Theory of Structures(1)

Lecture No. 5
 Statically Determinate Arches
An arch: is a curved beam supported at its two ends.
Most known types are: fixed- two hinged-
three hinged.

It can be analyzed by either analytical

or graphical methods
 Three Hinged Arch
Analytical Method
1-The reactions of the arch can be calculated from the
three equations of equilibrium and conditional
equation at the intermediate hinge.

2- The bending moment at any section determined by

calculating the moments of all the forces to the right
or to the left of the section.

3- Determining normal and shearing force requires

resolving resultant of all forces to the left or to the
right of section along the tangent and the normal to it.
3-The slope of the tangent can be defined if the equation
of all the arch is defined first.

4-The slope of the tangent is equal to the first derivative

of the equation.

5-Substitute by the coordinates of the specified

point in the first derivative to calculate the slope.
Determine the N.F, S.F., and M at points d and e
of the three-hinged parabolic arch shown
The arch equation is Y= x – 0.025 x2

Solution
Σ Ma= 0 = Yb × 40 – 6 (10 + 20 + 30) Yb = 9 t ↑
Σ Y= 0 = Ya + 9 – 3 × 6 Ya = 9 t ↑
c
= 0 = 9 × 20 – 6 × 10 – 10 Xa Xa = 12 t →
∑M
a
c

ΣX = 0 = 12 – Xb Xb = 12 t ←
A section through point d
At x = 5, y = Yd = 5 - 0.025 × 52 = 4.375 m.
 dy 
tan θ1 =   = 1-0.05x=1 – 0.05 * 5 = 0.75
 dx  x = 5

sin θ 1 = 0.6 and cos θ1 = 0.8 Ysin Ɵ1

Ɵ1
Xcos Ɵ1
Ycos Ɵ1

XsinƟ1

Σ X = 0 = 12 – X X= 12t ←
ΣY=0=9–Y Y= 9t ↓
ΣMd = 0 = 12 × 4.375 – 9 × 5 + M
M = - 7.5 m.t., i.e M= 7.5m.t. (clockwise)
 Ysin Ɵ1
Ɵ1
Xcos Ɵ1
Ycos Ɵ1

XsinƟ1
 At Point e

At x = 30 y = ye = 30 – 0.025 × 302= 7.5 m.

 dy  1
  = 1 – 0.05 × 30 = −
 dx  x =30 2

180-Ɵ2=153.43 Ɵ2=26.57

tan θ 2 = 0.50, sin θ 2 = 0.446 cos θ 2 = 0.893

For a section just to the right of e
ΣX = 0 = 12 – X X = 12 t →
ΣY = 0 = 9 – Y Y=9t↓
Y sin Ɵ2
Ɵ2 Y cos Ɵ2
X cos Ɵ2

7.5m
X sin Ɵ2

ΣMe = 0 = M + 12 × 7.5 – 9 × 10
M is the bending moment at point e = 0 m.t
Ne= - (X cos Ɵ2+ Y sin Ɵ2 )
Ne = - (12 × 0.893 + 9 × 0.446) = - 14.74 t
Qe=X sin Ɵ2 - Y cos Ɵ2
Qe = 12 × 0.446 – 9 × 0.893 = - 2.685 t
 For a section just to the left of e
Y sin Ɵ2 Y cos Ɵ2
Ɵ2
X cos Ɵ2

X sin Ɵ2

ΣX = 0 = 12 – X X = 12 t →
ΣY = 0 = 9 – 6 – Y Y= 3 t ↓

Ne= - (X cos Ɵ2+ Y sin Ɵ2 )

Ne = - (12 × 0.893 + 3 × 0.446) = - 12.05t
Qe=X sin Ɵ2 - Y cos Ɵ2
Qe = 12 × 0.446 – 3 × 0.893 = 2.673 t
Example 4.2 : Determine the N.F, S.F., and M at point
d of the three-hinged circular arch shown
The equation of the arch
is Y=ax2+bx+c
At A x=0 y=0 c=0

At x=8 y=4
4=a(8)2 + 8b

1=16a+2b (1)
A t x=16 y=0
0=a(16)2 + 16b
-b = 16a (2)
Substitute from 2 into 1
1=-b+2b
b=1 a=-1/16
Y=-
Y=-x2 /16 +x
Example 4.2 : Determine the N.F, S.F., and M at point
d of the three-hinged circular arch shown

The equation of the arch

is Y=-x2/16+x
Xa = 6t Xb = 10
Y a = 5.5t Yb =10.5t

ΣMb= 0 = Ya × 16+ 4 ×2 – 6 × 10 - 8 × 4- 2 ×2
Ya = 5.5t
ΣY= 0 Yb=10.5t
ΣMc= 0 for left part
6 ×2+4 ×2 + 4 Xa - 5.5 ×8 = 0
Xa=6t
ΣX= 0 Xb=10t
A section through point d
Y=-X2/16+X
At X=11 Y = 3.44m
dy /dx = -X / 8+1
dy/dx= tan(180- Ɵ) = -0.375 Ɵ=20.56
SinƟ= 0.351 CosƟ = 0.936

0.5 cos Ɵ
0.5t
0.5 sin Ɵ
Ɵ
Ɵ
10 cos Ɵ 10t

10 sin Ɵ
10t

10.5 t
 0.5 cos Ɵ
0.5t
0.5 sin Ɵ
Ɵ
10 cos Ɵ 10t
3m 3.44 m
10 sin Ɵ
5m 10t

10.5 t

Nd= - (10 cos Ɵ+ 0.5 sin Ɵ )

Ne = - (10 ×0.936 + 0.5 × 0.351 ) = - 9.53 t
Qd=10 sin Ɵ – 0.5 cos Ɵ
Qe = 10 × 0.351 – 0.5 × 0. 936 = + 3.04 t
Md + 8 ×1+ 2 ×3+ 10 ×3.44 = 10.5 ×5
Md = 4.1 clockwise
Problem 4.2 : Determine the N.F, S.F., and M at point
S of the three-hinged circular arch shown

4.8m

Solution
Σ MC= 0 = Yb × 6 – 3.6 Xb-2*6*3=0
YB = 0.6 XB + 6
Σ MA= 0 2.8 XB+14YB = 2*14*7 XB= 10 t
YB=12 t
 Σ X= 0 XA=10t
Σ Y= 0 YA=16 t
60
Σ MS 4.8m S
=MS-16*4+ 10*4.8+ 8*2=0
MS=0
8t
8cos60

8t 60
Ns= - (10 sin 60+
60+ 8 cos60
cos60 )=-
)=-12.66t
12.66t 8sin60 10sin60

4.8m 60 10t
Qs= 8 sin 60 -10 cos 60 = - 1.93t
1.93t
4m 10cos 60
10t
16t