A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOSOCIAL

STRESSORS, COPING STRATEGIES, AND

ATTACHMENT STYLE OF ADOLESCENTS WHO
EXPERIENCE PARENTAL LOSS DUE TO COVID-19

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2022
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-107
Document ID: 2022PEMJ299
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7206160
Manuscript Submitted: 2022-10-05
Manuscript Accepted: 2022-10-15
Psych Educ, 2022, 5(1): 101-107, Document ID: 2022PEMJ299, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7206160, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

A Descriptive Analysis on Psychosocial Stressors, Coping Strategies, and Attachment

Style of Adolescents Who Experience Parental Loss Due to COVID-19
Maria Lourdes E. Amar*, Marianne Rose Y. Catarig, Lea Monique F. Manayon, Sheiba Marie T. Medrano,
Jammellah B. Torion, Melanie Grace V. Yap, Ronald C. Yrog-Irog
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.

Abstract
The death of a parent is considered a salient life experience, being accompanied by social and
environmental factors that may act to moderate such a person’s response to parental loss. The goal of
the study is to investigate the psychosocial stressors, coping strategies, and attachment styles of
adolescents who experienced parental loss due to COVID-19. The significant impacts of the COVID-
19 pandemic on people's lives have been examined in previous research. However, rather than
emphasizing deaths due to COVID-19, the majority of them concentrated on the physical, emotional,
and mental health of children and adults as well as parental loss due to other health conditions. The
current study utilized a quantitative approach, specifically descriptive analysis with the use of
statistical procedures to determine the adolescent’s dominant stressors, coping strategies, and
attachment styles. The study was employed among 15 college students in the different universities in
the city of Cebu who were 18-24 years old. Instruments that were utilized in the study included the
following: (a) Adolescent Attachment Questionnaire of West et al. (1998), (b) Brief COPE Inventory
of Carver (1997), and (c) Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) of Holland et al.
(2010). Based on the data gathered, parental loss is a psychosocial stressor experienced by the
adolescents. Results showed that Goal-corrected partnership was the most prevalent attachment
style among adolescents who had experienced parental loss due to COVID-19, whereas Problem-
focused coping was the most dominant coping strategy utilized by the respondents. Furthermore, at
the end of the study, the researchers provided a psychosocial support program for adolescents who
had lost a parent due to the COVID-19 virus in order to help them overcome this trauma and
build new life practices.

Keywords: COVID-19, Parental Loss, Psychosocial Stressors, Coping Strategies, Attachment Style

(Johns Hopkins University and Medicine [JHU], 2022).

Introduction
In the first 14 months of the COVID-19 pandemic,
there has been a record of more than 1.5 million
parentally bereaved children worldwide (de Matos
Brasil et al., 2022). Although it is inevitable in the
abstract sense, parental loss is among the most
emotionally challenging human experiences (Kirsch,
2018). A parent or caregiver is someone who shows
their child love and care and fulfills a crucial role that
may have an impact on the child' s overa ll
development. These roles are significant factors that
influence a child's personality, behavior, and the way
they respond to their environment. However, an
untimely death of a parent or caregiver increases the
risk of psychological problems for the grieving child
(Melhelm et al., 2008).
Due to the sheer magnitude of the COVID-19
outbreak, many families have mourned and many
children have lost their parents. The massive death
tolls it has brought, especially sudden parental death
can be traumatic and stressful for the bereaved
families, leaving them unprepared from its
consequences. Aside from the ever-increasing number
of deaths, the pandemic also resulted in multiple kinds
of losses drastically changing everyone's way of life,
disrupting interpersonal relationships, daily activities,
and even the grieving process that is unique from
normal bereavement. In consequence of adhering to
these changes, the experience of loss and the process
of grieving may leave grieving children without the
right support, potentially leading to unresolved grief
(Mortazavi et al., 2021).

