JEE MAIN-JR-VOL

JEE-ADV -I
PHYSICS-VOL -I PHYSICAL WORLD

PHYSICAL WORLD
SYNOPSIS
PHYSICS
 Physics deals with the study of the basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different phenomena. The
basic laws of physics are universal and are applied in widely different contexts and conditions.
Physics, Technology and Society
 Science,Technology and Society have strong relationships among one on other. Science is the mother of
technology and both of them are the reasons for the creation and development of the society.
 Science and technology issues are actually discussed worldwide today. Progress in this has led to produce
the ability to integrate different types of physical products.
 Physics is a basic discipline in the category of natural sciences which also includes other disciplines like
Chemistry and Biology. The word physics comes from a Greek word meaning nature.

(1) Some physicists from different countries of the world and their major contributions

Name Major contribution /Discovery Country of

Origin
Archimedes Principle of buoyancy; Principle of the lever Greece
Galileo Galilei Law of inertia Italy
Christiaan Huygens Wave theory of light Holland
Isaac Newton Universal law of gravitation ; Laws of motion ;
Reflecting telescope U.K.
Michael Faraday Laws of electromagnetic induction U.K.
James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetic theory; Light - an electromagnetic wave U.K.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Generation of electromagnetic waves Germany
J.C. Bose Short radio waves India
W.K.Roentgen X-rays Germany
J.J. Thomson Electron U.K.
Marie sklodowska Curie Discovery of radium and polonium;
Studies on natural radio activity poland
Albert Einstein Explanation of photoelectric effect;Theory of relativity Germany
Victor Francis Hess Cosmic radiation Austria
R.A. Millikan Measurement of electronic charge U.S.A.
Ernest Rutherford Nuclear model of atom New Zealand
Niels Bohr Quantum model of hydrogen atom Denmark
C.V. Raman Inelastic scattering of light by molecules India
Louis Victor de Broglie Wave nature of matter France
M.N. Saha Thermal ionisation India
S.N. Bose Quantum statistics India

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 PHYSICAL WORLD JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL - I

Name Major contribution /Discovery Country of

Origin
Wolfgang Pauli Exclusion principle Austria
Enrico Fermi Controlled nuclear fission Italy
Werner Heisenberg Quantum mechanics; Uncertainity principle Germany
Paul Dirac Relativistic theory of electron; Quantum statistics U.K.
Edwin Hubble Expanding universe U.S.A.
Ernest Orlando Lawrence Cyclotron U.S.A.
James Chadwick Neutron U.K.
Hideki Yukawa Theory of nuclear forces Japan
Homi Jehangir Bhabha Cascade process of cosmic radiation India
Lev Davidovich Landau Theory of condensed matter; Liquid helium Russia
S.Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution of stars India
John Bardeen Transistors ; Theory of super conductivity U.S.A.
C.H. Townes Maser; Laser U.S.A.
Abdus Salam Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions Pakistan

2) Link between technology and physics

Technology Scientific prionicple(s)

Steam engine Laws of thermodynamics
Nuclear reactor Controlled nuclear fission
Radio and Television Generation,propagation and detection of electromagnetic
waves
Computers Digital logic
Lasers Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Production of ultra high Superconductivity
magnetic fields
Rocket propulsion Newton’s laws of motion
Electric generator Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
Hydroelectric power Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical
energy
Aeroplane Bernoulli’s principle in fluid dynamics
Particle accelerators Motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields
Sonar Reflection of ultrasonic waves
Optical fibres Total internal reflection of light
Non-reflecting coatings Thin film optical interference
Electron microscope Wave nature of electrons
Photocell Photoelectric effect
Fusion test reactor (Tokamak) Magnetic confinement of plasma
Giant Metrewave Radio Detection of cosmic radio waves
Telescope ( GMRT)
Bose-Einstein condensate Trapping and cooling of atoms by laser beams and
magnetic fields

2 NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE MAIN-JR-VOL
JEE-ADV -I
PHYSICS-VOL -I PHYSICAL WORLD

Fundamental forces in nature : 7) What is the principle involved in the working

 There are four fundamental forces in nature. They of Rocket?
are the ‘gravitational force’, the ‘electromagnetic 1) Newton’s laws of motion
force’, the ‘strong nuclear force’, and the ‘weak 2)Bernoulli’s principle
nuclear force’. Unification of different forces/ 3) Photoelectric effect
domains in nature is a basic quest in physics. 4) Faraday’s laws of EMI
Nature of physical laws : 8) Name the branch of science which deals with
the study of stars?
 (i) The physical quantities that remain unchanged
1) Astronomy 2) Biology
in a process are called conserved quantities. Some
3) Geology 4) Chemistry
of the general conservation laws in nature include
9) Who Discovered the principle of inertia?
the laws of conservation of mass, energy, linear
1) Newton 2) Galileo
momentum, angular momentum, charge, etc. 3) Tycho Brahe 4) Kepler
Some conservation laws are true for one 10) Who invented wireless telegraphy?
fundamental force but not for the other. 1) Maxwell 2) Marconi
(ii) Conservation laws have a deep connection 3) Hertz 4) Faraday
with symmetries of nature. Symmetries of space 11) Match the following
and time, and other types of symmetries play a A-Force B-relative strength
central role in modern theories of fundamental 1) Gravitational force a) 1
forces in nature. 2) Weak force b) 1025

C.U.Q 3) Electromagnetic c) 1036

force
1) What is the discovery of CV. Raman? 4) Nuclear force d) 1038
1) Inelastic scattering of light by molecules 1) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d 2) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d
2) Steam engine 3) 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a 4) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d
3) Propagation of EM Waves 12) Match the technology in column A to its
4) Reflection of Ultrasonic waves related scientific principle in column B
2) What is the contribution of S.Chandra Sekhar A- Technology B-Scientific Principle
to physics? 1) Steam engine a) Faraday’s laws
1) cosmic radiation 2) Nuclear model & atom 2) Nuclear Reactor b)Thermodynamic laws
3) LASER 3) Computer c) Nuclear Fission
4) structure and evolution of stars 4) Electric generation d) Digital logic
3) Who discovered electron? 1) 1-b;2-d;3-c;4-a 2) 1-b;2-c;3-d;4-a
1) Albert Einstein 2) J.C. Bose 3) 1-a;2-c;3-d;4-b 4) 1-d;2-a;3-c;4-b
3) J.J.Thomson 4) Bohr 13) Match the scientist’s name against discovery
4) Who discovered Neutron? A-Scientist B-Discovery
1) James chadwick 2) Fermi 1) Faraday a) Expansion of Universe
3) S.N.Bose 4) Millikan 2) Newton b) Law of EMI
5) What is the working principle of Steam 3) Einstein c) Law of gravitation
engine? 4) Hubble d) Theory of relativity
1) Digital logic 2) Super conductivity 1) 1-b;2-c;3-d;4-a 2) 1-b;2-d;3-c;4-a
3) Laws of thermodynamics 3)1-b;2-c;3-a;4-d 4) 1-b;2-a;3-c;4-d
4) Nuclear fission
6) Photocell works on the principle of C.U.Q- KEY
1) Raman effect 2) Compton effect 1)1 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3
3) Seebeck effect 4) photoelectric effect 6) 4 7) 1 8)1 9) 2 10) 2
11) 1 12)2 13)1

