjbjfidoa ub cfkmrj nj
piadjrjs nj ia vona ia jnan y duitura nj ia vëdtoka‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1:=).
’Aqujiifs dasfs jb quj njkabnabtj ponj obnjkbozadoôb pfrquj ia dfbnudta duipamij nji njkabnanf ij okponoô
Wïrnona nj uba
aprfvjdcar uba fpfrtubonan f jejrdjr ub njrjdcf nji duai dfb kayfr f kjbfr prfmamoionan, pjrf bf dfb djrtjza,
dcabdj fmtjbnrëa ub mjbjfidof‛
m jbjfidof‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 140).
Wrobdopof
rjparadoôb nj
obtjlrai ’Nj dfb`frkonan dfb jstj probdopof, ia rjparadoôb tojbj pfr fmejtf pfbjr ai njkabnabtj jb ia koska sotuadoôb jb
quj sj jbdfbtrarëa so bf cumojsj sonf vëdtoka nji nañf dausanf pfr ji cjdcf nji njkabnanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, =0<).
nji nañf

410 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Art. 1>4< DD. "Ias fmioladofbjs badjb...8 ya a dfbsjdujbdoa nj ub cjdcf quj ca ob`jronf
obeuroa f nañf a ftra pjrsfba, dfkf jb ifs njiotfs y duasonjiotfs..."
Art. =41> DD. ’Ji quj ca dfkjtonf ub njiotf f duasonjiotf quj ca ob`jronf nañf a ftrf, js
fmiolanf a ia obnjkbozadoôb8 sob pjreuodof nj ia pjba quj ij okpfblab ias ijyjs pfr ji
njiotf f duasonjiotf‛.
Art. =4=? DD obd. 1µ "Wfr rjlia ljbjrai tf nf nañf quj pujna okputarsj a kaiodoa f
bjlioljbdoa nj ftra pjrsfba, njmj sjr rjparanf pfr ïsta"

Njtjrkobadoôb nji
Wrujma nji nañf
nañf

413 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Nañf
jkjrljbtj y
iudrf djsabtj
Nañf patrokfboai
(katjroai) y Wrjvostfs j
jxtrapatrokfboai okprjvostfs
(kfrai)
Diaso` odadoôb nj ifs
nañfs
Nañf pfr
rjpjrdusoôb f Norjdtfs j
obnorjdtfs
rjmftj
Nañf Jb ias pjrsfbas

dfbtobljbtj y jb ias dfsas

TJ] DOJ]^F
• ]jai, tjbjr jxostjbdoa.
• Tj njsprjbnj nj ifs arts.
arts. 1>4<, =41>, =41:, =413, =41? y =4=: a =4=3, quj camiab nji nañf ’ob`jronf‛, ’dau-
sanf‛ f ’su`ronf‛.
• Zb nañf bf njea nj sjr dojrtf pfrquj su duabtëa sja obdojrta
obdojrta f obnjtjrkobana f nj no`ëdoi aprjdoadoôb.
• Nañf ùturf obnjkbozamij dfb tai quj sja dojrtf (pfr je. iudrf djsabtj).
]JQZOTO^FT • Tj njsdarta ji ’nañf jvjbtuai‛ quj bf sj samj so jxostorá
jxostorá f bf (je. ia kujrtj nj ub diojbtj
diojbtj jb ji dasf
dasf nj ub df-
WA]A QZJ JI kjrdoabtj, pujs bf sj samj so cumojsj pjrsjvjranf
p jrsjvjranf jb ia asonuonan).
NAÑF TJA BF CAMJ] TONF _A OBNJKBOUANF
]JTA]DOMIJ
• Zb koskf nañf bf pujnj sjr obnjkbozanf nfs vjdjs (jbroqujdokojbtf
(jbroqujdokojbtf obeustf).
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál.
• Jb ji dasf nj quj sjab varofs ifs autfrjs
autfrjs nji nañf, ia addoôb js sfionaroa (art. =41< DD). Pëdtoka pujnj njkab-
1:4-1>:, Amjiouh, =71>
nar a quojb jioea, pjrf palanf pfr ubf ji tftai, sj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs.
páls. =33-=?4, Dfrrai,
páls. 14:-1>1) • Jb ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf
cjdcf aejbf takpfdf ia vëdtoka pujnj jxolor
jxolor quj dana ubf paluj ji tftai nj ia obnjkbo-
zadoôb, pujs palanf pfr ubf nj ifs njkabnanfs ji tftai, sj jxtobluj ia fmioladoôb rjspjdtf nj tfnfs (para ailubfs
autfrjs sj trata nj fmioladofbjs dfbdurrjbtjs f ob sfionuk).
• Wrfmijka nji dõkuif
dõkuif nj obnjkbozadofbjs5
obnjkbozadofbjs5 Wfr je. so jxostj ub sjlurf nj vona, ¶pujnj njkabnarsj obnjkboza-
obnjkboza-
doôb jb dfbtra nj quojb dausô duipamijkjbtj ia kujrtj6
IJTOFBA] ZB NJ]JDCF F OB^J]ÏT IJLËÔKFT

• Njmj nj ailuba kabjra jstar akparanf pfr ji njrjdcf.

4=7 Wakjia Kjbnfza
]JQZOTO^FT
WA]A QZJ JI
NAÑF TJA TOLBO@ODAÔPF
]JTA]DOMIJ • Wrobdopof nj ’tfijrabdoa nji nañf bf solbofidatovf‛.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. • ’^
’^fnf
fnf nañf‛ sj rjfijrj a ub nañf dfb uba kalbotun
kalbotun tai quj akjrotj ia rjparadoôb, ia vona noaroa jstá iijba
iijba nj
1:4-1>:, Amjiouh, =71> pjqujñas kfijstoas y/f pjreuodofs bf susdjptomijs
sus djptomijs nj rjparadoôb.
páls. =33-=?4, Dfrrai,
páls. 14:-1>1)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4=1
s ji quj pujnj sudjnjr f bf.

•Js
J
Autfroza a quojb if tjkj, sojkprj quj sja okputamij a okprunjbdoa f bjlioljbdoa nj ailuojb, para fdurror abtj ji eujz a òb
•Autfroza
nj quj frnjbj cadjrif njsaparjdjr.
To akjbaza a pjrsfbas obnjtjrkobanas, prfdjnj addoôb pfpuiar (Art. ?>3, =4=3 obd. =µ y =444 DD).
•To
Nañf dfbtobljbtj
Tfif js obnjkbozamij ji nañf norjdtf, sja kjnoatf f obkjnoatf.

•Tfif
Ji nañf obnorjdtf bf js obnjkbozamij, bf pfr apiodadoôb nji art. 1::3 DD sobf pfr àita nj bjxf dausai jbtrj ji nañf y
•Ji
cjdcf oiëdotf.
Nañfs norjdtfs j
obnorjdtfs
• J
Jbb ljbjrai sj aòrka quj njmjb obnjkbozarsj tabtf ifs pjreuodofs prjvosomijs dfkf ifs okprjvosomijs. Bf cay uba bfrka
jquovaijbtj ai art. 1::3 y ji art. =4=? DD sjñaia quj ’tfnf nañf‛ njmj sjr rjparanf.
Wara Dfrrai ia prjvosomoionan js jsjbdoai para jstamijdjr ub àdtfr nj dfbjxoôb nj dausaionan.
•Wara
Nañfs prjvostfs j
okprjvostfs
(Aijssabnro, =71:, 1:?-107, 1<7-1<=, Dfrrai, páls. 14<-143)

4== Wakjia Kjbnfza
Nañf patrokfboai Nañf kfrai

Bf if rjluia, saivf artëduif =441 DD (so if sjñaiô jxprjsakjbtj para jxdiuorif, quojrj
Ji dônolf dovoi sôif rjluiô jxprjsakjbtj jstj topf njdor quj jb ifs njkás dasfs sj obnjkboza).
nj nañf. Tj jbtojbnj obdiuonf jb ia jxprjsoôb ’tfnf nañf‛ nji artëduif =4=? DD (’probdopof nj ia
rjparadoôb obtjlrai nji nañf‛) y jb ia rjnaddoôb ljbjrai nj ifs artëduifs =41>, =41< DD.
Bf ijsofba ji patrokfbof, bf cay pïrnona pjduboaroa (pfr jsf sj ij njbfkoba nañf

Cay pïrnona pjduboaroa para ia vëdtoka.
jxtrapatrokfboai).
Js avaiuamij jb nobjrf. Bf js avaiuamij jb nobjrf.
Tu obnjkbozadoôb dukpij uba ùbdoôb rjparatfroa

Bf pujnj sjr fmejtf prfpoakjbtj nj rjparadoôb. Asë ia obnjkbozadoôb tojbj uba ùbdoôb
(’pfbjr a ia vëdtoka jb uba dfbnodoôb tab djrdaba
dfkpjbsatfroa pfr ifs kaijs quj ia vëdtoka ca su`ronf y pfr ifs mojbjs nj quj sj ca
dfkpjbsatfroa
dfkf rjsuitj pfsomij a ia sotuadoôb quj lfzama dfb
vostf provana (Marrfs).
abtjrofronan ai cjdcf nji njkabnanf‛).
Bf prfdjnj
bf js kás qujrjspjdtf nj pjrsfbas
ji prjtouk nfifros,eurënodas5
nfifros To ancjrokfs
dfb ia tjfrëa a ia tjsos nj quj ji nañf kfrai
nj ia fiddoôb.
Wujnjb su`rorif tabtf pjrsfbas baturaijs dfkf eurë-
nodas sob iular a nunas. To prfdjnj5 so ankotokfs quj ji dfbdjptf nj nañf kfrai js kás akpiof quj ji nfifr
psodfiôlodf. Je. Tj naña ji cfbfr, rjputadoôb.
^ranodofbaikjbtj sj jbtjbnoô quj amardama sfif ji prjtouk nfifros. Tob jkmarlf jb ia

^ranodofbaikjbtj
Tj nostobluj jbtrj nañf jkjrljbtj y iudrf djsabtj.
adtuaionan sj jbtojbnj jb ub sjbtonf akpiof, dfkf tfnf nañf jxtrapatrokfboai.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 107, Dfrrai, páls. 1><-1>?, Marrfs, =7=7, páls. =>7-=>1)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4=4
Ji nañf
jkfdofbai5
prjtouk
nfifros.
\rfblùi Mortc
Ia ijsoôb nj
y \rfblùi io`j. njrjdcfs nj ia
pjrsfbaionan
JS^JBTOÔB
NJI NAÑF
KF]AI
Nañf a ia Nañf dfrpfrai
js`jra f òsofiôlodf
jxostjbdoai
Wïrnona nj ifs
piadjrjs nj ia Nañf jstïtodf
vona

4=> Wakjia Kjbnfza
Wrujma nji nañf kfrai Avaiuadoôb

• Dfrrjspfbnj a ququojb
ojb if aijla (Art. 10?3 DD) • Tj ca àiianf quj js uba àduitan provatova nj ifs
• Ankosomijs tfnfs ifs kjnofs nj p prujma
rujma tromubaijs nji `fbnf y bf js susdjptomij nj dasadoôb.
• Jxostj uba tjbnjbdoa euros
eurosprunjbdoai
prunjbdoai a ìjxomoiozar
ìjxomoiozar ia • Jb ailubas ijlosiadofbjs sj cab jstamijdonf
prujma nji nañf kfrai. «marjkfs¸.
• Tj ca iijlanf a sfstjbjr qquj
uj bf rjquojrj prujma, • Tj tojbjb jb dujbta ias dordubstabdoas sumejtovas nj ia
mastabnf ia sfia
sfia dfbstatadoôb nj ia ijsoôb a ub njrjdcf vëdtoka
jxtrapatrokfboai.

