Lecture notes 1: Introduction

Questions

1. Sketch the hydrological cycle

2. Map out the distribution of precipitation output

Lecture notes 2: Probability & Frequency analysis

Questions

1. Formulas for risk, probability, return period

2. What is an annual series and how different is it from partial duration series?

Lecture notes 3/4: Precipitation

Questions

1. How is rainfall measured

2. What is it about rainfall over time and space
3. In a list of recorded data (time), how to determine last rainfall?
4. Why rainfall measurements are different from location to location?
5. What to do if there are missing rainfall data? Describe each method
6. What analysis is used for consistency of rainfall data?
7. What is probable maximum precipitation?
8. Draw graphs, formula & diagram for phi-index.

Lecture notes 5a: Evapotranspiration & Infiltration

Questions

1. What is budget method

2. How to estimate evapotranspiration

Lecture notes 5b: Evapotranspiration & Infiltration

Questions

1. Methods of determining infiltration capacity

2. Antecedent precipitation index (API)

Lecture notes 6: Groundwater hydraulics

Questions

1. Dracy’s law of velocity

2. Draw recovery graph
3. Explain well diagram and confined/unconfined (how to identify equationsS)
4. Theis equation – Explain time/distance/ (t/r 2) drawdown
 Hydrology part 2

Lecture 1: Surface runoff

1. Draw and annotate hydrological cycle (include direct runoff & baseflow)
2. Define catchment area
a. Hydrologically
b. Physically
3. Basic definitions
a. Runoff
b. Hydrograph & Hyetograph
c. Runoff coefficient
i. Ratio of?
ii. Reflects what?
4. Explain runoff hydrograph and contributing area
5. List and describe the 5 components that affects runoff hydrograph
6. Runoff measurement
a. Name the tool used for runoff measurement
b. How are discharges in regular and irregular channel determined?
c. Explain flow rating curve - stage
7. Velocity based measurement
a. Where is H measured from? Why?
b. Where is z measured from?
c. What is needed to estimate discharge? What is the H for it?
d. Tool to measure velocity
e. Steps to obtain runoff hydrograph
8. Reservoir capacity design
a. How can drawoff be estimated?
b. Purpose of reservoir?
c. Draw and explain the hydrograph and mass curve
i. What does slope of mass curve means?
ii. Water demand line characteristics
9. Flow duration curve
a. Explain + draw graph
b. Characteristics of the graph
c. What can it be used for?
d. What it cannot be used for? What is the alternative for this?

Question in class:

1. Which of the following is true?

 a. Runoff coefficient is the ratio of rainfall loss to surface runoff
b. Catchment area can be arbitrarily defined
c. A catchment has multiple outlets
d. A point should belong to only one hydrograph
2. Which is true on time of concentration (tc)?
a. Tc is the time when the rain ends
b. Tc is the time it takes when water accumulation on the surface of the catchment
reaches its maximum
c. Tc will be the same for the same catchment size
d. Tc is the time it takes when the water at the remotest point of a catchment reaches
its outlet.
3. Which statement is true?
a. Mean velocity can be taken at 0.2 or 0.8 depth.
b. Flow rating curve is a graph showing the relationship between water depth and the
discharge
c. Subsection discharge can be measured as the product of the subsection area and
mean velocity
d. Prandtl-von Karmen universal velocity equation gives the mean velocity over vertical
direction
4. Which is true?
a. Compensation water is the water legally released for agricultural irrigation
b. A steep slope on a mass curve normally corresponds to a wet period
c. Reservoir storage begins to increase when dry period begins
d. At the beginning of a wet period, reservoir should be full

