Medicinal Value of Plants

(Review Report)

Course: BTNY-4623

BS Botany

Department of Life Sciences

Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology,

Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

Spring 2023
Medicinal Value of Plants
(Review Report)

Course: BTNY-4623

Submitted by:

Amna Akbar

Registration No.

CHEM19113019

Session: 2019-2023

Semester: Spring 2023

 Certificate

It is to certify that the content presented in this report entitled

Medicinal values of Fennel, Clove, Tumeric, Ashwagda, Dill: a review

Submitted by:

Amna Akbar
truly justify an adequate scope and quality, for CHEM-19113019 of which formal approval is given by

Research/Review Report Supervisor: Signature and stamp: ______________

Ms. Hamna Asif

Project Coordinator: Signature and stamp: _______________

Dr. Haleema Sadia

Head of Department: Signature and stamp: ________________

Dr. Tanveer Ahmad

Department of Life Sciences

Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology,

Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

 Dedicated To
All praises to ALLAH, the load of the entire world, Merciful, Compassionate, and WHO created the universe
and blended me with the health and capacity to accomplish my studies. WHO guides me from darkness to light and help
me in difficulties, I offer my humblest feeling and every respect to his Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)
WHO enables us to recognize our creator, WHO is forever a source of enlightenment, and guidance, and knowledge for
humanity as a whole.

It is my proud privilege to offer my gratitude and deepest thanks to my “PARENTS”, TEACHER, and
Friends for their guidance, and useful comments, on my studies. They supported me and strengthened me morally to
make me achieve the present level of knowledge in my life.

I feel utmost pleasure to express my heartiest gratitude and a deep sense of obligation to myfavorite teacher
and Supervisor Ms. Hamna Asif for providing me with guidance to complete my report. I shall also be very Thankful to
Dr. Haleema Sadia for your help, vital instruction, skillful and kind guidance,and kind sympathetic attitude during the
whole of the report which made me able to complete this humble effort.

Aman Akbar

Chem19113019
 Table of Contents

Sr. No. Title Page

1 Abstract

2 Introduction

3 Nutritional potential of species

4 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare mill)

5 Clove(Syzygium aromaticum)

6 Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

7 Dill (Anethum graveolens)

8 Ashwagda (Withania somnifera)

9 Selected species in food industry

10 References

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
Medicinal values of Fennel, Clove, Tumeric, Ashwagda, Dill: a review
Abstract:

Medicinal plants have been used as a source of healing in local communities all over the world
for thousands of years. It is still used as a primary healthcare approach for around 85% of the
world's population (Pei, 2015) and as a resource for drug research, accounting for 80% of all
medicines synthesised (Bauer and Brönstrup, 2022). Simultaneously, throughout the last few
centuries, there has been a fast increase in the introduction, development, and progress of herbal
ingredient analysis. Although people have been recognising and selecting therapeutic plants and
foods based on organoleptic assessment of suitability and quality for thousands of years, it has
only been practicable in the last seven decades since the introduction of fundamental analytic
tools. Techniques, such as paper chromatography, that have advanced rapidly from sight, touch,
and smell to the use of sophisticated instrumentation.

Ten percent of all vascular plants are employed as medicinal plants (Abbasi et al,2018), with an
estimated 350,000 to almost half a million species. Plants have been used in medicine throughout
ancient times and are still used now. Initially, the trial and error method was employed to treat
ailments or merely to feel better, and in this way, valuable plants with positive characteristics
were identified. The usage of these plants has been increasingly refined through generations, and
it is now known as traditional medicine in many situations.Traditional medicine is officially
defined as "the sum total of knowledge, skills, and practises based on theories, beliefs, and
experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance
of health, as well as the prevention, diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of physical and mental
illnesses" (Abdel et al, 2015).

All civilizations have evolved this type of medicine based on the plants in their local
environment Some authors even contend that this transferred knowledge is the source of
medicine and pharmacy. Even now, hundreds of higher plants are grown over the world to
produce important compounds for medicine and pharmacy. Plants' healing powers give rise to
pharmaceutical medications These advantages come from certain plants.

Until the 18th century, many plants' therapeutic capabilities, effects on the human body, and
methods of therapy were known, but the active ingredient remained unknown. The Canon of
Medicine, authored by the Persian physician and scientist Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, was
employed until the 18th century.

The origins of modern science, particularly chemical analysis and accompanying instrumentation
such as the microscope, made it possible to extract the active ingredients of medicinal plants.
Since then, these active principles have been synthesised in the laboratory to be used
subsequently in the production of medicines. The use of medications was steadily increased.
Until now, the direct use of medicinal herbs appears to have been displaced in modern medicine.
Today’sMedicine requires the pharmaceutical business, which is largely dependent on the active
components of plants, and so these are employed as raw materials in many circumstances.
However, the undeveloped world now lacks access to this contemporary medication of synthetic
origin, and as a result, significant sections of the world continue to practise traditional medicine
based on the direct use of medicinal plants due to their low cost.

It should be highlighted, however, that the potential return to this sort of traditional treatment
may have two big downsides. The first is the use of medicinal plants without sanitary supervision
or consideration for potential health risks (Adibzadeh et al, 2018). Although many plants do not
have the same side effects as aromatic plants,Plants utilised in infusions include chamomile,
rosemary, mint, and thyme; however, some plants may have harmful active principles. Bitter
melon (Momordica charantia L.), used to treat fever and malaria, has very toxic green seeds that
can cause a sharp drop in blood sugar and induce a patient's coma (hypoglycemic coma). This is
because the components of bitter melon extract appear to have structural similarities to animal
insulin. Second, there has been a profusion of items that have given rise to incorrect perceptions
due to insufficient research.

When reviewing the specialised literature of reviews and bibliometric research on medicinal
plants, three categories of studies are discovered: those focused on a geographical area, those
focused on a species, and those focused on a plant family.specific plant or family, and those
centred on a medicinal interest activity. There are studies on geographical areas, such as Africa,
that are available. In particular, in South Africa, plants marketed as medicinal plants have been
promoted or for the treatment of certain disorders such as Alzheimer's. Cameroon's studies are
unique in Central Africa, where for general bibliometric analyses of its scientific output, the
issue of medicinal plants stands out as one of the most important in this country.Or those of
Ghana, in terms of common diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, hypertension, TB, and blood
disorders. Cuba is another country that has performed a bibliometric study on its therapeutic
plants.as well as China (Ahmed et al, 2018).
People are becoming increasingly aware of the relationship between food and a healthy lifestyle
in order to treat nutrition-related diseases and improve quality of life. This notion offered several
benefits to the food business, including the ability to provide functional food products that meet
people's needs while maintaining high standards. To match a purchaser's expectations in terms of
food quality and hygiene, researchers are currently attempting to utilise nanotechnology in
contemporary food science. In the food sector, many types of nanostructures like as
nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles are employed to sustain and improve proposal
properties.The process of better packaging technologies, as well as the governance of food
standards and protectiveness, were only a few of the highly researched issues in Nanotechnology
in food.

