Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Imidazole added sulphamic acid single crystals with optimal properties

for optoelectric devices
S. Anciya a,1,⇑, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya b,1, P. Selvarajan c,1, R. Sree Devi c,1
a
Research Scholar, (Reg. No. 19211072132013), PG and Research Department of Physics, The M. D. T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli-627 010, Tamil Nadu, India
b
PG and Research Department of Physics, The M. D. T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli-627 010, Tamil Nadu, India
c
Department of Physics, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur-628 216, Tamil Nadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Single crystals of imidazole incorporated sulphamic acid (IMSA) of 12
7
7 mm3 dimension were suc-
Received 5 July 2021 cessfully grown by slow evaporation technique. XRD study reveals that the grown crystal has the tetrag-
Received in revised form 11 September onal structure. Various chemical groups formed in the sample have been found by FTIR spectral study.
2021
The linear optical parameters such as transmittance, reflectance, absorption coefficient, extinction coef-
Accepted 18 September 2021
Available online 15 October 2021
ficient, refractive index, optical conductivity and electrical conductivity of IMSA crystal have been ana-
lyzed Using UV–visible spectroscopy. Hardness studies reveal that the crystal shows reverse
indentation size effect. An antibacterial activity developed by IMSA crystals against different pathogenic
Keywords:
XRD study
bacteria were examined using the Agar disk diffusion process. The antibacterial inhibitory activity of
FTIR spectral study IMSA crystal revealed that it can be used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
Optical transmission Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hardness studies Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Global Conference on
Antibacterial activity Recent Advances in Sustainable Materials 2021.

1. Introduction orthorhombic structure. Imidazole is a 5-membered planar ring

A large number of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with good
optical responses are necessary for their numerous applications in
the field of telecommunication, optical computing, optical data
storage, scintillation counters, opto-electronics [1]. It is known that
many organic NLO crystals have large SHG efficiency and but they
usually have low mechanical strength and low thermal stability.
Inorganic NLO crystals have high mechanical strength and high
thermal stability and they could be used for numerous laser sys-
tems for harmonic generation, optical information processing and
photonics [2]. It is well known and recorded in the literature that
the doping influence the various key physical properties such as
crystalline perfection, morphology, optical, mechanical, dielectric,
nonlinear etc. [3]. There are many factors such as damage thresh-
old, transparency, phase matching, hardness, melting point are to
be considered for material selection [4,5]. Keeping this in view,
imidazole is added into sulphamic acid crystal to alter its various
properties. Sulphamic acid is a stable inorganic acid with
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: santhaanciya@gmail.com (S. Anciya).
1
Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli-
627 012, Tamil Nadu, India.
which contains a hydrogen atom situated on either of the two
nitrogen atoms. Imidazole is important because their biological
activity and it possess a broad spectrum of biological activities
including antimicrobial, antituberculosis, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, anticonvulsants, antidepressant and anxiolytic,
antihypertensive, anticancer and antifungal activity [6]. In the
recent past, research have been done on doping Zn 2+ [7], Amaranth
dye [8] and KCl [9] with sulphamic acid single crystals. In the pre-
sent study sulphamic acid is combined with imidazole to form
semi-organic nonlinear optical material viz. imidazole incorpo-
rated sulphamic acid (IMSA) crystal. This paper reports the crystal
growth and characterization of IMSA single crystals grown by solu-
tion method. The compound was subjected to powder X-ray
diffraction, FTIR, UV–vis-NIR, microhardness and antimicrobial
studies for characterization.
2. Experimental procedure
Imidazole incorporated sulphamic acid (IMSA) was synthesized
from commercially available sulphamic acid and imidazole
(C3H4N2) by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Usu-
ally, there are three steps in crystal growth: conversion of satu-
rated solution into supersaturated solution, formation of small

