Electrical Services & BMS

Vertical Transportation Traffic

Analysis

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 1
 Assessment of Transportation
Demand (1)
 Difficult to plan a lift system
 Not lie in calculating the lift performance,
but in estimating, before the building is
occupied
What the demand is likely to be
The building population
What type of tenancy or tenancy arrangement
in speculative developments
29-Aug-17 HD BSE 2
 Assessment of Transportation
Demand (2)
 Maximum demand
 Expressed as the number of persons carried
during a given time period
 Up-peak 5-minute period is taken

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 3
 Assessment of Building Population
(1)
 Statistically, space standards may vary from
7.5 m2 to 19 m2 per person for speculative
developments
 Experience on existing buildings shows 9.5
to 11.25 m2 as a good average for office
building

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 4
 Assessment of Building Population
(2)
 Surveys show that 10-25% of the building
population will require transportation during
a 5-minute peak period
 The figure depends on the building
population starts or finishes work at
different times

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 5
 Assessment of Building Population
(3)
 It also depends on the nature of the tenant:

Many tenants following different business

interests
A single tenancy

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 6
 Traffic Histogram for Typical
Office Building
 Fig. 2.3 shows the vertical traffic pattern for
a typical office building occupied by a
single tenant
 For office buildings, the peak demand is
usually heaviest in the up direction

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 7
 Economic Considerations (1)
 Quality of lift service is affected by the
number of lifts provided
 Building with a high rental-potential will
demand a better quality of service than a
building with a low rental potential

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 8
 Economic Considerations (2)
 As a rule of thumb, the minimum no. of lifts
required for an average office building,
without any car size details or speeds, is:
Installation Quality of Service
1 lift per 3 storeys Excellent
1 lift per 4 storeys Acceptable
1 lift per 5 storeys Below average

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 9
 Economic Considerations (3)
 For hotels or residential buildings, a lower
standard will be acceptable

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 10
 Lift Performance Characteristics
 Performance characteristics depends on
Acceleration
Retardation
Speed of door operation
Switch timing and brake speed on starting
Degree of advance door opening offered
Type of control strategy used

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 11
 Round Trip Time (1)
 RTT consists of:
Total running time
Total door operating time
Total passenger transfer time (entry and exit)

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 12
 Round Trip Time (2)
 RTT = Tup + Tdown + Tdoor + Tpt
Where
Tup = Total upward journey running time
Tdown = Total downward journey running time
Tdoor = Total door operating time, open/close
Tpt = Total passenger transfer time

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 13
 Lift Zoning (1)
 Zoning is useful in commercial buildings
 Improve the overall efficiency of a lift
system because of reduced RTT
 Cost saving because the lower zone lifts can
be operated at lower speeds
 Number of landing door openings can be
reduced

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 14
 Lift Zoning (2)
 Degree of zoning is restricted by the min.
no. of lifts which operate in a group
 Interval time is affected by reducing the no.
of lifts in a zone
 Max. no. of lifts per zone is recommended
not to exceed 6

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 15
 Lift Lobby Arrangement
 Lift lobbies are preferred
 Provide more efficient passenger circulation

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 16
 Technical Aspects
 Following features need to be considered:
Roping arrangement
Brakes
Guides
Counterweights
Overspeed governor
Safety gears
Motor drive

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 17
 Roping Arrangement
 Relieve loading on sheave
 Provide efficient travel operations of lift car
 Single-wrap
 Double-wrap
 Compensating rope

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 18
 Brakes
 Electrical mechanical brake
 Design to fail safe
 Brake is applied by disc when
 The car is stationary; or
 Power supply is failed.

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 19
 Guides
 Machined tee sections finished to very fine
limits
 Car and counterweight guides
 Car is guided on the rails by
 Sliding shoes; or
 Roller assemblers

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 20
 Guides
 Shoes may be provided with renewable
nylon linings for high speed lifts

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 21
 Counterweight
 Consists of a rigid steel frame
 Required number of cast-iron weights
 Normally 40-50% of the weight of the car
plus load and friction
 Friction accounts about 20% of the
counterweight

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 22
 Overspeed Governor
 Prevent the car from overspeeding due to
 Ropes breaking; or
 Stretching; or
 Electrical fault.
 Fitted with a pulley which is driven by a
governor rope
 One end is attached to a braking system
underneath the car

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 23
 Overspeed Governor
 Other end extends upwards from the car
 Wraps around the governor pulley
 Extends down the shaft to a tension pulley
 Returns to the car
 Fly weights with spring control respond to
overspeed
 Break electrical contacts

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 24
 Overspeed Governor
 Triggers a mechanical device
 Arrests the governor rope
 Operates the brake under the car

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 25
 Safety Gears
 Fitted below the car
 Engages on a guide rail when actuated by
the overspeed governor mechanism
 2 types of safety gears
 Instantaneous action
 Gradual action
 Switch is provided to cut off the power
supply when the gear actions

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 26
 Instantaneous Action
 Consists of cams with machine-cut gripping
surface of hardened steel
 Situated underside the car
 Two cams on either side of car
 Mechanism to operate all four cams
instantaneously
 Used for low or medium speed

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 27
 Gradual Action
 Consists of hardened steel wedges
 Slide into position when brought into
contact with the guide rail
 Exert a steadily increasing pressure on the
surface of the rail

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 28
 Lift Controls
 Operating system governs the automatic
response of car(s) for service
 Single automatic push button control
 Selective collective control
 Group supervisory control
 Attendant control

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 29
 Single Automatic Push-button
Control
 Handles one call at a time
 Provides an uninterrupted trip for each call
 Single corridor button at each level register
a call when the car is not in motion
 An light is placed over the hall call button
to indicate the cars’ availability
 Applicable to a short-rise, inactive elevator

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 30
 Selective Collective Control
 Collect all waiting “up” calls on the trip up
 Collect all “down” calls on the down trip

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 31
 Group Supervisory Control
 Group of passenger lifts
 A supervisory system to co-ordinate the
operation of individual lifts
 These lifts are on collective control and are
interconnected
 Regulates the despatching of individual cars

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 32
 Group Supervisory Control
 Minimise
 Uneven service
 Excessive waiting time
 Presence of idle cars
 Control is done by microprocessor
 Tailor made with specific traffic algorithm

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 33
 Attendant Control
 Movement of car is controlled by a handle-
operated switch
 The switch has “up”, “down” and “stop”
positions
 Lift is controlled manually by the attendant

29-Aug-17 HD BSE 34