NARAYANA GROUP 3
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS JEE MAINS
JEE-ADV - C.W - VOL -- III
PHYSICS-VOL

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Fundamental Quantities and their SI Units
SYNOPSIS  There are seven fundamental quantities and two
Physical Quantity: supplementary quantities in S. I. system. These
 Any quantity which can be measured directly (or) quantities along with their unit and symbols are given
indirectly (or) interms of which the laws of physics below:
can be expressed is called physical quantity. S.No Physical Quantity SI unit Symbol
 There are two types of physical quantities
1) Fundamental quantities2) Derived quantities 1. Length metre m
Fundamental Quantities: Physical quantities 2. Mass kilogram kg
which cannot be expressed interms of any other 3. Time second s
physical quantities are called fundamental physical 4. Thermo dynamic
quantities. temperature kelvin K (or) θ
Ex. length, mass, time, temperature etc.. 5. Luminous
Derived Quantities: Physical Quantities which intensity candela Cd
are derived from fundamental quantities are called 6. Electric current ampere A
derived quantities. 7. Amount of
Ex. Area, density, force etc... substance
(or) quantity of
Unit of physical quantity:
matter mole mol
 A unit of measurement of a physical quantity is the
standard reference of the same physical quantity Supplementary quantities
which is used for comparison of the given physical 1. Plane angle radian rad
quantity. 2. Solid angle steradian sr
Fundamental unit :The unit used to measure the
fundamental quantity is called fundamental unit. Measurement of length
Ex: metre for length, kilogram for mass etc..  The length of an object can be measured by using
Derived unit : The unit used to measure the different units. Some practical units of length are
derived quantity is called derived unit.
Ex: m2 for area, gm cm-3 for density etc... angstrom( Ao )=10 −10 m=10−8 cm
 The numerical value obtained on measuring a nanometre(nm) = 10−9 m = 10 A0
physical quantity is inversely proportional to the fermi = 10−15 m
magnitude of the unit chosen.
micron = 10−6 m
1
n α ⇒ U = constant
n X-ray unit = 10−13 m
U
1 A.U. = distance between sun & earth
⇒ n1U = n2U
1 2
= 1.496×1011 m
Where n1 and n2 are the numerical values and  One light year is the distance travelled by light in
U1 and U 2 are the units of same physical quantity one year in vacuum . This unit is used in astronomy.
in different systems. Light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
System of units parsec = 3.26 light years = 30.84 × 1015 m
 There are four systems of units Bohr radius = 0.5 × 10−10 m
1) F.P.S 2) C.G.S Mile=1.6 km
3) M.K.S 4) SI
 Based on SI system there are three categories of
Measurement of mass:
The mass of an object can be measured by using
physical quantities. different units.Some practical units of mass are
1)fundamental quantities Quintal = 100 kg
2)supplementary quantities and Metric ton = 1000 kg
3)derived quantities
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) = = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg

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 JEE MAIN-JR-VOL
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PHYSICS-VOL -I UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Measurement of time: Some physical constants and their values:

One day = 86400 second  1 amu = 1.67 ×10−27 kg = 931.5MeV
Shake = 10−8 second 1 atm pressure = pressure exerted by 76cm of
Abbreviations for multiples and sub multiples: Hg column = 1.013 × 105 Pa
 MACRO Prefixes Avagadro number (N)= 6.023 × 1023
Multiplier Symbol Prefix
101 da Deca Permittivity of free space= 8.854 × 10−12 Fm −1 or
102 h Hecto C 2 / Nm2
103 k Kilo Permeability of free space
106
109
M
G
Mega
Giga
( μ0 ) = 4π ×10−7 Hm−1
1012 T Tera Joule’s constant (J)= 4.186 Jcal −1
10 15 P Peta Planck’s constant(h)= 6.62 × 10−34 Js
10 18 E Exa Rydberg’s constant(R)= 1.0974 × 107 m −1
1021 Z Zetta Boltzmann’s constant(KB)=1.38 ×10 −23 JK −1
1024 Y Yotta Stefan’s constant (σ ) = 5.67 ×10−8Wm −2 K −4
 MICRO Prefixes Universal gas constant(R)= 8.314Jmol −1 K −1
Multiplier Symbol Prefix
10-1 d deci = 1.98cal mol −1 K −1
10-2 c centi Wien’s constant(b)= 2.93 × 10 −3 metre kelvin
10-3 m milli Accuracy and precision of instruments :
10 -6
μ micro  The numerical values obtained on measuring
-9
10 n nano physical quantities depend upon the measuring
10-12 p pico instruments, methods of measurement.
10 −15 f femto  Accuracy refers to how closely a measured value
agrees with the true value.
10 −18 a atto
 Precision refers to what limit or resolution the given
10−21 z zepto physical quantity can be measured.
10 −24 y yocto  Precision refers to closeness between the different
Some important conversions: observed values of the same quantity .
 High precision does not mean high accuracy.
5  The difference between accuracy and precision
 1kmph = ms −1
18 can be understood and by the following example:
1 newton=105 dyne Suppose three students are asked to find the length
of a rod whose length is known to be 2.250cm.The
1 joule= 107 erg
observations are given in the table .
1 calorie=4.18 J
1eV= 1.6 × 10−19 J Student
Measurement-
1
Measurement-
2
Measurement-
3
Average
length