There is a debate about the use of nanotechnology in food because it may jeopardise food safety.
As a result, recent provisions for the use of nanomaterials in food and medicine are in the works
(Amenta et al, 2015) only through recommendations issued by the US (FDA) Department of
Health and Human Services in 2014 and the European Food Safety Association (EFSA) in 2015.
The scientific community has concentrated on nanotechnology-based strategies for detecting
hygiene-related concerns and risks in contemporary foods that may arise during and after food
processing. The efficacy of nanotechnology in the development of food items may be associated
with the encapsulation of beneficial substances such as vitamins , antioxidants, and polyphenols.
As a result, several chemicals used in food creation, particularly those produced from
agricultural processing waste or Natural products, such as fruits and spices, have a significant
potential for use in nanotechnology. All of these goods are used for their distinct features such as
colour, scent, flavour, and food preservation.

Nanoparticles have been used in the following technologies and sciences: medical, electrical,
agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical. Most research investigations on the application of
nanoparticles with spices to far have mostly focused on 1) in vitro studies, 2) fortification, 3)
food industry, 4) packaging, 5) fragrance and medicine business, and 6) textile industry. Because
all spices include an abundance of bioactive components that are used to synthesise
nanoparticles, these nanoparticles can be used in a variety of food products to make them more
nutritious, which has huge health benefits. TheGreen synthesised silver nanoparticles have been
tested for antibacterial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis .
(Soshnikova et al.2022) produced gold and silver nanoparticles with a water extract of dried
fruits of Amomum villosum called Fructus Amomi (cardamom) to evaluate catalytic,
antioxidant, and preventive activity for breast cancer cells. (Krishnan et al.2020) created silver
nanoparticles from cardamom seed extracts, which demonstrated cytotoxicity against the Hep-2
cell line.

The antioxidant activity of biodegradable starch film containing nanoemulsions of Bunium

persicum essential oil fortified with cinnamaldehyde. Fennel seed selenium nanoparticles as an
alternative therapeutic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in arthritic BALB/c mice. In today's
world, Nutrition and spices have significant historical significance. Spices have been popular for
millennia due to the bioactive components they contain. They have been used for their health
benefits as well as to colour or enhance food goods . Spices are increasingly being used in many
types of food as they provide a variety of pharmacological and physiological benefits. Recent
biomedical research has placed a high value on medicinal spices, as spices have traditionally
been employed in the production of nutraceuticals or functional meals due to their health-
benefcial qualities. With an 8.8% share of the global spice industry. Spices have scent because
they contain volatile oils and oleoresin . Spices are quite essential in terms of therapeutic
benefits. Spices have antiinfammatory, carminative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
Spices are currently gaining popularity due to their bioactive chemicals, biological effects, and
chemical structure. Spices contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds,
favonoids, tannins, and favones, which can be utilised as a strong medication against dengue and
Ebola viruses.

Ginger extract can be used to treat the Chikungunya infection. Spices contain antioxidant effects
and evidence of oxidative alteration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in atherosclerosis
progression. Spices comprising diverse bioactive components have been shown in model animals
to have anticancer properties . The active ingredientsBlack pepper, cinnamon, cloves, coriander,
chilli, and cumin are endowed with essential oils containing pharmaceutically active components
such as piperine, cinnam aldehyde, eugenol, allicin, curcumin, and linalool . Spices are employed
as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant medicinal agents. Carotenoids,
eugenol, and curcumin in safron, clove, and turmeric are active elements in spices, according to a
phytochemical analysis that reveals the efficacy of these spices. These spices' benefits include
immunity boosters, especially during the pandemic phase, and their inclusion in our daily diet
could improve disease control mechanisms. In recent years, societal requirements and interest in
the use of renewable, natural, and biodegradable resources have increased.

Food consumers and producers have raised their expectations for the quality of processed foods,
particularly in terms of extending shelf life while maintaining nutritional and organoleptic
qualities. Spices have been shown to have a significant potential for use as essential, renewable,
and biodegradable sources of compounds with antimicrobial/antioxidant characteristics . Spices
have been used extensively to increase or improve the flavour of food due to their preservation
characteristics . Spices play an important function in food safety. Spices and derivatives have
been shown to slow the growth of fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and microbial toxins, and as a result,
they have been used in food preservation. Spices have recently been used to increase the appeal
and shelf life of food goods becausebecause of their bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity.This
review covers the ethnobotanical features of 24 spices, as well as their bioactive and nutritional
potential. The role of such spices in food fortification as well as their potential in nanotechnology
have been investigated. Spices and herbs: Ethnobotanical Knowledge

Spices and herbs are the plant parts. Figure 1 describes the botanical perspective of the spices
and herbs

Nutritional Potential of Spices

Spices support a fit and healthy physique. The spices contain vitamins, minerals, proteins, and
carbs. The nutrient makeup of the spices and herbs is shown in Tables 1 and 2. The amount of
protein, fat, carbohydrate, and energy that can be obtained from spices is very negligible even
though they are used in very small amounts in food. However, since spices are a rich source of
various essential oils and fatty acids, they are a source of essential nutrients for body
development and immune system maintenance.

Carbohydrate Carbohydrates, particularly glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are abundant in

fennel and can be found in all parts of the plant. Carbohydrates are made up of naturally
occurring sugars. Sucrose is the most valuable plant sugar. Few percentages of sucrose could
have been hydrolyzed to monosaccharides to increase the fructose and glucose levels in fennel,
which play an important part in the contribution of carbon skeletons for the creation of other
compounds and energy metabolism. Carbohydrates, in particular, serve a vital function as key
structural components and short-term energy storage molecules.

Fennel and nutmeg have a high carbohydrate content. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) found
in onions include sucrose, glucose, fructose, and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) such as fructo-
furanosylnystose, ketose, and nystose. Bay leaves are high in carbs, including sucrose, fructose,
and glucose. Asafetida contains carbohydrates such as L-arabinose, glucose, galactose,
rhamnose, and polysaccharides.Kokam is high in carbs, particularly xylose and glucose.Cassia
bark has the largest carbohydrate content (80.59%), whereas chilli has the lowest (3%).

Protein Protein is essential for human and animal survival. Protein aids in the formation of
bodily tissue and serves as a fuel source. Protein is essential for human and animal survival.
Protein is essential in the diet for the healthy functioning of the body. Cassia bark includes
protein and has a high nutritional value due to the presence of many essential amino acids such
as glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, and valine. Naturally, the amino acid profile
determines protein quality .