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4=:
0. DAZTAIONAN
LIFTA]OF
’Js ji vëbduif quj jbdanjba ub cjdcf (addoôb u fkosoôb) dfb ub rjsuitanf quj sj prjsjbta dfkf dfbsjdujb-
doa norjdta, bjdjsaroa y iôloda nj aquïi‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 4<7).
Dausaionan (bjxf dausai f
’Tj rjfijrj a ia rjiadoôb jbtrj ji cjdcf pfr
pf r ji duai sj rjspfbnj y ji nañf prfvfdanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 4?4).
rjiadoôb nj dausaionan)
’Cay rjiadoôb nj dausaionan duabnf ji cjdcf „f ia fkosoôb„ nfifsf f duipamij js ia dausa norjdta y bjdj-
saroa nji nañf, duabnf sob ïi ïstj bf sj camrëa prfnudonf‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1<0).
’Tj prjsjbta duabnf ji nañf sj njmoô ai cjdcf duipamij nj ubf f kás jbtrj varofs dabnonatfs a rjspfbsamijs,
Dausaionan noùsa sob quj rjsuitj pfsomij njtjrkobar duái dfbdrjtakjbtj if njsjbdanjbô‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. >=0).
’^fnfs ifs àdtfrjs cukabfs y baturaijs quj cab obtjrvjbonf jb ji cjdcf nañfsf y sob duya jxostjbdoa ji
nañf bf sj cumojra prfnudornf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1<<).
Dfbnodoôb bjdjsaroa nji
nañf ’Zb cjdcf js dfbnodoôb bjdjsaroa nj ub dojrtf rjsuitanf duabnf nj bf camjr jxostonf ia dfbnodoôb, ji rjsui-
tanf takpfdf sj camrëa prfnudonf (ji cjdcf js dfbnodtof sobj qua bfb nji nañf)‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 4?0).
’Aquë sj adunj ai drotjrof nj ia anjduadoôb quj jstoka quj sôif js rjijvabtj ji rojslf quj jra fmejtovakjbtj
Drotjrof nj okputadoôb nj
prjvosomij (asë, pfr jejkpif, ji quj lfipja a ftrf y na iular a quj kujra dfkf rjsuitanf nji dcfquj nj ia
ia drjadoôb nj ub rojslf akmuiabdoa quj if iijvama ai cfspotai, bf pujnj sjr okputanf pfr ji rjsuitanf kujrtj, ya quj nar iular a ub
eurënodakjbtj rjijvabtj rjdfrronf jb akmuiabdoa bf js ub u b rojslf eurënodakjbtj rjijvabtj)‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 13:).

4=0 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
Drotjrof nj okputadoôb nj ’To ji adtfr adtõa para noskobuor ji rojslf ya jxostjbtj, su adtuar bf js okputamij, dfkf pfr jejkpif so ob-
ia noskobudoôb nji rojslf tjbta njsvoar ji prfyjdtoi para quj ijsofbj uba
u ba zfba dfrpfrai kjbfs votai‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 13:).
’Ifs nañfs quj pujnjb sjr okputanfs sfb aqujiifs dausanfs njbtrf nji ákmotf nj prftjddoôb nj ia bfrka
quj ifs prfcëmj5 asë, pfr jejkpif, bf pujnj okputarsj ai cfkodona ji scfdh jkfdofbai quj ij prfnudj a ub
tjrdjrf ia bftodoa nj ia kujrtj nj ia vëdtoka, ya quj ji rojslf nj jstas dfbsjdujbdoas sjdubnaroas bf jstá
obdiuonf jb ia prfcomodoôb
p rfcomodoôb nji cfkodonof‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 13:).
Drotjrof nj okputadoôb nj
ia js`jra nj prftjddoôb nj ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr duipa jxolj quj jxosta uba dfbjxoôb nj oiodotun jbtrj
jbtrj ia rjlia nj dfbnudta (duya
ia bfrka ob`raddoôb ùbna ji euodof nj bjlioljbdoa) y ji nañf quj jsa rjlia pjrsoluj prjvjbor.
prjvjbor. Ji probdopof sumyadjbtj
js quj ji njrjdcf a ia rjparadoôb njmj jstar njtjrkobanf pfr ji sjbtonf nj ia rjlia ob`roblona, pfrquj jb ji
njrjdcf dovoi ifs njmjrjs nj duonanf sfb rjdfbfdonfs para jvotar ub nañf, nj kfnf quj so ïstj sj prfnuef
pfr uba razôb no`jrjbtj a ia quj eustofida ia bfrka, ia rjspfbsamoionan pojrnj su ùbnakjbtf‛
ùb nakjbtf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7,
pál. >73).
Drotjrof nj okputadoôb
ia rjaiozadoôb nj
nji piab nji ’Jstj
sai, drotjrof
pjrf quj jssorvj para afirkar
anjduanf ia okputadoôb
a ia fibaionan (dausaionan)
piabjana duabnf
pfr ji autfr, dfkfsjsoprfnudj uba njsvoadoôb
ailuojb iabza a ftrf a ubnjirëfdursf dau-
dfb ia fi-
autfr baionan nj quj kujra acflanf y ïstj kujrj ai lfipjarsj ia damjza dfb ub pujbtj‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 13:).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4=<
LIFTA]OF
’To ji adtfr ca adtuanf dfb bjlioljbdoa pjrf ji rjsuitanf ijsovf sj cumojra prfnudonf nji koskf kfnf
aubquj cumojra fmranf dfrrjdtakjbtj, sj pujnj afirkar ia okputadoôb jb ia kjnona jb quj ji adtfr dfb su
Drotjrof nj okputadoôb
prfdjnjr bjlioljbtj ca aukjbtanf ji rojslf pjrkotonf pfr ia bfrka (asë pfr jejkpif so ub àmrodabtj jbtrj-
nji aukjbtf nji rojslf la, dfb ob`raddoôb nj ifs rjliakjbtfs, ub katjroai bf njsob`jdtanf a sus fpjrarofs, y ailubf nj jstfs àiijdj
pjrkotonf pfr ia dfbtakobadoôb, camrá rjspfbsamoionan aubquj sj prujmj quj aub dukpiojbnf dfb ifs rjliakjbtfs bf
sj cumojra jvotanf ia kujrtj nj ia vëdtoka)‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 13:).
’Daradtjrozanas pfrquj dfkpartjb sôif ifs raslfs jsjbdoaijs nj ias fmioladofbjs prfpoakjbtj sfionaroas5 sj
Fmioladofbjs pujnj rjdiakar a dana njunfr ji tftai nj ia fmioladoôb8 uba vjz palana ia njuna, ifs njkás rjspfbsamijs
dfbdurrjbtjs f ob sfionuk pujnjb fpfbjr ia jxdjpdoôb nj palf8 y ji quj pala tojbj rjspjdtf nj ifs njkás addofbjs pjrsfbaijs rjstotu-
tfroas‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. >>0).
’Aubquj bf sj ca obtjrrukponf ia dausaionan jb ub sjbtonf baturai, ji cjdcf nji tjrdjrf obtjrrukpj ia ok-
Wrfcomodoôb nj rjlrjsf putadoôb bfrkatova nj ias dfbsjdujbdoas nañfsas rjspjdtf
r jspjdtf nji rjspfbsamij nji nañf obodoai‛ (Marrfs, =7=7,
pál. >4>).
’Js obkjnoata duabnf ji nañf njrova norjdtakjbtj nji cjdcf oiëdotf, duabnf jbtrj akmfs bf sj obtjrpfbj
]jiadoôb dausai obkjnoata ftra dausa‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 137).
’Js kjnoata duabnf jbtrj ji cjdcf oiëdotf y ji nañf sj obtjrpfbjb ftras dausas quj takmoïb cab ob﬍uonf jb
]jiadoôb dausai kjnoata su prfnuddoôb, dfkf jb ifs dasfs nj rjspfbsamoionan dfkpijea y nañfs sudjsovfs‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál.
137).

4=3 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’Tfif sjrá dausa nji koskf ia dfbnodoôb quj
q uj js anjduana pfr së koska para
p ara ljbjrar ji rjsuitanf rjaiozanf
jb ia sotuadoôb dfbdrjta. Ji euodof nj anjduadoôb prfvojbj nj ifs natfs nj ia jxpjrojbdoa afibdanfs jb ji
prftftopf nj ub cfkmrj prunjbtj kás ifs dfbfdokojbtfs partoduiarjs nji autfr‛
autfr ‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 131).
’Wara ia duai jbtrj tfnas ias dausas quj dfbdurrjb a ia prfnuddoôb nji nañf njmj jijlorsj aqujiia quj
bfrkaikjbtj ca nj prfnudorif, f sja, js bjdjsarof prj`jror ji adfbtjdokojbtf quj ca njsjkpjñanf ji papji
^jfrëa nj ia dausa
prjpfbnjrabtj jb ia fdurrjbdoa nji pjreuodof‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 474).
anjduana
’Tjlõb ia `frkuiadoôb kás tranodofbai nj ia nfdtroba nj ia dausa anjduana, ia okputadoôb nj nañfs dfb-
sjdujbtjs sôif sj eustofida so njsnj ia pjrspjdtova nj ub fmsjrvanfr jxpjrokjbtanf, quj kora rjtrfspjdtova-
kjbtj ia danjba dausai, taijs nañfs bf rjsuitab obvjrfsëkoijs. Ia anjduadoôb sj kujstra jb quj ji cjdcf
duipamij js aprfpoanf, maef ub dursf frnobarof y bf jxtravalabtj nj ifs adfbtjdokojbtfs, para prfnudor ias
dfbsjdujbdoas nañfsas‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. >1?).
’Jsta tjfrëa apubta a nostobluor ia no`jrjbdoa dfbdjptuai jbtrj dfbnodoôb, dausa y fdasoôb. Kojbtras ia dausa
^jfrëa nj ia dausa
js ia prfnudtfra nji j`jdtf8 ia dfbnodoôb if cadj pfsomij f jiokoba ub fmstáduif8 y ia fdasoôb sj iokota a
jfidojbtj àvfrjdjr ia fpjratovonan nj ia dausa jfidojbtj‛ (]fnrëlujz, =77?, pál. 431).
^jfrëa nj ia dausa kás

’Ji rjsuitanf js atromuomij a ia kás adtova nj ias dfbnodofbjs‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 437).
jfidaz f kás adtova
’Ji õitokf nj ifs sudjsfs jbdanjbanfs njtjrkoba ia prfnuddoôb nji rjsuitanf f, ai kjbfs, if njtjrkoba
^jfrëa nj ia dausa norjdtakjbtj. Tj trata, jb jstj dasf, nj obnovonuaiozar ji õitokf sudjsf, atromuyjbnf a ïi uba okpfrtabdoa
prôxoka prjpfbnjrabtj jb ji rjsuitanf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 4<?).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4=?
LIFTA]OF
’Iiakana asë pfrquj tfnfs ifs cjdcfs quj cab dfbdurronf a prfnudor ub nañf sfb dfbsonjranfs dfkf
dausas nj tfnf ïi y, pfr tabtf, dfkf jquovaijbtjs‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1<<).
’Tjlõb jsta tjfrëa, bf js pfsomij nostobluor nj jbtrj ias varoas dfbnodofbjs quj dfbdurrjb para prfnudor ub
rjsuitanf (nañfsf), duái js kás dausa quj ftra. ^fnas jiias sfb jquovaijbtjs jb duabtf a ia dausaionan. Nj
jsta `frka, aubquj cayab dfbdurronf ftrfs àdtfrjs, so ji cjdcf vfiubtarof nji jvjbtuai autfr nji nañf js
uba nj ias dfbnodofbjs quj obtjrvobojrfb jb ia prfnuddoôb nji rjsuitanf ijsovf, vaij dfkf dausa, y pujnj
^jfrëa nj ia jquovaijbdoa jstamijdjrsj uba rjiadoôb nj dausaionan sufidojbtj para jstokar ia rjspfbsamoionan‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 1<?).
nj ias dfbnodofbjs
(f dfbnodtof sobj qua bfb)
bfb) ’^fnfs ifs adfbtjdokojbtfs quj cab –dfbnodofbanf‟ ji nañf sfb jquovaijbtjs, jb ji sjbtonf nj quj tfnfs
jiifs sfb, pfr oluai, ia dausa nji koskf‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. 4<:).
’Tj ia iiaka asë pfrquj para sus sfstjbjnfrjs

sfs tjbjnfrjs tfnfs ifs adfbtjdokojbtfs quj cab ljbjranf ji nañf y sob ifs
duaijs ïstj bf sj camrëa prfnudonf tojbjb oluai jquovaijbdoa eurënoda y, jb dfbsjdujbdoa, so jbtrj jiifs jxostj
ub cjdcf oiëdotf, su autfr jstá fmiolanf a ia obnjkbozadoôb ëbtjlra8 so sfb varofs ifs cjdcfs oiëdotfs quj cab
ljbjranf ji nañf, tfnfs ifs autfrjs nj jiifs jstáb fmiolanfs sfionaroakjbtj a ia obnjkbozadoôb, sob pjreuodof
nj ia nostromudoôb pfstjrofr nj jiia jbtrj ifs cjdcfrjs‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 474).
^jfrëa nj ia ’Tfb dausas nj ub rjsuitanf ias dfbnodofbjs pfsotovas jb su prjpfbnjrabdoa sfmrj ias bjlatovas‛ (]fnrëlujz,
prjpfbnjrabdoa =710, pál. 43<).

