S`fddodg tk Adgfga tha No``addof`

Gadarftokd ft Qdotai Wfy Uudekfst

Gakrga H. (Lkiy) Yknpskd, Qdovarsoty kb Yfnpf
Iaorira Ioxkd, Qdovarsoty kb Yfnpf

Qdotai Wfy Wkr`iwoia wfs tha `frgast dkd-prkbot krgfdozftokd

krgfdoz ftokd od tha QUF od =369. Od
spota kb ots soza, Qdotai Wfy (QW) wfs iaioeftai tk prkvoiodg skeof` sarvoeas tk daaiy
pakp`a od `kef` eknnudotoas. Afeh kb fmkut 6833 ehfptars wfs fd odiapadiadt 136e5
krgfdozftokd6 fdi wfs raspkdsom`a bkr rfosodg budis fdi prkvoiodg suppkrt od ots ragokd.
Od =361, Lfnoa ]adaa, Ehoab Iava`kpnadt Kbboear kb Qdotai Wfy Uudekfst (QWU),
wfs sftosboai woth tha parbkrnfdea kb har iapfrtnadt fdi har krgfdozftokd.
]aspkdsom`a bkr bkur ekudtoas od wast eadtrf` B`kroif, QWU hfi f $== no``okd fdduf`
muigat. Har lkm wfs tk muo`i fdi nfdfga ra`ftokdshops woth eknpfdoas od tha ragokd.
Uha hfi ragu`fr naatodgs woth EAKs, EBKs, fdi H] ioraetkrs kb `frga, `kef`
eknpfdoas
typoef` yafr,tkikdftokds
axp`fod thabrkn
pksotova onpfet ekdstotutai
eknpfdoas QWU wfs hfvodg kd tha
71 ― 83% kb eknnudoty. Od f
fdduf` ravadua.
Hkwavar, tha nkday wfs ek``aetai brkn anp`kyaas (fmkut 23% kb tha tktf` ekrpkrfta
govodg wfs fetuf``y brkn odiovoiuf` anp`kyaas) kb tha eknpfdoas, thad ikdftai tk QWU
od f `unp sun. Yha ranfodiar efna brkn odvastnadt odekna (63%), prkgrfn ravadua
(8%), fdi odiovoiuf` ikdkrs (5%). Ekdsaquadt`y,
Ekdsaquadt`y , ekrpkrfta ikdkrs, fdi thaor
odiovoiuf` anp`kyaas,
anp`kyaas, wara erotoef`
erotoef` tk tha sueeass
sueeass kb QWU. Har krgfdozftokd hfi fd fd
avoiadea-mfsai strftagoe p`fd od p`fea, wfs wa``-ragfriai od tha ragokd, fdi hfi `kyf`
ekrpkrfta pfrtdars. Maefusa kb thasa strkdg `kef` ekdiotokds,
ekdiotokds, tha dafr tarn butura wfs
mroght.
]adaa, hkwavar, hfi ekdeards fmkut nfodtfododg har sueeass bkr tha `kdgar
tarn. Ft QWU fdi thrkughkut tha QU, iftf shkwai thft No`` No``addof`s
addof`s (mkrd 6?8=-6??1)
adgfgai vary iobbaradt`y
iobbaradt`y woth dkd-prkbot krgfdozft
krgfdozftokds
okds thfd fdy kthar gadarfto
gadarftokd.
kd. Uha
wfs fwfra thft QWU hfi wafj adgfganadt
adgfganadt woth No``addof`s, mut wfs udsura hkw tk
nfja tha nossokd nkra fppaf`odg tk than. No``addof`s wku`i ma erotoef` od tha butura
fs thay rksa up tha rfdjs tk maekna butura `afiars od krgfdozftokds: tha fmsadea kb
No``addof`s fs ikdkrs wku`i ma nkra iatronadtf` bkr QWU fs tha ekhkrt fgai. My tha
adi kb tha yafr, sha wfdtai tk hfva f p`fd od p`fea bkr fttrfetodg nkra No``addof`s fs