Onion contains a high concentration of glutamine acid and arginine. Fenugreek is high in free
amino acids including histidine and isoleucine, which can stimulate insulin production.
Fenugreek contains a sufficient amount of lysine. As a result, fenugreek is used as a dietary
supplement. Fenugreek seeds contain high amounts of leucine, glutamine, asparagine, threonine,
and arginine. Asafoetida is primarily composed of arabinogalactan protein. Isoleucine,
tryptophan, threonine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine,
arginine, histidine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine acid, glycine, proline, and serine are all
found in chilli and poppy. Among the spices discussed in this analysis, black mustard has the
highest protein content (26.08 g/100 g). Essential Fatty Acids The role of important fatty acids
such as alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, as well as their metabolites, in animal and human
health is a hot topic in science these days.

Fatty acids. Contribute to the metabolic system of living creatures. It contains a variety of
bioactive particles, energy, and structural elements. Dietary fatty acids, particularly
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, contribute to the plasma lipoprotein profile and
reduce the risk of heart disease. Fatty acids are classified as (1) saturated, (2) monounsaturated,
or (3) polyunsaturated. Saturated (myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid),
monounsaturated (palmitoleic acid, oleic acid), and polyunsaturated (linoleic acid, alpha-
linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid) fatty acids are found in cardamom. Palmitic acid has been shown
to be the most abundant fatty acid in cassia bark oil (Al Numair et al, 2007)With a share of 70.7–
75.2% of the overall fatty acid composition, linoleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in
poppies. While the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids has reduced, the amount
of monounsaturated fatty acids has increased in coriander fruit.

Coriander contains a number of different acids, including myristic acid, stearic acid, palmitic
acid, behenic acid, arachidic acid, petroselinic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.
The acids palmitic, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, stearic, oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic can all be
found in nutmeg. Stearic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, linoleic, oleic, linolenic, eicosenoic, arachidic,
behanic, heneicosanoic, erucic, lignoceric, docosadienoic, and nervonic fatty acids are among
those found in brassica nigra. Significant levels of fatty acids such palmitic acids, oleic acids,
and linoleic acids are present in fennel fixed oil.In saffron, saturated fatty acids are present in
large quantities . Higher amounts of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids can be found in Chinese
star anise. In Allium cepa, linoleic acid predominates, followed by oleic and palmitic acid.
Around 8.51% of the fatty acids in dill seed oil are saturated (stearic and palmitic acids), whereas
91.35% are unsaturated. Linolenic acid makes up 13.8%, linoleic acid makes up 33.7%, and oleic
acid makes up 35.1% in Egyptian fenugreek oil.

Minerals Minerals are micronutrients that play a significant function in the immune system
and metabolism of the body. Spices are said to be high in minerals. Mineral deficiency in the
human body is caused by 1) poor absorption and 2) insufficient ingestion. Several minerals were
required as co-factors for enzyme activity and function. Because of the lack of minerals, these
enzymes were inactive. Minerals are necessary for antioxidant action. A large percentage of
economically disadvantaged people are found to consume insufficient amounts of mineral-
enriched dietary products. Mustafa discovered that spices include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P),
potassium (k), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg). Elattaria cardamomum and Curcuma longa
contain significant levels of trace elements such as manganese.zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and
iron (Fe).

Minerals derived from spices aid in a variety of body growth functions, such as cellular growth,
oxygen transport, and oxidative metabolism. Similarly, calcium and copper are required for the
maintenance of numerous physiological activities. Zn is essential for replication and cellular
immune response. Spice consumption can provide nutrients to the diet and help to a nutritious
effect. However, excessive mineral consumption might lead to toxicity. Ca, Na, K, and Mg levels
were found to be significantly higher in all spices. The ca concentration of laurus leaves and
black seed is greater. Copper is found in extremely small amounts in all spices. Foeniculum
vulgare contains potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S),
and iron (Fe).Cardamom leaves and capsules, in particular, contain high quantities of Mn and Zn
(Ashokkumar et al, 2020). Poppy contains minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, and iron . Clove is one of the spices that contains a high concentration of
manganese, which is beneficial to bone strength and metabolism and aids in the production of
enzymes. The inclusion of K, Mg, and Ca contributes to the clove's robust look.

Vitamins Cardamom has increased concentrations of vitamins such vitamin A, C, riboflavin,

thiamine, niacin, and pyridoxine (B6). Important vitamins like vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and
vitamin A are present in the coriander green leaves. Poppy is an excellent source of vitamins E
and C as well as niacin (B3), thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine
(B6), and folic acid (B9). Important vitamins including vitamin C and A are present in cassia
bark. Vitamins including B2, C, B1, B3, B6, folate, and vitamins A, E, and K are abundant in
fennel. The primary vitamins in nutmeg are vitamins E, A, and C (Agbogidi et al, 3013). One of
the abundant sources of vitamins K and C is clove (Bhowmik et al, 2012). Black pepper is rich in
vitamins B2, C, K, and B6, as well as vitamin B2.

The antioxidants pyridoxine and vitamin C are abundant in turmeric. Vitamins, particularly
vitamins B1 and B2, are one of the primary components of saffron. Anise seeds are a good
source of many vital B-complex vitamins, including riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, thiamin, and
vitamins C and A . High levels of folic acid and vitamin B6 are found in onions. The main
vitamins in dill are E and A.A sufficient amount of vitamins C, A, B1, and nicotinic acid are
present in fenugreek seeds. Celery is mostly where you'll find vitamin C.One excellent source of
vitamin C, a strong antioxidant that helps build natural resistance to disease, is chilli.Along with
the other B-complex vitamins B6, K, B3, B2, and B1, chilli also contains vitamin A, a fat-soluble
vitamin that helps to lower the health risks brought on by free radicals and aids in the production
of red blood cells . Ascorbic acid and B-complex vitamins, which help to maintain blood
pressure and heart rate, are abundant in kokam leaves. Greater galangal contains a sufficient
amount of vitamins C and A (Baldo et al, 2016).

Fiber Fibre is a crucial nutrient for maintaining human health and has been shown to lower
cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of developing various cancers and bowel disorders, maintain
the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, improve gut function, and help with constipation
issues as well as general wellbeing (Ajenu et al, 2021). Fibres are made up of a variety of
substances, including lignin, pectin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and non-starch polysaccharides
(pectin, cellulose, and mucilage). The majority of plants include fibres, which the human body is
unable to hydrolyze. A significant proportion of crude fibre is included in cassia bark . Nutmeg,
clove, and fennel are all excellent sources of nutritional fibre. The brown onion peel has been
found to have a high level of total dietary fibre .Good sources of dietary fibre include kokam,
black pepper, turmeric, onion, and tumeric.Cassia bark has the highest fibre content (53.1%),
whereas chilli has the lowest amount (1.4%).

Fennel
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; Apiaceae), a medicinal plant that is native to the
Mediterranean areas, has a long history of herbal use. Traditional medical practises have
recognised and employed medicinal plants, often known as therapeutic herbs, since prehistoric
times.