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.342
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Global Conference on Recent Advances in Sustainable Materials 2021.
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al.
crystal nuclei and growth of big-bulk crystal. The saturated aque-
ous solution of IMSA crystal has been prepared using the salts of
sulphamic acid and 1 mol% of imidazole. The reactants were
dissolved in double distilled water and stirred well using a mag-
netic stirrer for about 90 min. The homogeneous solution is filtered
using the Whatman filter paper and the solution was kept for the
evaporation process. Growth beaker is kept in a dust and distur-
bance free atmosphere [10]. Well defined colorless single crystal
of good transparency and dimension of 12
7
7 mm3 was har-
vested after the growth period of 52 days from the solution and it
is shown in Fig. 1.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. X-ray diffraction
3.1.1. Single crystal X-ray analysis
Single Crystal X-ray diffraction is most commonly used precise
determination of a unit cell with cell dimensions and positions of
atoms inside the lattice. The study was carried out using ENRAF
NONIUS FR 590 single crystal X-Ray diffractometer. The IMSA crys-
tal crystallizes in tetragonal structure while the pure SA crystal-
lizes in orthorhombic. The structural change may be due to the
incorporation of dopant in the lattice. Lattice Parameters of pure
SA and IMSA single crystals are listed in Table 1.
3.1.2. Powder XRD analysis
The crystalline perfection of grown IMSA single crystal was ana-
lyzed using powder X-ray diffraction. For powder XRD study, the
grown bulk crystal was crushed into powder in a mortar and pestle
and the powdered crystalline material was scanned for 2h,
between 5 and 90°and shown in Fig. 2. The crystallinity of the sam-
ple is quite clear from diffractogram because of the occurrence of
sharp peaks at specific Bragg’s angles. The hkl values for the promi-
nent peaks in the spectrum were identified using the JCPDS File No.
080483. The observed the values of 2-theta, interplanar distance
(d) and relative intensity of the diffraction peaks are given in
Table 2. When compared with pure material the additional peaks
occur at 63°, 69°and 74° for doped materials. The additional peaks
and change in the intensity of peaks compared to pure sulphamic
acid confirms the incorporation of dopant which had brought
changes in the bond length of the grown crystal [14].
Fig. 1. Imidazole doped sulphamic acid (IMSA) single crystal.
2277
Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282
3.2. FTIR spectral studies
The FTIR spectrum is used to find out the molecular structure,
vibration modes and functional groups in the material [15]. The
FTIR spectrum of the IMSA crystal was recorded between 400
and 4000 cm1 by using Perkin Elmer RX2 FTIR spectrometer and
it is shown in Fig. 3. In pure Sulphamic acid, due to the hydrogen
bonding of asymmetric stretching mode, a broad envelope
obtained in the region 2970–3750 cm1 [16] whereas in IMSA crys-
tal, it is observed in the frequency range 2871–3500 cm1. The
weak band at 544 cm1 are assigned to degenerate SO-3 deforma-
tion. The alteration in peak intensities and shift in peak positions
in the IMSA crystal confirms the incorporation of imidazole into
the host sulphamic acid single crystal. Other characteristic vibra-
tion was established to identify the functional groups present in
the compounds are represented in the Table 3.
3.3. UV–visible spectral analysis
3.3.1. Optical transmittance and band gap
The lower cut-off wavelength and transmittance range of crys-
tals are important factors for NLO material that can be used for
device fabrication [17]. The absence of absorption in the visible
region and maximum transmittance in the whole visible region
also plays a vital role for NLO applications [18]. The UV–Visible
transmission spectrum was recorded using Perkin Elmer make
model Lambda 35 UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer to know the sta-
bility for optical application in the range 190 nm to 1100 nm and it
shown in the Fig. 4(a). It is observed that the IMSA crystal shows
good transmittance in the entire visible region. However, the lower
cut-off wavelength for the pure and doped crystals was found to be
around at 270 nm and 274 nm [19]. The grown crystal has high
transmittance (98%) upto 600 nm and it is observed that the dop-
ing agent enhances the crystal transmittance. Since there is no con-
siderable absorption till 800 nm, it can be used for optoelectronic
application in the visible region. The high transmittance of the
crystal attribute to the absence of grain boundaries and any inclu-
sions in the grown crystals [20]. The overlay UV–vis spectra clearly
show that the optical quality of IMSA crystal.
The absorption coefficient is calculated using the relation a =
((2.303 log (1/T))/t), Where‘t’ is the thickness of the sample and T
is the measured transmittance. The grown IMSA crystal was esti-
mated by plotting absorption coefficient (a) versus wavelength
and it is shown in Fig. 4(b). The obtained maximum absorption
coefficient value is in the range of 9 mm1 which indicates that
the grown crystal has the direct allowed band gap transition. The
optical band gap of the sample was obtained from Tauc’s plot
(Fig. 4(c)) and this value is 4.53 eV. The value of band gap of sul-
phamic acid was found to decrease with impurity concentration
[21]. Recently such decrease in band gap was also observed with
Nd3+ and also Tb3+ added sulphamic acid crystals. The absorption
edge red shift is observed at higher energy band >3.0 eV. The rea-
son for observed red shift in the band gap could be attributed to
the introduction of impurity levels and due to the improved crys-
tallinity of the sample.
3.3.2. Determination of optical parameters
Optical behaviour of NLO materials are significant for the usage
of them in optoelectronic devices. The study of optical constants of
a material such as refractive index and extinction coefficient is
quite essential to examine the material’s potential optoelectronic
applications [22]. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a
material, there will be absorption loss and it is measured by extinc-
tion coefficient. The relation between absorption coefficient (a)
and extinction coefficient (K) [23] is given by K = ak/4p, where k
is the wavelength of light. A graph is plotted between hm and
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282