447 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Art. =41> DD. ’Ji quj ca dfkjtonf ub njiotf f duasonjiotf quj ca ob`jronf nañf a ftrf, js fmiolanf a ia obnjkbozadoôb8 sob pjreuodof nj
ia pjba quj ij okpfblab ias ijyjs pfr ji njiotf f duasonjiotf‛.
Art. =413 DD. "Ji jmrof js rjspfbsamij nji nañf dausa

dausanf
nf pfr su njiotf f duasonjiotf".
Art. =41? DD. "...pjrf sjráb rjspfbsamijs nj ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr jiifs ias pjrsfbas a duyf darlf jstï..."
Art. =4=? DD obd. 1µ "Wfr rjlia ljbjrai tfnf nañf quj pujna okputarsj a kaiodoa f bjlioljbdoa nj ftra pjrsfba, njmj sjr rjparanf pfr
ïsta"

Ia dausaionan dfkf Ji adtf cukabf dfkjtonf dfb nfif f duipa njmjr sjr ia dausa norjdta y bjdjsaroa nji nañf, quj nj bf kjnoar
rjquosotf nj ia jiia, ji nañf bf sj cumojsj prfnudonf.
rjspfbsamoionan dovoi
jxtradfbtradtuai
Jb ji nañf obnorjdtf cay uba àita tftai nj rjiadoôb jbtrj ji cjdcf oiëdotf y ji pjreuodof.
Js obno`jrjbtj quj ia rjiadoôb dausai sja obkjnoata (pfr je. kujrtj nj uba pjrsfba pfr ub nosparf) f kjnoata
(pfr je. nañfs sudjsovfs).
Dausaionan jb ias fkosofbjs5

Ia fkosoôb njmj sjr duipamij ;Tupfbj
;Tupfb j ia jxostjbdoa nj ub njmjr pfsotovf
p fsotovf nj adtuar.
Cay uba jstrjdca rjiadoôb jbtrj duipa y nañf (supfbj quj ji nañf sj prfnuef pfrquj quojb jstama fmiolanf
a adtuar bf if cozf).
Wrfmijka5 njfibor duáijs sfb ifs njmjrjs pfsotovfs nj duonanf.
Wrujma5 dfrrjspfbnj ai quj ia aijla.
Ias tjfrëas para jxpiodaria sfb varoanas, sojbnf ji pubtf nj partona ia tjfrëa nj ia jquovaijbdoa nj ias
dfbnodofbjs. Tob jkmarlf, cfy jb nëa cay dfbsjbsf jb jbtjbnjria tabtf njsnj uba pjrspjdtova jkpëroda pjrf
dfb drotjrofs bfrkatovfs nj okputadoôb.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pp. 1<0-131, Marrfs, =7=7, 4?3-4??)

44= Wakjia Kjbnfza
^jfrëa nj ia jquovaijbdoa nj ias dfbnodofbjs f dfbnodtof sobj qua bfb.

•^j
• ^
^fnasfnas ias dfbnodofbjs quj dfbdurrojrfb a ia prfnudoôb nji nañf sj dfbsonjrab jquovaijbtjs dfkf dausa nji
koskf.
Wara njtjrkobar ia rjiadoôb nj dausaionan sj utoioza ia «supr jsoôb kjbtai copftïtoda¸
•Wara
•To To ai suprokor ji cjdcf, ji nañf oluai sj cumojsj prfnudonf5 bf js dausa nji koskf.
DAZTAIONAN DFKF •To To ai suprokor ji cjdcf, ji nañf bf sj cumojra prfnudonf5 tojbj datjlfrëa nj dfbnodoôb-dausa.
JQZOPAIJBDOA
so
•Bf jxpioda ifs dasfs nj dausaionan a dukuiatova. Nfs dausas pfr së sfias pujnjb dausar ji tftai nji rjsuitanf, so
suprokona uba ji nañf sj cumojsj prfnudonf nj tfnas `frkas.
Je5 A
•âkpfdf jxpioda ia dau saionan copftïtoda. Ftra dausa pfnrëa camjr dausanf ai koskf tojkpf ji rjsuitanf. Je5
ij na a M uba nf sos kfrtai nj vjbjbf. M kujrj atrfpjiianf kojbtras vjbjbf surtj j`jdtf.
nañf a ifs panrjs
•Tu apiodadoôb jstrodta pujnj iijvar a dfbsjdujbdoas amsurnas, dfkf pfr je. sj pujnj okputar ji nañf panrjs
quj prfdrjarfb ai nañabtj.
Drëtodas
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 1<?-131)

jfrëa nj ia dausa anjduana.

•^j
^
Obtjbta nostobluor jbtrj ias dfbnodofbjs quj dfbdurrjb jb ia prfnuddoôb nji nañf.
•Obtjbta
• Bf
Bf tfnas ias dfbnodofbjs pujnjb dfbsonjrarsj dausas (anjduanas) nji rjsuitanf nañfsf

• Euodof nj anjduadoôb5
anjduadoôb5
• Wrftftopf
Wrftftopf nj uba pjrsfba prunjbtj + dfbfdokojbtfs partoduiarjs nji autfr.
DAZTAIONAN DFKF • Ia
Ia dfbnodoôb sj dfbsonjra aprfpoana para ljbjrar ji nañf so jra prjvosomij quj if prfnuejra.
ANJDZADOÔB • Je.
Je. Adfbsjear cadjr ub voaej turëstodf bf pujnj sjr dausa anjduana nj ia kujrtj f ub lfipj quj fdasofba ijsofbjs ijvjs.
Ia dausaionan njmj sjr eurënodakjbtj jbtjbnona dfkf okputadoôb kjnona pfr parákjtrfs fmejtovfs.
•Ia
• Tôif
Tôif ub rjsuitanf okputamij ai adtf nji autfr pujnj ljbjrar rjspfbsamoionan.
• Drotjrofs5
Drotjrofs5
• Noskobudoôb
Noskobudoôb nji rojslf.
• Drjadoôb
Drjadoôb nj ub rojslf eurënodakjbtj rjijvabtj.
• Aukjbtf
Aukjbtf nji rojslf pjrkotonf.
DAZTAIONAN DFKF
OKWZÂDOÔB
••]jaiozadoôb
Js`jra
] nj prftjddoôb
jaiozadoôb nj iaautfr.
nji piab nji bfrka.
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 131-13:)

44> Wakjia Kjbnfza
WIZ]AIONAN NJ DAZTAT
Dasf `frtuotf y duipa Dfbdurrjbdoa nj duipa nj ia vëdtoka
Art. =447 DD. ’Ia aprjdoadoôb nji nañf jstá suejta a rjnuddoôb, so ji quj if ca su`ronf sj
Ó Wrfmijka nj dfjxostjbdoa jb prfnuddoôb nji jxpusf a ïi okprunjbtjkjbtj‛.
rjsuitanf nañobf nji dasf `frtuotf + dfb- Ó Js ub okpjratovf para ji eujz, pfr if quj bf js bjdjsarof quj sj caya aijlanf dfkf
nudta okprunjbtj nji aljbtj. nj`jbsa nji njkabnanf.
Ó
Ó Wfnrëa camjr rjnuddoôb
rjnuddoôb nji kfbtf nj ia ob- Tj apioda a tfna diasj
diasj nj cjdcfs
cjdcfs pubomijs.
njkbozadoôb. Ó Ia duabtëa ia njtjrkobab ifs tromubaijs jb ùbdoôb nj sus atromudofbjs nosdrjdofbaijs.
nosdrjdofbaijs.
Ó Tj adrjnota dfb tfnfs ifs kjnofs ijlaijs
ijlaijs nj prujma.
Wiuraionan nj aljbtjs
Ó Wiuraionan nj dausabtjs nj ub koskf nañf5
Art. =41< DD. ’To ub njiotf f duasonjiotf ca sonf dfkjtonf pfrpf r nfs f kás pjrsfbas, dana uba nj jiias sjrá sfionaroakjbtj rjspfbsamij nj tfnf
pjreuodof prfdjnjbtj nji koskf njiotf f duasonjiotf, saivas ias jxdjpdofbjs nj ifs artëduifs =4=4 y =4=3.
^fnf `raunj f nfif
n fif dfkjtonf pfr nfs f kás pjrsfbas prfnudj
prfnu dj ia addoôb sfionaroa nji prjdjnjbtj obdosf‛.
Ó Tj nosdutj dôkf rjspfbnjb nfs f kás rjspfbsamijs pfr ub koskf nañf, pjrf quj prfvojbj nj nostobtas dausas. Wara ub sjdtfr nj ia nfdtroba
(jbtrj ftrfs, Dfrrai y Marrfs), jb jsfs dasfs ia rjspfbsamoionan bf js bo sfionaroa bo sokpijkjbtj dfbeubta, sobf ’dfbdurrjbtj f ob sfionuk‛
(pfr ji tfnf, pjrf sob j`jdtfs sjdubnarofs nj ia sfionaronan).
Ó Cjdcf nj ub tjrdjrf5 Addoôb nj sjlubnf aljbtj jxdiuyj ia dausaionan nji prokjrf (’prfcomodoôb nj rjlrjsf‛). Je. To ailuojb lfipja ijvjkjb-
tj a ftrf y dakobf ai cfspotai js atrfpjiianf pfr ub vjcëduif dfbnudonf a jxdjsf nj vjifdonan.
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 1?4-=77)

<. IA ]JW]FDCAMOIONAN F DZIWAMOIONAN
LIFTA]OF
’To ji cjdcf js duipamij, pjrf dfkjtonf sob obtjbdoôb nj nañar, dfbstotuyj ub duasonjiotf‛ (Art. ==3> DD).
Duasonjiotf dovoi
’Duasonjiotf dovoi js ji cjdcf duipamij, pjrf dfkjtonf sob ia obtjbdoôb nj nañar quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa f nañf a
ftra pjrsfba‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1>).
’Js ia àita nj aqujiia noioljbdoa f duonanf quj ifs cfkmrjs prunjbtjs jkpijab frnobaroakjbtj jb sus adtfs y
bjlfdofs prfpofs‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1=0).
Duipa, bjlioljbdoa f
okprunjbdoa ’@aita nj noioljbdoa f duonanf jb ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf f jb ji dukpiokojbtf nj uba fmioladoôb. Jb ji prokjr
dasf, ia duipa js jxtradfbtradtuai, njiodtuai f aquoioaba, y jb ji sjlubnf js dfbtradtuai‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =:<).
’Jb fdasofbjs ji njmjr nj duonanf, nj adtuar dfb noioljbdoa f prunjbdoa para jvotar quj ifs adtfs prfpofs ijsofbjb
a ftrfs, bf jstá dfbstotuonf sôif pfr ub probdopof ljbjrai nj adtuadoôb (bjkobjk iajnjrj), sobf quj sj ca jxpiodo-
tanf jb rjlias, bfrkas, rjliakjbtfs, quj jb `frka jxprjsa sjñaiab duái js ji dfkpfrtakojbtf duonanfsf jxolonf.
Duipa ob`raddofbai Jb jstfs dasfs, ji sfif cjdcf nj quj ji aljbtj ca trabslrjnonf dfb su dfbnudta ia bfrka jxprjsana na poj para
f duipa dfbtra ia dfbsonjrar quj ca jxostonf duipa jb su adtuadoôb‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. =11).
ijlaionan
’Ia duipa ob`raddofbai supfbj uba dfbtravjbdoôb nj ifs njmjrjs nj duonanf jstamijdonfs pfr ji ijlosianfr u ftra
autfronan dfb pftjstan bfrkatova (jb uba ijy, rjliakjbtf, frnjbabza, rjsfiudoôb u ftra rjluiadoôb sjkjeabtj)‛
(Marrfs, =7=7, pál. 17>).

