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PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

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 Thetypical feature in early head and
neck are

thepharyngeal or branchial arches

They appear in the fourth and fifth
weeks

contribute to the typical shape

of the embryo at this stage.

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They consist initially of bars of

mesenchymal tissue separated by
deep clefts

Neural crest cells migrate into them

They join in forming the face
skeleton
Each arch has muscle, and cartilage
parts
They also have their own nerve and
artery
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 Alnng with theon thehes and elefts appear
bes

ar
inside

outpocketings, the pharyngeal

pouches, They appear along
the lateral walls of the pharyngral gut,
They penetrate the mrsenchyme around,
butdo not break through it to the exterior
No gills form in man
They are not branchial therefore
 DERIVATIVES OF THE ARCHES
Nerves, Muscles and Skeleton
1 Arch: Mandibular
(maxillary (dorsal) and mandibular
(Ventral) processes)
Nerve: Trigeminal
(maxillary and mandibular divisions)
Supplies muscles of mastication:
temporal; masseler;

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medial and lateral pterygoids

mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
tensorpalati, tensor tympani
Skeletal derivatives: Premaxilla,
maxilla,
zygomatic bone, part of
temporal bone, Merckels cartilage
mandible malleus, incus,
anterior ligament of malleus,
Sphenomandibular ligament
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 M

20 Arch: Hyoid
Nerve :VI. Facial
Facialexpression muscles:
buccinator, auricularis, frontalis;
Platysma, orbicularis oris,
orbicularis oculi
posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid and stapedius

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 Itscartilage, Reichert,s forms
Stapesy styloid process;
stylohyoid ligament;
lesser horn and upper
portion of body of hyoid bone

12

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3d Arch:
Nerve: glossopharyngeal
Thecartilage forms lower part of body
and grealer horn of hyoid bone
mscle is only stylopharyngeus
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4 Th& 6th Arches

Nerve:branch
X. Vagusis (Superior laryngeal
for 4th arch)
Their cartilages fuse to form:
Laryngeal cartilages (thyroid, cricoid
arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiforti
The muscles: Cricothyroid;
levator palati and
constrictors of the pharynx
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 Pharyngeal Pouches
Thereare fivepairs of pharyngcal pouches
The last ane is alypical and often
considvred av part of the fourth.
They are lined inside by endoderm
And oulside by ectoderm
The endodermal lining gives rise to

irmpurtant organs, as followss

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1Tympanic membrane, cavity, and

Eustachian tube

2n Tonsiliar fossa and palatine tonsil

and thymus
Inferior parathyroid
thymus breaks from the pharyngeal
wall
Migrates downward with the
parathyroid
 H a o t A L ARORES o w e o r t Droduct ACVaon Faled

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4th:Superior parathyroid
5th: Ultimobranchial body
Enters the thyroid gland, form C-cells,
Parafollicular and secrete calcitonin

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NetraComments
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Pharyngeal Clefts

thereare 4 pharyngeal clefts

by the 5th week

Only 1persists to form structures

The first cleft penetrates the
underlying mesenchyme, it forms
external auditory meatus
And part of eardrum
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CLINICALCORRELATES
1. Ectopic Thymic and Parathyroid
Tissue
Due to tissue migration,
sites for do
Ectopicalong glands
the pathway.
occur
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2Branchialfistulas
The 2nd arch grows down and
Covers the 3rd and 4th arches
The distal opening is later closed

Fistulas when the 2nd arch

occur

fails to overgrow the 3rd and 4th arches,

this leaves remnants of the2nd, 3rd and
4th clefts in contact with the surface
by a narrow canal

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 ARYNGEAL ARSHES- PowesPoint firod.ut Achvation raled)

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usually they open in front of
sternocleidomastoid
They drain lateral cervical cysts
These are remnants of the cervical
sinus which is present before closure
of the overgrowing 2nd arch.
The maxillary and mandibular bars
contribute in major ways to the face
skelelon

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Slide 23 of 24 Coments
 PHAEYNEAL AROHS- P o o t rodut
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Slide34 oft 24 otet Coments