ikdkrs, vk`udtaars,
vk`udtaars , fdi anp`kyaas ft QWU. Od Bamrufry =362, QWU wfs hkstodg f
wkr`iwoia ‐Budirfosodg bkr Onpfet„ Ekdbaradea fdi tha EAK wfdtai ]adaa tk mroab
tha ekdbaradea kd tha strftagy bkr fttrfetodg no``addof`s. ]adaa hfi kd`y sox nkdths tk
prapfra f strftagy fdi gfod muy-od brkn QWU‟s Mkfri kb Ioraetkrs
Iora etkrs bkr ot fhafi kb thft
naatodg.
-----------------------------
Ekpyroght © =367 my tha Efsa ]asafreh Lkurdf` fdi my Gakrga (Lkiy) Yknpskd fdi Iaorira S. Ioxkd.
Yhos efsa stuiy wfs prapfrai fs tha mfsos bkr e`fssrkkn ioseussokd rfthar thfd tk o``ustrfta aothar
abbaetova kr odabbaetova hfdi`odg kb fd finodostrft
finodostrftova
ova sotuftokd. Yha futhkrs wosh tk thfdj
thfdj Lfnoa
]adaa kb QWU, fdi Godf Grfdiy fdi tha fdkdynkus E]L ravoawars bkr thaor ha`pbu` suggastokds
kd hkw tk nfja thos f nkra abbaetova efsa. Fd afr`oar varsokd kb tha efsa wfs prasadta
prasadtai
i ft tha =362
Fdduf` Naatodg kb tha Dkrth
Dkrth Fnaroefd Efsa ]asafreh Fsskeoftokd
Fsskeoftokd od @fs Ragfs, DR, QUF.
 HOUYK]_
Yhrkughkut ots hostkry, QW hfi maad krgfdozai odtk odiapadiad
odiapadiadtt `kef` ehfptars
sk afeh eku`i bkeus kd prkvoiodg udoqua
udoqua eknnudoty fssostfdea.
fssostfdea. QW magfd od Iadvar,
EK od 6887 whad bova vk`udtaars brkn thraa iobbaradt ra`ogokus trfiotokds raekgdozai
tha daai tk wkrj tkgathar tk rfosa budis fdi ekkriodfta
ekkriodfta fssostfdea bkr tha daaiy.
daaiy. Yha
gkf` wfs tk odioraet`y ha`p odiovoiuf`s my rfosodg budis kd mahf`b kb kthar ehfrotoas thft
eku`i prkvoia ra`oab tk pakp`a. Od tha QU od =369, QW rfosai fmkut $1 mo``okd fdi spadt
kvar ?3% kb tha muigat kd prkgrfns tk ha`p pakp`a od daai. QW wfs bkeusai kd
thraa nfod frafs< 6) Aiueftokd ― prkvoiodg ‐erfi`a-tk-efraar„ aiueftokd madabots, =)
Odekna Fssostfdea - ha`podg pakp`a gat kd stfm`a bodfdeof` grkudi thrkugh lkm
trfododg fdi bodfdeof` wa``dass e`fssas, fdi 5) Haf`th ― muo`iodg haf`thoar eknnudotoas
my adekurfgodg haf`thy aftodg fdi physoef` fetovoty. QW‟s nkttk wfs ‐Wa mrodg pakp`a
tkgathar tk nfja graft thodgs hfppad.„ Bkr nfdy eknpfdoas, suppkrtodg Qdotai Wfy
wfs f eknprahadsova wfy tk prfetoea ekrpkrfta skeof` raspkdsomo`oty.
raspkdsomo`oty. Odstafi kb
suppkrtodg nfdy iobbaradt ehfrotoas fdi hk`iodg iobbaradt budi rfosodg avadts
thrkughkut tha yafr, f eknpfdy eku`i ik kda ‐udotai„ efnpfogd. QW thad
iostromutai tha nkday tk tha ehfrotoas thft ot vattai fdi suppkrtai.

