INTRODUCTION

Part of an industrial plant has the following motor loads.

1. Two 5 MW, 11 kV, 8-pole, 0.85 leading power factor synchronous motors.
2. Two 2 MW, 6.6 kV, 730 rpm, 0.89 lagging power factor, wound-rotor induction motors.
3. Two 1 MW, 3.3 kV, 735 rpm, 0.87 lagging power factor wound-rotor induction motors.
4. Four 500 kW, 400 V, 1470 rpm, 0.88 lagging power factor squirrel-cage induction
motors.
5. Ten 100 HP, 400 V, 1484 rpm, 0.88 lagging power factor squirrel-cage induction
motors.
6. Twenty 20 HP, 400 V, 1460 rpm, 0.86 lagging power factor squirrel-cage induction
motors.
7. Also included are single-phase loads such as lighting, office fans, computers, etc totaling
20 kW.

The plant is fed by a double-circuit 66 kV overhead line which terminates on the 66 kV bus bar
at the main substation of the plant. It is required to select suitable transformers to supply power
to the motor loads.

The aim of this report is to describe how the power rating, connection and phase shift and
transformation ratio of each transformer was selected. A single-line diagram showing connection
of the transformers, bus bars and motors was also sketched.

TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is a static electrical machine that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another. The two circuits are not electrically connected but instead are magnetically coupled.

The transformer can either be a step-up transformer or a step-down transformer depending on

how the transformer is connected to the supply or source voltage and the load.

A transformer is considered as a step-up transformer when the low-voltage side is connected to a

supply with the rated voltage level of the transformer and the high-voltage side to the load, and
as a step-down transformer when the high-voltage side is connected to a supply with the rated
voltage level and the low-voltage side to the load.

TRANSFORMER SIZING

Transformer sizing is a very important step in transformer installations, and one must make
informed decisions with regard to proper transformer size, and its impact on the electrical system
under different operating and loading conditions.
It is very important to choose the correct size of the a transformer for a particular application
because of the following;

1. Reduces the higher costs that may come due to an oversized transformer.
2. Larger kVA rating results in higher fault level (assuming the same transformer
impedance), which result in increased circuit breaker rating as well as increase in the
maximum interrupting current.
3. In case of an undersized transformer kVA rating, it may create disturbances within the
electrical system, which may include loss of loads and voltage drop during motor starting
may exceed acceptable limits.

CONSIDERATIONS WHEN SIZING A TRANSFORMER

1. Size of the load(s) to be connected to the transformer.

2. The peak load should be used for this purpose.
3. Future growth of the load should also be considered, which is in the range of plus 10% to
30% of the current peak load.
Transformer kVA rating is calculated as;
T x (kVA) = Peak Load + Future Load
4. The calculated transformer rating should be checked to ensure that the overload during
starting of the largest motor is within acceptable limits of 150% of that motor.

CONCLUSION

Selecting the correct size of the transformer for the intended load is very important. Most
electrical machines have their high efficiency when operating at full load of their rated capacity
which includes transformers. Therefore, their selection is based on the loads they will supply
power to. In this report, a plus 10% to 30% was included on the power rating of each transformer
to allow for future expansion of the plant. In order to provide power supply reliability to the
loads, two transformers of same power rating are connected in parallel, such that when one
transformer is faulty or requires maintenance, the other transformer will remain in operation.