Psych Educ, Document ID: 2022PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.

7133696, ISSN 2822-4353

Research Article

Socio-Economic Impact of Cooperatives Among Members: An Input to

Customized Program Development Framework for Cooperatives
Venus D. Hilario*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
Cooperatives are autonomous, duly registered association of persons, with common bond of interest, voluntarily joined
together to achieve their social, economic and cultural needs and aspirations, making equitable contributions to the capital
required, patronizing their own products and services and accepting fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in
accordance with the universally accepted cooperative principles. The study generally aims to determine the social and economic
(socio-economic) impact or contributions of cooperatives as perceived by member-respondents. Specifically, it aims to determine
the demographic profile of the respondents, the social and economic impact of cooperatives, the actual social and economic
impacts of cooperatives, the constraints and concerns encountered by the members, and the significant difference between the
socio-economic impact of cooperatives as described by the respondents when grouped according to their demographic profile. In
terms of the social impact: on donations, the indicators “Donations given by the cooperative are relatively big enough to cover
various causes or advocacies” and “Donations given by the cooperative provide the recipient organization/institution resources to
pursue their causes or advocacies” obtained the highest mean; on volunteer/civic works, the indicator “The cooperative
participate in various civic causes such as clean-up drive or Balik-eskwela caravans” obtained the highest mean; on expert
services, the indicator “The cooperative provides a helping hand to students or members of the academe on topics related to this
form of organization” obtained the highest mean; on policy advocacy, the indicator “The cooperative pushes for legislations that
ensure productive reforms in the industry” obtained the highest mean; on culture development, the indicator “The cooperative
participates in local customs and traditions such as town fiesta, festivals etc” obtained the highest mean; on scholarships, the
indicator “The cooperative offers educational loans that specifically support academic concerns with relatively low interest”
obtained the highest mean; on student placement, the indicator “The cooperative gets On-the-Job Trainees (OJT) in both Senior
High School and College levels” obtained the highest mean; on fund raising, the indicator “The cooperative spearhead
fundraising activities which aim to help those who have been devastated by natural calamities such as flood, typhoon or even
pandemic” got the highest mean; and on gender and development, the indicator “The cooperative adopts policies that ensure
gender and development in all areas” obtained the highest mean. In terms of economic impact, on enterprise development, the
indicator “The cooperative provides business loans or multipurpose loans that benefit small business owners” obtained the highest
mean; on interest charged on loans, the indicator “The interest charged by cooperative is lower than those being charged by banks
and other financial institutions” obtained the highest mean; on interest earned from savings, the indicator “The interest rates were
computed to provide the best value for the money saved by members” obtained the highest mean; on sales/service revenue & net
income, the indicator “The cooperative has relatively good financial position” obtained the highest mean; and on dividends earned,
the indicator “The cooperative has enough earnings to cover dividends share to be given to members after a fiscal year” obtained
the highest mean. In terms of the actual social and economic impact, on actual social impact, the indicator “Our cooperative gives
donations after devastating floods, typhoons or other man-made or natural disasters” obtained” obtained the highest mean; and on
actual economic impact, the indicator “The cooperative has enough earnings to cover dividends share to be given to members after
a fiscal year” obtained the highest mean. On the extent of constraints and concerns encountered by the respondents, the indicator
“Documentary requirements for the application and approval of financial products (loans, savings etc.) or product ordering
or service availing” obtained the highest mean as constraint/concern of members with the cooperative. On the significant
difference, there is no significant difference on the respondent’s assessment of the social and economic impacts provided by
cooperatives when grouped according to their personal profile except for the municipality where they live in.

Keywords: Cooperatives, Customized Program Development Framework, Socio-economic Impact

Introduction 10, 1990, the Philippine Congress passed the

Cooperatives have a long history, dating back to the
artisans or craftsmen of the Middle Ages and
continuing to the present day. Government
cooperatives are tools for fostering social fairness and
economic prosperity. It was stated expressly in the
Philippine Constitution of 1987 and numerous
enabling laws established by the Philippine
government around the turn of the century. On March
Cooperative Code (RA 6938) and the Cooperative
Development Authority (CDA) Charter (RA 6939).
The key domains namely general concepts and
principles; organization and registration; membership;
administration; dissolution; capital; recovery and
funds; audit, inquiry, and members' right to examine;
allocation and distribution of net surplus; and special
provisions relating to agrarian reform cooperatives,
public cooperatives, cooperative banks, cooperative

