CHEM 1 – The Periodic Table How did Mendeleev arrange the periodic table after years Chemistry – Yr 8 - 8C1

Chemistry – Yr 8 - 8C1 CHEM 10 & 11 – Metals and corrosion How can you complete a practical to test
of research? What is corrosion? out what causes rusting?
What is the periodic table made By 1871, he had settled on a table in which elements with
up of? CHEM 6 & 7 - Metals with water and metals with acids This refers to any reaction with oxygen at the
similar properties were arranged into vertical columns, just surface of a metal
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Pure elements. Eg. gold, oxygen as today. These were called groups. Write the general word equations for a metal reacting with water
and a metal reacting with dilute acid. What is rusting?
Who constructed the modern How are elements in the modern periodic table
arranged? This is specifically referring to the corrosion of
periodic table? Dmitri Mendeleev
iron by water and oxygen.
constructed a table that led to the  Elements in a row or period are in order of
periodic table we know today. increasing atomic number.
What is the general word equation for when
 Elements with similar properties are in the metal reacts with Oxygen?
Why were there gaps in same column or group. Place equal sized iron nails into a test tube.
Mendeleev’s table?  Non-metals are on the right hand side of Allow water and oxygen to reach the first nail.
He assumed that elements would the table. Allow oxygen only to reach the second nail.
continue to be discovered. Explain what is meant by the reactivity series. Allow water only to reach the third nail.
 Metals on the left hand side.
Observe the effects for each nail.
Mendeleev used the gaps in his table The reactivity series is a list of metals in order of reactivity, with the For example: Tin + oxygen → tin oxide Record your observations.
most reactive at the top.
CHEM 2 & 3 – Physical and chemical trends What is a chemical change? Describe the various methods of preventing Independent variable – different conditions.
A change in a substance that cannot be rusting.
Explain how the salt formed when a
reversed. New products are formed. You metal reacts with a dilute acid is Rusting can weaken or destroy iron Dependent variable – amount of rust formed.
What is a physical change? may observe bubbles, colour change or structures. It can be prevented by using a
A change in a substance that can be named.
smell. physical barrier on the metal, such as paint, Control variables – same size nail, same size
reversed. For example, boiling, melting, The salts formed depend on which test tube, same material nail eg. iron,
acid is used. oil or plastic to keep out the air and water.
or freezing. No new substances are Where do we find trends occurring in the
formed. Chlorides form from hydrochloric acid.
periodic table? Sulphates form from sulphuric acid.
In the vertical groups of the periodic table group Nitrates form from nitric acid. CHEM 12 & 13 Metals – Extraction from ores
What is a trend? 1 – 8.
A pattern in a general direction in which For example in group 1, reactivity increases as Explain how we get metals from their ores. Describe how iron is extracted from its ore.
something is developing or changing. Describe a test for hydrogen gas. An ore is a rock that contains enough of a Iron ore (iron oxide) is called haematite. First
you go down the group.
metal compound to be worth mining. Reactive the oxygen is removed from the ore by reacting
Place a lit splint into the gas and if it with carbon (a reducing agent). Carbon is
Describe another trend in the periodic table. metals need to be chemically extracted from
there is a squeaky pop this proves it is more reactive than iron so it displaces iron
Many elements react with oxygen to form oxides. When these oxides are dissolved in water their ores.
hydrogen. from iron oxide. This reaction takes place in a
and tested with pH indicator, there is evidence of a trend across the periods. Oxides of
Explain how aluminium is extracted from its ore. blast furnace and limestone is added to remove
elements to the left of the periodic table are more alkaline, while the oxides of elements to
Name the salts formed from: Aluminium ore (aluminium oxide) is called bauxite. impurities which are extracted as ‘slag’.
the right of the periods are more acidic.
Carbon is not reactive enough to displace
- Calcium and nitric acid. aluminium from aluminium oxide so electrolysis is
Why do group 1 metals have to be stored in oil?
- Zinc and sulfuric acid. needed. This is passing an electric current through
They react quickly with water and oxygen. a molten metal compound which splits it up to
Calcium nitrate and zinc sulfate State the word equation for the extraction of
obtain the pure metal:
iron in a blast furnace.
CHEM 4 & 5 –Properties of metals/non- metals and alloys Aluminium oxidealuminium +oxygen
iron oxide + carbon  iron + carbon dioxide
Describe the common properties of Describe the common properties of non- CHEM 8 & 9 – Metals – Displacement reactions
metals. metals. Explain why platinum and gold do not form ores.
Define the term Describe what a displacement reaction
 Solids with high melting points.  Substances with low melting points. ‘reactivity’. is. Give an example. Platinum and gold are very unreactive, they are found uncombined in their native state.
 Strong and flexible.  Brittle when solid. A description of how A displacement reaction is where a more
 Malleable  Not shiny quickly or vigorously reactive metal takes the place of a less
something reacts. reactive metal from its compound.