440 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’To ji cjdcf js oiëdotf, y dfkjtonf dfb obtjbdoôb nj nañar, dfbstotuyj ub njiotf‛ (Art. ==3> DD).
Njiotf dovoi
’Njiotf dovoi js ji cjdcf oiëdotf dfkjtonf dfb ia obtjbdoôb nj nañar quj ca ob`jronf obeuroa f nañf a ftra pjrsfba‛
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1>).
’Ji nfif dfbsostj jb ia obtjbdoôb pfsotova nj ob`jror obeuroa a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj ftrf‛ (Art. >> DD).
Nfif dovoi ’Cay nfif duabnf ji autfr nji cjdcf u fkosoôb fmra dfb ji prfpôsotf njiomjranf nj dausar nañf, duabnf ji kôvoi
nj su addoôb f amstjbdoôb, ji fib quj dfb jiia pjrsoluj js prjdosakjbtj nañar a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj ftrf‛
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 1=7).
’Js pfsotovf duabnf dfbsostj jb ia jejdudoôb nj ub cjdcf, dfkf cjror a ftrf, aprfpoarsj nj if aejbf‛ (Aijssabnro,
Nfif pfsotovf =71:, pál. 1==).
’Js bjlatovf duabnf dfbsostj jb uba fkosoôb f amstjbdoôb, dfkf jb ji dasf nji obnovonuf quj vj acflarsj a uba
Nfif bjlatovf pjrsfba y(Aijssabnro,

acfluj‛ quj, punojbnf y njmojbnf
=71:, pál. 1==).saivaria, bf cadj bana dfb jstj fmejtf, prjdosakjbtj a fib nj njearia quj sj

LIFTA]OF
’]jdomj nodcf bfkmrj pfr prjsdobnor nj ifs dfbtjbonfs sumejtovfs (nfif f duipa nji kfnjif diásodf)‛ (Dfrrai,
=714, pál. =1>).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Jiia bf atojbnj… a ia dfbnudta nji aljbtj, a su duipamoionan, sobf kjrakjbtj ai rjsuitanf katjroai quj nj jiia ca
jstrodta, fmejtova f njrovanf5 ji nañf. Ia fmioladoôb nj obnjkbozar jxolj ùbnakjbtaikjbtj ia jxostjbdoa nj ub pjreuodof fdasofbanf
pfr rojslf a ftrf pfr ia dfbnudta nji autfr nji koskf‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>>).
’ôjbj iular jb ji ákmotf nji rojslf quj ia ijy atromuyj a quojb njsarrfiia dojrta adtovonan‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál.
>0?).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Jxolj quj ji nañf prfvjbla nj ub vodof, nj`jdtf f àiia nj ia dfsa f sjrvodof quj prfvfda ji addonjbtj‛ (Marrfs,
jstrodta daiofidana =7=7, pál. ><=).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Tôif jxolj ia rjiadoôb dausai jbtrj ji nañf y ji rojslf quj ca njspijlanf ia addoôb nji njkabnanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7,
jstrodta pura pál. ><=).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Tj ia iiaka sumejtova f pfr

pf r duipa, pfrquj ia razôb nj jxostor nj ia fmioladoôb obnjkbozatfroa js ia adtuadoôb oiëdota
sumejtova nji aljbtj nji nañf‛
nañf ‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =>4).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan jstrodta pfr ias bjlioljbdoas obdurronas pfr ifs njpjbnojbtjs‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. >31).
vodaroa

443 Wakjia Kjbnfza
LIFTA]OF
’Tjlõb jsta tjfrëa, ia rjspfbsamoionan tjbnrëa su ùbnakjbtf y eustofidadoôb jb ji aprfvjdcakojbtf pjduboarof nj
^jfrëa nji rojslf- uba adtovonan rojslfsa f susdjptomij
sus djptomij nj dausar nañfs. Ji rjspfbsamij bf js ji quj adtõa dfb duipa, sobf aquji quj
mjbjfidof js mjbjfidoanf pfr ia prfnuddoôb
prf nuddoôb nji rojslf quj njtjrkobô ji rjsuitanf nañfsf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. =1>).
’Tjlõb jsta tjfrëa, ia rjspfbsamoionan pujnj eustofidarsj bf jb ji prfvjdcf jdfbôkodf f pjduboarof quj sj rjpfrta
^jfrëa nji rojslf nj uba adtovonan rojslfsa, sobf jb ji sokpij cjdcf nj camjr ljbjranf ub rojslf partoduiar f camjr alravanf ub
drjanf f alravanf rojslf ya jxostjbtj. Jb ji `fbnf, sj prjsukj quj quojb ljbjra ub rojslf if cadj pfrquj ij rjpfrta ailõb mjbjfidof,
aubquj bf sja nj darádtjr katjroai f jdfbôkodf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. =1:).
NJIO^F _ DZATONJIO^F DOPOI
Njmonf a ia ùbdoôb rjparanfra (bf pubotova) nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi bf cay kayfrjs no`jrjbdoas jbtrj ifs j`jdtfs nj ubf y ftrf jb duabtf
a su avaiuadoôb.
NJIO^F DOPOI DZATONJIO^F DOPOI

Adtuadoôb dfb nfif pfr partj nji autfr nji nañf (dfkjtonf dfb ia Adtuadoôb dfb bjlioljbdoa f duipa (aquoioaba) pfr partj nji autfr nji
obtjbdoôb nj nañar). nañf (dfkjtonf sob ia obtjbdoôb nj nañar).
Tfb ifs dasfs kjbfs `rjdujbtjs (bfrkaikjbtj takmoïb sfb njiotfs Tfb ifs dasfs kás `rjdujbtjs y camotuaikjbtj apartanfs nji ákmotf
pjbaijs). pjbai.

NJIO^F _ DZATONJIO^F DOPOI

NJIO^F DOPOI DZATONJIO^F DOPOI
Diáusuias nj orrjspfbsamoionan bf prfdjnjb. To prfdjnjb.
Jb dojrtfs oiëdotfs tëpodfs sj jxolj ji nfif. Je. Art. 131> DD (vjbta nj Jb jsfs dasfs tëpodfs sj njsdarta ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr duipa (obdiusf
dfsa objxostjbtj) y art. =11? DD (dfbsjef kaiodofsf). lravj).
Tfif jb dasf nj nfif fpjra njkabna jb dfbtra nj ia pjrsfba quj ca

Bf fpjra.
rjdomonf prfvjdcf nj ïi (art. 1>:3 y art. =410 DD).
Ia duipa sj aprjdoa ob amstradtf, dfkparabnf ia dfbnudta nji aljbtj

dfb ia quj camrëa fmsjrvanf uba pjrsfba prunjbtj (ji ’mujb panrj
Ji nfif sj aprjdoa ob dfbdrjtf, jxakobabnf ia dfbdojbdoa nji autfr, nj àkoioa‛ nji art. >> DD).
ifs kôvoijs quj if luoarfb.
Njmj sjr rjiatovozanf para pfbjrif adfrnj dfb ia jspjdoaiozadoôb nj
ias adtovonanjs rojslfsas. Je. Kïnodf, dfbnudtfr, jtd.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, páls. 1>-1<, 1=4-1=3, Dfrrai, =714, pál. =74)

4>7 Wakjia Kjbnfza
NO@J]JBDOAT JB^]J DZIWA DFB^]AD^ZAI _ DZIWA JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI

JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI
Duipa dfbtradtuai Duipa jxtradfbtradtuai (njiodtuai f aquoiaba)
Tupfbj uba rjiadoôb eurënoda prjvoa, uba fmioladoôb prjjxostjbtj quj

Bf cay ub vëbduif eurënodf prjvof y ia fmioladoôb jkaba prjdosakjb-
ji njunfr bf dukpij, dukpij a kjnoas f tarnëakjbtj, pfr njsonoa f
tj nj ia jejdudoôb nji cjdcf duipamij.
bjlioljbdoa.
Ia duipa jxtradfbtradtuai bf ankotj lranuadofbjs8 ia ijy camia nj

Ia duipa dfbtradtuai ankotj lranfs5 lravj, ijvj f ijvësoka (Art. >< ’duipa‛, if quj sj solbofida duipa ijvj (sob pjreuodof quj Aijssabnro
DD).
sfstojbj quj sj rjspfbnj casta pfr duipa ijvësoka ’tfnf nañf‛).
Ia duipa dfbtradtuai sj prjsukj.

Ia duipa jxtradfbtradtuai njmj prfmarsj pfr ia vëdtoka nji nañf (rj-
Art. 1:>< obd. 4µ DD ’Ia prujma nj ia noioljbdoa f duonanf obdukmj lia ljbjrai nji art. 10?3 DD).
ai quj ca njmonf jkpijarif8 ia prujma nji dasf `frtuotf ai quj if
Jxdjpdofbjs5 ias iiakanas ’prjsubdofbjs nj duipa‛.
aijla‛.
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. =:<)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4>1
Jejkpifs nj rjspfbsamoionan
Dcoij fmejtova (sob duipa) jb
Nañf dausanf pfr abokaijs òjrfs (Art. =4=<

DD).
Nañfs dausanfs pfr vjcëduifs kftfrozanfs

(Art. 10? obd. = Ijy 13=?7)
Nañfs dausanfs pfr ajrfbavjs (Arts. 1>= y ss y

1:: y ss Dônolf Ajrfbáutodf)
Ajrfbáutodf)
]jspfbsamoionan
fmejtova
Nañfs budijarjs (Art. >? Ijy 13.47=)
]jspfbsamoionan nji prfpojtarof prokjr