Introduction

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; Apiaceae), a medicinal plant that is native to the
Mediterranean areas, has a long history of herbal use. Traditional medical practises have
recognised and employed medicinal plants, often known as therapeutic herbs, since prehistoric
times. Natural remedies known as medicinal plants have been employed since prehistoric times
to prevent particular human ailments. Traditional uses for it include treating kidney stones,
vomiting, diarrhoea, and gastrointestinal disorders. It also possesses antispasmodic, antibacterial,
carminative, and antiulcer qualities (Ghanem et al., 2020). In the functional food and
biopharmaceutical industries, medicinal herbs and spices continue to be in high demand due to
several advantageous uses. Market preferences show that medicinal plant businesses are highly
favoured. Mediterranean cuisine has long employed aromatic herbs and spices to both keep food
from spoiling and to change or enhance flavour. (Mehra et al., 2021). For their antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, as well as antispasmodic qualities, fennel seeds are frequently utilized. Herb
has recently gained popularity because to the nutritional and health-protective properties of its
seeds, which are high in volatile and vegetable oils (Matthäus and Musazcan zcan, 2015). Fennel
seeds are also regarded to be a good source of vitamins and minerals, which is why they are
employed in the culinary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. (Nassar et al., 2020).

Botanical description

Fennel is a green and white plant with tubular leaves and a yellow flower. It has an oval, ribbed,
double-achene shape that is bluish at first before turning brown greyish (Mehra et al., 2021).
Both the crisp bulbs and the Fennel plant seeds have a subtle, liquorice-like flavour. Seed blooms
are more active because of their essential oils. It is a potently aromatic and peppery plant used in
cooking and one of the primary components of absinthe, along with the similarly delicious
Anise. Fennel requires a cool, dry atmosphere for optimal development and output. A dry, chilly
atmosphere produces seeds with high yield and quality (Mehra et al., 2021).

Fennel Products

Fig 1.2 oil, Fig 1.3 tea

Antimicrobial activity
A wide range of bacteria are susceptible to F. vulgar's antimicrobial properties. F. vulgare
essential oil was tested in vitro for antibacterial effectiveness against B. magisterium, E. coli, 27
pathogenic bacteria, and two mycopathogenic species connected to the spread of mushroom
diseases. (Mehra et al., 2021). Fennel essential oil is effective at combating most samples of A.
baumanni bacterium. A broth microdilution technique was used to determine the susceptibilities
of isolatesBoth MIC and MBC of Fennel essential oil exposures were studied. Agar disc
diffusion was used to assess the isolates' susceptibilities to various antibiotics. A. baumanni all
isolate is resistant to the antibacterial effects of Fennel essential oil. However, more thorough
research must be done to confirm whether it can be used to combat against human bacterial
infections (Mehra et al., 2021)..

The lowest inhibitory concentration, growth inhibition zone, and cell damage of dried fennel
seeds in methanol were determined against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus pumilus. (Dua et al., 2013). Shigella
dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus
albus were among the bacteria that the fennel essential oil showed antibacterial efficacy against.
S. dysenteriae, the most susceptible of these bacteria to fennel essential oil, with lower MIC and
MBC values of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively (Diao et al., 2014). Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus pumilus, and enteropathogenic E. coli
were tested for antibacterial activity of F. vulgare seeds (EPEC). Maximum antibacterial activity
against Staphylococcus aureus is demonstrated by fennel extract, which displays 20.00 mm of
the methanol extract of dried f inhibition zone (Bano et al., 2016).

Antifungal activity

The possible anti-fungal effects of F. vulgare oil on the experimental mycelial development of
Alternaria alternata varied. The mycelial development of A. Alterneria is inhibited by fennel
extract concentrations of 40 ppm, whereas 10 ppm proved ineffective. The essential oil from the
F. vulgare plant has a mild anti-dermatophyte effect. Fennel essential oil's antifungal potential is
influenced by a number of factors, including minimum fungicidal concentration, or MIC,
mycelia growth, biomass, and spore germination. Effective antifungal activity was present in
Trichophyton rubrum ATCC40051, Trichophyton tonsurans 10-0400, and others (Zeng et al.,
2015).

Anti-inflammatory Function
 Anti-inflammatory medications work on central nervous system to inhibit the brain's pain
signals, which lowers inflammation. The inhibiting effect of F. vulgare fruit methanolic extracts
administered orally (200 mg/kg) towards severe and subacute inflammatory disorders was
shown. Additionally, plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase
(SOD), and catalase were all markedly raised. The MDA for malondialdehyde (as an indicator of
lipid peroxidation) level significantly dropped in the F. vulgare methanol extract compared to the
control group (P 0.05). Results showed that methanol extract from the fruit of F. vulgare is
effective at reducing inflammation. The ability of F. vulgare to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase is highly
prospective in its anti-inflammatory effect (Mehra et al., 2021).

Broncho dilatory effect

Fennel has been found in previous studies to relax relatively isolated tracheal guinea pig chains.
The current study investigated the inhibitory effect of this herb on guinea pig tracheal chains in
order to discover the underlying mechanisms this activity. In isolated guinea pig tracheal chains
precontracted by 10 m methacholine (group 1) and 60 mm KCl (group 2), the relaxing effects of
F. vulgare aqueous, ethanol, and essential oil extracts were compared to a negative control
(saline for aqueous extract and essential oil, and ethanol for ethanol extract), and Diltiazem was
used as a positive control. Diltiazem, ethanol extract, and essential oil of F. vulgare were found
to have a considerable relaxant effect on methacholine-induced contractions in Group 1 tests
compared to the negative controls for tracheal chains (p 0.05 to p 0.001). Additionally, ethanol
extract considerably outperformed diltiazem in terms of impact (p 0.001). In group 2 studies,
only diltiazem significantly reduced the constriction of tracheal chains caused by KCl (p0.001).
In comparison to group 1 experiment, group 2 experiment's ethanol extract and essential oil
results had much less of a relaxing impact (p0.05 to p0.001). These findings attest to the
bronchodilatory properties of ethanol extracts of F. vulgare and its essential oil (Mehra et al.,
2021)

Estrogenic property

Fennel seed has a phytoestrogen molecule that is used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome
(PCOS). The renoprotective effect of F. vulgare aqueous extract (AEF) is investigated in female
rats with PCOS. Each group consisted of forty female rats. The first group was given a regular
lunch as well as an equal volume (0.2 ml) of saline solution injection as the control. The second
group of rats received an intragastric injection of F. vulgare's aqueous extract (150 mg/kg b.w.)
to treat non-polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) animals. The third group received oral
estradiolvalerate (4 mg in 0.2 cc of sesame oil). The fourth group was given the same approach
as well as 150 mg/kg body weight of EV and AEF The fifth group received 100 mg/kg b.w. of
EV and AEF. After a 4-week study period, all rats were slaughtered, kidney tissues were
processed for light microscopy, and several serum biochemical parameters were measured.
When compared to non-PCOS and PCOS rats given larger doses of AEF, the mean blood urea
nitrogen levels in PCOS rats given modest doses of AEF and EV, as well as untreated animals,
were significantly (p0.05) higher. Furthermore, the histological abnormalities in kidney tissues in
PCOS rats are identical to those in AEF-treated groups (Sadrefozalayi et al., 2014).