1gcm −3 = 1000kgm −3 A 2.25cm 2.27cm 2.26cm 2.26cm

1 lit=1000cm3 = 10 −3 m 3 B 2.252cm 2.250cm 2.251cm 2.251cm

1KWH = 36 × 105 J C 2.250cm 2.250cm 2.250cm 2.250cm

1 HP=746 W It is clear from the above table , that the

1 degree=0.017 rad observations taken by a student A are neither
1cal g −1 = 4180JKg −1 precise nor accurate. The observations of student
1kgwt= 9.8 N B are more precise . The observations of student
1 telsa= 104 gauss C are precise as well as accurate.
Error:
1Am −1 = 4π × 10−3 oersted  The result of every measurement by any measuring
1 weber=108 maxwell instrument contains some uncertainty. This
uncertainty in measurement is called error.
NARAYANA GROUP 5
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Mathematically
 Error = True value - Measured value
Correction =-error
 True value means, standard value free of errors.
 Errors are broadly classified into 3 types :
i) Systematic errors
ii) Random errors
iii) Gross errors
Systematic Errors
 The errors due to a definite cause and which follow
a particular rule are called systematic errors. They
always occur in one direction (either +ve or -ve )
 Systematic errors with a constant magnitude are
called constant errors.
The constant arised due to imperfect design, zero
error in the instrument or any other such defects.
These are also called instrumental errors.
 Example for the error due to improper designing
and construction.
If a screw gauge has a zero error of -4 head scale
divisions, then every reading will be 0.004cm less
than the true value.
 The error arised due to external conditions like
changes in environment, changes in temperature,
pressure, humidity etc.
Ex: Due to rise in temperature, a scale gets
expanded and this results in error in measurement
of length.
Imperfection in Experimental
technique or Procedure:
 The error due to experimental arrangement, 
procedure followed and experimental technique
is called imperfection error.  The instrumental errors are avoided by calibrating
Ex: In calorimetric experiments, the loss of heat
due to radiation, the effect on weighing due to
buoyancy of air cannot be avoided.
Personal errors or observational errors:
 These are entirely due to the personal peculiarities 
of the experimenter. Individual bias, lack of proper
setting of the apparatus, carelessness in taking
observations (without taking the required
necessary precautions.) etc. are the causes for
these type of errors. A person may be habituated
to hold his eyes (head) always a bit too far to the
right (or left) while taking the reading with a scale.
This will give rise to parallax error.
 If a person keeps his eye-level below the level of 
mercury in a barometer all the time, his readings
will have systematic error.
These errors can be minimised by obtaining
several readings carefully and then taking their
arithmetic mean..
6 NARAYANA GROUP
JEE MAINS
JEE-ADV - C.W - VOL -- III
PHYSICS-VOL
1
probable error α
no. of readings
Ex: Parallax error
Random Errors:
 They are due to uncontrolled disturbances which
influence the physical quantity and the instrument.
these errors are estimated by statistical methods.
1
Random error α
no. of observations
Ex-:The errors due to line voltage changes and
backlash error.
Backlash errors are due to screw and nut.
Gross Errors
 The cause for gross errors are improper recording,
neglecting the sources of the error, reading the
instrument incorrectly, sheer carelessness
Ex: In a tangent galvanometer experiment, the coil
is to be placed exactly in the magnetic meridian
and care should be taken to see that no any other
magnetic material is present in the vicinity.
 No correction can be applied to these gross errors.
 When the errors are minimised, the accuracy
increases.
The systematic errors can be estimated and
observations can be corrected.
 Random errors are compensating type. Aphysical
quantity is measured number of times and these values
lie oneitherside ofmean value. These errors are estimated
by statistical methods and accuracy is achieved.
Personal errors like parallax error can be avoided
by taking proper care.
the instrument with a standard reference and by
applying proper corrections.
Errors in measurement.
True Value :
In the measurement of a physical quantity the
arithmetic mean of all readings which is found to
be very close to the most accurate reading is to
be taken as True value of the quantities.
If a1, a2 , a3 ..................an are readings then true
1 n
value amean = ∑ ai
n i =1
Absolute Error :
The magnitude of the difference between the true
value of the measured physical quantity and the
value of individual measurement is called absolute
error.
Absolute error =|True value - measured values|
Δai = amean − ai
The absolute error is always positive.
 JEE MAIN-JR-VOL
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PHYSICS-VOL -I UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Mean absolute error: WE-2 : The length and breadth of a rectangle are
 The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is (5.7 ± 0.1) cm and (3.4 ± 0.2) cm. Calculate
considered as the mean absolute error of the the area of the rectangle with error limits.
physical quantity concerned.
Δa1 + Δa2 + − − − + Δan
Sol. Here l = ( 5.7 ± 0.1) cm, b = ( 3.4 ± 0.2 ) cm
1 n
Δamean =
n
= ∑ Δai
n i=1 Area : A = l × b = 5.7 × 3.4 = 19.38 cm 2 = 19 cm 2
The mean absolute error is always positive. (rounding off to two significant figures)
Relative error: ΔA ⎛ Δl Δb ⎞ ⎛ 0.1 0.2 ⎞
 The relative error of a measured physical quantity ∴ = ±⎜ + ⎟ = ± ⎜ 5.7 + 3.4 ⎟
A ⎝ l b ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
is the ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean
⎛ 0.34 + 1.14 ⎞ 1.48
value of the quantity measured. = ±⎜ ⎟=±
⎝ 5.7 × 3.4 ⎠ 19.38
Δa m ean
1.48 1.48
Relative error= a mean ⇒ ΔA = ± ×A =± ×19.38 = ±1.48 = ±1.5
19.38 19.38
It is a pure number having no units. (rounding off to two significant figures)
Percentage error:
So, Area = (19.0 ± 1.5 ) cm 2
⎡ Δa ⎤
δ a = ⎢ mean ×100⎥ % WE-3: The distance covered by a body in time
⎣ amean ⎦
Relative error and percentage error give a measure
( 5.0 ± 0.6 ) s is ( 40.0 ± 0.4 ) m. Calculate the
of accuracy i.e. if percentage error increases speed of the body. Also determine the
accuracy decreases. percentage error in the speed.
WE- 1:Repetition in the measurements of a certain Sol. Here, s = ( 40.0 ± 0.4 ) m and t = ( 5.0 ± 0.6 ) s
quantity in an experiment gave the following s 40.0 s
values: 1.29, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.32, 1.36, 1.30, ∴ Speed v = = = 8.0 ms −1 As v =
and 1.33. Calculate the mean value, mean t 5.0 t
absolute error, relative error and percentage Δv Δs Δt
∴ = +
error. v s t
Here Δs = 0.4 m, s=40.0 m, Δt = 0.6 s, t=5.0 s
Sol. Here, mean value
Δv 0.4 0.6
1.29 + 1.33 + 1.34 + 1.35 + 1.32 +1.36 + 1.30 + 1.33 ∴ = + = 0.13
xm = v 40.0 5.0
8 ⇒ Δv = 0.13 × 8.0 = 1.04
= 1.3275=1.33 (rounded off to two places of decimal)
Absolute errors in measurement are Hence, v = ( 8.0 ± 1.04 ) ms −1
Δx1 = 1.33 − 1.29 = 0.04; Δx2 = 1.33 − 1.33 = 0.00; ⎛ Δv ⎞
∴ Percentage error = ⎜⎝ v ×100 ⎟⎠ = 0.13 ×100 = 13%
Δx3 = 1.33 − 1.34 = 0.01; Δx4 = 1.33 − 1.35 = 0.02; WE- 4 : A screw gauge gives the following reading
Δx5 = 1.33 − 1.32 = 0.01; Δx6 = 1.33 − 1.36 = 0.03; when used to measure the diameter of a wire.
Main scale reading : 0 mm
Δx7 = 1.33 − 1.30 = 0.03; Δx8 = 1.33 − 1.33 = 0.00; Circular scale reading : 52 divisions
mean absolute error Given that 1 mm on main scale corresponds
0.04 + 0.00 + 0.01+ 0.02 + 0.01+ 0.03 + 0.03 + 0.00 to 100 divisions of the circular scale.
Δxm =
8 [AIEEE 2011]
= 0.0175 Sol. Main scale reading = 0 mm
= 0.02 (rounded off to two places of decimal) Circular scale reading = 52 divisions
Δxm 0.02 value of 1 main scale division 1
Relative error = ± =± = ±0.01503 = ±0.02 Least count = = mm
xm 1.33 Total divisions on circular scale 100
(rounded off to two places of decimal) Diameter of wire = M.S.R +( C.S.R x L.C)
Percentage error = ±0.01503×100 = ±1.503 = ±1.5%
1
= 0 + 52 × mm = 0.52mm = 0.052cm
100

NARAYANA GROUP 7
 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS JEE MAINS
JEE-ADV - C.W - VOL -- III
PHYSICS-VOL

WE-5:The current voltage relation of diode is given  Whether it is addition or subtraction, absolute error
is same.
by I = ( e1000V /T − 1) mA,where the applied  In subtraction the percentage error increases.
 Error due to Multiplication:
voltage V is in volt and the temperature T is
ΔZ ΔA ΔB
in kelvin.If a student makes an error If Z = AB then = +
Z A B
measuring ± 0.01V while measuring the ΔZ
current of 5mA at 300K,what will be the is called fractional error or relative error..
Z
error in the value of current in mA? ΔZ ⎛ ΔA ⎞ ⎛ ΔB ⎞
(JEE MAIN-2014) Percentage error = ×100 = ⎜ × 100 ⎟ + ⎜ ×100 ⎟
Z ⎝ A ⎠ ⎝ B ⎠

Sol. I = ( e − 1) mA
1000V / T Here percentage error is the sum of individual
percentage errors.
dV= ± 0.01V, T=300K,I=5mA A
 Error due to division: if Z =
I +1= e 1000V / T
B
1000V ΔZ ΔA ΔB
log ( I + 1) = Maximum possible relative error = +
T Z A B
Max. percentage error in division
dI 1000 ΔA ΔB
= dV ⇒ dI=0.2mA = × 100 + × 100
I +1 T A B
WE-6 : In an experiment the angles are required
ΔZ ΔA
to be measured using an instrument. 29  Error due to Power: If Z= An ; =n
divisions of the main scale exactly coincide Z A
p q
with the 30 divisions of the vernier scale. If A B
the smallest division of the main scale is half-  In more general form : If Z =
Cr
a-degree(= 0.50 ), then the least count of the then maximum fractional error in Z is
instrument is (AIEEE-2009) ΔZ ΔA ΔB ΔC
=p +q +r
Valueof main scaledivision Z A B C
Sol. Least count = No.of divisions of vernier scale As we check for maximum error a +ve sign is to
ΔC
1 1 10 10 be taken for the term r
= MSD = × = = 1 min C
30 30 2 60 Maximum Percentage error in Z is
Combination of Errors: ΔZ ΔA ΔB ΔC
 Error due to addition × 100 = p × 100 + q × 100 + r × 100
Z A B C
If Z = A + B ; WE-7: A physical quantity is represented by x
ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB (Max. possible error) =Ma LbT-c. The percentage of errors in the
Z + ΔZ = ( A + B ) ± ( ΔA + ΔB ) measurements of mass,length and time are
ΔA + ΔB α %, β %, γ % respectively then the maximum
Relative error= percentage error is
A+ B
ΔA + ΔB Δx ΔM ΔL ΔT
× 100 Sol. ×100 = a. ×100 +b. ×100 + c. ×100
Percentage error= x M L T
A+ B
 Error due to subtraction = aα + bβ + cγ
If Z=A-B WE-8:Resistance of a given wire is obtained by
ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB (Max. possible error ) measuring the current flowing in it and the
Z + ΔZ = ( A − B ) ± ( ΔA + ΔB ) voltage difference applied across it. If the
ΔA + ΔB percentage errors in the measurement of the
Relative error = current and the voltage difference are 3%
A− B
ΔA + ΔB each, then error in the value of resistance of
Percentage error = × 100 the wire is [AIEEE 2012]
A− B