]jspfbsamoionan
vjbnjnfr pfr nañfs jb ia dfbstruddoôb (Art. 13
ILZD)
Nañfs fdasofbanfs pfr apiodadoôb nj

pialuodonas (Art 40 NI 4::<)
Nañfs fdasofbanfs pfr kabjef nj rjs onufs

pjiolrfsfs (Art. >4 Ijy =7.?=7)
]jspfbsamoionan pfr njrrakjs nj

]jspfbsamoionan
conrfdarmurfss (Art. 1>> NI ====)
conrfdarmurf

4>= Wakjia Kjbnfza
3. IAT W]JTZBDOFBJT NJ DZIWA
LIFTA]OF
’Jb ifs dasfs nj prjsubdoôb nj duipa, ji njkabnabtj njmjrá adrjnotar, pfr ifs kjnofs nj prujma jstamijdonfs
jb ia ijy, ifs prjsupujstfs `ádtodfs nj ia koska. Nj jiifs sj njnudorá, jbtfbdjs, quj ji autfr nji nañf fmrô
Wrjsubdoôb nj duipa dfb okprunjbdoa, bjlioljbdoa f jb `frka objxpjrta (jb aqujiifs dasfs jb quj ia ijy jxolj uba dojrta pjrodoa)‛
(]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. =73).
Wrjsubdoôb nj duipa pfr ’Jstas prjsubdofbjs sj rjfijrjb a pjrsfbas quj pfr nospfsodoôb nj ia ijy jstáb iiakanas a duonar, jnudar y
cjdcf aejbf voloiar a ftras pjrsfbas‛ (]fnrëlujz, =710, pál. =1=).
’Bujstra ijy dovoi dfbtjkpia varofs dasfs kai iiakanfs nj prjsubdoôb nj duipa pfr ji cjdcf nj ias dfsas.
Wrjsubdoôb nj duipa pfr Zba vjz kás sj trata nj duipa pfr ji cjdcf prfpof quj sj jxprjsa pfr ia prfnuddoôb nj sotuadofbjs nj rojslf
cjdcf nj ias dfsas drjanas pfr uba pjrsfba y pfr ia àita nj duonanf jb rjiadoôb a ias dfsas nj ias duaijs sj rjspfbnj‛ (]fnrë-
lujz, =710, pál. =44).
Wrjsubdoôb ljbjrai pfr ’Wrjsubdoôb

tabdoas njsjduipamoionan
jb quj duabnf ji nañf
rjaiozô, js susdjptomij prfvojbj anjduipa
nj atromuorsj ub cjdcf,
f nfifquj,
nji pfr su baturaijza
aljbtj, f pfr
pfr jejkpif, ubias dordubs-
dcfquj nj
cjdcf prfpof trjbjs‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =1=).
]jspfbsamoionan ’Tj iiaka asë pfrquj ia dausa nji nañf js norjdtakjbtj ji cjdcf nj ftra pjrsfba f nj uba dfsa (jb quj sj
jxtradfbtradtuai obdiuyjb ifs abokaijs), pjrf rjspfbnj ji quj tojbj a su duonanf ia pjrsfba f ia dfsa, pfr prjsukor ia ijy quj
dfkpijea ca àitanf a su njmjr nj voloiabdoa‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 470).

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4>4
LIFTA]OF
]jspfbsamoionan
’Tjrëa aqujiia jb quj sj rjspfbnj pfr ji cjdcf prfpof‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 470).
jxtradfbtradtuai
jxtradfbtradtuai sokpij
]jspfbsamoionan pfr ji ’Ia quj njrova nj ifs njiotfs y duasonjiotfs nj ias pjrsfbas dapadjs nj dfkjtjrifs quj sj jbdujbtrab jb ia
cjdcf aejbf rjiadoôb jxprjsakjbtj prjvosta jb ia ijy rjspjdtf nji rjspfbsamij‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 47<).
]jspfbsamoionan vodaroa ’Ia rjspfbsamoionan jstrodta pfr ias bjlioljbdoas obdurronas pfr ifs njpjbnojbtjs‛ (Marrfs, =7=7, pál. >31).

4>> Wakjia Kjbnfza
Wfr ji cjdcf aejbf

(Arts. =4=7, =4=1 y =4== DD)
Wfr ji cjdcf nj ias dfsas

Wfr ji cjdcf prfpof
(Arts. =4=4, =4=>, =4=0, =4=< y
(Art. =4=? DD) =4=3 DD)
W]JTZBDOFBJT NJ
DZIWAMOIONAN JB JI
DD

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4>:
3.1. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf

cjdcf prfpof

Ia ’prjsubdoôb ljbjrai nj rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf prfpof‛

Nospfsodofbjs partoduiarjs
Art. =4=? obd. 1µ DD. ’Wfr rjlia ljbjrai tfnf nañf quj pujna okputarsj a
kaiodoa f bjlioljbdoa nj ftra pjrsfba, njmj sjr rjparanf pfr ïsta‛. Art. =4=? obd. =µ DD "Tfb jspjdoaikjbtj fmiolanfs a jsta rjparadoôb5"
Tjlõb ub sjdtfr nj ia nfdtroba, jbtrj jiifs Aijssabnro, ji

artëduif =4=? DD obd. 1µ jstamijdj uba prjsubdoôb ljbjrai nj
rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf prfpof ’duabnf ji nañf prfvojbj 1µ. Ji quj nospara okprunjbtjkjbtj ub arka nj ùjlf8
nj ub cjdcf, quj, pfr su baturaijza f pfr ias dordubstabdoas
jb quj sj rjaiozô, js susdjptomij nj atromuorsj a duipa f nfif
nji aljbtj‛
=µ. Ji quj rjkujvj ias ifsas nj uba adjquoa f dañjrëa jb daiij

Wara ftrfs, ji artëduif =4=? DD sfif rjpotj y dfbòrka ia onja f dakobf, sob ias prjdaudofbjs bjdjsaroas para quj bf daolab
jxprjsana jb ji art. =41> DD ifs quj pfr aiië trabsotab nj nëa f nj bfdcj8
Wara Dfrrai, pfnrëa cadjrsj uba tjrdjra ijdtura ’ia rjlia nji
art. =4=?.1 tojbj ub dfkjtonf prfpof, y ïstj bf js ftrf quj 4µ. Ji quj, fmiolanf a ia dfbstruddoôb f rjparadoôb nj ub
ji nj kabo`jstar ia jxoljbdoa nj ia –rjiadoôb nj dausaionan‟ adujnudtf f pujbtj quj atravojsa ub dakobf if tojbj jb
quj njmj jxostor jbtrj ji cjdcf duipamij y ji nañf jstanf nj dausar nañf a ifs quj trabsotab pfr ïi.
prfnudonf‛.
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. =1=-=10, Dfrrai, páls. ==>-==<)

4>0 Wakjia Kjbnfza
3.=. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr ji cjdcf

cjdcf aejbf
@ubnakjbtf nj ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf aejbf nji DD
Duipa ob voloiabnf.
voloiabnf. Ia duipa quj ia ijy prjsukj jb ia pjrsfba quj tojbj a ftra a su duonanf y amabnfba su
voloiabdoa.
nf. Bjlioljbdoa jb ia sjijddoôb nji pjrsfbai.
Duipa ob jioljbnf.
Wfr jsa razôb bf js prjdosa ia jxprjsoôb rjspfbsamoionan
rjspfbsamoionan "pfr cjdcf aejbf", pujs ia pjrsfba rjspfbnj pfr su cjdcf
prfpof (pfr su "prfpoa duipa").
Toluj sojbnf uba rjspfbsamoionan pfr duipa (bf fmejtova), pfr if quj ji tjrdjrf dovoikjbtj rjspfbsamij pujnj (jb
tjfrëa) njstruor ia prjsubdoôb prfmabnf su njmona noioljbdoa.
Art. =4=7 DD "Wjrf djsará ia fmioladoôb nj jsas pjrsfbas so dfb ia autfronan y ji duonanf quj su rjspjdtova daionan
ijs dfbòjrj y prjsdromj, bf cumojrjb pfnonf okpjnor ji cjdcf".
Js uba vëa para asjlurar ia obnjkbozadoôb a ia vëdtoka, pujs if kás prfmamij quj sudjna js quj ji autfr nji nañf sja
obsfivjbtj.
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 47<)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4><
]jquosotfs nj ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf aejbf
"Dfkosoôb nj ub c jdcf oiëdotf pfr ia

"Pëbduif jbtrj cjdcfr y rjspfbsamij" pjrsfba nj duyfs adtfs sj rjspfbnj"
"Quj akm fs,onan
dapad cjdcfr y rjspfbsamij,
jxtradfbtradtuai" tjblab
- Wfr rjlia ljbjrai, js ub vëbduif nj — Cjdcf nji autfr (pjrsfba nj quojb sj
sumfrnobadoôb y njpjbnjbdoa. rjspfbnj) njmj rjubor tfnfs ifs rjquosotfs
— To obdapaz dfkjtoô njiotf5 Ia duipa nji nj ia rjspfbsam oiona n dovoi
- Ji ùbnakjbtf nj ia rjspfbsamoionan nji luarnoáb bf sj prjsukj. jxtradfbtradtuai.
tjrdjrf js ia àita nj voloiabdoa (duipa ob
— Art. =41? DD "pjrf sjráb rjspfbsamijs — Pëdtoka njmj prfmar ia rjspfbsamoionan
voloiabnf).
nj ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr jiifs ias nji autfr nji nañf.
— Dfrrjspfbnj ai tjrdjrf dovoikjbtj pjrsfbas a duyf darlf jstïb, so punojrj
rjspfbsamij prfmar quj bf jxostj jsj okputársjijs bjlioljbdoa". — Adrjnotana nodca rjspfbsamoionan, fpjra
vëbduif, pujs ia ijy if prjsukj jb ifs dasfs ia prjsubdoôb jb dfbtra nji tjrdjrf
sjñaianfs. rjspfbsamij.

(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 473-417)

4>3 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Ifs supujstfs nj r jspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf aejbf nji DD
Art. =7=7 DD. "^fna pjrsfba js rjspfbsamij bf

sôif nj sus prfpoas addofbjs, sobf nji cjdcf nj
aqujiifs quj jstuvojrjb a su duonanf.
Asë ji panrj, y a àita nj ïstj ia kanrj, js Art. =4== D D "Ifs akfs rjs pfbnjráb nj
rjspfbsamij nji cjdcf nj ifs coefs kjbfrjs quj ia d fbnudta nj sus droanfs f sorvojbtjs, jb
camotjb jb ia koska dasa. ji jejrdodof nj sus rjspjdtovas ùbdofbjs8 y
jstf aubquj ji cjdcf nj quj sj tratj bf sj
Asë ji tutfr f du ranfr js rjspfbsamij nj ia
caya jejdutanf a su vosta.
dfbnudta nji pupoif quj vovj maef su Art. =4=1 DD. ’Ifs panrjs sjráb sojkprj
njpjbnjbdoa y duonanf. rjspfbsamijs nj ifs njiotfs f duasonjiotfs Wjrf bf rjspfbnjráb nj if quj cayab
Asë ifs ej`js nj dfijlofs y jsdujias rjspfbnjb nji dfkjtonfs pfr sus coefs kjbfrjs, y quj cjdcf sus droanfs f sorvojbtjs jb ji
dfbfdonakjbtj prfvjblab nj kaia jejrdodof nj sus rjspjdtovas ùbdofbjs, so sj
cjdcf nj ifs nosdëpuifs, kojbtras jstáb maef su
jnudadoôb, f nj ifs cámotfs vodofsfs quj prfmarj quj ias cab jejrdonf nj ub kfnf
duonanf8 y ifs artjsabfs y jkpr jsarofs nji cjdcf
ijs cab njeanf anquoror‛. okprfpof quj ifs akfs bf tjbëab kjnof
nj sus aprjbnodjs f njpjbnojbtjs, jb ji koskf
nj prjvjr f okpjnor, jkpijabnf ji
dasf.
Wjrf djsará ia fmioladoôb nj jsas pjrsfbas so dfb duonanf
dfkpjtjbtj.frnobarof,
Jb jstjy dasf
ia autfronan
tfna ia
ia autfronan y ji duonanf quj su rjspjdtova rjspfbsamoionan rjdajrá sfmrj nodcfs
daionan ijs dfbòjrj y prjsdromj, bf cumojrjb droanfs f sorvojbtjs."
pfnonf okpjnor ji cjdcf".
*Tj ca jbtjbnonf nj quj bf js uba jbukjradoôb
taxatova

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4>?
Ifs panrjs
(Arts. =41?,
=7=7, =4=1
DD)
Ifs patrfbjs y ^jrdjrfs Ji tutfr f

jkpijanfrjs dovoikjbtj duranfr
rjspfbsamijs
(Art. =4=7, pfr cjdcfs nj (Arts. =41?,
=4== DD) ftrf jb ji DD =4=7 DD)
Ifs ej`js nj
dfijlofs y
jsdujias
(Art. =4=7 DD)