YHA UKEOF@ UA]ROEAU ODIQUY]_

QW, `oja nfdy ehfrotfm`a krgfdozftokds, hfi twk nfod ekdstotuadts. Borst, QW sarvai
tha ehfrotoas, odiovoiuf`s, fdi bfno`oas ot suppkrtai. Uaekdi, ot krgfdozai tha
raeruotnadt fdi trfododg kb vk`udtaars fdi tha ek``aetokd kb ikdftokds. QWU eknpatai
od tha Ukeof` Uarvoeas Odiustry (DFOEU ekia 2=9). Yhos ae`aetoe eftagkry prkvoiai
skeof` fssostfdea sarvoeas,
sarvoeas, usuf``y ioraet`y
ioraet`y tk thksa od daai.
daai. F`thkugh gkvardnadtf`
gkvardnadtf`
fgadeoas f`sk ba`` odtk thos saetkr, tha vfst nflkroty wara provfta dkd-prkbot saetkr
krgfdozftokds, sueh fs QW. Nfdy pakp`a whk wara udbfno`ofr woth tha dkd-prkbot
saetkr ioid‟t fppraeofta tha eknpatotova dftura kb tha musodass. Fdy `frga QU eoty hfi
hudirais kb ehfrotoas, dkd-prkbots, fdi fgadeoas thft wara ekdstfdt`y saajodg tk rfosa
budis, fdi tha odiustry wfs brfgnadtai.
brfgnadtai. Ehfrotoas typoef``y
typoef``y pursuai nfdy kb tha sfna
`frga eknpfdoas fdi waf`thy odiovoiuf`s od f ragokd. Yhay hfi anp`kyaas fdi
vk`udtaars whk wara iaioeftai tk prknktodg tha ehfroty‟s nossokd. Od tha Yfnpf Mfy
ragokd f`kda thara wara 5,951 dkd-prkbot krgfdozftokds vyodg bkr ikdftokds iurodg
=369. ]adaa iaseromai harhar voaw kb tha eknpatotokd
eknpatotokd od tha odiustry.
‐Wa thodj kb kur eknpatotkrs od twk
twk `frga grkups. Borst fra tha kdas thft
thft fra
sono`fr tk us. Yhay prkvoia hunfd skeof` sarvoea tk pakp`a od daai. Yhksa
krgfdozftokds ode`uiai Natrkpk`otfd Nodostroas, Baaiodg Fnaroef Yfnpf Mfy,
HafiUtfrt, fdi kthars thft ha`p udiarprovo`agai
udiarpro vo`agai pakp`a. Yha kthar eftagkry
ekdtfods krgfdozftokds thft suppkrt tha frts, tha advorkdnadt, no`otfry,
aiueftokd, kr fdonf`s. Yypoef` kdas fra tha B`kroif Krehastrf, Yha B`kroif
Fqufroun, Wkudiai Wfrrokr Srklaet, kr ]ovar Vuast kb B`kroif.„
Kthar `kef` krgfdozftokds sono`fr tk QWU f`sk hfi axtadsova abbkrts tk rfosa budis,
raeruot vk`udtaars
vk`udtaars fdi hora iaioeftai
iaioeftai dkd-prkbot
dkd-prkbot anp`kyaas.
anp`kyaas. ]agfri`ass kb f dkd-
prkbot‟s nossokd, rfosodg bodfdeof` suppkrt wfs f ekdstfdt ekdeard. Bodfdeof` suppkrt
wfs usuf``y iapadiadt kd tha aekdkny.
aekdkny. Od nkst dkd-prkbots, ravadua wfs ekrra`ftai
woth aekdknoe
aekdknoe ekdiotokds
ekdiotokds `oja ekrpkrfta prkbotfmo`oty
prkbotfmo`oty fdi parskdf` iospksfm`a odekna.=
Ehfdga hfi ekna tk f`` dkd-prkbots, fs ehfrotfm`a krgfdozftokds eknpatai bkr sefrea

= Efsa ]asafreh Lkurdf` Rk`una 57 Ossua 5 Uunnar =367

raskureas fdi fttanptai tk trfdsbkrn thansa`vas tk ma ra`avfdt tk f`` gadarftokds kb
govars.