8 NARAYANA GROUP
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JEE-ADV -I
PHYSICS-VOL -I UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

V  The significant figures indicate the extent to which

Sol. R = [∴ log R = log V − log I ] the readings are reliable.
I
Rules for determining the number of
ΔR ⎛ ΔV ΔI ⎞
⇒ R (100 ) = ⎜ V + I ⎟ (100 )
significant figures:
⎝ ⎠  All the non-zero digits in a given number are
= 3% + 3% = 6% significant without any regard to the location of
WE-9: Two resistors of resistances R1 = (100 ± 3) the decimal point if any.
Ex: 18452 or 1845.2 or 184.52 all have the
ohm and R2 = ( 200 ± 4 ) ohm are connected (a) same number of significant digits,i.e. 5.
in series, (b) in parallel. Find the equivalent  All zeros occurring between two non zero digits
resistance of the (a) series combination, (b) are significant without any regard to the location
parallel combination. Use for (a) the relation of decimal point if any.
Ex: 106008 has six significant digits.
R = R1 + R2 and for (b) 106.008 or 1.06008 has also got six significant
digits.
1 1 1 ΔR' ΔR1 ΔR2  If the number is less than one, all the zeros to the
= + = 2 + 2
R ' R1 R2 and R'2 R1 R2 right of the decimal point but to the left of first
non-zero digit are not significant.
Sol. (a) The equivalent resistance of series Ex: 0.000308
combination In this example all zeros before 3 are insignificant.
 a)All zeros to the right of a decimalpoint are significant
R = R1 + R2 = (100 ± 3) ohm + ( 200 ± 4 ) ohm if they are not followed by a non-zero digit.
= ( 300 ± 7 ) ohm. Ex: 30.00 has 4 significant digits
 b) All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit
(b) The equivalent resistance of parallel after the decimal point are significant.
combination Ex: 0.05600 has 4 significant digits
 c) All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit in
RR 200
R' = 1 2 = = 66.7 ohm a number having no decimal point are not
R1 + R2 3 significant.
Ex: 2030 has 3 significant digits
1 1 1
Then, from R ' = R + R Rounding off numbers:
1 2  The result of computation with approximate
numbers, which contain more than one uncertain
ΔR ' ΔR ΔR
we get, R '2 = R 2 + R 2 digit,should be rounded off.
1 2

1 2 Rules for rounding off numbers:

ΔR1 ΔR  The preceding digit is raised by 1 if the immediate
ΔR ' = ( R '2 ) + ( R '2 ) 22 insignificant digit to be dropped is more than 5.
R12 R2
Ex: 4728 is rounded off to three significant figures as
2 2 4730.
⎛ 66.7 ⎞ ⎛ 66.7 ⎞ 
=⎜ ⎟ 3+ ⎜ ⎟ 4 = 1.8 The preceding digit is to be left unchanged if the
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎠ immediate insignificant digit to be dropped is less
than 5.
Then, R ' = ( 66.7 ± 1.8 ) ohm
Ex: 4723 is rounded off to three significant figures
as 4720
Significant Figures :  If the immediate insignificant digit to be dropped
 A significant figure is defined as the figure, which is 5 then there will be two different cases
is considered reasonably, trust worthy in number. a) If the preceding digit is even then it is to be
Ex: π = 3.141592654 unchanged and 5 is dropped.
(upto 10 digits) Ex: 4.7253 is to be rounded off to two decimal
=3.14 (with 3 figures ) places. The digit to be dropped here is 5 (along
=3.1416 (upto 5 digits ) with 3) and the preceding digit 2 is even and hence
to be retained as two only 4.7253=4.72
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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
b)If the preceding digit is odd, it is to be raised by 1
Ex: 4.7153 is to be rounded off to two decimal 
places. As the preceding digit ‘1’ is odd, it is to
be raised by 1.
4.7153=4.72
Rules for Arithmetic Operations with
significant Figures:
 In multiplication or division, the final result should
retain only that many significant figures as are there
in the original number with the least number of
significant figures.
Ex: 1.2 × 2.54 × 3.26 = 9.93648 .But the result
should be limited to the least number of significant
digits-that is two digits only. So final answer is
9.9.
 In addition or subtraction the final result should
retain only that many decimal places as are there
in the number with the least decimal places.
Ex:2.2+4.08+3.12+6.38=15.78.Finally we
should have only one decimal place and hence
15.78 is to be rounded off as 15.8.
WE-10:The respective number of significant
figures for the numbers 23.023,0.0003and
21× 10−3 are (AIEEE-2010)
Sol.(i)All non -zero numbers are significant figures. Zeros
occurring between zero digits are also significant.
(ii) If the number is less than one,zero between the
decimal and first non zero digit are not significant.
(iii) Powers of 10 is not a significant figure.
∴ 5,1,2
Dimensions of physical quantities:
 Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers
to which the fundamental quantities are to be 
raised to represent that quantity.
Dimensional Formula :
 An expression showing the powers to which the 
fundamental quantities are to be raised to
represent the derived quantity is called dimensional
formula of that quantity.
In general the dimensional formula of a quantity
can be written as ⎡⎣ M x Ly T z ⎤⎦ . Here x,y,z are
dimensions.
Dimensional Constants:
 The physical quantities which have dimensions and
have a fixed value are called dimensional constants.
Ex:Gravitational constant (G), Planck's constant
(h), Universal gas constant (R), Velocity of light in
vacuum (c) etc.,
10
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Dimensionless Quantities:
Dimensionless quantities are those which do not
have dimensions but have a fixed value.
(a):Dimensionless quantities without units.
Ex:Pure numbers,angle trigonometric functions ,
logarthemic functions etc.,
(b)Dimensionless quantities with units.
Ex:Angular displacement - radian, Joule's
constant etc.,
Dimensional variables:
 Dimensional variables are those physical
quantities which have dimensions and do not have
fixed value.
Ex:velocity, acceleration, force, work, power.etc.
Dimensionless variables:
 Dimensionless variables are those physical
quantities which do not have dimensions and do
not have fixed value.,
Ex: Specific gravity, refractive index, Coefficient
of friction, Poisson's Ratio etc.,
Limitations of dimensional analysis method:
 Dimensionless quantities cannot be determined by
this method. Constant of proportionality cannot
be determined by this method. They can be found
either by experiment (or) by theory.
 This method is not applicable to trigonometric,
logarithmic and exponential functions.
 In the case of physical quantities which are
dependent upon more than three physical
quantities, this method will be difficult.
In some cases, the constant of proportionality also
possesses dimensions. In such cases we cannot
use this system.
If one side of equation contains addition or
subtraction of physical quantities, we cannot use
this method.
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The following is the list of some physical quantities

with their formulae and dimensional formulae with units
S.No. Physical Quantity Explanation or Formulae Dimensional S.I.Unit
Formulae
1. Distance ,
Displacement,
Wave length,
Radius of gyration, ⎡⎣ M 0 L1 T 0 ⎤⎦ m
Circumference,
Perimeter,Light year,
2. Mass ⎡⎣ M 1 L0 T 0 ⎤⎦ kg
total time
3. Period of oscillation, no.of oscillations
Time, ⎡⎣ M 0 L0 T 1 ⎤⎦ s
Time constant T = Capacity × Resistance
1
4. Frequency Reciprocal of time period n = ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T −1 ⎤⎦ hertz ( Hz)
T
5. Area A = length × breadth ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T 0 ⎤⎦ m2
6. Volume V=length × breadth × height ⎡⎣ M 0 L3T 0 ⎤⎦ m3
mass
7. Density d= ⎡⎣ M 1 L−3T 0 ⎤⎦ kgm-3
volume
mass
8. Linear mass density λ= ⎡⎣ M 1 L−1T 0 ⎤⎦ kgm-1
length
displacement
9. Speed, Velocity v= ⎡⎣ M 0 L1T −1 ⎤⎦ ms-1
time
change in velocity
10. Acceleration a= ⎡⎣ M 0 L1T −2 ⎤⎦ ms-2
time
11. Linear momentum P= mass × velocity ⎡⎣ M 1 L1T −1 ⎤⎦ kgms-1