Venus D. Hilario
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credit cooperatives, and cooperative insurance
societies, among others, are all covered by the
Cooperative Code. The CDA was established by RA
6939, which encourages cooperatives' viability and
growth as vehicles of fairness, social justice, and
economic development. This law outlines the
organization's powers, activities, and obligations, as
well as the governing body, budget and funding, and
rule-making authority, among other legislative powers.
Cooperatives, according to Bitonio (2017), are
autonomous, duly registered associations of persons
with a common bond of interest who have voluntarily
joined together to meet their social, economic, and
cultural needs and aspirations, making equitable
contributions to the capital required, patronizing their
own products and services, and accepting a fair share
of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in
accordance with universally accepted cooperative
principles.
Cooperatives are founded and legally established as a
business to address people's common needs. They are
built on the compelling principle that when a group of
individuals works together, they can achieve goals that
none of them could achieve individually. The CDA is
mandated by law to assist Philippine cooperatives in
meeting and delivering their essential functions,
namely, the promotion of social justice and inclusive
and sustainable economic development.
The researcher has years of experience being an active
member of several cooperatives. She was able to see
and appreciate the relative advantages as well as the
challenges of cooperatives in a local context. Knowing
that although cooperatives in this part of the country
are performing quite relatively well in areas of
business, there is not enough research studies that
provide insights with respect to the actual impact or
contributions of cooperatives in the domains of social
justice or social development as well as economic
development among their stakeholders. Thus, through
this research, she hopes to determine the real narrative
behind the success (or failure) of cooperatives in
delivering socio-economic development services in the
eyes of the various stakeholders of these cooperatives.
Cooperatives have long been seen as partners in the
advancement of a more inclusive economy, and they
are constitutionally required to promote social justice
and economic development. The Philippine
Constitution of 1987 mandates the legislature to
establish an agency that will use cooperatives as
instruments of social justice and economic growth,
among other things (Article XII Section 15). As a
Venus D. Hilario
result, the land's basic legislation anticipates the
growth of cooperatives in many areas of the economy,
the extension of the economic base, and the
mobilization of society's less fortunate members to
actively participate in nation-building.
Other enabling laws, such as the Cooperative Code
(Republic Act 6938) and the Coop erativ e
Development Authority (CDA) Charter (RA 6939),
were passed on March 10, 1990, to promote
cooperatives and their objectives. General concepts
and principles; organization and registration;
membership; administration; dissolution; capital;
recovery and funds; audit, inquiry, and members' right
to examine; allocation and distribution of net surplus;
and special provisions relating to agrarian reform
cooperatives, public cooperatives, cooperative banks,
cooperative credit cooperatives, and cooperative
insurance societies, among others, are all covered by
the Cooperative Code.
RA 6938 was updated in 2008 by RA 9520, which
added laws on representative assembly, subsidiary
cooperatives, and financial service cooperatives,
among other things, but mostly preserving the
provisions of RA 6938. The state's policy is enshrined
in the Cooperative Code, which declares that "to
support the creation and growth of cooperatives as a
realistic instrument for increasing self-reliance and
harnessing people power toward the achievement of
economic development and social justice." The state
shall encourage the private sector to participate in the
actual formation and organization of cooperatives, as
well as foster an environment that promotes their
growth and development."
Cooperatives are projected to make substantial
contributions to the Philippine Development Plan
(2011-2016) in order to achieve the goals of a. fast,
inclusive, and sustained economic growth; b. financial
inclusion; and c. poverty reduction. Because of their
ability to mobilize savings and money that may be
used as inputs in the creation of products and services
for the less privileged sections of society, cooperatives
can considerably contribute to rapid and robust
economic growth if properly monitored and supported
by the government.
The cooperative movement in the Philippines has
demonstrated its ability to contribute to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) in seven areas: poverty eradication, decent
work and economic growth, responsive production and
consumption, reduced inequalities, climate action;
peace, justice, and strong institutions; and gender
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equality. The macro initiatives provided by the
Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) in support
of the SDGs (Castillo and Castillo, 2017) are listed
below:
Poverty and hunger are to be eradicated. The CDA is
on track to give micro and small cooperatives with
technical, financial, and institutional
development assistance in order to help them grow
into medium and large cooperatives, making them
lucrative, sustainable, and competitive in the market.
Education of high quality. The Philippines has recently
implemented the K-12 education program, which
essentially adds two (2) years of academic training to
secondary education in order to improve the
Philippines' educational quality. In order to improve
the quality of education and training programs in the
country, the CDA is expanding its traditional
accreditation of training service providers as partners
in the conduct of mandatory and optional cooperative
training programs by recognizing state and private
colleges and universities to conduct trainer training,
participate in research agenda development, and
conduct research as a strategy for expanding the
CDA's capacity.
Economic growth and decent work. The establishment
of the labor service and workers cooperatives, as well
as g o v ern m en t p o lic ie s aimed at end ing
contractualization of labor, are expected to result in a
thriving workers cooperative that will offer members
of workers cooperatives a better alternative to the
current contractual arrangement.
Inequalities are lessened. The promotion of
cooperatives in many fields of business interest is a
step toward improving the social and economic status
of society's less fortunate members and encouraging
them to engage in national social and economic
activities. The cooperatives' continuous education
program is a technique for strengthening cooperative
members' technical skills and entrepreneurial
capacities, allowing them to engage in enterprise and
business development.
Production and consumption that is responsive.
Organic farming, which emphasizes the avoidance of
toxic pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, supports the
production and consumption of healthy foods,
resulting in a healthier lifestyle for cooperative
members and the general public.
Climate action is required. Members of cooperatives
are well aware of the effects of changing weather and
climate on production, food consumption, and human
Venus D. Hilario
habitat. Cooperatives, as community organizations, are
effective at persuading communities to adapt to
climate change by introducing climate-friendly
production systems and community ecology.
Peace, fairness, and robust institutions are all
important. The Muslim Mindanao region of the
Philippines has long been a source of conflict and
misery. In terms of money, human lives, and wasted
potential for improved living, the search for long-term
peace solutions has been costly. The use of
cooperatives as a means of resolving conflicts and
promoting peace is being studied and investigated.
Gender equality is important. The Philippines has a
Gender and Development Program that requires all
government agencies to set aside 5% of their budget
for Gender and Development (GAD). The CDA has
issued "Guidelines on Mainstreaming GAD in
Cooperatives," which aims to disseminate the
government's GAD mandate to the cooperative sector,
as well as to ensure the promotion of gender equality
(GE), the institutionalization of GAD policies,
programs, and activities in each and every cooperative,
and the monitoring of GAD programs and activities
toward achieving GE.
The Province of Rizal has twenty (20) registered
cooperatives with the Cooperative Development
Authority (CDA) of which fifteen (15) of them were
classified as Multi-purpose Cooperatives (MPCs)
constituting the focus of this study. There is 1 MPC in
Cainta, 4 MPCs in Binangonan, 1 MPC in Cardona, 2
MPC in Morong, 1 MPC in Baras, 1 MPC in Tanay, 1
MPC in Angono, 2 MPC in Taytay and 2 MPC in
Antipolo. These MPCs are the following: Midtown
Village Multipurpose Cooperative (MVMPC), Pantok
Multipurpose Cooperative (Pantok MPC), Bilibiran
Multipurpose Cooperative (Bilibiran MPC), Darangan
Water Service Cooperative (DWSC), Binangonan
Development Cooperative (BIDECO), Cardona
Multipurpose Cooperative (Cardona MPC), Morong
Retailers and Community Multipurpose Cooperative
(MORECO), Morong Kabalikat Multipurpose
Cooperative (KABALIKAT), Baras Municipal
Employees Multipurpose Cooperative (BME-MPC),
Tanay Market Vendors and Community Multipurpose
Cooperative ( TMVCC-MPC), Angono Credit and
Development Cooperative (ACDECO), Taytay
Multipurpose Cooperative (TAYTAY MPC), Taytay
Credit Cooperative (TADECO), Rizal Capitol
Employees Multipurpose Cooperative (RCEMPC)
and Our lady of Peace Multipurpose Cooperative
(OLPMPC). These cooperatives provide various