Table 1
Lattice Parameters of pure SA and IMSA single crystals.

Parameter Pure SA IM:SA Gd:SA [11] Y:SA [12] Nd:SA [13]

aÅ 8.100 8.0636 8.038 8.080 8.070

bÅ 8.049 8.0636 8.038 8.080 8.070
cÅ 9.220 9.195 9.300 9.550 9.220
V Å3 604.8 597.9 598 597 600
Structure Orthorhombic Tetragonal Tetragonal Tetragonal Tetragonal

Fig. 2. Powder XRD pattern for Imidazole doped SA. Fig. 3. FTIR spectrum of IMSA crystal.

extinction coefficient (K) for IMSA crystal which is presented in
Fig. 4(d).
The reflectance of grown crystal is evaluated by the relation A +
T + R = 1 where, A is absorbance which is Log (1/T), T is a transmit-
tance. Fig. 4(d) shows that the value of extinction coefficient is very
low upto 4.5 eV. There is a steep rise in ‘K’ observed at 5.2–5.8 eV
may be due to nature of scattering centers. Again at 5.8 eV there is
a decrease of ‘K’ with energy. Hence, extinction coefficient is low in
the visible region. This confirms the absorption of radiation by
crystal is very low in the entire visible region. The very high trans-
mittance and low absorption in the visible region indicate that the
IMSA material is suitable for nonlinear optical applications. Fig. 4
(e) shows the variation of reflectance as a function of photon
energy hm for Imidazole doped SA. Very low reflectance is observed
in the entire visible, and also near IR which reveal that the title
material is appropriate to use as an anti-reflection coating in solar
thermal devices.
The refractive index (n) can be determined from the relation n=
p p
( R + 1)/(1- R). Fig. 4(f) shows the photon energy dependence of
refractive index (n) for IMSA crystal. The refractive index remains
constant up to 3.81 eV with small humps at 1.5 eV and suddenly
increases upto 5.2 eV with the value of n = 2.6, then it suddenly
falls to 1. The average value of refractive index calculated for the
wavelength in the visible region is 1.1. From the results, it is
noticed that IMSA crystal has low reflectance, high transmittance,
high optical band gap and low extinction coefficient values. This

Table 2
Powder XRD data for IMSA sample. Table 3
Vibrational band assignments of grown IMSA
Peak No. 2b (degrees) d-value (Å) Rel. Int. [%] crystal.
1 18.610 4.76390 18
IMSA Assignments
2 19.370 4.57867 25
3 22.500 3.94830 84 3164 DegenNH+3 Stretching
4 24.740 3.59565 78 2871 SymNH+3 stretching
5 26.457 3.3667 89 2566 NH deformation
6 29.53 3.0220 11 2454 Overtones and Combination
7 31.740 2.81682 63 2017 NH stretching
8 33.010 2.71129 37 1800 C–H out of plane bending
9 37.07 2.4231 16 1629 NH torsion
10 38.68 2.3258 18 1543 DegenNH+3 deformation
11 45.29 2.001 13 1447 SymNH+3 deformation
12 46.48 1.9521 15 1316 Degen. SO-3stretching
13 50.63 1.8014 30 1255 C-N–H stretching
14 52.07 1.7551 21 1205 N–H in-plane bending
15 55.80 1.6463 20 1068 Sym. Degen. SO-3 deformation
16 63.34 1.4672 19 1001 DegenNH+3 Rocking
17 69.61 1.3495 14 800 Symmetric C = S stretching
18 74.87 1.2671 18 690 N-S Stretching
19 78.68 1.2152 12 544 Degen. SO-3deformation

2278
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282

Fig. 4d. Variation of extinction coefficient with photon energy for IMSA crystal.
Fig. 4a. UV–vis-NIR transmission spectrum of IMSA crystal.