12. Force F = Mass × acceleration ⎡⎣ M 1 L1T −2 ⎤⎦ N

13. Impulse J= Force × time ⎡⎣ M 1 L1T −1 ⎤⎦ Ns
14. Work,Energy,PE, KE, W = Force × displacement
Strain energy, P.E= mgh
1
Heat energy KE = (Mass) (velocity)2 ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2 ⎤⎦ J(or) N.m
2
1
SE= ×Stress×Strain×volume
2
Work
15. Power P= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −3 ⎤⎦ watt
time
Force
16. Pressure , Stress,
Area
Stress
Modulus of elasticity (Y,η , k) Y= ⎡⎣ M 1 L−1T −2 ⎤⎦ pascal or Nm −2
Strain

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change in dimension
17. Strain = original dimension ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 ⎤⎦ no units
work
18. Strain energy density E= ⎡⎣ M 1 L−1T −2 ⎤⎦ Jm-3
volume
length of arc
19. Angular displacement θ= ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 ⎤⎦ rad
radius
angular dispacement
20. Angular velocity ω= ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T −1 ⎤⎦ rads-1
time
changein angular velocity
21. Angular acceleration α= ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T −2 ⎤⎦ rads-2
time
22. Angular momentum L=linear momentum
× perpendicular distance ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −1 ⎤⎦ Js
energy
23. Planck's constant h= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −1 ⎤⎦ Js
frequency
24. Angular impulse Torque × time ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −1 ⎤⎦ Js
25. Torque τ=force× ⊥ distance ⎡⎣ M L T ⎤⎦
1 2 −2
Nm
26. Acceleration due to
weight
gravity(g) g= ⎡⎣ M 0 LT −2 ⎤⎦ ms-2 or Nkg-1
mass

Force × ( distance )
2

27. Universal gravitational G= ⎡⎣ M −1 L3T −2 ⎤⎦ Nm2 kg-2

Mass1 × Mass 2
Constant

28. Moment of inertia I=Mass × (radius of gyration)2 ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T 0 ⎤⎦ kgm2

dv
29. Velocity gradient = ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T −1 ⎤⎦ S −1
dx
surface energy force
30. Surface tension, S= = ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −2 ⎤⎦ Nm-1 or Jm-2
changein area length
Surface energy
Spring constant
force
Force constant K=
elongation
tangential stress
31. Coefficient of viscosity η= velocity gradient ⎡⎣ M 1 L−1T −1 ⎤⎦ Pa s (or) Nm −2 s
32. Gravitational potential Gravitational field × distance ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T −2 ⎤⎦ J/Kg
33. Heat energy msθ ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2 ⎤⎦ joule
34. Temperature θ ⎡⎣ M L T θ ⎤⎦
0 0 0 1
kelvin( K)
heat energy
35. Specific heat capacity S (or) C= mass×temp. ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T −2θ −1 ⎤⎦ Jkg-1 K-1
dQ
36. Thermal capacity =mass×specific heat ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2θ −1 ⎤⎦ JK-1
dθ

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37. Latent heat (or)

heat energy
Calorific value L= ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T −2 ⎤⎦ Jkg-1
mass
38. Water equivalent W=Mass × specific heat ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T 0 ⎤⎦ kg
Δl ΔA γ = ΔV
39. Coefficient of thermal α= ;β = ; V Δθ ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0θ −1 ⎤⎦ K -1
l Δθ AΔθ
expansion

PV
40. Universal gas constant R= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2θ −1mol −1 ⎤⎦ Jmol-1K-1
nT
R
41. Gas constant (for 1 gm) r= ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T −2θ −1mol −1 ⎤⎦ Jkg-1K-1
Mol.wt
42. Boltzmann’s constant
R
(for 1 Molecule) k= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2θ −1 ⎤⎦ JK-1molecule-1
Avagadro number

W
43. Mechanical equivalent J= ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 ⎤⎦ no SI units
H
of heat

Qd
44. Coefficient of thermal K= ⎡⎣ M 1 L1T −3θ −1 ⎤⎦ Js-1 m-1 K-1 (or) Wm-1 K-1
A Δθt
conductivity
dQ heat energy
45. Entropy = ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2θ −1 ⎤⎦ JK-1
T temperature
ΔE
46. Stefan's constant σ= ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −3θ −4 ⎤⎦ Js-1m-2K-4 (or) Wm-2K-4
ΔAΔTθ 4
dθ temp×time
R= =
47. Thermal resistance ⎛ dQ ⎞ Heat ⎡⎣ M −1 L−2T 3θ 1 ⎤⎦ KsJ-1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
d
( or) R=
KA
Change in temp dθ
48. Temperature gradient = ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0θ 1 ⎤⎦ Km-1
length dl
Change in pressure dp
49. Pressure gradient = ⎡⎣ M 1 L−2T −2 ⎤⎦ pascal m-1
length dl
Energy ΔE
50. Solar constant = ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −3 ⎤⎦ Js-1m-2 (or) Wm-2
area × time AT
51. Enthalpy heat ( ΔQ ) ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2 ⎤⎦ joule
52. Pole strength m =IL ( or) ⎡⎣ M 0 LT 0 A⎤⎦ Am
Magnetic Momement
Mag.Length
53. Magnetic moment M= 2 l ×m ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T 0 A ⎤⎦ Am2

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m
54. Magnetic intensity (or) H= ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 A⎤⎦ Am-1
4πd 2
Magnetising field
Magnetic moment
55. Intensity of magnetisation I= ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 A⎤⎦ Am-1
Volume
 
56. Magnetic flux ϕ = B×A ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2 A−1 ⎤⎦ Wb
=(Magnetic induction × Area)
 φ Magnetic flux F
57. Magnetic induction B= = = ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −2 A−1 ⎤⎦ Tesla (or) Wbm-2 (or) NA-1m-1
A Area il
4πFd 2
58. Magnetic permeability µ= ⎡⎣ M 1 L1T −2 A−2 ⎤⎦ Hm-1
m1 m 2
I
59. Magnetic susceptibility χ= ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 ⎤⎦ no units
H
60. Electric current I ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 A⎤⎦ A
61. Charge Q =Current × Time ⎡⎣ M 0 L0TA⎤⎦ C
62. Electric dipole moment P=Charge × Distance ⎡⎣ M L AT ⎤⎦
0 1
Cm
63. Electric field strength (or)
Force
Electric field intensity E= ⎡⎣ M 1 LT −3 A−1 ⎤⎦ NC -1
Charge
64. Electrical flux ( φE ) Electrical intensity × area ⎡⎣ M 1 L3T −3 A−1 ⎤⎦ Nm2 C-1
Work
65. Electric potential (or) V= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −3 A−1 ⎤⎦ V
Charge
Potential difference
Pot.diff
66. Electrical resistance R= ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −3 A−2 ⎤⎦ Ω
Current
1 1
67. Electrical conductance C= = ⎡⎣ M −1 L−2T 3 A2 ⎤⎦ mho (or) Siemen (S)
R Resistance

68. Specific resistance (or

RA
Resistivity ρ (or) s ρ= ⎡⎣ M 1 L3T −3 A−2 ⎤⎦ Ohm-m
l
1
69. Electrical conductivity σ = R esistivity ⎡⎣ M −1 L−3T 3 A2 ⎤⎦ Ohm-1 m-1 (or) Siemen m-1

70. Current density

( current per unit area J = Electrical intensity
of cross section) × Conductivity ⎡⎣ M 0 L−2T 0 A⎤⎦ Am-2
⎛ Current ⎞
or ⎜ Area ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Q Charge
71. Capacitance C= = ⎡⎣ M −1 L−2T 4 A2 ⎤⎦ F
V Potential
dε Voltage×Time
L= =
72. Self (or) Mutual ⎛ dI ⎞ Current ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −2 A−2 ⎤⎦ H(or) Wb/amp
⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
inductance