ANS: D, D, C, B

Lecture 2: Hydrograph analysis

1. Hydrograph analysis
a. Plot intensity graph & hydrograph and annotate the trends and properties
b. Draw the graphs for recession and annotate + explain
c. How to derive alpha?
d. Are the following true or false?
i. Net rainfall is equivalent to direct runoff
ii. Losses does not include infiltration
iii. Losses is not equivalent to baseflow
iv. Recession is governed by both characteristics of catchment and storm
v. The larger the alpha (recession) value, the faster the flow
vi. ANS: T, F, T, F, T
2. Hydrograph separation
a. Draw and describe the 4 methods
b. Explain the characteristics
3. Unit hydrograph concept
a. Definition of UH
__________ resulting from ______ produced_____
b. Purpose of UH
c. What is it?
d. Effect of rainfall duration on rainfall intensity & UH
 i. Compare peak, base length of UH and Area under UH graph
e. Criteria for selecting rainfall-runoff data for deriving UH
f. Are the following true or false?
i. Longer rainfall duration has a smaller base in UH
ii. Higher rainfall intensity has a larger peak value
iii. All UH have the same area under graph
iv. The unit volume for UH is equivalent to 1 cm
v. UH represents all DR, BF, IF
vi. Ans: F, T, T, T, F
4. Average UH
a. What is the correct method?
5. Rainfall duration
a. Which rainfall duration to use?
b. If UH duration does not match the rainfall interval?
c. Why adjust a UH with longer duration to a UH with shorter duration?
d. Why adjust a UH with shorter duration to a UH with longer duration?
e. Limit for the method
6. The S-curve (summation curve)
a. 2 definitions: The S-curve is a hydrograph that result from a (1) & (2)
b. Purpose of S-curve
c. How to quickly check final UH result?
7. Synthetic UH
a. Where is it derived from?
b. Useful for?
c. Snyder’s UH
i. Method
ii. 3 parameters required

Question in class:

1. Which statement is true?

a. A falling limb of a hydrograph is related to both characteristics of the catchment and
the storm
b. The loss of rainfall is equivalent to baseflow of the resulted hydrograph (in terms of
depth)
c. The constant slope method assumes a constant groundwater flow
d. In comparison to the concave method, the convex is more suitable for a shallow
groundwater
2. Which statement is true?
a. A t-hour UH has a hydrograph duration of t-hours
b. A longer duration of UH has a higher peak
c. Both 1-hour and 2-hour UH have 1 cm equivalent rain water
d. A hydrograph can be considered as an UH as long as the water amount under the
hydrograph is 1 cm equivalent.
3. Which statement about S-curve is true?
 a. A t-hr UH and a 2-hr UH can led to the same S-curve
b. S-curve minus a t-hr lagged S-curve forms a t-hr UH
c. Equilibrium discharge of a S-curve can be estimated based on the product of rainfall
depth and catchment area
d. A S-curve should be developed based on numerous series of UH with the same
duration
4. Which statement about UH is true?
a. The main purpose to develop a synthetic UH is that it is easy to derive and use
b. Basin lag is the period between the beginning of the rainfall to the hydrograph peak
c. Application of the UH is based on principles of proportion and superposition
d. For a 2 cm depth 1-hr duration uniform rain, two 1-hr UH should be added to predict
the runoff hydrograph

Lecture 3: Flood routing (refer to notes on A4 paper)

1. Flood routing
a. Draw and annotate hydrograph A and B
b. Limitation for UH
2. Reservoir routing
a. Draw and annotate a spillway
3. Channel routing
a. Explain the storage wrt inflow and outflow hydrographs
b. Draw outflow-storage for reservoir and channel
i. What is the water elevation for each routing a function of?

Exam pyp qns:

1. Using neighbouring data, state the assumptions

2. Annual series and partial duration series

Online qns

https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/water-resources-engineering-mcq- ABD
test.html

3. Pick up the correct equation from the following:

(A) Run off = Surface run off + Ground water flow
(B) Run off = Surface run off - Ground water flow
(C) Run off = Surface run off / Ground water flow
(D) Run off = Surface run off × Ground water flow

6. A 6 hours storm had 4 cm of rainfall and the resulting runoff was 2 cm. If <j)
index remains at the same value, the runoff due to 10 cm rainfall in 12 hours in
the catchment is
(A) 4.5 cm
(B) 6.0 cm
(C) 7.5 cm
(D) 9.0 cm
9. If y is the depth of water at any section, then the mean velocity is
(A) 0.1 y
(B) 0.2 y
(C) 0.3 y
(D) 0.6 y
https://www.objectivebooks.com/2016/04/irrigation-and-water-resources.html AC
6. The shape of recession limb of a hydrograph depends upon
(A) Basin characteristics only
(B) Storm characteristics only
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above

