Practical Research 2

Munggo-Ghost

Members:

BAUTISTA, PRINCESS ALELI T. (Leader)

MANGANAAN, ARABELLA R.

PASTOR, IRA GWYNETH R.

CABALLERO, SOPHIA RENEE D.

MAEDA, KAZUIRA

RODRIGUEZ, JOSH MANUEL

Research Adviser:

ELISHA JAMES TADENA

 Mung Bean Experiment Progress Report

In this report, we will state the development of the mung beans we planted. Cotton served as

our substrate. We separated samples with no sunlight, low sunlight and moderate sunlight

because that's how we are doing our experiment. We are observing the variations that sunlight

would bring about in the treatments and how it would impact the plant's growth.

TREATMENT #1: NO SUNLIGHT

Day 1: Start of germination, No progress.

Day 2: The beans released a stain on the cotton, still the same size.

Day 3: The beans started to sprout.

Day 4: It grew longer and the green leaves were becoming visible.

Day 5: The sprout grew longer than expected that its tip came out of the cup.

Day 6: The sprout continued to grow longer and the beans before turned into color brown.

Day 7: The sprout grew longer that it already reached the surface below the cup.

Day 8: The sprout was like an octopus’ tentacles growing out of the cup.

We also observed that the colors of the seedling's leaves are color white and that's because

when the plants lack sunlight, they can't produce chlorophyll and the plant is not producing

enough chlorophyll to look green.

TREATMENT #2: LOW SUNLIGHT

Day 1: Start of germination, no progress at all.

Day 2: The beans started to sprout.

Day 3: The sprout grew longer and turned into green which is sign for growing leaves, it started

to penetrate in the cotton.

Day 4: The sprout grew longer and became greener due to its set of newly grown leaves. Not

to mention, the stem turned into green unlike when it started to sprout which is cream.

Day 5: Surprisingly, the sprout grew taller, far from what it's like in the previous day. The stem

is still green and leaves are grown.

Day 6: The progress is visible again as it grew much taller.

Day 7: The sprout grew taller

Day 8: The growth remained steady for the other seeds unlike in the previous days that all

sprouts grow visibly; the other sprouts grew taller.

With its exposure to sunlight, it grew much faster than the treatment with no sunlight at all.

The leaves of the seedlings started to give a touch of green because of the sunlight it is getting.

Plants grown in low light tend to be spindly with light green leaves.

TREATMENT #3: MODERATE SUNLIGHT

Day 1: Start of germination, no progress.

Day 2: The beans started to sprout.

Day 3: The sprout started becoming visible.

Day 4: The sprout grew longer and the green leaves become more visible.

Day 5: The leaves and roots grow quickly.

Day 6: The roots sprout become stronger and the vines continue to become longer.

Day 7: The sprout grew taller that reached the height of the plastic cup.

Day 8: All of the sprouts grew more taller far from what it is like from previous days.

The seedlings in this treatment have grown much faster and greener because of the moderate

sunlight it is getting. As you can see in the report, it grew taller than the other treatment.

Data
The following graphics show how our data are presented:

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 

Descriptives

  Root Length Stem Length Number of Leaves

N 123 123 123

Missing 0 0 0
Mean 3.51 17.8 2.37
Median 3.20 17.0 2
Mode 3.00 15.3 ᵃ 2.00
 Descriptives

  Root Length Stem Length Number of Leaves

Standard deviation 1.25 6.40 0.952
Range 6.50 31.5 4
Minimum 1.00 2.50 0
Maximum 7.50 34.0 4
Skewness 0.807 0.189 0.596
Std. error skewness 0.218 0.218 0.218
Kurtosis 0.626 -0.212 -0.120
Std. error kurtosis 0.433 0.433 0.433

ᵃ More than one mode exists, only the first is reported

 Mean:

In this statistical analysis, the mean of all the data clearly states that the arranged root length is

around 3.51 cm and the arranged stem length is around 17.8 cm. It also states that the mean

number of leaves is around 2.37.

Median:

In this statistical analysis, the length of the root ranges from 1.00 cm to 7.50 cm, the length of

the stem ranges from 2.50 to 34.0 cm, and the number of leaves also range from 0 to 4 cm.