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q 1q 2
73. Electrical permittivity ε= ⎡⎣ M −1 L−3T 4 A2 ⎤⎦ farad/m
4πFd 2
74. Surface charge density ⎡⎣ M 0 L−2T 1 A1 ⎤⎦ Cm-2
Charge
Area
Light energy
75. Luminous flux ⎡⎣ M 1 L2T −3 ⎤⎦ lumen
Time
ΔE ⎛ Luminous flux ⎞
76. Intensity of illumination I= =⎜ ⎟ ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −3 ⎤⎦ lumen m-2 (or) lux.
ΔtΔA ⎝ Area ⎠
(or) Iluminance
1
77. Focal power P= ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 ⎤⎦ dioptre
Focal length
1
78. Wave number ν= ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 ⎤⎦ m-1
λ
(Propagation constant)
Z2e4m
79. Rydberg’s constant R= ⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 ⎤⎦ m-1
8ε 20 ch 3

Physical Quantities Having Same

WE-11: Let [ε 0 ] denote the dimensional formula Dimensional Formulae:
of permittivity of vacuum .If M is mass ,L is  Distance, Displacement, radius,wavelength, radius
length,T is time and A is electric current,then of gyration [L]
(JEE-MAIN 2013)  Speed, Velocity, Velocity of light ⎡⎣ LT −1 ⎤⎦
 acceleration ,acceleration due to gravity, intensity
1 q1q2
Sol: From coulomb’s law F = 4πε R 2 of gravitational field, centripetal acceleration
0
⎡⎣ L T −2 ⎤⎦
q1q2  Impulse, Change in momentum ⎡⎣ M LT −1 ⎤⎦ -size
ε0 =
4π FR 2 changed
Substituting the units  Force, Weight, Tension,energy gradient, Thrust
[ AT ] ⎡ M LT −2 ⎤
2
c2 ⎣ -- size changed
⎦
ε0 = =  Work, Energy, Moment of force or Torque,
N − m2 ⎡⎣ MLT −2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ L2 ⎤⎦
Moment of couple ⎡⎣ M L2 T −2 ⎤⎦ -- size changed
= ⎡⎣ M −1 L−3T 4 A2 ⎤⎦  Force constant, Surface Tension, Spring constant,
surface energy i.e. Energy per unit area ⎡⎣ M T −2 ⎤⎦ -
WE-12:The dimensional formula of magnetic field size changed
strength in M, L, T and C (coulomb) is given  Angular momentum, Angular impulse, Planck's
as (AIEEE 2008)
constant ⎡⎣ M L2 T −1 ⎤⎦ - size changed
Sol: From F = Bqv
 Angular velocity, Frequency, angular
F ⎡⎣ MLT ⎤⎦
−2
frequency,Velocity gradient,
B= = = ⎡⎣ M 1 L0T −1C −1 ⎤⎦  Decay constant, rate of disintegration [T–1]
qv C ⎡⎣ LT ⎤⎦
−1

 Stress, Pressure, Modulus of Elasticity, Energy

density ⎡⎣ M L−1 T −2 ⎤⎦

 Latent heat, Gravitational potential ⎡⎣ L2 T −2 ⎤⎦

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 Specific heat, Specific gas constant ⎡⎣L2 T −2 θ −1 ⎤⎦ ⎡a⎤

 Thermal capacity, Entropy, Boltzmann constant, ⎢ bx ⎥ should represent pressure
⎣ ⎦
Molar thermal capacity, ⎡⎣M L2 T −2 θ −1 ⎤⎦ ⎡a⎤ 1 ⎡a ⎤ −2
∴ ⎢⎣ b ⎥⎦ L = ⎡⎣ ML T ⎤⎦ ⇒ ⎢ b ⎥ = ⎡⎣ MT ⎤⎦
−1 −2
 Wave number, Power of a lens, Rydberg’s constant
⎣ ⎦
⎡ L−1 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ Uses of dimensional analysis method:
L  To check the correctness of the given equation.
 Time, RC, , LC ,[T −1 ]
R (This is based on the principle of homogeneity)
 Power, Rate of dissipation of energy, ⎡⎣ ML2T −3 ⎤⎦  To convert one system of units into another
 Intensity of sound, Intensity of radiation [ MT −3 ] system.
 Electric potential, potential difference, electromotive  To derive the equations showing the relation
force [ ML2T −3 I −1 ] between different physical quantities.
 Intensity of magnetic field, Intensity of magnetization
1 2
⎡⎣I L−1 ⎤⎦ WE-14:Check whether the relation S = ut + at
2
−3 −1 is dimensionally correct or not, where symbols
 Electric field and potential gradient ⎡⎣ MLT A ⎤⎦ have their usual meaning.
 Rydberg’s constant and propagation constant
1 2
⎡⎣ M 0 L−1T 0 ⎤⎦ Sol: We have S = ut + at . checking the dimensions
2
 Strain , Poisson’s ratio, refractive index, dielectric
constant, coefficient of friction, relative permeabil- on both sides, LHS= [ S ] = ⎡⎣ M 0 L1T 0 ⎤⎦ ,
ity, magnetic susceptibility, electric susceptibility, ⎡1 2 ⎤
RHS= [ut ] + ⎢ 2 at ⎥ = ⎡⎣ LT ⎤⎦ [T ] + ⎡⎣ LT ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣T ⎤⎦
−1 −2 2
angle, solid angle, trigonometric ratios,logarithm func- ⎣ ⎦
tion, exponential constant are all dimensionless.
 If L,C and R stands for inductance, capacitance and = ⎡⎣ M 0 LT
1 0
⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ M 0 LT
1 0
⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ M 0 LT1 0
⎤⎦
L we find LHS=RHS.
resistance respectively then , LC , RC and time
R Hence, the formula is dimensionally correct.
⎡⎣ M L T ⎤⎦
0 0
WE-15:Young’s modulus of steel is 19 × 1010 N / m 2 .
 Coefficient of linear expansion, coefficient of super- Express it in dyne / cm 2 . Here dyne is the CGS
ficial expansion and coefficient of cubical unit of force.
expansion,temperature coefficient of resistance
Sol: The SI unit of Young’s modulus is N / m 2 . .
⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 K −1 ⎤⎦
⎛ 5 ⎞
 Solar constant and poynting vector ⎡⎣ ML0T −3 ⎤⎦ 10 N = 19 × 10 ⎜
10 10 dyne ⎟
Given Y = 19 ×10 ⎜ (102 cm ) 2 ⎟
Principle of homogeneity: m2 ⎝ ⎠
 It states that only quantities of same dimensions can
⎛ dyne ⎞
be added, subtracted and equated. = 19 × 1011 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ cm ⎠
a
WE-13: The dimensional formula of in the WE-16 : For a particle to move in a circular orbit
b uniformly, centripetal force is required,
a − ct 2
which depends upon the mass (m), velocity
equation P = where P = pressure, (v) of the particle and the radius (r) of the
bx
x = displacement and t = time circle. Express centripetal force in terms of
these quantities
⎡ a ⎤ ⎡ ct ⎤
2

Sol : [ P ] = ⎢ bx ⎥ − ⎢ bx ⎥
Sol: According to the provided information,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ let F ∝ m a vb r c . ⇒ F = km a vb r c
By principle of Homogeneity,
(
⎤ = ⎡ M a LT −1 Lc ⎤)
1 −2 b
⇒ ⎡ M 1 LT⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