services including Water Station, DIY Laundry
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Station, Consumer Goods, Water Service Operation,
Repair and Maintenance, Water Refill, Water
Distribution System, Rice Trading, Drug Store, Loans,
Savings, and Micro Insurance.
These were the groundworks on which the study will
revolve around. Through these information sets, the
researcher may proceed on conducting an in-depth
study and analysis of the actual impact of cooperatives
and to what extent they affect the social and economic
well-being of the respondents.
Research Questions
This study generally aims to determine the social and
economic (socio-economic) development impact or
contributions of cooperatives as perceived by member-
respondents.
Specifically, it aims to address the following problems:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents
in terms of:
1.1. Municipality;
1.2. Sex;
1.3. Age;
1.4. Civil Status; and
1.5. Education?
2. Is there a significant difference between the socio-
economic impact of cooperatives as described by the
respondents when grouped according to their
demographic profile?
Literature Review
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
The United Nations approved the Global Goals in
2015 as a worldwide call to action to end poverty,
safeguard the environment, and ensure that by 2030,
everyone lives in peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs
are interconnected, recognizing that actions in one area
have an impact on outcomes in others and that
development must strike a balance between social,
economic, and environmental sustainability. Countries
have agreed to emphasize improvement for those who
are the most disadvantaged. The Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) aim to eradicate poverty,
hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and
girls. To realize the SDGs in whatever context, all of
society's creativity, know-how, technology, and
financial resources are required (undp.org, 2022).
Social Impact of Cooperatives
Venus D. Hilario
A key problem of the social enterprise literature,
according to Lim, Yap, and Devlin (2016)'s paper
"Democracy and Enterprise: A Philippine Cooperative
Balances Social and Business Demands," is the
friction between an organization's social and business
missions. Cooperatives, according to this article, avoid
this tension since the social beneficiaries — the
cooperative members – make organizational decisions.
The example of the Philippines' Sorosoro Ibaba
Development Cooperative (SIDC) demonstrates this.
SIDC was founded in 1969 by 59 small farmers who
each co ntrib uted $10. SIDC today serves
approximately 18,000 members with a range of social
and economic services, with assets totaling US$ 36
million in 2012.
SIDC, on the other hand, is today confronted with
numerous significant obstacles, the most daunting of
which is the increasingly globalized production and
consumption system. SIDC has responded to market
challenges by vertically integrating its local supply
chain, adopting technological breakthroughs, and
utilizing migrant workers' savings, rather than by
internationalizing its markets, investment,
management, and resources. Globalization, on the
other hand, means that SIDC products and services
compete with those made without regard for the safety
of employees, local employment, or environmental
health. Trade agreements intensify the threat by
eroding governmental capacity to balance corporate
profit maximization with people's right to work, a
living wage, and a healthy environment.
Agricultural intensification and extensification are
standard responses to ecological and economic
vulnerability among smallholder communities,
according to Cafer and J Sanford's (2018) study,
"Adoption of new technologies by smallholder
farmers: the contributions of extension, research
institutes, cooperatives, and access to cash for
improving tef production in Ethiopia." Climate change
has compounded this vulnerability, highlighting the
difficulty and essential importance of sustaining a
healthy natural resource base while enhancing on-farm
productivity. One of several strategies for achieving
this balancing act is sustainable intensification.
The adoption of sustainable intensification strategies,
such as input packages centered on tef row planting, is
examined in this study. These input packages are
designed to increase yield and promote more efficient
input use. This study used a mixed methods technique
to survey 115 smallholder farmers in Ethiopia's
Amhara region's South Wollozone. Farmers' decisions
to embrace row planting input packages were impacted
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more by cash and capital than by interaction with the
AIS, according to this study. Khat production was a
valuable source of revenue for inputs, and it was more
likely to be available to farmers who had irrigation
systems. Farmers that plant khat may not be able to
participate in SI in the long run, as khat is replacing
traditional food crop production in the region. Farmers
that do not plant khat, on the other hand, should make
a long-term investment.
The study "Sustainable growth in the agro-food
cooperatives of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)" by
Hernandez, Ariza-Montes, and Araya-Castillo (2020)
aims to assess the sustainable growth in the agro-food
cooperatives of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) (Spain).
To that purpose, the study investigates the impact of
corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR) on
agro-food cooperative performance. The triple bottom
line approach suggests three dimensions for CSR
analysis: economic dimension, social dimension, and
environmental dimension. A partial least squares
regression is used to analyze the results (PLS-SEM).
The following are the main contributions: (1) The
triple bottom line approach to measuring CSR has
proven to be appropriate for the agro-food
cooperatives of Castilla-La Mancha, as it provides
adequate values of reliability and validity; (2) these
dimensions make up the CSR, although the
environmental dimension is the most relevant for the
agro-food cooperatives of Castilla-La Mancha; and (3)
CSR positively and significantly affects the
performance of agro-food cooperatives in Castilla-La
Mancha; and (3) CSR has a positive and significant
impact on agro-food cooperative performance,
explaining 39.2 percent of variance, validating a
sustainable growth strategy for Castilla-La Mancha's
agro-food cooperatives.
Ferraz, Rezende, de Lima, Joao, and Todeva's (2018)
study examines members' perceptions of a
cooperative's value-creation activities, as well as
whether member and cooperative factors influenced
this view. A model was developed to assess members'
perceptions of the cooperative's value co-creation
activities and member characteristics. A questionnaire
and the Partial Least Square method were used as the
research approach. Based on the member's perception,
value co-creation, management professionalization,
satisfaction and loyalty, and long-term time orientation
were measured.
The findings show a strong link between satisfaction
and loyalty and perceptions of value co-creation, as
well as a favorable link between the long-term time
Venus D. Hilario
horizon and perceptions of value co-creation acts. In
other words, time orientation as well as levels of
satisfaction and loyalty can alter perceptions of the
rewards provided by cooperative behaviors. The key
contribution is the development of an instrument that
assesses how value co-creation initiatives are
perceived.
Except for management professionalization, which has
a moderating influence on the other constructs, the
results demonstrated a substantial positive association
between the level of perception of value cocreation
acts and the other examined factors. The data show
that th e h i d d e n v a r i a b l e m a n a g e m e n t
professionalization resulted in satisfaction and loyalty,
as explained by the main indicator. In other words, an
organization that uses professional management
methods has higher levels of satisfaction and loyalty
since the cooperative's image improves and it is better
able to meet stakeholders' requirements.
Member heterogeneity is commonly considered as a
disadvantage of cooperatives, according to a research
by Hohler and Kuhl (2018) titled "Dimensions of
Member Heterogeneity in Cooperatives and their
Impact on Organization- A Literature Review."
Despite this, a thorough understanding of member
heterogeneity, its dimensions, and effects on member
interests, organizations, and performance is still
lacking. In order to identify further research
possibilities, the following literature review will
outline the available knowledge on member
heterogeneity with an emphasis on agricultural
cooperatives. Different types of heterogeneity are
defined, and methods for assessing their impact on
cooperative organization are suggested.
For agriculture cooperatives, member heterogeneity is
a big challenge. It is frequently linked in the economic
literature to greater decision-making, control, and
influence costs, as well as unfavorable effects on
cooperative performance. Until now, different
interpretations of member heterogeneity have
hampered the development of general generalizations.
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a literature
review on cooperative member heterogeneity, its
dimensions, and its impact on cooperative results.
Hubin, Yaqi, Cairang, and Wei (2019) examine
Meilong animal husbandry cooperatives in the Haixi
Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China, as a study case,
using information gathered through field surveys and
questionnaires to explore the systemic structure and
operational mechanisms of Meilong Cooperatives, as
well as their impacts on pastoral areas and herding
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animals. According to the findings, the Meilong
Model's fundamental contribution is to provide a new
means for pastoral communities to pursue growth