Fig. 4b. Variation of absorption coefficient with wavelength for IMSA crystal. Fig. 4e. Variation of Reflectance with photon energy (hm) for IMSA.

Fig. 4c. Tauc’s plot for IMSA crystal. Fig. 4f. Variation of refractive index with photon energy for IMSA crystal.

2279
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282

property of the grown crystal makes it suitable for optoelectronic

device fabrication.
The optical and electrical conductivity [24] of the grown crys-
tals were calculated using the equations,
ropt ¼ anC=4p

relec ¼ 2kropt =a
Where n is the refractive index, C is velocity of light and k is the
wavelength of light. A graph is plotted for optical and electrical con-
ductivity of the grown crystals as a function of energy and is shown
in Figs. 4(g) and (h). The free charges are described by optical con-
ductivity [25,26]. The increase in optical conductivity with incident
photon energy shows good optical response of the material. The
higher value (7.5
104 S–1) of photo conductivity shows a very
good photo response of the crystal.

3.4. Antibacterial activity analysis

The antibacterial activity of IMSA crystal was fixed against three
various kinds of microorganisms by agar disc diffusion method.
The selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains
were cultured in nutrient broth medium for 18 h and it was used
as inoculum. Antibacterial activities of samples were evaluated
using disc diffusion method on Mueller –Hinton agar (MHA) plates.
MHA agar plates were inoculated with bacterial strain under asep-
tic conditions and 25 lL sample was loaded on a sterile disc and
incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h. The IMSA sample was dissolved in dou-
ble distilled water and chloramphenicol (30 lg) was used as the
standard. After 24 h the zone of inhibition (mm) was analyzed.
Fig. 4h. Variation of electrical conductivity with photon energy.
The zone inhibition’s diameter was measured in millimeters. The
results were compared to those obtained with the standard drug
Amikacin. Fig. 5(a, b and c) shows the inhibitory activity produced
by IMSA crystal against 3 different pathogenic bacteria. The growth
inhibition zones were measured in diameter (mm) and the data are
given in Table 4. The antibacterial activity is confirmed if the diam-
eter of the zone of inhibition is greater than 6 mm and activity is
weak if it is less than 6 mm [27–30]. The biological screening is

Fig. 4g. Variation of optical conductivity with photon energy.

2280
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282

Fig. 5. Antibacterial activity of imidazole doped sulphamic Acid (IMSA) single crystal against (a) S. Aureus (b) Klebsiella pneumonia and (c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Table 4
The growth inhibition zones for IMSA single crystal.

Bacteria Zone of inhibition ion (mm)

S.Aureus 38
Klebsiella pneumonia 40
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42

strong and the results show a significant antibacterial activity for

the grown crystal over both Gram positive (S. Aureus) and Gram
negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
bacteria. It has been evaluated that the sample is having highest
activity of 42 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial
results indicate that the sample has the potential to kill some of the
highly pathogenic bacterial species and hence confirms that the
title compound is suitable for biological applications.