4:7 Wakjia Kjbnfza
]jspfbsamoionan nj ifs panrjs nji artëduif =4=7 DD. ]jspfbsamoionan nj ifs panrjs nji artëduif =4=1 DD.
A`jdta ai panrj, y a àita nj ïi a ia kanrj (cfy bf sj eustoòda

jsa nostobdoôb). Tj apioda pfr oluai a akmfs panrjs.
Tj rjiadofba dfb ifs artëduifs ==> y ==: DD (duonanf Tj rjiadofba dfb ifs artëduifs =4> y =40 DD.
pjrsfbai).
Ifs coefs njmjb sjr kjbfrjs nj 13 añfs Tojkprj sjráb rjspfbsamijs duabnf ji coef sja kjbfr nj jnan.
Wrjsubdoôb nj njrjdcf ùbnana jb ia duipa ob jnudabnf ("quj

Wrjsubdoôb nj cjdcf ùbnana jb ia duipa ob voloiabnf (quj dfbfdonakjbtj prfvjblab nj kaia jnudadoôb, f nj ifs cámotfs
ji panrj f ia kanrj "dfb ia autfronan y ji duonanf quj vodofsfs quj ijs cab njeanf anquoror").
su rjspjdtova daionan ijs dfbòjrj y prjsdromj, bf cayab
pfnonf okpjnor ji cjdcf").
Ji coef njmj camotar ia koska dasa dfb sus panrjs
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 417-414)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4:1
rt. =4=7 DD obd. 4µ DD "Asë ji tutfr f duranfr js rjspfbsamij nj ia dfbnudta nji pupoif quj vovj maef su
•Art.
A
njpjbnjbdoa y duonanf".
ûtfr pfr cjdcfs nji okpõmjr kayfr nj < añfs quj ca fmranf dfb nosdjrbokojbtf.
•ûtfr
Duranfrjs ljbjraijs nji kjbfr anuitf, sojkprj quj tjbojbnf kjbfs nj 10 añfs caya fmranf dfb
•Duranfrjs
nosdjrbokojbtf, nji nosopanfr y nji sfrnfkunf quj bf pujnj narsj a jbtjbnjr diarakjbtj.
]jspfbsamoionan nji luarnanfr Luarnanfr nji obdapaz sôif rjspfbnjrá so sj prujma bjlioljbdoa sjlõb art. =41? DD.
•Luarnanfr
pfr ji pupoif
rt. =4=7 DD obd. >µ D D "Asë ifs ej`js nj dfijlofs y jsdujias rjspfbnjb nji cjdcf nj ifs nosdëpuifs, kojbtras
•Art.
A
jstáb maef su duonanf".
A`jdta ai ej`j f quojb jejrza ji darlf jquovaijbtj (pfr. je. norjdtfr, rjdtfr, jtd.)
•A`jdta
• N
Nosdëpuifs
osdëpuifs kayfrjs f kjbfrjs nj jnan, ya quj ijy bf nostobluj.
]jspfbsamoionan nj ifs ej`js nj Tfif sumsostj kojbtras ifs tjbla a su duonanf (kojbtras pjrkabjzdab jb ji jstamijdokojbtf f maef su dfbtrfi).
•Tfif
jsdujias nosdëpuifs
y dfijlofs pfr sus

(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 414-41:)

4:= Wakjia Kjbnfza
]jspfbsamoionan nj patrfbjs y jkpijanfrjs pfr ji cjdcf nj sus njpjbnojbtjs
Tj ùbnakjbta jb ia duipa ob jioljbnf (bjlioljbdoa jb ia sjijddoôb nji pjrsfbai) y takmoïb sj ca sfstjbonf quj sj
ùbnakjbta jb ia duipa ob voloiabnf (njsduonf jb ia voloiabdoa).
Dasfs dfbtjkpianfs jb ji DD5

Ifs artjsabfs pfr ji cjdcf nj sus aprjbnodjs kojbtras jstïb maef su duonanf (art. =4=7 obd. :µ).
•Ifs
Ifs jkprjsarofs pfr ji cjdcf nj sus njpjbnojbtjs kojbtras jstïb a su duonanf (art. =4=7 obd. :µ)
•Ifs
Ifs akfs pfr ifs cjdcfs nj sus droanfs f sorvojbtjs (art. =4==)
•Ifs
(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 414-41:)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4:4
J`jdtfs nj ia rjspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf aejbf
Njrjdcf a rjpjtor jb dfbtra nji autfr nji nañf

Ia prjsubdoôb nj rjspfbsamoionan js ijlai
— Art. =4=: DD. "Ias pjrsfbas fmiolanas a ia
rjparadoôb nj ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr ias quj nj
- ]jlia ljbjrai art. =4=7 obd. ` obai DD "Wjrf Bf jxdiuyj ia rjspfbsamoionan nji jiias njpjbnj, tjbnráb njrjdcf para sjr
djsará ia fmioladoôb nj jsas pjrsfbas so dfb ia autfr nji nañf obnjkbozanas sfmrj ifs mojbjs nj ïstas, so ifs
autfronan y ji duonanf quj su rjspjdtova daionan cumojrj, y so ji quj pjrpjtrô ji nañf if cozf sob
ijs dfbòjrj y prjsdromj, bf cumojrjb pfnonf frnjb nj ia pjrsfba a quojb njmëa fmjnojbdoa, y
okpjnor ji cjdcf". — Autfr ca dfkjtonf oiëdotf y js jra dapaz nj njiotf f duasonjiotf, sjlõb ji artëduif
pijbakjbtj dapaz. Arts. =41> y =41?"
- Jxdjpdofbjs5 =41? DD.
]jquosotfs para quj fpjrj ia addoôb nj rjpjtodoôb5
Art. =4=1 DD "Ifs panrjs sjráb sojkprj — Art. =4== DD "...Jb jstj dasf
rjspfbsamijs..." tfna ia rjspfbsamoionan rjdajrá 1µ Ji adtf oiëdotf njmj camjr sonf dfkjtonf pfr
sfmrj nodcfs droanfs f sorvojbtjs". uba pjrsfba dapaz.
Art. =4== obd. òbai DD5 "Wjrf bf rjspfbnjráb
nj if quj cayab cjdcf sus droanfs f sorvojbtjs — Ia rjspfbsamoionan nji luarnoáb =µ Ji rjspfbsamij njmj camjr palanf ia
jb ji jejrdodof nj sus rjspjdtovas ùbdofbjs, so sj obnjkbozadoôb.
prfmarj quj ias cab jejrdonf nj ub kfnf sôif
aquïijxtobluj ia nji cjdcfr duabnf
pala ia obnjkbozadoôb. 4µ Ji adtf nañfsf sj njmoô rjaiozar sob frnjb ia
okprfpof quj ifs akfs bf tjbëab kjnof nj pjrsfba a quojb njmëa fmjnojbdoa (y quojrj
prjvjr f okpjnor, jkpijabnf ji duonanf rjpjtor).
frnobarof, y ia autfronan dfkpjtjbtj".
>µ Ji autfr njmj tjbjr mojbjs.

(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. 441-44>)

4:> Wakjia Kjbnfza
3.4. ]jspfbsamoionan pfr cjdcf

cjdcf nj ias dfsas
• A
Art.
rt. =4=0 DD. Ji nujñf nj ub abokai js rjspfbsamij nj ifs nañfs dausanfs pfr ji koskf abokai, aub njspuïs
quj sj caya sfitanf f jxtravoanf8 saivf quj ia sfitura, jxtravëf f nañf bf pujna okputarsj a duipa nji nujñf f
nji njpjbnojbtj jbdarlanf nj ia luarna f sjrvodof nji abokai.
If quj sj nodj nji nujñf sj apioda a tf na pjrsfba quj sj sorva nj ub abokai aejbf8 saiva su addoôb dfbtra ji
•If
nujñf, so ji nañf ca sfmrjvjbonf pfr uba daionan f vodof nji abokai, quj ji nujñf dfb kjnoabf duonanf f
prunjbdoa njmoô dfbfdjr f prjvjr, y nj quj bf ij nof dfbfdokojbtf‛.
Art. =4=< DD. ’Ji nañf dausanf pfr ub abokai òjrf, nj quj bf sj rjpfrta utoionan para ia luarna f sjrvodof nj
•Art.
]jspfbsamoionan pfr ji cjdcf nj ub prjnof, s jrá sojkprj okputamij ai quj if tjbla, y so aijlarj quj bf ij ùj pfsomij jvotar ji nañf, bf sjrá
ifs abokaijs fënf‛.
Art. =4=3 DD. ’Ji nañf dausanf pfr uba dfsa quj daj f sj arrfea nj ia partj supjrofr nj ub jnoòdof, j s
•Art.
okputamij a tfnas ias pjrsfbas quj camotab ia koska partj nji jnoòdof, y ia obnjkbozadoôb sj novonorá jbtrj
tfnas jiias8 a kjbfs quj sj prujmj quj ji cjdcf sj njmj a ia duipa f kaia obtjbdoôb nj ailuba pjrsfba
jxdiusovakjbtj, jb duyf dasf sjrá rjspfbsamij jsta s fia.
•To cumojrj ailuba dfsa quj, nj ia partj supjrofr nj ub jnoòdof f nj ftrf paraej jijvanf, akjbadj daëna y nañf,
p fnrá sjr fmiolanf a rjkfvjria ji nujñf nji jnoòdof f nji sotof, f su obquoiobf, f ia pjrsfba a quojb pjrtjbjdojrj
Nañfs dausanfs uba dfsa quj sj ia dfsa f quj sj sorvojrj nj jiia8 y duaiquojra nji pujmif tjbnrá njrjdcf para pjnor ia rjkfdoôb".
daj f arrfea

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4::
]jspfbsamoionan pfr ruoba nj ub jno` odof
]jspfbsamoionan pfr vodofs nj ia dfbs truddoôb
Art. =4=>
jnoòdof DD "To ji
prfvobojrj njnañf dausanf
ub vodof pfr ia ruobatjbnrá
nj dfbstruddoôb, nj ub
iular ia rjspfbsamoionan prjsdrota jb ia rjlia 4.a nji
]jspfbsamoionan nji nujñf nj u b jno` odof artëduif =774".
Art. =4=4 DD. ’Ji nujñf nj ub jnoòdof js Art. =774 DD "4a. To ji jnoòdof pjrjdj f akjbaza
rjspfbsamij a tjrdjrfs (quj bf sj caiijb jb
ruoba, jb tfnf f partj, jb ifs dobdf añfs sumsoluojbtjs
ji dasf nji artëduif ?4>), nj ifs nañfs quj
a su jbtrjla, pfr vodof nj ia dfbstruddoôb, f pfr vodof ]jspfbsamoionan prokjra vjbta
fdasofbj su ruoba adajdona pfr cam jr nji sujif quj ji jkprjsarof f ias pjrsfbas jkpijanas
fkotonf ias bjdjsaroas rjparadofbjs, f pfr nj uba dfbstruddoôb.
pfr ïi cayab njmonf dfbfdjr jb razôb nj su fòdof, f
camjr àitanf nj ft ra kabjra ai duonanf nj Art. 13 N@I Bµ >:3 Ijy Ljbjrai
ub mujb panrj nj àkoioa. pfr vodof nj ifs katjroaijs, sjrá rjspfbsamij ji
nj Zrmaboskf y Dfbstruddofbjs.
To ji jnoòdof pjrtjbjdojrj a nfs f kás jkprjsarof8 so ifs katjroaijs cab sonf sukobostranfs
pjrsfbas prfobnovosf, sj novonorá jbtrj jiias pfr ji nujñf,sobf

jkprjsarof, bf camrá iular a ia rjspfbsamoionan
jb dfb`frkonan nji
ai artëduif =777,
ia obnjkbozadoôb a prfrrata nj sus duftas nj obdosf òbai".
nfkobof‛.
Art. =77> DD "Ias rjlias 4.a, >.a y :.a nji
prjdjnjbtj artëduif, sj jxtojbnjb a ifs quj sj
jbdarlab nj ia dfbstruddoôb nj ub jnoòdof jb daionan
nj arquotjdtfs".