Antidepressant activity
The impact of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruits on depression was studied using force swim
tests in rats, the potentiation of nor epinephrine toxicity in mice, and the induction of catalepsy in
mice by haloperidol. The F. vulgare extract was administered orally to the FST rats at doses of
250 and 500 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg in the HIC, and the same amount in mice for NE toxicity. The
stability times of rats were reduced significantly (p 0.001) by extract doses of 25 mg/kg and 500
mg/kg, with the 500 mg/kg dose having a larger effect than the 30 mg/kg imipramine dose.In
order to test mice for HIC and NE toxicity, this dose was employed. But it hasbeen noted in NE
toxicity model that MEFV is not an appropriate adrenergic component. It was noted that a
significant (P<0.001) reduction in period of catalepsy in the MEFV treated group and Fluoxetine
group as compared to the haloperidol treated group. Mice were sacrificed on seventh day and
TBARS, glutathione, and nitrite activities were determined in HIC. Monoamine oxidase
inhibiting effect and antioxidant effect of F. vulgare can contribute suitably to antidepressant-like
activity (Singh et al., 2013)

Gastro-protective activity

It has been demonstrated that the fennel plant has a notable preventive impact on digestive
diseases. Investigation into the impact of fennel plant on stomach ulcer revealed that usage of
fennel oil emulsions eradicated colic in 65% of treated infants. The research revealed that the
herb protected against stomach ulcers. The herb also decreased the mucosal lining of the stomach
(Mehra et al., 2021).

Hepato-protective activity
The fennel herb has a liver-protective function, according to studies. According to research, the
extract decreased the levels of the enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, and serum bilirubin. AST stands
for aspartate aminotransferase. Following fennel eating, the levels of ALT, AST, and MDA were
dramatically reduced, while the activities of TP, ALB, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX were elevated.
According to the findings, fennel may prevent the ability of the liver to fibrose through its
effecton the regulation of lipid peroxidation (Mehra et al., 2021).

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Clove is one of the most significant and practical spices that has been used in food for ages is
clove, which is a dried flower bud. It is used in a variety of meals all over the world to improve
the flavour and aroma of the food
Introduction

Clove is one of the most significant and practical spices that has been used in food for ages is
clove, which is a dried flower bud. It is used in a variety of meals all over the world to improve
the flavour and aroma of the food. It is frequently used as a preservative in numerous foods,
including pickles. It contains phenolic chemicals such eugenol, eugenol acetate, -caryophyllene,
-humulene, and gallic acid, which have considerable promise in the medicinal, cosmetic, food,
and agricultural fields. Eugenol, the primary component of essential oils, is produced during the
distillation process. Clove oil can be produced by distilling the stem, flower, and leaves. Clove
oil is effective to a good extent, according to certain trials done to investigate the larvicidal
function of the clove. Due to its lack of negative effects, clove oil is also utilised as an
anaesthetic for fish. In many activities, it also serves as a stimulant.The Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) have established an appropriate
daily intake of eugenol for people of 2.5 mg/kg body weight after researching the advantages of
eugenol and its results against several ailments. One of the main health issues of the present is
breast cancer. It ranks as the second-leading cause of death among women.Breast cancer can
develop for a variety of factors, including lifestyle, nutrition, drinking, smoking, family history,
and hormonal changes.(Mandal et al, 2023)

Worldwide, more than a million women receive a breast cancer diagnosis each year (Shareef et
al., 2016). Breast cancer develops into a life-threatening condition due to late detection and low
awareness. By educating the public about early detection techniques that allow for adequate time
for treatment, the rate of breast cancer-related deaths can be reduced. Breast cancer is a lethal
condition, so it's crucial to find strategies to lessen its impact on the body. Each of a woman's
adult breasts is composed of 15-20 lobes, which are further subdivided into lobules. Ducts link
the lobes and lobules together.

The primary location for the growth of tumours that eventually result in breast cancer is the
ducts. Depending on how it spreads, breast cancer can be either invasive or non-invasive. Many
treatments, including breast ectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, allopathic medicines, and
ayurvedic treatments, are periodically being investigated.The majority of treatments have
significant negative impacts on the human body. All of these factors add up to the conclusion
that new, minimally invasive methods of treating this potentially fatal illness are required.
Scientists are looking for natural sources, such as herbs and various plants, that can work in this
condition and satisfy the need of time, drawing inspiration from ancient times when people used
to heal diseases using various herbs. Numerous aromatic chemicals, flavonoids, and essential oils
found in plants are eventually used to treat diseases including breast cancer. Numerous plants,
including ginger, garlic, clove, green tea, cabbage, and broccoli, have been investigated for their
potential to have anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic qualities (Mandal et al, 2023).

Cloves are used widely in medicine to alleviate toothaches, throat irritation, and mouth sores.
Eugenol, the primary component of clove, has broad antibacterial activity against gram-negative,
gram-positive, acid-fast bacteria, as well as fungi. Due to their carminative and antiemetic
properties, cloves are widely used. Since 240 BC, cloves have been used in China as a medicine
to treat a variety of illnesses. Cloves have historically been used to treat gastrointestinal
discomfort, diarrhoea, liver disease, bowel issues, fatulence, nausea, and vomiting, as well as to
maintain the nervous system. Cloves have been used to prevent a variety of illnesses, including
scabies, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis. It has historically been used in America to prevent
illnesses from various bacteria and protozoa, worms, and viruses . As a spice, clove flower buds
are widely used (Mandal et al, 2023). India produces 1,20,000 tonnes of cloves, which is the
most.The Maluku islands in East Indonesia are home to the medium-sized (8–12 m) clove plant,
which is a member of the Myrtaceae family. It is currently grown in Malaysia, Indonesia, India,
Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Tanzania, and primarily the island of Zanzibar.