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1 −2
⇒ ⎡⎣ M 1 LT ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ M a Lb+ cT −b ⎤⎦ EJ 2
Sol : D.F. of
using principle of homogeneity we have M 5G 2
a = 1 ,b + c = 1 ,b = 2 Substituting D.F. of E, J, M, and G in above formula
on solving we have a = 1, b = 2, c = -1 2
ML2T −2 ⎡⎣ ML2T −1 ⎤⎦
using these values we get F = km1v 2 r −1 = 2 = ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T 0 ⎤⎦
M 5 ⎡⎣ M −1 L3T −2 ⎤⎦
mv 2
⇒F =k ⎛ 1 ⎞ y
r WE20: In the equation ⎜ p β ⎟ = k T where p is the
⎝ ⎠ B
Note: The value of the dimensionless constant k
is to be found experimentally. pressure, y is the distance, k B is Boltzmann
WE-17: Derive an expression for the time period constant and T is the temperature. Dimen-
of a simple pendulum of mass(m), length (l) at sions of β are (Med- 2013)
a place where acceleration due to gravity is (g). 1 y
Sol: Let the time period of a simple pendulum depend Sol. =
pβ k BT
upon the mass of bob m, length of pendulum l , Dimension of
and acceleration due to gravity g, then [ Dimensional formula of kB ][ Dimensional formula of T ]
[β ] =
t ∝ m a l b g c ⇒ t = km a l b g c [ Dimensional formula of p ][ Dimensional formula of y]
⎡ ML2T −3 ⎤ [T ]
= ⎣ −1 −2⎦
c
M L T = M L ⎡⎣ LT ⎤⎦
0 0 1 a b −2 = ⎡⎣ M 0 L2T 0 ⎤⎦
⎡⎣ ML T ⎤⎦ [ L ]
⇒ M 0 L0T 1 = M a Lb + cT −2 c ∴ Dimensions of M,L,T in β are 0,2,0
comparing the powers of M, L, and T on
both sides, we get a = 0, b + c = 0, -2c=1 WE21: The vander Waal’s equation for n moles of
⇒ a = 0, b = 1/2 and c = -1/2. Putting these values, ⎛ a⎞
a real gas is ⎜ p + V 2 ⎟(V − b) = nRT where p is pres-
1
2 ⎝ ⎠
0 l l
we get T = km 1
⇒T = k , sure, V is volume, T is absolute temperature, R
g2 g is molar gas constant a, b and c are vander
which is the required relation. Waal’s constants. The dimensional formula for
ab is (Med- 2012)
WE18: If C is the velocity of light, h is Planck’s Sol.By principle of homogenity of dimensions P can
constant and G is Gravitational constant are
taken as fundamental quantities, then the di- a
added to P only. It means 2 also gives pressure.
mensional formula of mass is.(Eamcet - 2014) V
Dimension formulae for pressure ( P ) = ⎡⎣M 1L−1T −2 ⎤⎦
−1 2 −1
Sol: C = ⎡⎣ LT ⎤⎦ → (1) ; h = ⎡⎣ ML T ⎤⎦ → (2)
G = ⎡⎣ M −1 L3T −2 ⎤⎦ → (3) and Volume (V ) = ⎡⎣M 0 L3T 0 ⎤⎦
Solving (2) and (3)
a
h ⎡ ML2T −1 ⎤ Since = pressure
=⎢ ⎥ = ⎡⎣ M 2 L−1T 1 ⎤⎦ V2
G ⎣ M −1 L3T −2 ⎦
a a
Substituting (1) in above ∴ = ⎡⎣ M 1L−1T −2 ⎤⎦ ⇒ 0 6 0 = ⎡⎣ M 1L−1T −2 ⎤⎦
( M 0 3 0
L T ) M LT
h M 2 ⇒ M = ⎡h 2 G 2 C 2 ⎤
1 −1 1

= [ ] ⎢ ⎥ ∴ a = ⎡⎣ M 1 L5T −2 ⎤⎦
G C ⎣ ⎦ similarly, b will have same dimensions as
WE19: If E, M, J and G respectively denote energy, volume V − b = volume
mass, angular momentum and universal gravi-
tational constant, the quantity, which has the ∴ b = ⎡⎣ M 0 L3T 0 ⎤⎦

∴ [ ab ] = ⎡⎣ M 1 L5T −2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ M 0 L3T 0 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ M 1 L8T −2 ⎤⎦

same dimensions as the dim ensions of
2
EJ
(Eamcet - 2013)
M 5G 2
NARAYANA GROUP 17
 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS JEE MAINS
JEE-ADV - C.W - VOL -- III
PHYSICS-VOL

W.E-22:A screw gauge having 100 equal divisions 2. The error due to resolution of a measuring
and a pitch of length 1 mm is used to measure instrument is
the diameter of a wire of length 5.6 cm. The 1) personal error 2) random error
main scale reading is 1 mm and 47th circular
division coincides with the main scale. Find the 3) systematic error 4) gross error
curved surface area of the wire in cm 2 to 3. The error due to resolution of a measuring
appropriate significant figures.(Use π = 22/7) instrument is
1) random error 2) personal error
1 mm
Sol. Least Count = = 0.01 mm 3) gross error 4) least count error
100 4. The random error which exists invariably in
Diameter = MSR + CSR(LC) = 1 mm+47 (0.01)
mm = 1.47 mm screw gauge is
22
1) least count error 2) Zero error
Surface area = π Dl = × 1.47 × 56 mm 2 3) gross error 4) backlash error
7
5. The errors which are estimated by statistical
= 2.58724 cm 2 = 26cm 2
methods are
W.E-23: In Searle’s experiment, the diameter of the
wire as measured by a screw gauge of least 1) systematic errors 2) random errors
count 0.001 cm is 0.050 cm. The length, 3) theoretical errors 4) gross errors
measured by a scale of least count 0.1 cm, is 6. The measure of accuracy is
110.0 cm. When a weight of 50 N is suspended 1) absolute error 2) relative error
from the wire, the extension is measured to be 3) percentage error 4) both 2 and 3
0.125 cm by a micrometer of least count 0.001 7. The decrease in percentage error
cm. Find the maximum error in the
1) increases the accuracy
measurement of Young’s modulus of the
material of the wire from these data. 2) does not effect the accuracy
Sol.Maximum percentage error in Y is given by 3) decreases the accuracy
W L ΔY ⎞ ⎛ ΔD ⎞ Δx ΔL
4) both 1 and 3
Y= × ⇒ ⎛⎜ ⎟ = 2⎜ ⎟+ + 8. In a measurement, both positive and negative
πD x
2
⎝ Y ⎠ ⎝ D ⎠ x L
4 errors are found to occur with equal
⎛ 0.001 ⎞ ⎛ 0.001 ⎞ ⎛ 0.1 ⎞ probability. The type of errors is
= 2⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ = 0.0489
⎝ 0.05 ⎠ ⎝ 0.125 ⎠ ⎝ 110 ⎠ 1) proportional errors 2) systematic errors
W.E24:The side of a cube is measured by vernier 3) determinate errors 4) random errors
calipers (10 divisions of the vernier scale 09. The errors that always occur in the
coincide with 9 divisions of the main scale, measurement with screw gauge is
where 1 division of main scale is 1 mm). The 1) random errors 2) systematic errors
main scale reads 10 mm and first division of
vernier scale coincides with the main scale. 3) gross errors 4) negligible errors
Mass of the cube is 2.736 g. Find the density of 10. A physicist performs an experiment and takes
the cube in appropriate significant figures. 200 readings.He repeats the same experiment
Sol.Least count of vernier calipers and now takes 800 readings. By doing so
=
1 division of main scale
=
1
= 0.1 mm
1) the probable error remains same
Number of divisions in vernier scale 10 2) the probable error is four times
The side of cube = 10 mm + 1× 0.1 mm = 1.01 cm 3) the probable error is halved
Mass 2.736 g 4) the probable error is reduced by a factor ¼
−3
Now, density = Volume = (1.01)3 cm3 = 2.66 g cm 11. More the number of significant figures shows
more the
1)accuracy 2)error 3)number of figures 4)value
C.U.Q
12. If a measured quantity has n significant
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS figures, the reliable digits in it are
1. The reliability of a measurement depends on 1) n 2) n-1 3) n + 1 4) n/2
1) precision 2) accuracy
3) systematic error 4) random error
18 NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE MAIN-JR-VOL
JEE-ADV -I
PHYSICS-VOL -I UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
13. If the significant figures are more, 21. In determining viscosity (η ) by the equation
1)percentage error is more and accuracy is less
2)percentage error is less and accuracy is more π pr 4
3)percentage error is less and accuracy is less η= which of the quantities must be
8vl
4)percentage error is more and accuracy is more measured more accurately
14. The mathematical operation in which the
accuracy is limited to least accurate term is 1) P 2) r 3) v 4) l
1) addition 2) subtraction 22. The number of significant figures in 0.007 is
3) multiplication & division 4) both 1 and 2 1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1
15. The time period of a seconds pendulum is 23. Round off 20.96 to three significant figures
measured repeatedly for three times by two stop 1) 20.9 2) 20 3) 21.0 4) 21
watches A,B. If the readings are as follows, then UNITS AND DIMENSIONAL FORMULA
S.NO A B 24. The dimensional formula for strain energy
1. 2.01 sec 2.56 sec density is
2. 2.10 sec 2.55 sec 1) [ M 1 L2T −3 ] 2) [ M 1 L2T 3 ]
3. 1.98 sec 2.57 sec 3) [ M L T ]
1 − 1 − 2 4) [ M 1 L2T −2 ]
1) A is more accurate but B is more precise 25. The dimensional formula for areal velocity is
2) B is more accurate but A is more precise 1) [ M 0 L−2T −1 ] 2) [ M 0 L−2T 1 ]
3) A,B are equally precise 3) [ M 0 L2T −1 ] 4) [ M 0 L2T 1 ]
4) A,B are equally accurate 26. The physical quantity having the same
16. If Y = a + b, the maximum percentage error in dimensional formula as that of force is
the measurement of Y will be 1) Torque 2)work 3) pressure 4) thrust
⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ 27. Nm-1 is the SI unit of
1) ⎜ + ⎟ ×100 2) ⎜⎝ a + b + a + b ⎟⎠ ×100
⎝ a b ⎠ 1) velocity gradient 2) Rydberg’s constant
⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ 3) coefficient of viscosity 4) Spring constant
3) ⎜ a − b ⎟ ×100 4) ⎜ − ⎟ × 100 28. If P is the X-ray unit and Q is micron then P/Q
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ a −b a −b ⎠
17. If Y = a - b, the maximum percentage error in is
the measurement of Y will be 1) 10−5 2) 105 3) 107 4) 10−7
⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ 29. The dimension of mass is zero in the following
1) ⎜ + ⎟ × 100 2) ⎜ a − b + a − b ⎟ ×100 physical quantities.
⎝ a b ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1)Surface tension 2)coefficient of viscosity
⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞
3) ⎜ a − b ⎟ ×100 4) ⎜ a − b − a − b ⎟ ×100 3)heat 4) Specific heat capacity
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 30. The SI unit of a physical quantity is
18. If Y = a x b, the maximum percentage error in [J m-2 ]. The dimensional formula for that
the measurement of Y will be quantity is
⎛ Δa ⎞ ⎛ Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ 1)[ M 1 L−2 ] 2)[ M 1 L0T −2 ]
1) ⎜ a ×100 ⎟ / ⎜ b ×100 ⎟ 2) ⎜ + ⎟ ×100 3)[ M 1 L2T −1 ] 4)[ M 1 L−1T −2 ]
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝a b⎠
31. [Jm-2] is the unit of
⎛ Δa ⎞ ⎛ Δb ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞
⎞ 1) Surface tension 2) Viscosity
3) ⎜ × 100 ⎟ × ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ ×100
× 100 ⎟ 4)
3) Strain energy 4) Intensity of energy
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎝ a b ⎠
⎠
19. If Y = a/b, the maximum percentage error in 32. The set of quantities which can form a group
the measurement of Y will be of fundamental quantities in any system of
measurement is
⎛ Δa ⎞ ⎛ Δb ⎞ ⎛ Δa Δb ⎞
1) ⎜ a ×100 ⎟ / ⎜ b ×100 ⎟ 2) ⎜ + ⎟ ×100 1) Length,mass and time
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ a b ⎠ 2)Length,mass and velocity
⎛ Δa ⎞ ⎛ Δb ⎞ 3)Length,velocity and time
3) ⎜ ×100 ⎟ × ⎜ ×100 ⎟ 4)velocity,mass and time
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠ 33. The fundamental unit which is common in
⎛ Δa Δb ⎞ C.G.S. and S.I system is
4) ⎜ − ⎟ ×100
⎝ a b ⎠ 1) metre 2) second 3) gram 4) all the above
20. Of the following the dimensionless error is 34. 1 a.m.u is equal to
1) Systematic error 2) Gross error 1) 1.66 x 10-24 g 2) 1.66 x 10-27 g
3) Random error 4) Relative error 3) 1.66 x 1024 g 4) 1.66 x 1027 g