4:0 Wakjia Kjbnfza
?. IA ADDOÔB NJ ]JTWFBTAMOIONAN JS^]ADFB^]AD^ZAI _ ]JWA]ADOÔB NJI NAÑF
LIFTA]OF
’Js ia quj badj nj ifs cjdcfs oiëdotfs, a fib nj quj sj dfbnjbj a su autfr a ia rjparadoôb nji nañf fdasofbanf‛
(Amjiouh, =71>, pál. 43:).
Addoôb nj
obnjkbozadoôb ’Ia addoôb quj dfkpjtj a ia vëdtoka nj ub njiotf f duasonjiotf para fmiolar a su autfr a ia rjparadoôb nji nañf
dausanf f a ia anfpdoôb nj ias kjnonas bjdjsaroas para
p ara jvotar ia rjparadoôb nji quj sj tjkj‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:,
páls. 4=0-4=<).
’Nj dfb`frkonan dfb jstj probdopof, ia rjparadoôb tojbj pfr

p fr fmejtf pfbjr ai njkabnabtj jb ia koska sotuadoôb
jb quj sj jbdfbtrarëa so bf cumojsj sonf vëdtoka nji nañf dausanf pfr
p fr ji cjdcf nji njkabnanf‛ (Marrfs, =7=7,
Wrobdopof nj rjparadoôb =0<).
obtjlrai nji nañf
’Ia rjparadoôb njmj sjr dfkpijta, jb ji sjbtonf nj quj njmj obnjkbozarsj, jb jspjdoj f jb jquovaijbtj, tfnf
nañf quj sja
s ja dfbsjdujbdoa norjdta nji oiëdotf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 4<<).
]jparadoôb jb
’Ji nañf sj dfkpjbsa pfr ub sustotutf, quj ljbjraikjbtj js uba suka nj nobjrf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 4<0).
jquovaijbtj
]jparadoôb jb jspjdoj f
’Jejdudoôb nj adtfs f anfpdoôb nj kjnonas quj calab njsaparjdjr ji nañf‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 4<0).
ob batura

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4:<
LIFTA]OF
Pëdtoka norjdta f
Pëdtoka ’Ia vëdtoka obkjnoata f norjdta nji njiotf f duasonjiotf, js njdor, ia pjrsfba quj if su`rj `ësodakjbtj5 ji atrfpj-
obkjnoata iianf, ji cjronf, ji kutoianf, jtd.‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 4=?).
’Ia vëdtoka kjnoata f obnorjdta nji koskf, jstf js, ifs quj, sob camjr sonf ijsofbanfs jb su pjrsfba `ësoda,
su`rjb takmoïb ub pjreuodof a dfbsjdujbdoa nji addonjbtj pfr vjrsj provanfs nj tfnfs f nj uba partj nj ifs
mjbjfidofs pjduboarofs f nj ia ayuna quj ia vëdtoka norjdta ijs prfdurama, f pfr camjr tjbonf quj satosàdjr ifs
Pëdtoka obnorjdta, lastfs nj duradoôb f nj ùbjraijs nj ia koska vëdtoka, jb razôb nj su parjbtjsdf dfb jiia‛ (Aijssabnro, =71:,
kjnoata f pfr pál. 4=?).
rjpjrdusoôb
’Tfb aqujiifs quj rjdomjb ub nañf, bf norjdtakjbtj a su pjrsfba f mojbjs, sobf pfr su`ror jiifs ias dfbsjdujb-
doas nj ub nañf dausanf a uba pjrsfba dfb ia duai tojbjb ailuba rjiadoôb‛ (Dfrrai, =714, pál. 4:4).

4:3 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Wjrsfbai
Tfif pujnj
rjdiakarsj nji autfr
nji nañf (art. :<3
DD)
Daradtjrëstodas nj ia
addoôb obnjkbozatfroa
Kujmij
Wjrsoluj uba
Watrokfboai rjparadoôb pjduboaroa
]jbubdoamij, (art. :37 DD) f ia
trabsolomij, djnomij, jejdudoôb nj cjdcfs
prjsdroptomij. njstobanfs a cadjr
djsar f a okpjnor ji
nañf (art. :31 DD)
(Aijssabnro, =71:, pál. 4=<)

]jspfbsamoionan dovoi jxtradfbtradtuai 4:?

IJLO
IJLOÔK
ÔKADO
ADO B ADÔP
ADÔPA
A
Pëdtokas kjnoatas f Cjrjnjrfs

obnorjdtas
Pëdtokas obkjnoatas f Djsofbarofs

norjdtas
Nañf jb ias
pjrsfbas
(totuiarjs nj ia
addoôb)

407 Wakjia Kjbnfza
Nañf jb ias dfsas

Art. =41: DD. ’Wujnj pjnor jsta obnjkbozadoôb bf sôif ji quj js nujñf f pfsjjnfr nj ia dfsa quj ca su`ronf ji nañf, f su cjrjnjrf, sobf ji
usu`rudtuarof, ji camotanfr f ji usuarof , so ji nañf orrfla pjreuodof a su njrjdcf nj usu`rudtf f nj camotadoôb f usf. Wujnj takmoïb pjnoria jb
ftrfs dasfs ji quj tojbj ia dfsa dfb fmioladoôb nj rjspfbnjr nj jiia8 pjrf sôif jb ausjbdoa nji nujñf‛.
Nañf dfbtobljbtj
Akjbaza a pjrsfbas njtjrkobanas
Art. ?4= obd. 1µ DD. ’Ji quj tjka quj ia ruoba nj ub jnofidof vjdobf ij parj pjreuodof, tojbj njrjdcf nj qujrjiiarsj ai eujz para quj sj kabnj ai
nujñf nj tai jnofidof njrromarif, so jstuvojrj tab njtjrofranf quj bf ankota rjparadoôb8 f para quj, so ia ankotj, sj ij frnjbj cadjria obkjnoata-
kjbtj8 y so ji qujrjiianf bf prfdjnojrj
p rfdjnojrj a dukpior ji àiif eunodoai, sj njrromará ji jnofidof f sj cará ia rjparadoôb a su dfsta‛.
Akjbaza a pjrsfbas obnjtjrkobanas5 Addoôb pfpuiar
Art. ?>3 DD. ’Ia kubodopaionan y duaiquojra pjrsfba nji pujmif tjbnrá, jb àvfr nj ifs dakobfs, piazas u ftrfs iularjs nj usf põmiodf, y para
ia sjluronan nj ifs quj trabsotab pfr jiifs, ifs njrjdcfs dfbdjnonfs a ifs nujñfs nj cjrjnanjs f jnofidofs provanfs.
_ sojkprj quj a dfbsjdujbdoa nj uba addoôb pfpuiar caya nj njkfijrsj f jbkjbnarsj uba dfbstruddoôb, f nj rjsardorsj ub nañf su`ronf, sj
rjdfkpjbsará ai adtfr,
adtfr, a dfsta nji qujrjiianf, dfb uba suka quj bf maej nj ia nïdoka, bo jxdjna a ia tjrdjra partj nj if quj dujstj ia njkfiodoôb
f jbkojbna, f ji rjsardokojbtf nji nañf8 sob pjreuodof nj quj so sj dastola ji njiotf f bjlioljbdoa dfb uba pjba pjduboaroa, sj aneunoquj ai adtfr
ia kotan‛.
Art. =444 DD. ’Wfr rjlia ljbjrai, sj dfbdjnj addoôb pfpuiar jb tfnfs ifs dasfs nj nañf dfbtobljbtj quj pfr okprunjbdoa f bjlioljbdoa nj
ailuojb akjbadj a pjrsfbas obnjtjrkobanas8 pjrf so ji nañf akjbazarj sfiakjbtj a pjrsfbas njtjrkobanas, sôif ailuba nj ïstas pfnrá obtjbtar
ia addoôb‛.


IJLOÔKADOÔB WATOPA
Ji autfr f ifs autfrjs nji nañf

Art. =410 DD. ’Js fmiolanf a ia
obnjkbozadoôb ji quj cozf ji nañf…‛.
Wjrsfba quj rjdomj prfvjdcf
Art. =41<caDD.
duasonjiotf ’To ub pfr
sonf dfkjtonf njiotf
nfs ff nji nfif aejbf ^jrdjrf dovoikjbtj rjspfbsamij
Art. =410 obd. =. DD ’Ji quj Art. =4=7, =4=1, =4== y =4=: Ifs cjrjnjrfs
kás pjrsfbas, dana uba nj jiias sjrá rjdomj prfvjdcf nji nfif Art. =410 DD. ’Js fmiolanf a
sfionaroakjbtj rjspfbsamij nj tfnf DD
aejbf, sob sjr dôkpiodj jb ïi, ia obnjkbozadoôb ji quj cozf ji
pjreuodof prfdjnjbtj nji koskf njiotf sôif js fmiolanf casta nañf y sus cjrjnjrfs‛.
f duasonjiotf, saivas ias jxdjpdofbjs nj
ifs artëduifs =4=4 y =4=3. dfbdurrjbdoa nj if quj vaila ji
prfvjdcf‛.
^fnf `raunj f nfif dfkjtonf pfr nfs
f kás pjrsfbas prfnudj ia addoôb
sfionaroa nji prjdjnjbtj obdosf".

40= Wakjia Kjbnfza
^romubai dfkpjtjbtj
•]jlia
ljbjrai5 Eujz nj ijtras dfb
Wjrsfbas eurënodas5 eurosnoddoôb dovoi.
dovoi.
Wujnjb sjr njkabnabtjs. Ia addoôb ia Ftrfs5 Eujz pjbai, Eujz nj Wfiodëa Ifdai
•Ftrfs5
caráb vaijr ifs rjprjsjbtabtjs. (sjlõb katjroa).
Wujnjb sjr njkabnanas.
]jspfbsamoionan dfijdtova5
]jspfbsamij pujnj sjr ub lrupf nj
pjrsfbas.

Jxtjbsoôb nj ia rjparadoôb
Ob jspjdoj f ob batura Wrobdopof ljbjrai nj ’rjparadoôb obtjlrai‛5 âbtf pjreuodof

•Wrobdopof
Jb jquovaijbtj
•Jb patrokfboai y bf patrokfboai dfbsjdujbdoa norjdta nji oiëdotf.
Ia rjparadoôb nuddoôb nj ia obnjkbozadoôb5
•]j
Ia jijddoôb dfrrjspfbnj a
•Ia Wfr nospfsodoôb ijlai jspjdoai.
•Wfr
ia vëdtoka. Wfr dfbdurrjbdoa nj duipa nj ia vëdtoka. Art =447 DD.
•Wfr
Wfr àita nj ia vëdtoka nji njmjr nj kotolar ifs nañfs.
•Wfr
• Wfr
Wfr dfkpjbsadoôb nji iudrf fmtjbonf pfr ia vëdtoka
(jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa).
(Dfrrai, =714, páls. 4<0-4?7)

40> Wakjia Kjbnfza
Jxtobdoôb Tj jxtobluj sjlõb ias rjlias ljbjraijs nj ifs kfnfs nj jxtobluor ias fmioladofbjs.
nj ia addoôb
obnjkbozatfroa
^rabsaddoôb
Ailubas rjlias jspjdoaijs. Art. =>>? DD. ’Ia trabsaddoôb pujnj rjdajr sfmrj ia addoôb
dovoi quj badj nj ub njiotf8 pjrf sob pjreuodof nj ia addoôb
drokobai‛.
Wrjsdropdoôb
Art. =44= DD. ’Ias addofbjs quj dfbdjnj jstj tëtuif pfr
nañf f nfif, prjsdromjb jb duatrf añfs dfbtanfs njsnj ia
pjrpjtradoôb nji adtf‛.
]jbubdoa
Art. 1= DD. ’Wfnráb rjbubdoarsj ifs njrjdcfs dfb`jronfs
pfr ias ijyjs,ydfb
rjbubdoabtj, qujtai
bfquj
jstïsôif korjb ai
prfcomona su obtjrïs obnovonuai nji
rjbubdoa‛.
Art. :0 DWW obd. =µ ’Wjrf sj jxtoblujb pfr jsa rjbubdoa ia
addoôb pjbai provana y ia dovoi njrovana nj duaiquojr diasj nj
njiotfs‛.