through joint-stock cooperatives, and so symbolizes
the pastoral area's long-term development orientation.
The Meilong Share-holding Cooperative guarantees
the equal rights of small or poor households to
participate in cooperative management on the basis of
"one household, one vote," rather than the principle of
"shareholders have the right to manage, vote, and
speak according to the proportion of shareholding"
found in joint-stock systems of modern enterprises. It
localizes the shareholding system theory to make it
more acceptable and realistic for animal husbandry
cooperatives to survive.
The paper "Hayuma Multi-purpose Cooperative: A
Case Study of Mutual-Help Management System and
Its Influence on the Community" by Ladisla (2016)
described the Hayuma Multi-Purpose Cooperative
(HMPCMutual-Help)'s Management System (MHMS)
and its impact on the community. It investigated the
components of MHMS and its management processes,
as well as how the MHMS contributes to the
cooperative's operations and financial success, and its
influence on the community.
This study used a case study design with
methodological triangulation (quantitative and
qualitative techniques). The MHMS includes, among
other things, human resource sharing, market access,
financial management, supervision, accountability, and
commitment, a seed money for TA-REAP, a
community outreach route, and assistance to alleviate
unemployment problems in the community. The
quantity of projects/services generated was found to be
positively affected by MHMS, however the timely
delivery of services was shown to be negatively
affected. The initiative provided a second source of
income, serviced its target demographic, and aided the
TA-REAP financially. Interventions were suggested,
such as the creation of strategic and training programs.
According to Mastronardi and Romagnoli's (2020)
study, "Community-based cooperatives: a new
business model for the development of Italian areas,"
Italian towns located outside of major service supply
centres are referred to as "inner areas" by the
Development Ministry. In these places, a new business
model known as community-based cooperatives has
lately emerged. The name itself emphasizes the close
ties that these businesses have with the local
community. The pursuit of a common good and the
formation of partnerships are two of their most
Venus D. Hilario
important characteristics.
The potential contribution of these businesses to the
expansion of Italian inner cities is investigated in this
study. The data came from a direct poll, and the
approach included text analysis and correspondence
analysis to develop meaningful concept maps that
indicate the courses that community -based
cooperatives can pursue to rejuvenate their areas. The
findings highlight the importance of inner-city
concerns and community needs, as well as prospective
commercial domains for the development of a
community-based cooperative. Finally, these new
businesses may provide genuine and long-term
advantages to local communities. They may also
contribute to the inversion of the demographic curve
by introducing new practices that reduce inequities,
improve social, natural, and artificial capital, and
accelerate the process of sustainable development.
Organizational resources are the basic determinants of
organizational performance, according to Shakir,
Ramli, Pulka, and Ghazali's (2020) study, "The
relationship between human capital and cooperatives
performance." Human capital is regarded as one of an
organization's resources, and numerous studies have
shown that it has a favorable impact on performance.
The relationship between human capital and
cooperative performance, on the other hand, has been
overlooked by earlier academics.
The differences between cooperatives and private or
public organizations have prepared the path for this
study to look into the relationship between cooperative
board members' human capital and cooperative
performance. In Peninsular Malaysia, 1,230 surveys
were distributed to randomly selected cooperatives,
and 154 questionnaires were returned by respondents.
The analysis was able to use 135 surveys. The study
discovered that the association between cooperative
board members' human capital and cooperative
performance is positive and substantial, based on
correlation and linear regression analyses. These
conclusions were backed up by findings from previous
studies in the non-cooperative sector. As a result, the
relevance of human capital on organizational success
may be generalized across different types of
organizations.
Due to their multiple objectives and diverse roles,
cooperatives are considered potential organizational
vehicles for society's development, according to
Figueiredo and Franco (2018) in their study "Wine
cooperatives as a form of social entrepreneurship:
empirical evidence about their impact on society." As
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a result, the goal of this research is to determine which government make a considerable contribution to
elements linked with agricultural cooperatives have an improving the situation.
impact on society. The study used a quantitative
methodology, with a questionnaire distributed to 194 The study "Impact of cooperatives membership on
cooperators from wine cooperatives in Portugal's Do Eastern Oromia: the case of Haramaya Agricultural
area. The findings show that agricultural cooperatives Farmers' Cooperative Union" by Debela, Diriba, and
have a variety of effects on their members and are a Bekele (2018) aims to investigate the impact of
type of organization that can help society improve. cooperatives on smallholders' income, productivity,
marketed surplus, and savings in Haramaya District's
The em p ir ica l stu dy also id en t if i es two East Hararghe Zone. The research is based on primary
factors/dimensions that support the social significance cross-sectional data collected from household heads of
of wine cooperatives: (1) reaction and (2) cooperation. cooperative and noncooperative members.
Despite the challenges they face in enhancing their
competitiveness, cooperatives are considered as vital Cooperatives have a favorable impact on smallholders'
vehicles for mobilizing local resources into a critical income and production, according to propensity score
mass, and its cooperators can reap enormous economic matching (PSM) estimates supplemented by bias
and social benefits as a result of their involvement. In correction matching (BCM) and Lewbel instrumental
this regard, social entrepreneurship is critical to the variable (IV) regression estimation. The results have
growth of society and communities, as well as a significant policy consequences. Through training and
substantial contributor to cooperators. Theoretical and capacity building programs, the country's rural
practical implications are also discussed. development should aim to improve and expand
current rural organizations. It is particularly necessary
Economic Impact of Cooperatives to build new rural-based organizations that allow rural
households to engage in business activities. This could
The study "Contributions of Co-operative Societies to serve to alleviate poverty while also increasing
Economic Development in Kogi State, Nigeria" by smallholder income, productivity, and capital
Ademu, Aduku, Elesho, and Nweke (2018) looked at accumulation.
the contributions of cooperative societies to economic
development in Kogi State, Nigeria. The research also Globalization of agricultural markets put pressure on
looks into the impact cooperative societies have on producer cooperatives to invest in development and
Nigeria's economic progress. For the study, two growth to maintain their competitiveness, according to
research questions were devised and posed. The study Alho (2019) in the study "Farmer's readiness to invest
used a survey design that was descriptive in nature. in new cooperative instruments: a choice experiment."
The research was conducted in Nigeria's Kogi State's If farmers do not have incentives to expand their
Yagba East Local Government Area. The study had a capital contribution, capital availability is constrained.
total of 750 participants. The instrument for the data The residual rights, transferability, and appreciation
collection was structured questionnaire devised by the potential of the investment are all mentioned in
researchers. The research questions were answered cooperative literature as potential answers to
using frequency and percentages. challenges that may stymie cooperative investments.
The goal of this research is to learn about farmer
The study's findings revealed that cooperative societies preferences for investment features as well as the
have struggled to fund loans and equip their members possibilities for attracting investment money from both
due to a lack of funding. Lack of competent leadership members and nonmembers.
and management control are also important hurdles in
founding and sustaining cooperative organizations, To test novel cooperative investing tools, he used a
according to the study's findings. According to the choice experiment method. The information comes
study's findings, cooperative societies in Nigeria from a survey of 406 dairy farmers in Finland. The
should make the best use of all resources and strive to data is estimated using a random parameter latent class
continually improve resource productivity; ensure logit model. The findings show that the majority of
maximum efficiency while providing services to respondents think the new financial vehicles are a
members; improve management capabilities and good idea. Farmers, on the other hand, desire to limit
competencies through effective organizational designs members' ownership rights. Capital-based residual
and structures; mobilize capital; and place greater rights, transferability mechanisms, and firm value
emphasis on internal capital formation and appreciation could all be used as incentives for
accumulation. The study also advised that the members to engage in financing cooperative growth.