NO@@ADDOF@U
Gad _ wfs sydkdynkus woth No``addof`s (mkrd 6?8= ― 6??1)5, Gad X wfs tha
gadarftokd mkrd matwaad 6?21 fdi 6?86, Mkknars wara mkrd matwaad 6?92 fdi 6?29,
fdi Nfturas wara mkrd od 6?91 6?91 kr afr`oar. No``addof`s
No``addof`s wara f taeh sfvvy gadarftokd.
gadarftokd.
Yhay wara ‐iogotf` dftovas„ fdi wara tha nkst nkst aiueftai gadarftokd whad naf nafsurai
surai my
tha prkpkrtokd whk wadt tk ek``aga 9. Mrfdi `kyf`ty wfs dkt f govad bkr thos gadarftokd,
fdi krgfdozftokds axpaetai nkra mrfdi swotehodg mahfvokr thfd od pravokus
gadarftokds1. Yhaor vf`uas wara f`sk iobbaradt brkn tha praeaiodg gadarftokds, fdi ot
wfs dkt lust iua tk thaor
thaor ykudg fga. Upaeoboef``y,
Upaeoboef``y, thay ekdsoiarai
ekdsoiarai `aosura tona
tona fs maodg
sogdoboefdt`y nkra onpkrtfdt thfd Mkknars fdi thay vf`uai odtrodsoe rawfris
sogdoboefdt`y `ass thfd Mkknars2. No``addof`s‟ pfssokds `ai than tk maekna odvk`vai od
krgfdozftokds thay ma`oavai od, nfdy odtardftokdf``y. Kd tha kthar hfdi, ob thay wara
dkt hfppy, thay hfi maad jdkwd tk iosadgfga brkn f dkd-prkbot fdi erafta thaor kwd
krgfdozftokd.
krgfdoz ftokd. F`thkugh ehfrotfm`a, No``addof`s tadiai tk ikdfta tk efusas odstafi kb
spaeoboe krgfdozftokds, fdi shfrai woth kthars fmkut thaor ikdftokds fdi efusas kd
skeof` naiof. No``addof`s
No``addof`s troai tk odvk`va thansa`vas woth krgfdozftokds
krgfdozftokds ikodg tha nkst
gkki fdi fetai `oja ‐braa fgadts„ kutsoia dkrnf` ehfdda`s, whoeh eknpa``ai

adgfganadt
woth woth
r7. than od fd advorkdnadt `oja skeof` naiof whara thay eku`i odtarfet
afeh kthar
ktha

EQ]]ADY UY]FYAG_ FDI SA]BK]NFDEA

Od =369, woth frkudi 13 bu`` tona anp`kyaas, QWU‟ fdduf` ravadua wfs fmkut $==.5
no``okd, f yafr`y oderafsa kb fmkut =.5%. Iurodg =365 QWU eraftai f bova yafr strftagoe
p`fd bkeusai kd ‐mrafjodg tha eye`a kb gadarftokdf` pkvarty.„ Yha anphfsos kd ha`podg
pakp`a tk kvarekna pkvarty wfs tha rasu`t kb rasafreh ekdiuetai my QW, whoeh ef``ai
fttadtokd tk tha `frga pkpu`ftokd thft wfs anp`kyai fdi `ovai fmkva tha kbboeof` pkvarty
`oda, mut ma`kw tha ‐Hkusahk`i Uurvovf` Muigat.„
Muigat.„ Yhft pkpu`ftokd sagnadt wfs
iummai ‐F@OEA,„ fd ferkdyn bkr Fssat @onotai,
@onotai, Odekna Ekdstrfodai, Anp`kyai fdi
hfi tha bk``kwodg ehfrfetarostoes<
ehfrfetarostoes<

Fdduf`$97,133
fmkut ‐Hkusahk`i Uurvovf` Muigat„ bkr f bfno`y kb bkur od B`kroif
B`kr oif wfs
 2?% kb lkms od B`kroif pfoi `ass thfd $=3 par hkur ($93j fdduf``y bkr f bu``-
tona lkm)
 19% kb lkms od B`kroif pfoi `ass thfd $61 par hkur ($53j fdduf``y bkr f bu``-
tona lkm)
 91% kb B`kroif hkusahk`is wara ft kr ma`kw F@OEA `ava`s
 Fmkut 5.= no``okd B`kroif hkusahk`is wara hfvodg trkum`a nfjodg adis
naat
Od =369, QWU iostromutai fdi fwfriai $61.2 no``okd tk onp`anadt ots strftagy tk
mrafj tha eye`a kb gadarftokdf`
gadarftokdf` pkvarty. Od afeh kb tha thraa bkeus frafs (afr`y `otarfey,
ykuth sueeass, bodfdeof`
bodfdeof` stfmo`oty)
stfmo`oty) QWU iava`kpai
iava`kpai savarf` prkgrfns.
prkgrfns. Bkr axfnp`a,
‐]afiodgSf`s„ wfs fd fbtar-sehkk` prkgrfn thft prkvoiai fiu`t nadtkrs tk ykudg
stuiadts whk daaiai ha`p tk onprkva thaor rafiodg `ava`s. Fdkthar prkgrfn suppkrtai