13. The flow-mass curve is graphical representation of

(A) Cumulative discharge and time
(B) Discharge and percentage probability of flow being equaled or exceeded
(C) Cumulative discharge, volume and time in chronological order
(D) Discharge and time in chronological order

https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/multiple-choice-questions- DADBADA
hydrology-and.html
1. Isohyets are the imaginary lines joining the points of equal
(A) Pressure
(B) Height
(C) Humidity
(D) Rainfall

3. The time required by rain water to reach the outlet of drainage basin, is
generally called
(A) Time of concentration
(B) Time of overland flow
(C) Concentration time of overland flow
(D) Duration of the rainfall

5. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) The specified duration of unit hydro-graph, is called unit duration
(B) The rain during specified duration, is called unit storm
(C) The number of unit hydrographs for a given basin, is theoretically infinite
(D) All the above

7. The rate of rainfall for successive 10 minute periods of a 60 minute duration

storm, are shown in the below figure. If the value of φindex is 3 cm/hour, the
runoff will be
(A) 2 cm
(B) 3 cm
(C) 4 cm
(D) 5 cm
https://www.indiabix.com/civil-engineering/water-resources-engineering/
discussion-3909

12. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of

(A) Rainfall intensity and time
(B) Rainfall depth and time
(C) Discharge and time
(D) Cumulative rainfall and time

13. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) Hydrograph is a plot of discharge and time
(B) In hydrographs, time is plotted on X-axis
(C) The maximum flow in the river due to rainfall, is called peak flow
(D) All the above

14. Which of the following methods is used to estimate flood discharge based
on high water marks left over in the past?
(A) Slope-area method
(B) Area-velocity method
(C) Moving boat method
(D) Ultrasonic method
https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/civil-engineering-hydrology- A
mcq.html
1. For a catchment area of 120 km2, the equilibrium discharge in m3/hour of a
Scurve obtained by the summation of 6 hour unit hydro graph is
(A) 0.2 × 106
(B) 0.6 × 106
(C) 2.4 × 106
(D) 7.2 × 106
https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/civil-engineering-hydrology- DCB
mcq.html
9. From the pattern of the rainfall shown in the below figure, the total
precipitation is
(A) 4 cm
(B) 4.5 cm
(C) 5 cm
(D) 5.5 cm

11. Instantaneous unit hydrograph is a hydrograph of

(i) Unit duration
(ii) Unit rainfall excess
(iii) Infinitely small duration
(iv) Infinitely small rainfall excess
The correct answer is
(A) (i) and (ii)
(B) (i) and (iv)
(C) (ii) and (iii)
(D) (iii) and (iv)

15. The peak of a 4 hour flood hydrograph is 240 m3/sec. If the rainfall excess is
80 mm and base flow which is constant is 40 m3/sec, peak of 4hours unit
hydrograph will be
(A) 20 m3/sec
(B) 25 m3/sec
(C) 30 m3/sec
(D) 35 m3/sec
https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/online-test-questions-on- DD
water.html
3. Hydrograph is a graphical representation of
(A) Surface run off
(B) Ground water flow
(C) Rain fall
(D) Discharge flowing in the river

7. The rainfall at any place is described by

(A) Its intensity
(B) Its duration
(C) Its frequency
(D) All the above

https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/hydrology-and-water- DA
resources_37.html
11. The runoff is affected by
(A) Size of the basin
(B) Shape of the basin
(C) Elevation of the water shed
(D) All the above

13. If the demand line drawn from a ridge in a flow mass curve does not
intersect the curve again, it indicates that
(A) Demand cannot be met by inflow
(B) Reservoir was not full at the beginning
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above
https://www.objectivebooks.com/2019/04/practice-exam-for-hydrology-and- BDD
water.html
2. Runoff is measured in
(A) Cubic metres
(B) Cubic metres per sec.
(C) Cubic metres per minute
(D) Cubic metres per hour

5. Hydrology helps in
(A) Predicting maximum flows
(B) Deciding the minimum reservoir capacity
(C) Forecasting the availability of quantity of water at reservoir site
(D) All the above

14. Run off includes

(A) Precipitation over catchment area of the stream and its attributaries
(B) Surface run off
(C) Ground water flow
(D) All the above