Bioactive Potential
Clove seeds are rich in phenolic substances as hydroxy cinnamic acids, favonoids,
hydroxybenzoic acids, and hydroxyphenyl propens. The primary bioactive component of clove,
eugenol, ranges in concentration from 9381.7 to 14,650 mg/100 g of fresh plant material. Gallic
acid, phenolic acid, and various gallic acid derivatives are present in greater amounts in clove as
hydrolysable tannins. The phenolic acids elagic, ferulic, cafeic, and salicylic acid, as well as
flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol and its glycosylated moiety, are all present in
clove. 89% of the essential oil from cloves is eugenol. The clove essential oil included 5%–15%
eugenol acetate and -cariofleno. The essential oil of clove contains -humulene up to 2.1%, which
is the other important ingredient. In lesser amounts, the essential oil of clove contains several
volatile substances as farnesol, limonene, benzaldehyde, 2-heptanone, -pinene, and ethyl
hexanoate. This plant has been used for centuries as a food preservation and medicinal plant,
particularly as an antioxidant agent and for its antibacterial effects .Clove contains significant
levels of phytochemicals like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and hydrocarbons.
Numerous investigations indicated that eugenol had effects against a variety of pathogenic
bacteria, including S. aureus and methicillin-resistant bacteria, that were anticancer, antioxidant,
antiseptic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, antiviral, antifungal, analgesic, and antibacterial.
Epidermidis Staphylococcus It exhibits protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity
and offers strong fatal efficacy against the spread of a number of parasites, including
Schistosoma mansoni, Giardia lamblia, Fasciola gigantica, and Haemonchus contortus. Due to its
ability to penetrate dental pulp tissue, eugenol is widely used in dentistry. It has been discovered
that sesquiterpenes have anti-carcinogenic properties.

According to reports, eugenol has the ability to donate an atom of hydrogen and subsequently
neutralize the phenoxyl radical, resulting in the formation of stable molecules that do not
advance or speed up the pace of oxidation. Eugenol has an aromatic ring and a carbon chain link
that might be used by resonance to stabilize the phenoxil radical. Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to identify the compounds calamenene, calacorene, and
humulenol in clove.Clove contains compounds that have been shown to be effective in delaying
oral infections, including biforin, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-D-glucopyranoside,
orsellinic acid glucoside, myricetin, rhamnocitrin, and oleanolic acid . Clove extract in hexane
was subjected to gas chromatography analysis, which revealed the presence of chemicals such
chavibetol, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-1,4,8-cycloundecatriene, and copaene .

Potential for Health Benefit

Spices and herbs include phytochemicals that protect against a variety of illnesses, limit
oxidation, and eliminate free radicals (byproducts of metabolic processes). They also preserve
vital biomolecules from oxidative damage and offer preventative measures against numerous
neurological ailments, heart problems, and other physiological diseases.

Antiinfammatory Properties

Clove, being a naturally accessible source of phytochemicals with no side effects, has been
extensively explored for its anti-inflammatory properties. It has been discovered that clove and
its components aid to decrease inflammation and edema at many places. The active ingredient in
clove, eugenol, modulates the signaling pathway and immunological response, reducing
inflammation (Widowati et al., 2015). TNF- is a significant target for anti-inflammatory agents,
and inhibiting one of TNF-'s cytokines can get the job done. Clove oil is useful in alleviating
cutaneous fibroblast irritation (Han & Parker, 2017). As a result, clove oil plays an important
function in a variety of physiological and biological processes.

Anticancer activity:

The anticancer nature of clove has been examined extensively in in-vitro and in-vivo situations,
and the findings have been shown to be rather substantial, proving the idea of clove's antitumor
or tumor suppressing nature. Ethyl acetate, a component of clove extract, has antiproliferative
and anticancer action in vitro and in vivo (Liu et al., 2014). Another component of clove extract
known as asoleanolic acid (OA) found in ethyl acetate plays an important role in cell cycle
arrest, which leads to apoptosis (Liu et al., 2014). The study was done on numerous human cell
lines, including lung cancer cell lines, and the findings showed that clove had anti-tumor action.

The action of phosphodiesterases.

The chemicals' action is dependent on the production of protein cytokines. One of the most
important anti-inflammatory substances is prostaglandin. Tannins and flavonoids may slow the
production of prostaglandins. Different forms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory action (Mandal et al, 2023)

Antidiabetic Action

Researchers used a -amylase enzyme test to examine the anti-diabetic effect of clove essential
oil. In humans, -amylase is an enzyme that converts starch into simple sugars. Researchers
discovered a drop in carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption value, which might be
attributed to decreased enzyme activity. The postprandial increase in blood glucose is minimized.
The anti-diabetic activity of clove essential oil was lower than that of typical anti-diabetic
compounds such as ascorbase. Clove's anti-diabetic action is due to the presence of insulin-
mimetic substances.

Obesity Reduction

Researchers studied the anti-obesity effects of S.aromaticum ethanol extract (SAE) in vitro and
in animals. SAE treatment on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells has been evaluated for
analyzing the anti-obesity activity of SAEIn an in vivo study, mice are divided into three groups:
a control group, a group that consumed a high-fat diet (HFD group), and a group that consumed
an HFD supplemented with 0.5%(w/w) SAE (HFD+SAE group). After 9 weeks of feeding, all
parameters such as serum triglyceride (TG), body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), total
cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, leptin, hepatic
lipid accumulation, and levels of lipid metabolismrelated parameters were measured.The effect
of SAE treatment on 3T3-L1 cells in vitro revealed that it possibly slowed cell transformation
into adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. SAE supplementation decreased HFD-induced
increases in body weight, liver weight, WAT mass, blood TG, TC, lipid, glucose, insulin, and
leptin levels significantly. SAE inhibits fat accumulation in HFD-fed mice by suppressing
transcription factors involved in lipogenesis and adipogenesis.

Antimicrobial Activity

According to the results of a zone inhibition test, the alcoholic extract of clove has reduced
bacterial proliferation. The extract includes quinine, which is thought to be responsible for the
decrease in bacterial growth. Cardiovascular Wellness Clove extract has membrane-stabilizing
properties in cardiac cells. Clove extract has the ability to diminish enzyme salvation. The
presence of favonoids and other phenolic components may explain the clove extract's free radical
scavenging action, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity. Researchers examined and
discovered that clove extract may reduce myocardial damage as demonstrated by isoproterenol-
induced heart damage (Mandal et al, 2023).

Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract

Stomach mucus is a protective component for the stomach mucosa and consists of a viscous,
elastic, adherent, and translucent gel consisting of water, as well as glycoproteins that coat the
whole gastrointestinal mucosa. Eugenol and clove oil were tested in a rat model with a
gastrointestinal issue. When compared to the control, dosages of 100 and 250 mg/kg of clove oil
and eugenol were observed to enhance mucus production. The clove extract's free radical
scavenging action might explain the reduced mucosal damage. It is inferred that the
gastroprotective mechanism of eugenol and clove essential oil is linked to variables that increase
mucus barrier resistance and mucus production .

Antioxidant Activity

Clove buds, being an aromatic herb, have antioxidant qualities and hence give significant
benefit. Clove buds have antioxidant properties because they diminish the oxidation process in
our bodies and hence the quantity of free radicals (Gülçin et al., 2012). Some of the oxygen used
by living cells is transformed into potentially hazardous reactive oxygengases including
hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical (Kasai et al., 2015). These free radicals may harm the
body's tissues, resulting in significant health problems. Some antioxidants are created by the
body, while others are consumed via diet. It has been shown that the antioxidant activities of
clove are exhibited by the primary fragrance compounds eugenol and eugenyl acetate.