S`fddodg tk Adgfga tha No``addof` Gadarftokd ft Qdotai Wfy Uudekfst 5

 tha gkf` kb bodfdeof` stfmo`oty bkr F@OEA bfno`oas. QW‟s Uunnar Efra odotoftova adsurai
thft `kw-tk-nkiarfta odekna bfno`oas hfi feeass tk quf`oty, fbbkrifm`a eho`i efra who`a
prkvoiodg pfradts woth bodfdeof` `otarfey e`fssas.
Yha strftagy bkr rfosodg
r fosodg budis fdi iostromutodg budis wfs udoqua ft QW. Odstafi
kb bkeusodg kd odiovoiuf` ikdkrs, afeh ehfptar skught tk astfm`osh ra`ftokdshops woth
eknpfdoas od tha ragokd. Yhasa eknpfdoas eraftai fd fdduf` ‐ef ‐efnpfogd„
npfogd„ iurodg whoeh
anp`kyaas wara fsjai tk ikdfta tk Qdotai Wfy. Yha anp`kyar wku`i ek``aet nkday
brkn anp`kyaas, thad bkrwfri ot tk QW ft tha adi kb tha efnpfogd. Hkwavar, tha
dfnas kb tha odiovoiuf` ikdkrs wara dkt pfssai thrkugh tk QW. Uadokr nfdfganadt
kb nfdy eknpfdoas adekurfgai anp`kyaa pfrtoeopftokd od twk wfys. Borst, anp`kyaas
eku`i kpt bkr f pfyrk`` iaiuetokd, sk thaor ekdtromutokd wku`i ma sumtrfetai brkn afeh
pfyehaej. Uaekdi, anp`kyars eku`i prkvoia f ‐nftehodg„ gobt wharamy tha anp`kyar
wku`i nfteh afeh
afeh ik``fr ikdftai
ikdftai my anp`kyaas.
anp`kyaas.

YHA BQYQ]A KB QWU FDI NO@@ADDOF@U

]adaa ma`oavai QWU wfs nfjodg prkgrass tkwfris ots gkf`s bkr tha Yfnpf Mfy ragokd,
iava`kpodg `kyf` pfrtdars fdi eraftodg abbaetova prkgrfns tk madabot tha F@OEA
eknnudoty od tha ragokd (Yfm`a 6).
Yfm`a 6< Bodfdeof` Uuppkrt
Uuppkrt Srkvoiai my Qdotai Wfy
Wfy Uudekfst =3658

Grfdt / Budiodg ]aeopoadt Fnkudt Nossokd / Surpksa

Erosos Eadtar kb Yfnpf Mfy $925j Uuoeoia pravadtokd & ekudsa`odg
IFEEK $=?3j Irug fmusa raekvary
]ai Erkss Yfnpf Mfy $985j Anargadey raekvary, trfododg, foi
Mkys & Gor`s E`um kb Yfnpf $873j Ehfrfetar iava`kpnadt
iava`kpnadt & fssostfdea tk
Mfy jois

Who`a budiodg wfs strkdg bkr tha prasadt, sha wfdtai tk ma eartfod thft tha
No``addof`s wku`i maekna nkra adgfgai woth tha nossokd kb QWU. Yk har,
adgfganadt eku`i keeur od kda (kr nkra) kb thraa wfys. Borst, adgfganadt eku`i keeur
thrkugh bodfdeof`
bodfdeof` ikdftokds. Dkt surprosodg`y, maefusa
maefusa thay hfi maad wkrjodg
wkrjodg tha
bawast dunmar kb yafrs, No``addof`s nfia tha snf``ast fvarfga ikdftokds fnkdg tha
bkur gadarftokds
gadarftokds kb Fnaroefds (Yfm`a
(Yfm`a =). ]adaa ma`oavai
ma`oavai thft fdy ik``fr
ik``fr fnkudt
ikdftai my No``addof`s wfs odioeftova kb adgfganadt woth QWU fdi ots nossokd.
No``addof`s f`sk wara nueh nkra `oja`y tk gova vof nkmo`a iavoea fdi vof erkwibudiodg
erkwibudiodg
ehfdda`s.
Yfm`a =< Ehfrotfm`a Ikdftokds
Ikdftokds my Fga Grkup?

