Although it is present everywhere, leptospirosis is endemic primarily in regions with humid

subtropical and tropical climates. Leptospirosis is thought to affect more than 500,000 people
annually throughout the world.

Due to differences in environmental conditions and probable infection sources, leptospirosis

monitoring in coastal areas may be different from that in non-coastal locations. Leptospirosis
is often more prevalent in regions where there is a larger chance of exposure to the bacteria,
which is typically found in soil and water that has been contaminated by the urine of diseased
animals, such as rats.

The risk of leptospirosis transmission may be particularly high in coastal locations due to
factors like rodent populations, flooding, and closeness to water bodies. The monitoring and
prevention of these particular risk factors may therefore receive additional attention in coastal
areas' surveillance initiatives. Authorities in charge of public health may also take steps to
inform locals and visitors of the dangers and safeguards associated with leptospirosis.

Meanwhile in non-coastal areas, surveillance efforts might focus more on agricultural

practices, rural water sources, local wildlife, domestic animals or occupational exposures.
This is due to the presence of reservoir populations may vary, and the sources of infection
could differ from coastal regions.

Coastal area is marked by a shoreline where land meets the sea. The coastline can vary in
length and may include various features like cliffs, sandy beaches, rocky shores, or mangrove
forests. Besides that, coastal areas often have a mix of saltwater and freshwater environments
due to the presence of estuaries, where rivers meet the sea. Estuaries are ecologically varied
ecosystems that house a wide variety of marine and land animals. Aside from that, coastal
regions may experience a unique climate due to effects of the water, such as softer
temperatures, higher humidity, and more rainfall. Recreational activities including swimming,
surfing, boating, and tanning are frequently popular in these areas.

Non-coastal areas are those that are not directly surrounded by oceans or seas and are often
found inside of continents. They may include a variety of geographic features, including
plains, mountains, valleys, plateaus, forests, deserts, and lakes.

Numerous mammalian hosts, including people and animals including rats, dogs, livestock,
and wildlife, are susceptible to leptospirosis. When people come into touch with water, soil,
or other habitats that have been tainted by diseased animals' urine, they become unintentional
hosts. Leptospira bacteria are the culprit behind leptospirosis. Known to exist in the kidneys
of affected animals and discharged in their urine, Leptospira bacteria can contaminate the
environment. In addition, surroundings with high moisture content, such as standing water,
floodplains, and humid climates, are frequently linked to leptospirosis. Both direct and
indirect transfer can spread leptospirosis. Direct contact with the urine, blood, or tissues of
infected animals can allow Leptospira to enter the body. This can occur through broken skin,
mucous membranes, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. When contact with
environments or objects contaminated with Leptospira such as soil or water can also lead to
an infection. The bacteria will enter the body thought cut, abrasions or intact mucous
membranes. Lat but not least, Leptospirosis also can occur through sexual intercourse or
exposure to infected bodily fluids.