3.5. Microhardness studies

The hardness of the crystal plays a crucial role in device fabrica- Fig. 6b. Plot of Log P versus Log d for IMSA crystal.
tion [31]. The hardness test is the simplest technique and it reveals
the mechanical property of the crystal, which is relatively con-
NESS TESTER with a diamond intender. The indenter time was kept
nected to their bond strength, molecular binding, elastic constant
as 10 s for all different loads (25, 50, 100 g). The Vickers hardness
and crystallographic orientation. The hardness of the crystal
for each load was determined from the formula Hv = 1.8544*P/d2,
mainly depends on lattice energy, Debye temperature, heat forma-
where P is the applied load in g and d is the average diagonal
tion and inter atomic spacing [32]. The microhardness of IMSA
length in millimeter. A plot was drawn between hardness value
crystal was measured using SHIMADZU HMV-2 T MICRO HARD-
(Hv) and the load (P)as shown in Fig. 6(a) and this Figure reveals
that the hardness number gets increased while the load is
increased this may be due to the reverse indentation size effect
(RISE). From the plot, it is clearly to see that the Vickers microhard-
ness number of the grown crystal is high. The fact that the micro
hardness of the IMSA single crystal increases with the increasing
load infers that the incorporation of the C3H4N2 enhances the hard-
ness of sulphamic acid crystal [33]. The relationship between load
and the size of the indentation is given by well-known Meyer’s law
P = k1dn, where k1 is a constant and n is the work hardening coef-
ficient. A graph is plotted between log P versus log d is shown in
Fig. 6(b). From the slope of the graph with log P and log d, the work
hardening coefficient (n) is found to be 3.0 which concludes that
the grown crystal is found to be relatively soft material [34]. The

Table 5
Yield strength and elastic stiffness constant of IMSA single crystal.

Load (gram) ry (M Pa) C11 (Pa)

25 40.83
106 80.21
1014
50 53.74
106 129.70
1014
100 62.07
106 166.90
1014
Fig. 6a. Plot of load P versus H v for IMSA crystal.