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The use of choice difficulty in estimation improved
model fit, highlighting the importance of considering
respondent burden in future studies of hypothetical
investments in order to produce unbiased estimates.
The Sorosoro Ibaba Development Cooperative, and the
role it has played in eliminating poverty and improving
the lives of its members, have been highlighted in this
study. It improves the quality of life in the
communities where it operates. SIDC began over 40
years ago as an initiative of the Philippines' poorest of
the poor, and it has obviously improved the earnings
and livelihoods of its members.
It may seem unrealistic to expect a single group to
bring about large-scale socioeconomic change, but
SIDC has contributed to its members' wealth. The
revenue streams indicate that SIDC members'
socioeconomic backgrounds have changed – they are
no longer marginalized, though most are arguably still
socially disadvantaged, given that the top 20% of the
population earns 49.69 percent of the total income,
while the bottom 20% earn only 5.98 percent (World
Bank, n.d.).
They come to the conclusion that democratic
governance can assist cooperatives in addressing areas
of potential conflict. Because SIDC has not lost sight
of either its social or corporate missions, it might be
argued that SIDC members are no longer among the
poorest and most disenfranchised. Through the
practice of organizational democracy, it has been able
to successfully balance its social and economic growth
goals. Mission control is vested in the members, who
are both the organization's ultimate managers and
social beneficiaries. The people who profit from both
business success and social advantages are the same
people. The members must decide on a regular basis
how to balance the organization's business and social
goals. If the cooperative firm fails, certain financial
benefits for the members would be lost.
Mhembwe and Dube (2017) conducted a study titled
"The Role of Cooperatives in Sustaining the
Livelihoods of Rural Communities: The Case of Rural
Cooperatives in Shurugwi District, Zimbabwe," with
the goal of examining the role of cooperatives in
sustaining the livelihoods of local rural communities in
Zimbabwe's Shurugwi District. In this mixed
technique approach to the investigation, a descriptive
survey design was used. The main research
instruments were a questionnaire, interviews, and
observation methods. Data was acquired from
government officials and members of the six
cooperatives in Shurugwi District using a targeted
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sampling technique.
The study enlisted the participation of 50 people in
total. Cooperatives were discovered to be a strategy for
rural communities to maintain their livelihoods. People
in rural areas were able to produce employment,
enhance food production, empower the marginalized,
particularly women, and promote social cohesion and
integration through the use of cooperatives, so
improving their livelihoods and reducing poverty.
Lack of financial backing, inadequate administration
and management skills, and a lack of competitive
marketplaces to sell their produce are among issues
that most cooperatives encounter.
The report suggests that the government and the
banking sector provide financial assistance to rural
cooperatives in order for them to expand and
diversify their economic operations, and that
cooperative members receive ongoing leadership and
management training. Cooperatives, particularly those
in the agricultural sector, must also create producer
organizations in order to market their products more
easily. Finally, the study suggests that future research
should focus on challenges that stymie the growth of
the cooperative movement in Zimbabwe's rural
communities. Policymakers, academia, and
communities are expected to gain from the research.
According to Montefrio and Dressler's (2019) study
"Declining Food Security in a Philippine Oil Palm
Frontier: The Changing Role of Cooperatives,"
agricultural cooperatives' long-held redistributive
function — one of moral economy and poverty
alleviation — has changed dramatically as they
emerge as core brokers for agroindustrial development
in the so-called "green economy." The influence of
altering cooperative roles in oil palm production on the
food security and livelihoods of smallholders working
in plantation regimes in historically unequal agrarian
political economies is examined in this essay.
The findings indicate how, in an expanding oil palm
complex, cooperatives are rapidly reinforcing unequal
agrarian social relations of production and exchange in
which indigenous smallholders face land loss,
inadequate wage labor conditions flavored with
insecurity and discrimination, and accumulating debt.
According to the article, these changes in agricultural
social interactions have a negative impact on
indigenous farmers' food security routes, reducing
their access to and utilization of appropriate foods. It
claims that a relational and contextual analysis of
livelihood change and agrarian relations in extractive
frontiers is required to understand the implications of
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cooperatives on food security pathways.
The study looked at how new and reconstituted oil
palm contract farming cooperatives affect smallholder
food security over time through mediating local
agrarian social interactions and political economics.
By combining a critical agrarian studies lens with a
relational, situated food security strategy, the
researchers were able to accomplish this. In the
context of growing plantation regimes, they presented
a multifaceted and nuanced understanding of
indigenous smallholders' difficult experiences
accessing and using foods from highland forests and
fields. We've shown how migrant-dominated
cooperatives have mediated and informed the varied
trajectories of indigenous households' food (in)security
in uneven agricultural political economies, with a
focus on the shifting structure of social relations of
production and exchange. As a result, a relational
approach is required to comprehend these complicated
food security routes.
The researchers stated in their study, "Rural Credit
Cooperatives' Contribution to Agricultural Growth:
Evidence from China," that rural credit cooperatives
(RCCs) have long dominated China's rural credit
market and met the majority of agricultural credit
demands, despite the fact that the existing literature
rarely examines their contribution to the agricultural
sector. Using China's provincial panel data from 1997
to 2014, the goal of this research is to give empirical
evidence on the contribution of RCCs to agricultural
growth. To determine the causation from RCC credit
to agricultural growth in China, both static fixed
effects models and two-step generalized method of
moment dynamic panel data models with endogeneity
control are used. The findings suggest that credit from
RCCs considerably boosts agricultural productivity. A
1% increase in RCC credit leads to 0.08 percent
agricultural growth, which is robust to diverse
empirical conditions.
According to another research, the impact of RCC
credit to agricultural growth falls from the most
developed eastern region to the least developed
western region, and then increases with time. The
findings suggest that RCC credit is important for
financing agricultural activities by alleviating rural
credit constraints, and that intense competition
strengthens RCCs' contribution to agricultural growth
by improving managerial efficiency and developing
diversified financial products to meet better rural
credit demands.
Aspirations motivate behaviors, serve to mobilize and
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direct energy into actions, and are regarded as
important determinants of success, according to Mojo,
Fischer, and Degefa (2016) in their study "Collective
action and aspirations: the impact of cooperatives on
Ethiopian coffee farmers' aspirations." Given the
significance of aspirations and their creation in social
interaction, the goal of this study is to see if
cooperative membership has an impact on members'
aspiration levels. 305 Ethiopian coffee farmers were
interviewed face to face about their aspirations in five
areas of their lives. The findings, which were obtained
using a propensity score matching technique, suggest
that membership in cooperatives improves
members' aspiration levels significantly. The article
underlines the importance of utilizing this
underappreciated benefit of cooperatives.
This study suggests that membership in cooperatives
considerably improves members' aspiration levels,
based on the findings of a household survey done in
the Jimma Zone of Ethiopia's Oromia regional state.
Furthermore, given the importance of aspirations in