Activity of the Central Nervous System

Using mouse behavioral models, researchers conducted in vivo research to evaluate the
neuropharmacological effects of an ethanolic extract of clove. Clove extract's anxiolytic
properties were assessed using the plus maze (EPM), open feld test (OFT), hole cross test (HCT),
and hole-board test (HBT), in that order. The tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming
test (FST) were used to determine the antidepressant effects. The thiopental sodium (TS)-
induced 1 3 sleeping duration tests were performed to assess the extract's sedative-hypnotic
capability. In compared to the control group, researchers found that mice's behavior in the
extract-treated group was changed as measured by HCT and OFT. As a result, it is clear that the
mice's locomotor movements have been decreased. A TS-induced sleeping time test confirmed
the extract's potential sedative action. The control group sleeps for 45.4 minutes, whereas the 500
mg/kg BW extract-treated group sleeps for 87 minutes.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Turmeric, botanically known as Curcuma, is the root of a flowering perennial plant in the
Zingiberaceae family that is widely farmed and eaten in India and other Asian nations as a spice,
condiment, pigment, and shelf-life enhancer component (Nisar et al., 2015). In Nigerian, it is
called as ata ile pupa
Introduction
Increased health concerns throughout the globe have resulted in the use of nutraceuticals. Using
nutrients and dietary components (or a part of a diet) for pharmacological or therapeutic
objectives, such as disease reduction and treatment (Vidyasagar & Shivakumar, 2021). Most
phytochemicals found in functional and whole foods, such as flavonoids, are used as
nutraceuticals (Panche, Diwan, & Chandra, 2016). The majority of chronic illnesses are caused
by external and environmental factors, sedentary lifestyle choices, and bad eating patterns and
feeding disorders, and particular foods may help avoid them (Berz et al, 2012). According to
Abdel-Salam (2010) and Shiel (2018), many crops have become more important in human diets
as functional foods because, in addition to their nutritional content, some of the foods have a
positive influence on an individual's wellbeing, physical ability, or cognitive state due to their
phytochemical composition; they can prevent or delay the onset of various chronic diseases.
Watermelon, beetroot, tomatoes, broccoli, turmeric, ginger, garlic, and onions, according to
Ezeugo (2017), offer extra health benefits, making them "super foods." Turmeric, botanically
known as Curcuma, is the root of a flowering perennial plant in the Zingiberaceae family that is
widely farmed and eaten in India and other Asian nations as a spice, condiment, pigment, and
shelf-life enhancer component (Nisar et al., 2015). In Nigerian, it is called as ata ile pupa
(Yoruba) and gangamau (Hausa) (Nwaekpe, Anyaegbunam, Okoye, & Asumugha, 2015; Oja,
2021). Temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius are usually required, as well as a
significant quantity of yearly rainfall (Oparah, Adamu, & Giwa, 2014). According to Oza (2017),
turmeric is used to color food products such as yogurt and a variety of other foods in the form of
yellow-orange dye - E100. She also said that a home remedy as well as traditional Ayurvedic
therapy for coughs, colds, and several other communicable and non-communicable diseases.

It is a superficially rooted floral crop with thick and bulbous rhizomes whose promise in Nigeria
has yet to be realized due to farmers' lack of awareness of the procedures necessary for its
production (correct farming technology), resulting in poor yields (Nwaekpe, Anyaegbunam,
Okoye, & Asumugha, 2015). According to Nair (2013), while reading Hindu Mythology texts,
the most important spice encountered is Indian saffron, currently known as turmeric, which has
been in use since 4000 BC.

Saffron (Turmeric) was supposed to have originated in the South-East Asian area. According to
published evidence, it has been used in India for at least 6000 years as a curative remedy, beauty
aid, culinary flavor, and coloring ingredient. There are two primary types of turmeric on the
worldwide market: 'Madras' and 'Alleppey,' both named after Indian production districts. Apart
from curcuma longa, the turmeric genus has roughly 30 more species (Nwaekpe et al., 2015).
Alleppey turmeric has a yellow soft tissue within and is mostly transported into the United
States, where it is well-known and used as a culinary spice and addition. Alleppey turmeric
includes 3 to 5% volatile oil and 4 to 7% curcumin content, but Madras turmeric contains just
2% volatile oil and 2% curcumin content (Lal et al, 2012).

Bioavailability of Turmeric

According to thorough study by (Sanidad et al, 2019), curcumin has a poor oral bioavailability
and a mediocre pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Numerous animal studies show
that 90% of the curcumin consumed orally is removed in the feces, as proposed by (Metzler et
al ,2013). Curcumin's limited bioavailability is due to its low solubility in aqueous
gastrointestinal fluids, inadequate chemical stability at physiological pH, low absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and rapid metabolism in the GIT and liver (Sanidad et al., 2019).
One reason for curcumin's low bioavailability is its poor digestion and retention. Curcumin is
mostly absorbed in the GIT through the small intestine (Heger, van-Golen, Broekgaarden, &
Michel, 2014). Curcumin, on the other hand, is a lipophilic phenolic compound, making it
difficult to consume orally and have it absorbed by small intestinal epithelial cells (Prasad et al.,
2011; Sanidad et al., 2019). Even if it was absorbed into the epithelium, its hydrophobic nature
would cause it to be flushed back into the lumen through the efflux system (Heger, vanGolen,
Broekgaarden, & Michel, 2014).

According to Shusuke and Ajay (2017), curcumin's low bioavailability is mostly attributable to
three factors. Low water solubility, limited absorption, and significant metabolic conversion are
all considerations. Though curcumin's poor water solubility is related to its polarity and slow
dissolving rate, its lipophilic nature plays an important role in its malabsorption. Because most
food components are absorbed throughout the digestive system and do not reach the colon,
ingestion may considerably increase large intestine curcumin concentration for gastrointestinal
ailment treatment (Bischoff et al., 2014; Konig et al., 2016). Modifying the route and medium of
curcumin delivery, limiting metabolic pathways by concurrent administration of other food
chemicals or medications, and structural changes are all being researched to increase curcumin
bioavailability (Meng et al., 2013). According to Jovicic, Jozinovic, Grcevic, Aleksovska, and
Subaric (2017), recent research has revealed that oral administration of curcumin in the form of
nanoparticles increases curcumin usage 5-6 times in comparison to the standardized extract
because it dissolves better in the gastrointestinal tract due to increased water solubility.
Nanoparticles are also harmless, biodegradable, and do not trigger allergic responses in people
(Jovicic et al., 2017).