2281
S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, P. Selvarajan et al.
improved mechanical properties are necessary to avoid loss of
material while polishing and processing for device fabrication, for
which the hardness reliant properties, such as yield strength and
elastic stiffness constant have been calculated and the obtained
data are given in Table 5.
4. Conclusion
The successful growth of imidazole added sulphamic acid
(IMSA) single crystals has been achieved by slow evaporation solu-
tion growth technique in an aqueous solution at room tempera-
ture. The cell parameters confirm that the sample crystallizes in
tetragonal structure. The well-defined sharp diffraction peaks
acquired from the X-ray powder diffraction study fairly indicate
crystalline purity of the title substance. The FTIR spectroscopic
analysis further confirms that all the vibration modes are present
with deviation in the peak position. The optical study shows that
the crystalline perfection is significant as the transparency is very
high i.e., 98%. The value of band gap was found to as 4.53 eV. The
observed red shift in the band gap improves the crystallinity of
the sample. The optical constants like absorption coefficient,
extinction coefficient, reflectance, refractive index were also calcu-
lated along with optical and electrical conductivity for various pho-
ton energies of the grown crystal and confirmed its suitability of
optical device fabrication. IMSA single crystal showed good
antibacterial properties against pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria
with inhibition zone of 42 mm. Vicker’s micro hardness test con-
firms that the grown crystal is a soft material. Nonetheless, the cur-
rent results show that the grown crystals are possible promising
candidates in the fabrication of optical devices since they possess
substantial transparency, optical band gap and sufficient mechan-
ical stability.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
S. Anciya: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Formal analy-
sis. A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya: Conceptualization, Supervision. P. Selvara-
jan: Validation, Review and Editing. R. Sree Devi: Supervision,
Validation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Y.Vincent Sagayaraj, Instrumentation Center,
St. Joseph’s College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu for extending the charac-
terization facilities for FTIR Analysis, UV-vis-NIR analysis and
2282
Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 2276–2282
Microhardness studies. The authors acknowledge Prof.Vincent,
SMYKON BIOTECH PVT LTD, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District for
providing the antimicrobial characterization facility. The authors
are grateful to Dr. M. Jose, Abdul Kalam Research Center (AKRC),
Tirupattur, Vellore district for extending the facilities to measure
powder XRD analysis and Cochin University, STIC, Kerala, India
for providing SCXRD.
References
[1] N. Indumathi, K. Deepa, J. Madhavan, S. Senthil, Der Pharma Chemica 9 (15)
(2017) 121–125.
[2] S. Yesuvadiana, A. Selvaraj, M.M.X. Devarajan, Optik 126 (2015) 95–100.
[3] B. Singh, M. Shkir, S. AlFaify, A. Kaushal, I.B. NarendarNasani, H. Shoukry, I.S.
Yahia, H. Algarni, J. Mol. Struct. 1119 (2016) 365–372.
[4] F. Zernike, J.E. Midwinter, Applied Nonlinear Optics, Wiley, New York, 1973.
[5] P.N. Prasad, D.J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Effects in Molecules and
Polymers, New York, Wiley, 1991.
[6] M.A.H. Shallal, Am. Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Res. 5 (1) (2019) 1–12.
[7] M.I. Baig, Mohd Anis, M.D. Shirsat, H.H. Somaily, S.S. Hussaini, J. Mater. Sci.:
Mater. Electron. 32 (2021) 16445–16455.
[8] Jemini Arumugam, Senthilkumar Chandran, M. Selvapandiyan, M. Srinivasan,
P. Ramasamy, P. Karuppasamy, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31 (2020)
13173–13185.
[9] J. Arumugam, Marimuthu Selvapandiyan, Senthilkumar Chandran, M.
Srinivasan, P. Ramasamy, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31 (1) (2020) 1–13.
[10] A. Sundara Raj, P. Muthusubramanian, J. Mol. Struc. Theochem. 89 (1982) 291–
296.
[11] B. Kannan, P.R. Seshadri, et al., Int. J. ChemTech Res. 6 (2) (2014) 1168–1173.
[12] B. Kannan, P.R. Seshadri, et al., Arch. Phys. Res. 5 (1) (2014) 79–83.
[13] B. Kannan, P.R. Seshadri et al., Indian J. Sci. Technol. 7(2) (2014) 221-225.
[14] R. Valluvan, K. Selvaraju, et al., Mater. Chem. Phys. 97 (1) (2006) 81–84.
[15] G. Bhagavannarayana, S. Parthiban, S. Meenakshisundaram, Cryst. Growth Des.
8 (2008) 446–451.
[16] P. Muthusubramanian, A. Sundara Raj, J. Mol. Struct. 84 (1982) 25–37.
[17] Z. Li, P. Zhu, Y. Chen, N. Ji, J. Liu, X. Duan, H. Jiang, Cryst. Eng. Comm 21 (2019)
1570–1574.
[18] G. Saravanakumar, P. Vivek, P. Murugakoothan, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol.
BiomolSpectrosc,145 (2015) 417–424.
[19] P.V. Dhanraj, N.P. Rajes, Mater. Chem. Phys. 115 (2009) 413–417.
[20] P. Vivek, P. Murugakoothan, Opt. Laser. Technol. 64 (2014) 1113–1119.
[21] B. Brahmaji, S. Rajyalakshmi, T.K. Visweswara Rao, Srinivasa Rao Valluru, S.K.
EsubBasha, C.H. Satyakamal, V. Veeraiah, K. Ramachandra Rao, J. Sci.: Adv.
Mater. Devices 3 (2018) 68–76.
[22] S. Anciya, A.S.I. Joy Sinthiya, J. Adv. Sci. Res. 11 (3) (2020) 121–126.
[23] R. Hanumantharao, G. Bhagavannarayana, S. Kalainathan, Spectrochim. A. Acta
91 (2012) 345–351.
[24] G. Marudhu, S. Krishnan, G.V. Vijayaragavan, Optik 125 (2014) 2417–2421.
[25] A.J. Millis, A. Zimmers, R.P.S.M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, C.C. Homes, Phys. Rev. B 72
(2005) 224517.
[26] S. Lupi, M. Ortolani, L. Baldassarre, P. Calvani, Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005) 224517.
[27] K. Karthik, S. Dhanuskodi, C. Gobinath, S. Prabukumar, S. Sivaramakrishnan, J.
Phys. Chem. Solids 112 (2018) 106.
[28] K. Karthik, V. Revathi, T. Tatarchuk, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 671 (2018) 17.
[29] K. Karthik, S. Dhanuskodi, S. Prabukumar, S. Sivaramakrishnan, Optik 204
(2020) 164221.
[30] V. Revathi, K. Karthik, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 29 (2018) 17323.
[31] J. Arumugam, M. Selvapandiyan, M. Senthilkumar Chandran, Srinivasan, P.
Ramasamy, Mater. Chem. Phys. 242 (2020) 122479.
[32] S. Chandran, P. Rajesh, P. Ramasamy, Mater. Res. Bull 68 (2015) 210–215.
[33] C. Rudowicz, P. Gnutek, J. Phys. Condens. Matte 22 (2010) 045501.
[34] K.G. Anupriya, P. Hemalatha, Int. J. Curr. Multidiscip. Stud. 3 (10) (2017) 842–
846.