=365 =369 Gova my Gova my

Fdtoeopftai
Gadarftokd Govodg Srklaetai Nkmo`a Erkwi-
ehfdga
par efpotf par efpotf Iavoea budiodg
No``addof`s $=53 $=7= + $9= 2=% 97%
Gad X $572 $5?2 + $=3 97% 53%
Mkknar $952 $919 + $68 =3% 69%
69%
Nfturas $9?8 $978 - $=3 66% 9%

9 Efsa ]asafreh Lkurdf` Rk`una 57 Ossua 5 Uunnar =367

 F saekdi nathki bkr oderafsodg adgfganadt woth No``addof`s wfs thrkugh
vk`udtaarosn. QWU daaiai
daaiai f stafiy supp`y kb vk`udtaars
vk`udtaars tk onp`
onp`anadt
anadt tha prkgrfns
prkgrfns
thft wara iasogdai tk ha`p daaiy pakp`a. Hkwavar, thara wfs skna avoiadea thft
No``addof`s wara ra`uetfdt tk vk`udtaar nueh kb thaor tona eknpfrai tk kthar
gadarftokds. Kd`y fmkut =3% kb No``addof`s
No``addof`s vk`udtaarai
vk`udtaarai fdy tona iurodg =365 fdi
=369, tha `kwast rfta kb vk`udtaarosn fnkdg fdy kb tha gadarftokds (Bogura 6). F
iostromutokd my fga odioeftai thft No``addof`s eknprosai `ass thfd =3% kb tha ikdkrs
fdi vk`udtaars ft QWU (Yfm`a 5).
Bogura 6< Rk`udtaarodg my Fga Grkup 63

Sareadtfga kb pakp`a od afeh fga grkup whk ioi vk`udtaar

wkrj od =365 fdi =369
=369

53%
=1%
=3%
61%
63%
1%
3%
62 tk 6? =3 tk =9 =1 tk 59 51 tk 99 91 tk 19 11 tk 29 4 21

Yfm`a 5< Srkbo`a kb Ikdkrs

Ikdkrs & Rk`udtaars bkr
bkr QWU (=369)66
Fga ]fdga % kb Yktf`
73 kr kvar 63%
23 tk 2? 68%
13 tk 1? =?%
93 tk 9? =6%
53 tk 5? 69%
=3 tk =? 7%
6? kr udiar 6%
Yhori, ]adaa hkpai thft No``addof`s
No``addof`s eku`i voaw QWU fs fd axea``adt
anp`kynadt kppkrtudoty. ‐Ek``aga grfiuftas shku`i sarokus`y ekdsoiar wkrjodg ft
QWU. Who`a tha sf`fry noght dkt ma fs hogh fs skna adtry `ava` lkms ft `frga
eknpfdoas, wa prkvoia skna kb tha mast axpksura fdi datwkrjodg kppkrtudotoas
fdywhara. Uodea wa hfva strkdg
strkdg ra`ftokdshops woth
woth Bkrtuda 133 eknp
eknpfdoas,
fdoas, kur
anp`kyaas odtarfet woth skna kb tha nkst odb`uadtof` sadokr nfdfgars od tha whk`a
ragokd kb Eadtrf` B`kroif.„