As COVID-19 cases continue to increase at an
unprecedented rate, it has impacted people’s lives,
including friends, neighbors, as well as family
members. As of May 23, 2022, the Philippines ranked
71st among countries with the most COVID-19
infections in the past 28 days with 4, 742 cases, a total
3, 688, 941 cases, and 60, 455 documented deaths
To date, previous studies have investigated the
devastating impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
people’s lives. However, these studies usually focused
on its consequences on children or adults' physical,
social, emotional, and mental well-being. Some also
focused more on parental loss due to accidents and
other health reasons and not specifically death due to

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COVID-19. Given these, the researchers aimed to
investigate the psychosocial stressors, coping
strategies, and attachment styles of adolescents who
experienced parental loss due to COVID-19.
Objectives of the Study
The researchers aimed to investigate the psychosocial
stressors, coping strategies, and attachment styles of
adolescents who experienced parental loss due to
COVID-19. At the end of the study, a psychosocial
support program was further recommended in order to
assist the bereaved adolescents in overcoming the
crisis and develop a new life practice without the
parent or caregiver.
Literature Review
The world is currently battling a devastating pandemic.
By May 21, 2022, there were around 522 million cases
and over 6 million fatalities worldwide, making it one
of the most serious health challenges of the twenty-
first century (World Health Organization [WHO],
2022). COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a
new strain of coronavirus. Some of its most common
symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath,
muscle pain, headache, and diarrhea (Maragakis,
2022). The virus was first detected in Wuhan, China,
in late 2019 and immediately spread around the world
(WHO, 2020). Since then, many countries have made
measures to contain the pandemic, but global growth
has still continued. In the Philippines, the first
incidence of COVID-19 was recorded on January 30,
2020 and the first local transmission was confirmed on
March 7th (Department of Health [DOH], 2020).
Almost two years since then, the country’s COVID-19
cases have surpassed 3 million, with 49,961 deaths
documented, putting the Philippines in second among
Southeast Asian countries with the most cases (Center
for Strategic and International Studies [CIS], 2021).
According to CDC (2022), adults and individuals with
underlying health conditions are at higher risk for
more serious COVID-19 complications and death.
This is because as people age, their immune system
weakens, making it more difficult for them to fight off
infectious diseases. These elevated mortality rates may
have severe unrecognized consequences— because
COVID-19-related deaths predominantly affect adults,
many children will have to deal with the pain of losing
a parent for the rest of their lives.
Likewise, as per one study published in The Lancet,
one child is orphaned for every two COVID-19
fatalities worldwide (Hillis et al., 2021). The number
of children who lost a caregiver was estimated using
Amar et al.
data from 21 countries, the Philippines included,
representing 76% of global deaths from COVID-19.
The results projected that 1,562,000 children have lost
at least one primary or secondary caregiver. Of these,
it was estimated that 1,042,000 had lost their mother,
father, or both. What’s more, children with deceased
fathers were two to five times as prevalent as children
with deceased mothers. Due to the existing
circumstances, the majority of these children will be
cared for by the remaining parent, relative, or
institutionalized in orphanages or care homes.
COVID-19 has also generated a massive death shock
which could lead to a second wave of public health
issues associated with grieving and decreasing social
support. In fact, Weinstock et al. (2021), projected that
t h e w o r l d c o u l d be f a c i n g a " g r i e f
pandemic. COVID-19-related death and grieving is
distinct from other types of grief in various ways.
First, families who had been bereaved due to
COVID-19 can’t attend to their dying loved one (Sun,
Bao, & Lu, 2020). Second, these families were unable
to say their final goodbyes to their loved ones, as well
as express and process their grief through organizing
proper funerals and ceremonies (Cardoso et al., 2020).
Third, these families had to deal with the fear of
contracting the virus as well as stigma and societal
discrimination (Sun, Bao, & Lu, 2020). These are just
some of the factors that contributed to COVID-19
bereavement being different unlike any other. Given
the importance of adhering to health protocols, the
experience of loss and the process of grieving has
indeed changed in nature since the emergence of this
disease, and these restrictions may result in prolonged
grief disorder (PGD), a newly classified psychological
disorder by the International Classification of Diseases
(ICD) and other serious mental health issues among
bereaved families in the future (Kumar, 2021).
On top of that, parental death can be considered as a
psychosocial stressor that has a wide range of
consequences on grieving adolescents. One reason that
makes bereavement worse is the fact that parental