The data median states that the arranged root length is 3.20 cm and the arranged stem length

is 17.0 cm. It also states that the median number of leaves is 2.

Mode:
In this statistical analysis, the mode of all data states that the arrangement root length is 3.00

cm and the arrangement stem length is 15.3 cm. It also states that the mode number of leaves

is 2.

Range:

In this statistical analysis, the range of all data states that the arrangement root length is 6.50

cm and the arrangement stem length is 41.5 cm, which indicates that the stem length has a

wider dispersion in the data set compared to the root length, as given by the values 6.15 and

41.5, respectively. It also states that the range number of leaves is 4.

Skewness and Kurtosis Analysis

The data presented is positively skewed since the values are more concentrated on the right

side. The statistical results are bent toward the left side. Here, the mean exceeds both the

mode and median. A normal distribution will have a skewness of 0 but in this analysis, the

skewness is 0.807 for root length, 0.189 for stem length, and 0.596 for the number of leaves

resulting in an asymmetrical distribution.

For kurtosis analysis, the root length and number of leaves will be considered Leptokurtic since

the peak of their curves became relatively high and is greater than the normal kurtosis which is

3. The curve for stem length is similar to the normal curve called Mesokurtic.

Since our data distribution is normal, we used T-Test and ANOVA

T-Test

Paired Samples T-Test

      statistic df p Mean difference SE difference

Root Length Stem Length Student's t -25.64 122 < .001 -14.31 0.558
Number of
  Student's t 7.20 122 < .001 1.14 0.159
Leaves
Stem Length   Student's t 25.10 122 < .001 15.45 0.615

 In this statistical analysis, we used a t test to determine the normality of our data. The data

indicates that the mean for the root length is 4.73 cm and for the stem length is 15.1 cm. The

average mean difference between the paired root and stem lengths is -10.34. Our p-value of

0.089 for the paired sample t-test is greater than the standard level of significance of 0.05,

therefore we will accept the null hypothesis.

The data indicates that the mean for stem length is 3.51 and for the number of leaves is 2.37.

The average mean difference between the paired root length and number of leaves is 1.40. Our

p-value of (0.080) for the paired sample t-test is greater than the standard level of significance

of 0.05, therefore we will accept the null hypothesis.

The data indicate that the mean stem length is 17.82 cm, and the mean number of leaves is

2.37. The average mean difference between the paired stem length and number of leaves is

15.45. Our p-value of 0.224 for the paired sample t-test is greater than the standard level of

significance of 0.05, therefore we will accept the null hypothesis.

ANOVA
ANOVA - Root Length

  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p

Overall model 6.82e-13 2 3.41e-13 7.18 0.001

Treatment 0 NaN      
Color 1.14e-13 0      
Sunlight 1.14e-13 0      
Treatment ✻ Color 1.14e-13 0      
Treatment ✻ Sunlight 1.14e-13 0      
Color ✻ Sunlight 1.14e-13 0      
Treatment ✻ Color ✻ Sunlight 1.14e-13 0      
Residuals 170 120 1.42    

Note. Singular fit encountered; one or more predictor variables are a linear combination of other predictor variables

ANOVA - Stem Length

  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p

Overall model -9.55e−12 2 -4.77e−12 91.5 < .001

Sunlight 0 NaN      
Color -1.59e−12 0      
Treatment -1.59e−12 0      
Sunlight ✻ Color -1.59e−12 0      
Sunlight ✻ Treatment -1.59e−12 0      
Color ✻ Treatment -1.59e−12 0      
Sunlight ✻ Color ✻ Treatment -1.59e−12 0      
Residuals 1976 120 16.5    

Note. Singular fit encountered; one or more predictor variables are a linear combination of other predictor variables

ANOVA - Number of Leaves

  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p

Overall model 1.71e-13 2 8.53e-14 28.3 < .001

ANOVA - Number of Leaves

  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p

Sunlight 0.0 NaN      

Color 2.84e-14 0      
Treatment 2.84e-14 0      
Sunlight ✻ Color 2.84e-14 0      
Sunlight ✻ Treatment 2.84e-14 0      
Color ✻ Treatment 2.84e-14 0      
Sunlight ✻ Color ✻ Treatment 2.84e-14 0      
Residuals 75.1 120 0.626    

Note. Singular fit encountered; one or more predictor variables are a linear combination of other predictor variables

To determine whether there were any appreciable variations in the stem and root lengths of the

mungbeans grown under various levels of sunshine, a quantitative analysis was conducted.

