UNIT 2

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CLASS 8. PAST MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS OF OBLIGATION

I SHOULD HAVE. (It was a good idea, but I didn’t do it)

I WAS SUPPOSED TO (It was expected but I didn’t do it)
I HAD TO (Obligation)
I DIDN’T HAVE TO (There was no obligation)
I NEEDED TO (This was necessary)

I shouldn’t have lent money to my ex boyfriend , as he never back it to me.

i was supposed to take my English class last Friday.
At my job I had to meet a schedule.
I didn't have to go to Camila's party because I had to be careful with the covid, but I did.
I needed to request an appointment at the doctor.

CLASS 10.

Strong Obligation: My mom had to go to the doctor since of her headache.

Expectation: He was supposed to pay his bills,however he didn’t
Advisability/conveniencia: I should have taken my English class yesterday.
Necessity: I needed to buy a car for transport myself.
No obligation: I didn’t have to take a new course about marketing, yet I wanted to.

CLASS 11

1. I agree with cafelife's comment, I think Banksy might not have revealed his
identify because people would stop following him, the mystery that surrounds
him is his appeal.

B . 2. She must not have received her salary, but she should have told me that
she couldn’t pay me.
2. I must not have eaten fish for dinner, because after that I felt sick
3. I might have been receiving flowers from a secret admirer.
4. You could have gotten calls last week but you should have fixed your
smartphone.
5. My boss could have promoted me, but he shouldn't have promised me

12.
1.A noisy neighbor could have been the one causing the noise.
2.The quality must have been what prevented all the honey from being sold.
 3. A factory could have caused the river's color change, due to a leak of
contaminating substances.

Assume:Asumir
Be certain: =Sure
Be positive:
Be sure: =figure
Bet: Apostar
Doubt: Duda
Figure: Descubrir
Guess: Adivinar
Have a hunch: Tener una corazonada or suspect
Know for a fact: Saber a ciencia cierta/ certain
Suppose: Suponer
Suspect: Sospechar.

CLASS 13

DEGREES OF CERTAINTY RANGE (PAST)

VERY CERTAIN: Must have

Can’t have
Couldn’t have
I had a Headache all day, I must have used my glasses to watch tv or to work in the
computer.

UNCERTAIN: Could have

May have/not have
Might have/ not have

My sister was late for her flight and she missed it. She may have forgotten the time she
chose it.

TO GIVE OPINIONS OR ADVICES (present and future)

Must : debe
Have to: tienen que:
Have got to : tienen que
Had better: sera mejor que
Should: deberia
Bosses have got to to ask their employees for results
I had better not leave my house during city restrictions.
I had better not waste time with negative people

PAST: Use should (not) have .

I should have canceled my swimming lesson earlier.

We should have gone to another country when we were young .
I should have saved more money when I started working.