death usually results in the disintegration of the family
dynamics. Brewer and Sparkes (2011) stated that
adolescents had to adjust to new care whether it is
provided by the remaining parent or perhaps other
relatives, which can have adverse consequences.
Parentally bereaved adolescents may also have less
opportunity to participate in recreational activities and
hobbies since they are carrying huge obligations also
known as parentification (Patterson & Ragganadhan,
2010). This just implies that parental death can cause
disruptions in the daily lives of the bereaved
adolescents. Given the detrimental consequences of
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parental death, it is important that society supports developed by West et al. (1998). It is a self-report
adolescents to cope in a healthy manner. questionnaire consisting of 3 scales of 3 statements
Coping can be defined as the way of managing stress each, and responses range from strongly disagree to
in the surroundings and every individual has their own strongly agree on a 5-point Likert scale. The scale
ways to cope with the stressful situations in the assesses the adolescents' confidence in the attachment
external environment. As mentioned by Lazarus and figure's availability and response through three
Folkman (1984), the ability to cope in regards to components: availability, goal-corrected partnership,
stressors is beneficial to an individual's everyday and angry distress.
functioning, mental adjustment, and physical health. In
psychology, coping strategies are collections of The Brief Cope was developed as a short version of
adaptive tools that people take on in order to evade the original 60-item COPE scale, which was
stress. These tools may include our thoughts, theoretically derived based on various models of
emotions, behaviors, and actions, and they are based coping. It has a 28-item self-report questionnaire
on one’s personality (Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, devised by Carver (1997) to assess effective and
2016). ineffective ways of coping with a stressful life event.
With scores on the three subscales, the scale can reveal
Furthermore, the bond between a parent and a child is a person's primary coping styles: Problem-Focused
one of the most significant relationships that exist Coping, Emotion-Focused Coping, and Avoidant
because it fosters the child's physical, emotional, and Coping. In addition to the three overarching subscales,
social development. Attachment can be referred to as a the following facets of coping are reported: Self-
deep and long-lasting connection emotionally by a distraction, Denial, Substance Use, Behavioral
person with their significant others (Bowlby, 1969). Disengagement, Emotional Support, Venting, Humor,
Children look to their parents for unconditional love Acceptance, Self-Blame, Religion, Active Coping, Use
and care, while parents shield their children from the of Instrumental Support, Positive Reframing, and
harsh truths of life. If a parent dies, a child's life may Planning.
become even more frightening and uncertain (Li,
2021). The Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale
(ISLES) devised by Holland et al. (2010), is a 16-item
questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1
Methodology (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). It provides a
Participants valid and reliable measure of an individual's ability to
integrate loss or another distressing life event into his
The study employed snowball sampling, which is
or her meaning system. It has two subscales:
solely based on referrals, recruiting respondents
Comprehensibility, which assesses the person's ability
through other respondents, resulting in a "snowball"
to make sense of the event, and Footing in the World,
effect. The respondents were 15 college students aged
which assesses the person's sense of stability in a
18 to 24, who had lost a parent due to COVID-19.
meaningful world after the loss (Holland, 2015).
They were from the following universities in Cebu:
Cebu Institute of Technology-University (CIT-U), Research Procedure
University of San Carlos (USC), Southwestern
University-Phinma (SWU), and University of Cebu The study utilized a quantitative approach, specifically
(UC). However, due to the limitations imposed by the descriptive analysis to determine the attachment style,
pandemic, the study was conducted online, and psychosocial stressors, and coping strategies of
r espon dent s were r equir ed to answer the adolescents who experience a parental loss due to
questi onnair es in Google forms. COVID-19. The purpose of descriptive analysis is to
provide a statistical evaluation of the descriptive data
Research Instrument
(Stone, 1992).
The instruments that were utilized in the study
included the following: (a) the Adolescent Attachment Data Analysis
Questionnaire of West et al. (1998), (b) the Brief
COPE Inventory of Carver (1997), and (c) the The results of the study were analyzed using statistical
Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale procedures. Specifically, the percentage and mean
(ISLES) of Holland et al. (2010). were used for tabulating the profile of the respondents.
Each instrument was also scored in accordance with its
The Adolescent Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ) was unique scoring method. Furthermore, percentile rank