CHEM 14 – Metals as catalysts
 Shiny (when polished).  Poor conductors of heat.
 Good conductors of heat.  Poor conductors of electricity. Define what a metal catalyst is.
Explain why zinc can displace the copper from copper sulphate, but
 Good conductors of electricity. copper cannot displace the zinc from zinc sulphate. A metal that speeds up a chemical
 Poor insulator of heat and electricity What does conduction of heat mean? Allows reaction without being permanently
Copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate as copper is less reactive
heat energy through. than zinc. changed itself.
Zinc can displace copper from copper sulfate as zinc is more reactive than
Define the term ‘malleable’. What does conduction of electricity mean? copper.
Allows electricity to flow through it. What metal catalysts are used in catalytic
Able to be beaten and bent into shape, Zinc + sulfuric acid Zinc + sulfuric acid +
converters in cars?
without breaking. copper catalyst
Why is an alloy more desirable than a pure In this reaction aluminium displaces the less reactive iron: Platinum, palladium and rhodium. Only
metal sometimes? Aluminium + iron oxide →aluminium oxide +iron small amounts of these are needed as they
What is an alloy? are unreactive and unchanged. They can
A metal that has small amounts of other They are more useful than pure metal. Eg. be used over and over again. What does a catalytic converter do?
elements. Converts dangerous gases from exhausts into
Stainless steel is non corrosive and relatively
harmless ones.
lightweight.

Key Vocabulary Definitions
Acid: A substance that reacts with alkalis, turns litmus red, and has a pH of less than 7.
Alkali: A substance that reacts with acids, turns litmus blue, and has a pH of more than 7.
Alkali metals: A group of very reactive metals. Found in group 1 of the periodic table.
Alloy: A mixture of two or more metals.
Atom: A small particle from which all substances are made.
Balanced equation: A symbol equation in which the numbers of atoms or ions of different types are the same on
both sides of the arrow.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
Brittle: Not easily bent, or not flexible, breaks under force.
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.
Chemical reaction: A change in which new substances are made.
Compound: Substance that can be split up into simpler substances, since it contains the atoms of two or more
elements chemically joined together.
Conductor of electricity: Substance that allows electricity to pass through it easily.
Conductor of heat: Substance that allows heat to pass through it easily.
Corrosion: It is the gradual destruction of materials by a chemical reaction with their environment.
Displace: When a more reactive element takes the place of another less reactive element in a compound.
Displacement reaction: A reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a
compound.
Electrolysis: Breaking down a substance using electricity.
Element: A simple substance, made up of only one type of atom.
Flexible: Bends without breaking.
Formula (chemical): A combination of symbols and numbers that shows how many atoms of different kinds are in
a particular molecule. In compounds that do not form molecules, it shows the ratio of elements in the compound.
Plural is formulae.
Group: A vertical column of elements in the periodic table.
Halogen: An element in group 7 of the periodic table
Indicator: A substance that changes colour in solutions of different acidity and alkalinity.
Malleable: Able to be beaten and bent into shape.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
Metals: Elements that are shiny when polished, conduct heat and electricity well, are malleable and flexible, and
often have high melting points.
Mixture: Contains more than one substance with different types of particles that are not joined together.
Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined together in groups of a set size.
Non-metals: Elements that are not shiny, and do not conduct heat and electricity well.
Noble gases: A group of very unreactive non-metal gases. Found in group 0 of the periodic table.
Oxidation: Reaction in which a substance gains oxygen.
Oxide: A compound of a metal or non-metal with oxygen, such as magnesium oxide or carbon dioxide.
Period: A horizontal row in a periodic table.
Periodic table: A special list of all known elements.
Products: The new substances made in a chemical reaction. These are written on the right side, after the arrow, in
a word equation.
Pure: A single substance that does not have anything else in it (rather than a mixture of substances).
Reactants: The substances that take part in a chemical reaction. These are written on the left side, before the
arrow, in a word equation.
Reactivity series: A list of metals that shows them in order of reactivity with the most reactive metal at the top.
Reactivity: A description of how quickly or vigorously something reacts.
Reduced: If a substance has lost oxygen then it has been reduced.
Rust: A weak, brown, crumbly solid, formed when iron corrodes. (A mixture of oxides and hydroxides of iron
including iron hydroxide).
Salt: The substance (other than water) that is formed when an acid reacts with an alkali or a base.
State symbol: Letter or letters to show the physical state of a substance (e.g. (g) for gas).
Symbol equation: A way of writing out what happens in a chemical reaction using symbols to represent the
substances involved.
Trend: A general direction in which something is developing or changing.
Word equation: An equation in which the names of the reactants are written on the left side, there is an arrow
pointing from left to right, and the names of the products are written on the right side. E.g.: reactants 
products.