ANOVA was used in the analysis. The P value of the root length is 0.001, which is statistically

significant, and the P value of the stem length is 0.001, which is statistically significant because

the statistical probability is low.

Correlational Analysis

We utilized the Pearson Correlation Matrix in this correlational analysis to show the correlation

between each variable, which are the Stem Length, Root Length, Number of Leaves, and

Sunlight.

The correlation between stem length and root length is 0.26, indicating a slight positive

correlation.
The connection between stem length and the number of leaves is -0.39, indicating a slight

negative correlation.

Whereas the correlation between stem length and sunlight is -0.59, indicating a moderate

negative correlation.

As for the correlation between the number of leaves and the length of the roots, the value is -

0.27, showing a slight negative correlation.

There is a -0.11 correlation between root length and sunlight, which is a very low negative

correlation.

Lastly, there is a moderate positive correlation between the number of leaves and sunlight.

Scientific References

No Sunlight

In the first treatment, mung beans were placed in a location where they cannot absorb or be

exposed to sunlight. According to Van Hung (2020), the mung bean seeds germinated under

the dark condition contained higher TPC, TFC, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacities as

compared to those germinated under the light condition. At 96 h of germination under the dark

condition, the germinated mung bean seeds contained 31.9% protein, in which the amount of

EAA was 40.92%. The TPC of the 96-h germinated mung bean seed extract was 7.19 mg ferulic

acid equivalent (FAE)/g hulled seeds, which possessed 86.4% DPPH scavenging, and 72.7%

and 72.9% inhibition against α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, respectively. The mung beans
still sprouted even without sunlight due to the high TPC, TFC, antioxidant, enzyme, and

nutrients contained. The mung beans sprout were white since there was no sunlight absorbed

to produce the green pigment or chlorophyll.

Van Hung, P., Yen, N. T. H., Phi, N. T. L., Tien, N. P. H., & Trung, N. T. T. (2020). Nutritional

composition, enzyme activities and bioactive compounds of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

germinated under dark and light conditions. LWT, 133, 110100.

Low Sunlight

In the second treatment, mung beans absorbed low sunlight. The mung beans are placed

indoors, where light can reach them but the sun won't directly hit them. In this procedure,

mung beans have taken in filtered light, or light that has been filtered or dispersed by any

object. The outcome of mung bean germination is strongly influenced by light. Unfiltered light

benefit mung beans from faster germination and taller stems, however in this treatment, the

mung beans absorbed filtered light. Nonetheless, as what the researchers have observed, it is

possible to treat mung beans with low sunlight. During photosynthesis, a plant collects light

energy and transforms it into chemical energy to fuel growth. This clarifies why mung beans

continued to grow properly even in low light conditions. Mung beans were able to grow because

they absorbed light. The mung bean treated in low sunlight has lighter color in the stem and

even in the leaves, in contrast to the mung bean treated in moderate sunlight. Compared to

beans grown in full, natural light, low-light or no-light circumstances generate less protein,

carbohydrate, and pigment.

Fiske, C. (2017). The Effects of Light on the Growth of Bean Plants. Garden Guides
Moderate Sunlight

In the third treatment, mung beans absorbed moderate sunlight. The mung beans are placed

on the window, where light can reach them and the sun can directly hit them. Mung beans

were able to grow because they absorbed light as well as water.

The germination of mung bean is strongly affected by direct sunlight. The mung bean treated

water enhanced the seed germination and plant growth.

Meiyazhagan, S., Yugeswaran, S., Ananthapadmanabhan, P. V., Sreedevi, P. R., & Suresh, K.

(2020). Relative potential of different plasma forming gases in degradation of rhodamine b dye

by microplasma treatment and evaluation of reuse prospectus for treated water as liquid

fertilizer. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 40(5), 1267-1290.

Photo Documentation