raising people's living standards, the findings have
substantial development policy implications for how
cooperatives and collective action groups should be
treated before and during the implementation of
various development projects.
According to the study "The social conditions of self-
organized utilities: water cooperatives in La Paz and El
Alto, Bolivia" by Poupeau and Hardy (2016), the
development of water supply and sanitation networks
in Latin American cities has mostly followed
European models, with city-wide systems providing
water through a network of pipes controlled by a
single operator. Through a case study of La Paz and El
Alto in Bolivia, where many residents acquire their
water through cooperatives, this essay investigates
alternatives to this system. The goal of this research,
which is based on spatial analysis, surveys, interviews,
and observations, is to look at how huge technical
systems and alternative systems could complement
each other. Bolivia's case offers a unique viewpoint on
social issues.
The complimentary nature of the link between the LTS
and the ASD, according to this study, is dependent on
specific socioeconomic situations, particularly in
contexts where urbanization is accompanied by
increased scarcity of natural resources and greater
prices for essential services. When cooperatives are
likely to support the establishment of self-organization
of water service, which relates less to a need to
consume differently and more to a collective model of
water management, they appear as a complementary
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service to major technical systems.
In a crisis, a lack of community engagement may
result in a move to more informal practices that do not
provide the same guarantees in terms of water quality
or supply. The concession of La Paz–El Alto
exemplifies these social circumstances of auto-
organization and hence the creation of alternative
systems, whose current challenge is to be effective
enough to address the projected consequences of
climate change on Bolivian cities' water supply. The
issue will be determining not only whether or not
water management auto-organization will tackle water
scarcity, but also whether or not these forms of auto-
organization will be durable enough to face the city's
social transitions.
Cooperatives have become a hot topic in China,
according to Wu and Ding (2018) in their study "The
service supply effect of cooperatives under economic
transformation: a demand-supply perspective."
Cooperatives are an important part of the sustainable
development of agriculture in China, according to Wu
and Ding (2018). However, earlier research on the
relationship between cooperative quantity growth and
service supply effect has yielded inconsistent results.
This research attempts to define the characteristics of
cooperative members and evaluate the current situation
of cooperative service supply from a demand-supply
viewpoint by using multiple correspondence analysis,
descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-square test
using survey data from 785 farmers.
According to the survey's findings, male, middle-aged,
and middle-class farmers, as well as farmers who
produce local ideal crops, are more likely to join
cooperatives. Farmers' service supply and demand are
vastly different; cooperatives have a favorable impact
on reducing the degree of service demand. Only when
it comes to sales, pest control, and mechanization is
this effect considerable. In general, the existing service
supply of cooperatives and the service demand of
farmers in China have a weak correlative relationship.
The conclusion of this research is that cooperatives
have a role in service provision. However, when
compared to the service demand of farmers during
China's agricultural revolution, cooperatives' service
supply effect is quite modest. It means that there is no
positive relationship between the number of
cooperatives subsidized by the government and the
influence of cooperative services on service provision.
The cooperative is unable to meet the farmers' needs
for cash, technical assistance, and labor. Although
government funding is a crucial tool for promoting
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cooperative development, it will stifle the necessary
interaction between cooperatives and farmer service
demand, as well as the necessary relationship between
cooperatives and cooperative service supply.
According to Zimnoch & Mazur's (2018) study,
"Value Added as a Measure of Social Role of
Cooperatives," cooperatives remain an alternative
form of production and consumption around the world
in the twenty-first century. The literature emphasizes
the unique characteristics of a cooperative firm, as
well as issues with using profit as a measure of its
activities and lower profitability. The utility, which
will consist of a profit for a cooperative enterprise and
services for members, will remain the goal of the
cooperative - enterprises and members' associations.
The cooperative's objectives must be evaluated using
criteria other than profit. The purpose of this essay is
to provide a tool in the form of an added value report.
For the years 2007 to 2016, the study looked at the
financial statements of a number of cooperative firms
in the food and dairy industry in Poland. A report on
the value added (GVA) of the surveyed businesses was
generated based on the information gathered. The
findings suggest that a large percentage of cooperative
members and staff use GVA. It ranges from 46 to 84
percent, versus 42 percent for the whole economy.
Cooperatives enable a more equitable distribution of
income and, as a result, contribute to long-term
growth.
The universality of cooperative enterprises around the
world, as well as their vitality and development
dynamics in many of them on a worldwide scale,
demonstrates that they follow market economy norms.
They make money, but it isn't their goal to maximize
it. Investment, accumulation, and development are all
dependent on economic surplus. The purpose,
however, remains to meet the needs of cooperative
members who are also interested in indirect benefits,
such as the utility of their participation. As a result, the
goal is to rely on the value of development,
nondiscriminatory labor engagement, and customer
and citizen needs. The GVA distribution is very user-
friendly.
The survey's findings clearly illustrate that the
cooperative's uniqueness as a business arising from the
pooling of members' resources allows for the
preservation of the meaning of the new value, which is
more beneficial for the participants. Cooperatives
allow for more equitable income distribution.
Inequalities are avoided, and ownership is promoted,
thanks to the cooperative management structure.
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People devised it for this purpose. As a result, it is
important to emphasize the need for more
diversification of firm ownership and organization in
today's globe. A world in which the richest 1% of the
population owns more assets than the remaining 99
percent.
Synthesis
The literature and studies presented above provided a
multi-dimensional perspective on the contributions and
impact of cooperatives in their immediate community,
among their members and the organizations
themselves. It can be gleaned that cooperatives from
Asia, Europe and Americas have had their fair share of
social and economic development to the members of
the cooperatives as well to the employees, members of
the governing board, the customers and the
government. Some of the significant themes that can
be distinguished from these arrays of literature are the
cooperatives’ ability to provide good quality products
and much needed services to an otherwise remote
places, employment opportunities to the people who
are otherwise not highly in demand in the market and
the provision of income generating opportunities for
members who supply the products of the cooperatives.
Albeit the generally good impression on the impact of
cooperatives, there has to be a more empirical analysis
of their impact most especially in the local context.
Hence, research on the topic is needed to really
determine their impact on their key stakeholders and
how they balance their need to generate profit for
business sustainability and their mandates as
prescribed by the very nature in which they were
created.
Methodology
Research Design
A researcher's research design is the framework for the
methods and approaches he or she will use.
Researchers can focus on research methodologies that
are appropriate for the topic matter and set up their
studies for success thanks to the design.
The study utilized the descriptive method of research.
Given the statement of the problem and the objectives
the study aims to achieve, the researcher deemed it