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was used to determine the dominant subscales in the
said instruments.
Ethical Consideration
To ensure that ethics is a top priority, informed
consent containing confidentiality and limits of
confidentiality was given to the respondents prior to
their involvement. Before collecting the data from the
respondents using Google forms, they were asked if
they fully understood the following terms and
conditions. Where it was necessary to collect names in
connection with data, the data was kept confidential
and subjects’ names were maintained separately from
their scores. In addition, the respondent’s participation
was entirely voluntary and they may withdraw at any
time without giving any reason and without there
being any negative consequences in any way. Finally,
the data collection materials were discarded
appropriately after the completion of the study.
Results and Discussion
The data were presented, analyzed, and interpreted
through statistical indicators used as a basis in drawing
conclusions to shed light on the problem under
investigation.
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, gender, and parent who
passed away. 4 (or 26. 7%) were aged 18, 4 (or 26.
7%) were aged 19, 4 (or 26. 7%) were also aged 20,
this is followed by age 23 with 2 respondents (or
13.3%) and 1 respondent (or 6.7%) was aged 24.
Female respondents accounted for 60% whereas male
respondents accounted for 40%. In terms of parents
who died, 8 (53.3%) indicated maternal death, while 7
Amar et al.
(46.7) on paternal death.
Table 2. Psychosocial Stressors Summary of Results
Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale
(ISLES) was used to interpret scores. ISLES identified
the general psychosocial stressors of the respondents
under the two subscales: Footing in the world and
Comprehensibility. Comprehensibility got an average
mean of 2.92 which is the dominant subscale, whereas,
Footing in the World subscale got a mean of 2.66.
Footing in the World measures the amount to which
one still feels orientated and firmly grounded in the
world after a severe life event. Mean whil e
Comprehensibility assessed one’s ability in making
sense of the event
High ISLES scores is associated with relevant
outcomes such as less psychiatric distress, better
general health, and fewer complicated grief symptoms
whereas low scores means a lesser integration which
affects the respondent’s judgment on life, fate, and
sense of purpose randomly with increased uncertainty
of probable circumstances that can occur moving
forward. Parental death has been assimilated into the
adolescents’ global meaning system which indeed,
people seek meaning in grieving by making sense of
the pain they had experienced (Holland et al., 2010).
The Coping Strategies of Adolescents wh o
Experienced Parental Loss due to COVID19
Table 3. Coping Strategies Summary of Results
In evaluating coping with stress following parental
death, Brief COPE of Carver (1997), was used to
assess the different coping behaviors and thoughts of a
person in response to a situation. The scale identified
the coping styles in the three subscales (1) Problem
Focused Coping which is characterized by active
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coping, informational support, planning and positive
reframing (2) Avoidant which is characterized by self-
distraction, denial, substance use and behavioral
disengagement, and (3) Emotion Focused Coping
which is characterized by venting, use of informational
support, humor, acceptance, and self-blaming. Results
showed that problem-focused coping has the highest
mean of 3.16, avoidant coping with 2.69 mean while
emotion-focused coping has the lowest mean of 2.32.
The strategy used mostly in coping parental death was
problem-focused coping while the least was avoidant
coping. Problem-focused individuals attempt to
confront stressors in order to eliminate it which
involves generating a possible solution (Lazarus and
Folkman, 1984). Some respondents employed
emotion-focused coping which implies that they
manage stress by creating positive meaning in personal
growth and feeling that the stress they went through
could change them in a good way. Due to parental
loss, few would divert their thoughts and emotions to
unhealthy means of coping which could be considered
as an Avoidant coping strategy. In addition,
individuals cope this way in order to protect
themselves against being overwhelmed when stressful
situations arise (Roth and Cohen, 1986).
accessible and attentive to most of their attachment
demands. As the adolescent's attachment goals and
needs are frustrated, the attachment figure's perceived
unavailability creates anger toward the attachment
figure, a dimension known as Angry-distress, was
further exhibited by other respondents. Anger
manifestations produce harmful outcomes on health
and influence behavior of individuals suffering from
mental health conditions; therefore, understanding
bonding traits offers insight into individuals at risk to
prevent behavioral outburst.
Conclusion
The present study examined the psychosocial stressors,
coping strategies, and attachment styles of adolescents
who experienced parental loss due to COVID-19.
Amongst the subscale of ISLES, the researchers found
out that Comprehensibility was more dominant than
Footing in the World. The high scores in ISLES
indicates a greater integration of the event and is
associated with relevant outcomes such as such as less
psychiatric distress, better general health, and fewer
complicated grief symptoms while low scores suggests
that they have a lower level of event integration.