NARAYANA GROUP 19
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS JEE MAINS
JEE-ADV - C.W - VOL -- III
PHYSICS-VOL
35. Modulus of Elasticity is dimensionally 49. Which one of the following is not measured in
equivalent to (1996 E) the units of energy
1) Stress 2) Surface tension 1) (couple) x (angle turned through)
3) Strain 4)Coefficient of viscosity 2) moment of inertia x ( angular velocity)2
36. If x times momentum is work, then the 3) force x distance 4) impulse x time
dimensional formula of x is 50. An example to define length in the form of
1) [L−1T] 2) [LT −1] 3) [ML−1T−1] 4) [MLT 1 1
] time at a place is
37. The following does not give the unit of energy 1) Wrist watch 2) Linear expansion of iron rod
1) watt second 2) kilowatt hour 3) Frequency of ripples on the surface of water
3) newton metre 4) pascal metre 4) Seconds pendulum
38. 1 fermi is equal to 51. The one which is not the unit of length is
1) Angstrom unit 2) Micron
1) 10−12 m 2) 10−9 m 3) 10−6 A0 4)10-9 micron 3) Par-sec 4) Steradian
39. "Impulse per unit area " has same dimensions 52. The physical quantity having the same
as that of dimensional formula as that of entropy is :
1)coefficient of viscosity 2) surface tension 1) Latent heat 2) Thermal capacity
3) bulk modulus 4) gravitational potential 3) Heat 4) Specific heat
40. The following pair does not have same 53. Js is the unit of
dimensions 1) Energy 2) Angular Momentum
1) Pressure, modulus of elasticity 3) Momentum 4) Power
2) Angular velocity, velocity gradient 54. Which of the following cannot be expressed
3) Surface tension and force constant as dyne cm-2?
4) Impulse and torque 1) Pressure 2) Longitudinal stress
41. Dimensions of solar constant are 3) Longitudinal strain
1) ⎡⎣ M 0 L0T ⎤⎦ 1 −2
2) ⎡⎣ M 1 LT ⎤⎦ 4) Young's modulus of elasticity
55. The unit of atmospheric pressure is :
3) ⎡⎣ M 1L−1T −2 ⎤⎦ 4) ⎡⎣ M 1T −3 ⎤⎦ 1) Metre 2) kgwt 3) g cm-2 4) bar
42. The following is a unitless and dimensionless 56. The ratio between pico and giga is
quantity 1) 1021 2) 10-21 3) 1014 4) 108
1) Angle 2) Solid angle 57. 1 micron =___ nanometer
3) Mechanical equivalent of heat 1) 10-6 2)10-10 3) 103 4) 10-3
4) Coefficient of friction 58. Which of the following has smallest value?
43. The unitless quantity is 1) peta 2)femto 3) kilo 4)hecto
1) Velocity gradient 2) Pressure gradient 59. The physical quantity having dimension 2 in
3) Displacement gradient 4) Force gradient length is
44. If the unit of tension is divided by the unit of 1) Power 2) Acceleration
surface tension the derived unit will be same 3) Force constant 4) Stress
as that of 60. If m is the mass of drop of a liquid of radius 'r'
1) Mass 2) Length 3) Area 4) Work mg
45. Atto is ___________ then has the same dimensions of :
πr
1) An instrument used to measure gradient 1) Surface tension 2) Tension
2) An instrument used to measure the altitude 3) Young's Modulus 4) Coefficient of viscosity
3) 1018 4) 10-18 61. The intensity of a wave is defined as the energy
46. N m s-1 is the unit of transmitted per unit area per second. Which of
1) Pressure 2) Power the following represents the dimensional
3) Potential 4) Pressure gradient formula for the intensity of the wave?
47. Which one of the following represents the
correct dimensions of the coefficient of 1) ⎡⎣ ML0T −2 ⎤⎦ 2) ⎡⎣ ML0T −3 ⎤⎦
viscosity? (AIEEE 2004)
−
3) ⎡⎣ ML0T −1 ⎤⎦ 4) [ ML4T ]
1) [ ML T ] 1 2 2) [ MLT −1 ]
62. The fundamental unit which has the same
3) [ ML−1T −1 ] 4) [ ML−2T −2 ]
power in the dimensional formula of surface
48. Stefan's constant has the unit as tension and coefficient of viscosity is(1989 E)
1) J s-1 m-2 K4 2) Kg s-3 K4 1) mass 2) length 3) time 4) none
-2 -4
3) W m K 4) Nms-2 K-4
20 NARAYANA GROUP