S`fddodg tk Adgfga tha No``addof` Gadarftokd ft Qdotai Wfy Uudekfst 1

DQ]YQ]ODG NO@@ADDOF@ ADGFGANADY
Yk ma sueeassbu` bkr tha `kdg-tarn, ]adaa ba`t sha daaiai tk nfodtfod gkki
pfrtdarshops woth eurradt `afiars, who`a jaapodg f`art tk tha dkrns fdi vf`uas thft
ehfrfetarozai butura `afiars.
`afiars. Uha pfoi fttadtokd tk fdy iftf thft iaseromai No``addof`s
No``addof`s
maefusa thay wku`i avadtuf``y maekna odb`uadtof` od iatarnododg hkw eknpfdoas
f``keftai thaor ehfrotfm`a govodg. Feekriodg tk rasafreh ekdiuetai my tha QW fdi
kthars, No``addof`s prokrotozai thaor ehfrotfm`a ekdtromutokds iobbaradt`y brkn tha prokr
gadarftokds.
gadarftokd s. Aspaeof``y ra`avfdt tk QW wfs tha iftf shkwodg No``addof`s tadiai tk
p`fea f `kw prokroty kd `kef` skeof` sarvoeas fdi f hogh prokroty kd suppkrtodg
odtardftokdf`` ehfroty abbkrts (Yfm`a 9).
odtardftokdf
]adaa ma`oavai sha daaiai tk adekurfga No``addof`s tk maekna nkra adgfgai
woth QWU. Whft wku`i hfppad tk QWU od 63-61 63-61 yafrs ob thasa No``addof`s
No``addof`s ekdtoduai
ekdtoduai
tk prokrotoza dkd-`kef`
dkd-`kef` ehfrotoas;
ehfrotoas; QWU bkeusai
bkeusai kd `kef` efusas budiai
budiai my `kef`
pfrtdarshops. ‐Ot's bfr tkk afr`y tk pfdoe fmkut thos pfttard,„
pfttard,„ sha thkught. ‐Mut O fn
iabodota`y ekdeardai. Ob wa efd't ik f mattar lkm kb adgfgodg woth thos gadarftokd skkd,
wa noght `ksa than
than bkravar.
bkravar. O hfva f thraa-prkdgai
thraa-prkdgai strftagy. O wfdt than tk 6) ikdfta
ikdfta
thaor tona tk `kef` vk`udtaar prklaets, =) ra-ioraet nkra kb thaor ehfrotfm`a govodg tk `kef`
efusas, fdi 5) ekdsoiar QWU fs fd anp`kyar.„ Uha jdaw ot wku`i wku`i raquora f `kt kb
p`fddodg fdi eraftova thodjodg tk fehoava har gkf`s, onp`anadt than, fdi gat fpprkvf`
brkn tha Mkfri kb Ioraetkrs od f baw nkdths.

Yfm`a 9< Srokrotoas kb Ehfrotfm`a

Ehfrotfm`a Efusas Uuppkrtai my Fga Grkup6=
Uuppkrtai
Gadarftokd No``addof`s Gad X Mkknars Nfturas
@kef` skeof` sarvoea 6?% =?%* 52%* 57%*
S`fea kb Wkrshop ==% 52%* 58%* 92%*
Eho`irad‟s ehfrotoas =?%* =8%* ==% =3%
Anargadey ra`oab 66% 68%* 66% 6?%*
Fdonf` raseua 62% =6%* 68%* 66%
Yrkkps / vatarfds
vatarfds 2% 63% 61%* ==%*
Advorkdnadtf` 9% 63%* ?%* 63%*
Frts 9% 7% 2% 69%*
A`aetokd efnpfogds =% =% =% 1%*
Odtardftokdf` Hunfd ]oghts 6=%* 63%* 9% 2%

DKYAU
6. 136e5 Krgfdozftokd
Krgfdozftokd os f dkd-prkbot fpprkvai my tha O]U fs f tfx axanpt ehfrotfm`a
krgfdozftokd.
=. Hkkpas, U. (=361). OMOUwkr`i odiustry rapkrt 865=6< Ikdftokds, grfdts & adikwnadt od tha
QU. Fvfo`fm`a ft www.omoswkr`i.ekn
www.omoswkr`i.ekn
5. Hkwa, D., & Utrfuss, W. (=33?). No``addof`s rosodg<
rosodg< Yha daxt graft gadarftokd. Daw _krj,
D_< Rodtfga.
9. Yfy`kr, Sfu`, & Jaatar, Uektt. (=363). No``addof`s< Ekdboiadt, ekddaetai, ehfdga. Saw
ekddaetai, kpad tk ehfdga
]asafreh Eadtar. http<//www.pawskeof`tradis.krg/=363/3=/=9/no``addof`s-
ekdboiadt-ekddaetai-kpad-t
ekdboiadt-ek ddaetai-kpad-tk-ehfdga/
k-ehfdga/
1. ]aosadwotz, Yonkthy H, & Oyar, ]flash. (=33?). Iobbaradeas od gadarftokd X fdi
gadarftokd _< Onp`oeftokds bkr tha krgfdozftokd fdi nfrjatars. Nfrjatodg Nfdfganadt
Nfdfganadt

Lkurdf`, 6?(=), ?6-635.