Table 4. Attachment Styles Summary of Results In addition, coping is considered as an individual’s

method of dealing with stressful events in the
environment and each one of us possesses its own
unique ways of coping. Using the Brief Cope
inventory of Carver (1997), the researchers discovered
that Problem-focused coping was the most dominant
coping strategy implying that adolescents mostly cope
through active coping, the use of informational
support, planning, and positive reframing to change
the stressful situation.

Moreover, in separation from the attachment figure

owing to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, secured
Attachment patterns are the emotional bond formed individuals were more likely to experience an extreme
with the people around us. These patterns are present time of grief that will gradually decrease as they
in every person and are seen to be pre-determined in accept the reality of the loss. In the AAQ of West et
every individual by several theorists. AAQ was al. (1998), the researchers observed that Goal-
designed to measure attachment patterns in adolescents corrected partnership was the dominant pattern of
through three dimensions: angry-distress, availability, attachment practiced by adolescents in coping parental
and goal-corrected partnership. Results showed that loss. Hence, it entails that adolescents’ behavior in
Goal-corrected Partnership was dominant with a mean coping parental loss is emphatically centered and
4.44. Goal-corrected partnership was the extent to considers attachment figure’s need as a separate entity.
which the adolescent feels empathy for and considers
the needs of the attachment figure as a separate entity Despite the valuable insights presented, the present
(Marvin, 1977). Availability is the perceived study is subject to some limitations. The researchers
emotional availability of the attachment figure and solely focused on adolescents as respondents while
their responsiveness to the needs of the adolescent other segments of the population who also experienced
(Bowlby, 1973). The result signifies the adolescents’ parental death due to COVID-19 were ignored. Future
confidence in the attachment as being consistently

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researchers can cover other segments of the population
with the same experience.
Based on the conclusions, recommendations were
made. Grieving adolescents should attend a
psychosocial support program with a guardian. Re-
establish connection through genuine care and
acceptance, active listening, noticing and validating
feelings, and empathic communication. Professionals
must also offer a safe environment for emotional
expression and examine negative and positive coping
mechanisms. Encourage family relationship-building
and family-centered developmental care. They can
also help with emotional and practical problems
caused by a death in the family, encourage mourning
in both the adolescent and the surviving parent,
improve communication between children and parents,
and encourage adolescents to talk about the deceased
parent and their feelings of loss and grief, and
encourage the expression of grief in the family with
separate sessions for the adolescent alone.
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