Momioflra`ëa
A󰁭󰁪󰁩󰁯󰁺󰁨 K󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁴󰁪󰁰󰁯󰁤󰁣, ]jbï (=71>)5 Ias fmioladofbjs, ^fkfs O y OO (Tabtoalf, ^cfksfb ]jutjrs, 0ª jnodoôb).
A󰁩󰁪󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁮󰁽󰁯 ]󰁦󰁮󰁽󰃫󰁬󰁺󰁪󰁵, Arturf (=77?)5 Nj ifs dfbtratfs (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij).
A󰁩󰁪󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁮󰁽󰁯 ]󰁦󰁮󰁽󰃫󰁬󰁺󰁪󰁵, Arturf (=71:)5 Nj ia rjspfbsamoionan jxtradfbtradtuai jb ji njrjdcf dovoi dcoijbf (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj
Dcoij, rjokprjsoôb 1µ jnodoôb =77:).
M󰁡󰁽󰁽󰁦󰁴 M󰁦󰁺󰁽󰁯󰁪, Jbroquj (=7=7)5 ^ratanf nj ]jspfbsamoionan Jxtradfbtradtuai, ^fkfs O y OO (Tabtoalf5 Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij, =ª jno-
doôb).
D󰁦󰁽󰁽󰁡󰁩 ^󰁡󰁩󰁤󰁯󰁡󰁢󰁯, Cjrbáb (=714)5 Ijddofbjs nj ]jspfbsamoionan Jxtradfbtradtuai
Jxtradfbtradtuai (Tabtoalf,
(Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij, =ª jnodoôb).
@󰁯󰁬󰁺󰁪󰁽󰁦󰁡 _󰃡󰃱󰁪󰁵, Lfbzaif (=71:)5 Dursf nj Njrjdcf Dovoi, ^fkfs OOO y OP (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij, rjokprjsoôb 1ª jnodoôb
=711).
@󰁺󰁪󰁿󰁦 I󰁡󰁢󰁪󰁽󰁯, @jrbabnf (=77?)5 ’Ia bfdoôb nj fmioladoôb‛, jb ^󰁡󰁰󰁦󰁩󰁡󰁽󰁯
^󰁡󰁰󰁦󰁩󰁡󰁽󰁯 F󰁩󰁯󰁰󰁪󰁽󰁦󰁴, ]aõi (norjdtfr), Nfdtrobas jsjbdoaijs. Njrjdcf dovoi.
Fmioladofbjs. ^fkf O (Tabtoalf, Eurënoda nj Dcoij), páls. 1-=?.
K󰁪󰁵󰁡 M󰁡󰁽󰁽󰁦󰁴, ]akôb (=77?)5 Kabuai nj Njrjdcf Dovoi . Nj ias fmioladofbjs (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij).
W󰁪󰃱󰁡󰁯󰁩󰁯󰁩󰁩󰁦 A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦,
A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦, Naboji (1??0)5 ’Ji jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa. Wrobdopof nj njrjdcf y ùjbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs‛, ]jvosta nj Njrjdcf.
Zbovjrsonan nj Dfbdjpdoôb, añf ISOP, Bµ =77.
W󰁪󰃱󰁡󰁯󰁩󰁯󰁩󰁩󰁦 A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦,
A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦, Naboji (1???)5 ’Ia njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai nj vfiubtan dfkf ùjbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs‛, ]jvosta nj Njrjdcf, Zbovjr-
sonan nj Dfbdjpdoôb, añf ISPOO, Bµ =70.
W󰁪󰃱󰁡󰁯󰁩󰁯󰁩󰁩󰁦 A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦,
A󰁽󰃯󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁦, Naboji (=774)5 Fmioladofbjs5 ^jfrëa
^jfrëa ljbjrai y diasofidadofbjs8 ia rjsfiudoôb pfr obdukpiokojbtf. (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai
Eurënoda nj Dcoij).
]󰁡󰁫󰁦󰁴 W󰁡󰁵󰁦󰁴, ]jbï (=773)5 Nj ias fmioladofbjs (Tabtoalf, Ijlai Wumioscobl, 4ª jnodoôb).
]󰁦󰁮󰁽󰃫󰁬󰁺󰁪󰁵 L󰁽󰁪󰁵, Wamif. (=710)5 ]jspfbsamoionan Jxtradfbtr adtuai (Tabtoalf,
Jxtradfbtradtuai (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij, rjokprjsoôb =ª jnodoôb =717).
]󰁺󰁵 I󰃡󰁽󰁾󰁯󰁬󰁡, Lfbzaif (=711)5 Jxpiodadofbjs nj Njrjdcf Dovoi. ^fkf
^fkf OO. Fmioladofbjs (Tabtoalf, ^cfksfb ]jutjrs).

400 Momioflra`ëa
^󰁡󰁷󰁯󰁡 T󰁺󰃡󰁽󰁪󰁵, Friabnf (=77?)5 Nj ia rjspfbsamoionan dovoi jb ljbjrai y nj ia rjspfbsamoionan njiodtuai jbtrj ifs dfbtratabtjs (Tabtoalf,
IjxosBjxos, =ª jnodoôb).
^󰁽󰁦󰁢󰁤󰁦󰁴󰁦 I󰁡󰁽󰁽󰁦󰁢󰁮󰁪, Cjrbáb (=711)5 Nj ias fmioladofbjs (Tabtoalf, IjxosBjxos).
P󰁯󰁡󰁩 󰁮󰁪󰁩 ]󰃫󰁦, Pëdtfr (=711)5 ^jfrëa Ljbjrai nji Adtf Eurënodf (Tabtoalf, Jnotfroai Eurënoda nj Dcoij).

Apujsta pfr ôrabt IA^

IAÂK, ia masj nj natfs eurënoda
eur ënoda
kás dfkpijta nj Omjrfakïroda
O mjrfakïroda..
Tusdrëmjtj a bujstrf sjrvodof nj masj nj natfs eurënoda y tjbnrás addjsf a tfnfs ifs nfdukjbtfs nj
Ijlosiadoôb, Nfdtroba, Eurosprunjbdoa, @frkuiarofs, Jsqujkas, Dfbsuitas, y a kudcas cjrrakojbtas
õtoijs para ji eurosta5
Momioftjda Portuai ôrabt Njrjdcfs Cukabfs Ljstoôb nj njspadcfs
ôrabt ^P Cusfs cfrarofs Bfvjnanjs
Wjrsfbaiozadoôb Ijlosiadoôb Obtjrbadofbai ^ranudtfr
]jvostas Eurënodas
+4>?7=1=1=1: atjbdofb.iatakGtorabtfbiobj.dfk +4>?040?00<: iatakGtorabtfbiobj.dfk

Obligaciones y Responsabilidad Civil

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Obligaciones y Responsabilidad Civil

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Norjdtfra5 Wakjia Kjbnfza Aifbzf

Autfrjs5 Karëa Jiosa Kfraijs Frtoz

JTQZJKAT NJ NJ]JDCF DOPOI NJ DCOIJ OO5

DFKO^Ï DOJB^Ë@ODF NJ IA JNO^F]OAI ^O]AB^ IF MIABDC

Wrfdjnokojbtf nj sjijddoôb nj frolobaijs, vjr páloba wjm5

JTQZJKAT NJ NJ]JDCF DOPOI NJ DCOIJ OO5

Jb dasf nj jrratas y adtuaiozadofbjs, ia Jnotfroai ^orabt

© WAKJIA KJBNFUA AIFBUF (Norjdtfra)

Alranjdjkfs a bujstrfs dfiamfranfrjs

=.4. Ji jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa dfkf `ujbtj nj ias fmioladofbjs ..............

1. FMIOLADOFBJT DOPOIJT _ BA^Z]AIJ

4. FMIOLADOFBJT NJ JTWJDOJ F DZJ]WF DOJ]^F _ LJBÏ]ODAT..............

1. DFBDJW^F _ JBZKJ]ADOÔB ............. ............................

1. JI OBDZKWIOKOJB^F JB LJBJ]AI .............

>.>.=. Ia duipa dfbtradtuai ..............

=7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

== Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

’Js ji fmejtf nj ia fmioladoôb‛ (Amjiouh, =71>, pál. >1).

=> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

Dfbsalra ias diasjs f

Nospfbj ifs j`jdtfs quj sj

=0 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

Waraijif njrjdcf rjai vs

Njrjdcf ]jai Njrjdcf Wjrsfbai

]jiadoôb Wjrsfba-dfsa. Jbtrj pjrsfbas rjspjdtf nj uba prjstadoôb.

Jxostj ji suejtf adtovf (adrjjnfr) y ji suejtf pasovf (nju-

Addofbjs Na froljb a addofbjs rjaijs. Na froljb a addofbjs pjrsfbaijs.

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs =<

=3 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

Tuejtf adtovf f adrjjnfr

Tuejtf pasovf f njunfr

Jijkjbtfs nj ia Pëbduif Eurënodf

=. IAT @ZJB^JT NJ IAT FMIOLADO

’Dausa quj sja eurënodakjbtj ankosomij‛ (Wjñaoioiif, =774, pál. 144).

47 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

’Adtf eurënodf uboiatjrai quj drja uba fmioladoôb‛ (^rfbdfsf,

’Ji nfif dfbsostj jb ia obtjbdoôb pfsotova nj ob`jror obeuroa a ia pjrsfba f prfpojnan nj

@ujbtjs nj ias fmioladofbjs

Jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa

Wara ftrfs ia õboda `ujbtj

Wara ailubfs sfif njmj Wara ftrfs `aitab jb ia

4> Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

=.=. Njdiaradoôb uboiatjrai

Amsfiutf rjdcazf5 bf js pfsomij dfbdjmor ia jxostjbdoa nj uba fmioladoôb sob ub njrjdcf

Art. ?? D nj D ’Ji prfpfbjbtj pujnj arrjpjbtorsj

Art. 04= obd. =· DD ’To ji nujñf cumojrj f`rjdonf

Zba vjz jkotona ia Ia rjtrfadtovonan sj ]

40 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

=.4. Ji jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa dfkf `ujbtj nj

Wrobdopof nj rjpunof Jbroqujdokojbtf sob

Bfdofbjs ljbjraijs 4<

Wfstura tranodofbai Wfstura kás rjdojbtj

43 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs

Jbroqujdokojbtf sob dausa jb bujstrf Dônolf Dovoi

Bujstrf Dônolf Dovoi bf if rjluia

]jspfbsamoionan Buionan nj ifs adtfs nj ^jfrëa nj ias

Bf camoïbnfsjij sjñaianf piazf jspjdoai, prjsdromj jb : añfs.

Ifs 4 prokjrfs rjquosotfs sujijb rj`ubnorsj jb ubf sfif5 ji jbroqujdokojbtf y jkpfmrjdokojbtf

1µ Quj uba pjrsfba jxpjrokjbtj ub jkpfmrjdokojbtf.

]jquosotfs =µ Quj ftra fmtjbla ub jbroqujdokojbtf.

>µ Darjbdoa nj dausa (abtjdjnjbtj eurënodf quj if eustoﬁquj).

:µ Tumsonoarojnan (sfif sj pujnj obtjbtar a `aita nj ftra addoôb).

(Amjiouh, =71>, páls. ==3-=41)

>7 Karëa Jiosa K fraijs