appropriate to use descriptive research design. Fawcett
and Garity (2009) provided specific guidelines for
appropriate research designs. They point out that the
purpose of descriptive research is to name things, or
phenomena, or to classify characteristics of things.
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Mixed method was likewise applied to the present
study of which quantitative and qualitative methods
were employed. Quantitative method uses data sets
and later on subject such data to statistical analyses.
The underlying reason for carrying out any qualitative
research is to look over documentary evidence to
support the perceptual claims of the respondents on
their assessment of the socio-economic impact of
cooperatives. Qualitative method of research is used to
answer questions about experience, meaning and
perspective, most often from the standpoint of the
participant.
Unstructured interview in the form of a checklist was
conducted to the respondents as well to further
determine the various socio-economic programs,
activities, projects and initiatives of the cooperatives
that touch on social and economic development.
Unstructured interview in the form of a checklist was
conducted to know the actual narrative impacts these
cooperatives have produced in the lens of social and
economic impacts. Further, this is done to ascertain the
current challenges being faced by both cooperatives
and their members and as a result, propose a program
to develop services for everyone’s benefit.
(Hammarberg, Kirkman & de Lacey, 2016).
Population and Sampling
The entire group about whom you want to make
conclusions is referred to as a population. A sample is
a subset of the population from which you will collect
data.
The researcher used the sampling design to examine
the socio-economic impacts of cooperatives in the
various municipalities of the Province of Rizal that
have Multipurpose Cooperatives (MPCs) in them. A
list of these MPCs were identified based from the
records given by the Cooperative Development
Authority (CDA) as of April 2020.
A sample design is the road map that guides the
selection of a survey sample and has an impact on
many other critical components of a survey. In a broad
sense, survey researchers are interested in gathering
information for a specific group through a survey. A
sampling frame must be defined that represents the
population of interest and from which a sample will be
chosen. The sampling frame may be the same as the
population, or it may only be a portion of it, resulting
in some under coverage. 2008 (Lavrakas). There are
two parts to a sample design. Random sampling from a
finite population is a method of sample selection that
ensures that each conceivable sample combination has
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an equal chance of being chosen and that each item in
the population has an equal chance of being included
in the sample.
However, the researcher used random sampling as a
sampling technique. Random sampling is a strategy
that allows each sample from a larger population to
take part in a survey or research study. Random
sampling is used to avoid inherent bias in the selection
of respondents, ensuring that everyone has an equal
opportunity to participate and that the results are
conclusive. Furthermore, the study will apply the
Simple Random Sampling technique, in which a code
will be generated to represent each of the cooperative
members and officers/managers, and from there, the
participants in the survey will be identified.
Respondents of the Study
Individuals who complete a survey or interview for the
researcher, or who contribute data to be examined for
the research project, are referred to as respondents.
Respondents can be any age, but their age is set by the
study's scope, and they must give informed consent to
participate.
The members of the cooperatives are the respondents
or participants of the study. The respondents include
the members of the cooperatives who do not hold any
administrative or operational position at the time of the
study. They are the primary evaluators of the socio-
economic impact brought about by the various
programs, activities, projects and initiatives of the
cooperatives.
The Province of Rizal has twenty (20) registered
cooperatives with the Cooperative Development
Authority (CDA) of which fifteen (15) of them were
classified as Multi-purpose Cooperatives (MPCs)
constituting the focus of this study. There is 1 MPC in
Cainta, 4 MPCs in Binangonan, 1 MPC in Cardona, 2
MPC in Morong, 1 MPC in Baras, 1 MPC in Tanay, 1
MPC in Angono, 2 MPC in Taytay and 2 MPC in
Antipolo. These MPCs are the following: Midtown
Village Multipurpose Cooperative (MVMPC), Pantok
Multipurpose Cooperative (Pantok MPC), Bilibiran
Multipurpose Cooperative (Bilibiran MPC), Darangan
Water Service Cooperative (DWSC), Binangonan
Development Cooperative (BIDECO), Cardona
Multipurpose Cooperative (Cardona MPC), Morong
Retailers and Community Multipurpose Cooperative
(MORECO), Morong Kabalikat Multipurpose
Cooperative (KABALIKAT), Baras Municipal
Employees Multipurpose Cooperative (BMEMPC),
Tanay Market Vendors and Community Multipurpose
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Cooperative ( TMVCC-MPC), Angono Credit and
Development Cooperative (ACDECO), Taytay
Multipurpose Cooperative (TAYTAY MPC), Taytay
Credit Cooperative (TADECO), Rizal Capitol
Employees Multipurpose Cooperative (RCEMPC)
and Our lady of Peace Multipurpose Cooperative
(OLPMPC). These cooperatives provide various
services including Water Station, DIY Laundry
Station, Consumer Goods, Water Service Operation,
Repair and Maintenance, Water Refill, Water
Distribution System, Rice Trading, and Drug Store,
Loans, Savings and Micro Insurance. The participating
cooperatives have met the following inclusion criteria:
they are multipurpose cooperatives, located in the
province of Rizal, have been operating for at least the
last 10 years, and have at least Php5,000,000.00 in
present capitalization.
Research Instrument
A research instrument is a tool that is used to collect,
measure, and evaluate data from participants in a
study. The paper utilized a researcher-made
questionnaire-checklist which serves as the main
instrument to collect primary data from the
respondents of each participating cooperative. The
questionnaire-checklist is composed of five (5) parts.
The first part consists the demographic profile of the
respondents. The second part consists the business
profile of the cooperative. The third part consists the
assessment of the social and economic impact or
contributions of the cooperatives while the fourth part
constitute the actual survey of plans and programs
implemented by the cooperatives that paved the way
for social and economic development to happen and
outcomes of these plans and programs be manifested
among their stakeholders. The last part of the
questionnaire includes the current challenges
cooperatives are facing of which a customized
program development may be proposed thereafter.
Validation/Reliability of the Instrument
When a test or measurement is "validated," the
researcher simply states that the instrument measures
what it was supposed to measure. The consistency
with which a method measures something is referred
to as reliability. The measurement is considered
reliable if the same result can be regularly achieved
using the same procedures under the same
conditions.The developed survey instrument, both the
questionnaire and the unstructured interview form,
were subjected to Content Validation by the experts in
the field. The instruments’ content was validated by
cooperative managers or officers, business professors,
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business researchers, and members.
After the instruments were validated, the questionnaire
was subjected to Reliability Test. The instruments
were then retrieved and subjected to statistical
analyses in order to determine their reliability. The
researcher sought the advice of a statistician to further
verify the reliability of the questionnaire. The result of
the Reliability Test as well as the signed content
validation form can be found in the appendices part of
this study.
information, the researcher secured the assistance of
the statistician for analysis and interpretation of data
for the quantitative part and thematically analyze the
responses from unstructured interview for the
qualitative part of the study.
Results and Discussion
Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Data Gathering Procedure Presented in the following tables are the profile of the
respondents.
Data collection is the process of acquiring and
evaluating information on variables of interest in a Table 1. Profile of Respondents According to
systematic manner that allows researchers to answer Municipality
research questions, test hypotheses, and assess
outcomes.

The first step in the data gathering was writing a

request letter to the managers of the concerned
cooperatives asking for permission to administer the
questionnaire. The researcher sought the endorsement
of the officers of the cooperative focal person in the
province of Rizal. Through this endorsement, the
researcher was able to secure the approval of all
qualified cooperatives and ask their members to
participate in the survey and interview.

The researcher then proceeded to the actual

cooperative visit after getting the approval of the
Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents
officers. Before formally turning over the survey
according to their municipality. It can be seen from the
questionnaires to the target respondents, the researcher
table that 26 or 6.93% of the respondents came from
briefly presented the purpose of the study to them so
Cainta while 118 or 31.47% of them came from
they can fully understand the rationale behind this
Binangonan. There were 50 or 13.33% of the
research activity. Parts of the survey instrument were
respondents from Morong, 25 or 6.67% from each of
briefly explained, and they were encouraged to write
the towns of Baras, Antipolo City and Tanay, 51 or
other ideas or information on the spaces provided
13.60% from Taytay and 26 or 6.93% of them from
should there be more answers other than those
Angono.
enumerated in the sub items.

They were also given assurance that whatever Table 2. Profile of Respondents According to Sex
information that was be disclosed by them will be
treated with utmost confidentiality. The survey
questionnaires were administered through Google
Forms to the members of the cooperatives in the
various municipalities in the Province of Rizal where
these MPCs are located and operating. In case where
the respondents (or members) were having hard time
writing or reading an item/s, they were courteously Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents
assisted by the researcher to get the fullest response according to sex. It can be seen from the table that 158
from them. or 42.1% of the respondents are male and 217 or
57.9% of the respondents are female.
The researcher set the date for the unstructured
interview session. After gathering the needed data,

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Table 3. Profile of Respondents According to Age
Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents
according to age. It can be seen from the table that 14
or 3.73% of the respondents fall in the age range of 25
years old and below, 60 or 16% fall on the 26 years
old to 34 years old range, 95 or 25.33% belong to the
35 years old to 44 years old, while 98 or 26.13% of the
respondents fall on the 45 to 54 years old range
followed by 60 or 16% of them fall on the 55 to 59 age
range. 48 or 12.80% of the respondents fall on the 60
years old and above age range.
Table 4. Profile of Respondents According to Civil
Status
Table 4 presents the profile of the respondents
according to their civil status. It can be gleaned from
the table that 48 or 12.80% of the respondents are
single while 317 or 84.53% of them are married. 9 or
2.40% preferred not to disclose their civil status.
Table 5. Profile of Respondents According to
Educational Attainment
Table 5 presents the profile of the respondents
according to educational attainment.
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Based on the table, it can be seen that 2 or .53% of the
respondents are elementary graduates, 43 or 11.47%
are high school graduate, 43 or 11.47% are college
level while 280 or 74.67% of them are college
graduates. 7 or 1.87% of the respondents have post-
graduate degrees.
Significant Difference Between Socio-Economic
Impact of Cooperatives and the Demographic
Profile of the Respondents
Presented in the following tables are the computed
One-Way Analysis of Variance between the extent of
the social and economic impact of cooperatives and
the respondent’s personal profile.
Table 6. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on
the Extent of Social Impact of Cooperatives in Terms
of Municipality
Table 6 presents the significant difference on the
perception of the respondents on the extent of social
impact of cooperatives in terms of municipality. It can
be seen from the table that donations have a significant
value of .001 while volunteer/civic works, expert
services, culture development, scholarships, student
placement, fund raising, and gender and development
all obtained a significant value of .000. Policy
advocacy obtained a significant value of .101. The null
hypothesis on all these indicators was rejected except
for policy advocacy because the level of significance is
less than 0.05 when grouped according to
municipality. As stated, the null hypothesis on policy
advocacy has failed to reject since the level of
significance is greater than 0.05 when grouped
according to municipality. It can be seen from the table
that enterprise development, interest charged on loans,
interest earned from savings, sales/service revenue &
net income, and dividends earned obtained a
significant value of .634, .936, .872, .449, and .301,
respectively. The null hypothesis has failed to reject in
all indicators since the level of significance is greater
than 0.05 when grouped according to their educational
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Research Article
attainment.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study the following
conclusions are provided: (1) The respondents
believed that many of the cooperative’s social impact
indicators need to be improved or innovation has to be
done to further increase their impacts. (2) Moreover,
the respondents highly regarded the economic impact
produced by cooperatives as revealed by the high
mean scores on all the economic indicators. (3) On the
actual social and economic impacts, social impact
indicator lagged behind economic
indicators.(4) Interest charged on loans and frequency
of loan repayments are deemed to be of serious
constraint/concern among the respondents. (5) There is
no significant difference on the respondent’s
assessment of the social and economic impacts
provided by cooperatives when grouped according to
their personal profile except for the municipality
where they live in.
Based on the summary of findings and conclusions,
the following were hereby recommended: (1)
Cooperatives may focus on more volunteer/civic
works specifically on providing regular free dental
check-up and consultation; (2) Cooperatives may
consider providing business planning services
especially for members who wish to expand their
business; (3) They may also consider reformulating the
debt-repayment scheme wherein the interest generated
from member’s savings can suffice for the unsettled
loans; (4) The cooperatives may consider providing
scholarship programs for their members or their
children; (5) The cooperatives may consider reviewing
their documentary requirements in consultation with
their members and the officers to strike a balance
between risk management and ease of service delivery.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information

Dr. Venus D. Hilario

Department of Education - Rizal, Philippines

Venus D. Hilario
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