Turmeric applications and uses

Turmeric is employed in both industrial and domestic settings. Turmeric is extensively used in
its home nations as a culinary spice, dietary colorant, and Hindu herbal therapy for a range of
ailments (Yadav &Tarun, 2017). Its paste application is a significant cultural event in India, and
it also acts as a raw material in the bulk of the cosmetic industry. Kiso and colleagues, 1983;
Yadav and Tarun, 2017; Sabale, Modi, and Sabale, 2013).

Turmeric as Spice and Culinary Condiment

Turmeric contains aromatic compounds and essential oils, and as a consequence, it imparts a
unique flavor and perfume to food while also serving as the most important element of curry
powders and spices (Jovicic et al., 2017).

Because of its fragrant properties, turmeric powdered root may also be used as a nutritional
preservative and colorant (Damalas, 2011). Turmeric is often used as a coloring additive in food
sectors, with levels ranging from 5-500 mg/kg depending on the product output and type (Jovicic
et al., 2017). Curcumin from turmeric is used as a colorant in mustards, canned chicken stock
and broth, and pickles (Govindarajan, 1980; Nair, 2013). On the same note, canned drinks, cakes
and other baked goods, milk and milk products, soups and sauces, dry spices, and compressed
tablets.

Turmeric as a Dye
Turmeric has an eye-catching color and look. According to (Nair et al ,2013), the powdered and
powdery root of turmeric has been frequently utilized in Asian fabric coloring and dyeing.

Turmeric was commonly used to color woollen fabrics, silk, and cotton materials yellow in an
acid solution (Sabale, Modi, & Sabale, 2013). It is still used to color cotton fabrics nowadays.Its
use as a coloring ingredient has spread to the pharmaceutical, confectionery/sweetened goods,
rice milling, and food industries (Nwadiok et al, 2019). (Oparah et al, 2014) conducted a study
on the dyeing of leather with aqueous extracts of curcumin (turmeric), using the post-mordanting
dyeing method, and concluded that the most significant outcome of the work was obtaining the
dry powdered extract of the curcumin dye as well as the good shades from different mordants.
On the leathers, they claimed that the dyes had moderate to excellent rub and light fastness
qualities.

Turmeric in Cosmetics

Curcumin derived from turmeric is used as a natural colorant in the skin care and cosmetic
sectors (Nair et al , 2013). It is extensively utilized as a skin beautifier among Indian tribes,
races, creeds, and beliefs in conjunction with milk orally and lotion topically. Turmeric extract is
applied to the skin of the bride and groom before to their wedding ceremony in several areas of
India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan in the belief that it would make the skin sparkle and keep
dangerous microbes at bay (Sabale et al,  2013)..
It is being employed by a number of global enterprises and international firms in the
development of sunscreens and turmeric-based face creams. Hindu ladies utilize turmeric and
turmeric preparations such as kumkum and parani in their baths as an inexpensive and natural
beauty enhancer. Rubbing turmeric paste on the face and arms during a bath has been claimed to
cleanse the skin and improve the face. Its antibacterial and therapeutic properties are regarded to
be a preventative and healing treatment for the terrible teenage disease pimples (Sabale, Modi, &
Sabale, 2013). It has also been shown to prevent undesired hair development on female skin and
to reduce the growth of feminine facial hair (Ratanshi, 2017).

Health Benefits of Turmeric (Curcumin)

Anti-Diabetic Property

In 2009, Auburn University published a study in Biochemistry and Biophysical Research

Communications that looked at how turmeric supplementation might successfully treat diabetes.
According to the research (American Cancer Society, 2016), curcumin in turmeric is 400 times
more effective than Metformin (a typical diabetic therapy) in activating AMPK, which enhances
insulin sensitivity and may help relieve Type 2 Diabetes. In rats, curcumin has been
demonstrated to increase plasma insulin levels, prevent diabetic cataracts, treat dyslipidemia and
renal impairment, and alleviate diabetes-related neuropathic pain, in addition to reducing blood
glucose levels. Curcumin prevents type 2 diabetes in those who have prediabetes. This was
demonstrated in a Thai study published in the journal Diabetes Care, in which researchers
discovered that people with prediabetes who took curcumin supplements were less likely to
develop type 2 diabetes than those who did not, due to turmeric's ability to reduce insulin
resistance and inhibit type 2 diabetes. Turmeric may be more useful in reducing microvascular
damage in diabetics than it is in regulating total blood glucose levels, according to clinical data
(Nair, 2013).

Turmeric's Antioxidant Property

Curcumin protects the body against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
and other free radicals, which may break DNA and induce mutations, increasing the likelihood of
cancer formation (Sanidad et al.,2019). According to Jayaprakasha, Jaganmohan, and Sakariah
(2006), curcumin in turmeric possesses significant antioxidant potential as a dietary supplement.
They also indicated that in the presence of curcumin, linoleic acid oxidation is highly inefficient
and that when taken as a dietary supplement, the antioxidant potential is around 80%. According
to (Jovicic et al., 2017), curcumin has the capacity to contribute an electron that neutralizes free
radicals by generating a stable product, therefore breaking a chain reaction of forming reactive
oxygen species free radicals in a living organism. Curcumins have a higher capacity for
hydrogen peroxide capture than industrial or commercial antioxidants.

Anti-inflammatory activity

Curcumin's ability to reduce inflammation is without a doubt its most effective property. Several
animal studies have shown that a dose of 100-200 mg per kilogram of body weight has a strong
antiinflammatory effect (Kohli & Ali, 2005; Jovicic et al., 2017). According to a research
published in the journal Oncogene, curcumin is one of the most effective antiinflammatory
compounds in the world, according to the American Cancer Society (2016).Curcumin inhibits
the activation of specific proteins - cytokines that emerge in the processes and activities of
inflammation, such as interleukins, chemokines, and TNF-, via the regulatory impact on NF-B
(cellular factor kappa B), and even directly binding and chelating TNF-. Curcumin reduces
colitis inflammation by significantly reducing the activities of TNF- and myeloperoxidase
(Jovicic et al., 2017).

Chuengsamarn, Rattanamongkolgul, Phonrat, Tungtrongchitr, and Jirawatnotai (2014) evaluated

the effects of curcumin medicine on atherosclerosis (an inflammation-related cardiovascular
illness) in type 2 diabetic patients. For 9 months, 240 people were given 1.5 g of curcumin every
day. At the conclusion of the treatment period, curcumin-treated individuals showed a reduced
pulse wave velocity (PWV), a known metric and acknowledged marker of atherosclerosis.
Curcumin-treated individuals also had decreased levels of insulin resistance, triglycerides, uric
acid, visceral and total body fat, all of which are independent predictors of atherosclerosis.

Anti-Cancer Activity

Curcumin inhibits human tumor and cancer cell line growth, migration, and invasion by a variety
of mechanisms, including the antiinflammatory processes listed above as well as Suppression of
lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis, which contribute to cancer and tumor development and
spread (Wang et al., 2019; Sanidad et al., 2019).

Several research indicated that turmeric prevented the development of skin cancer, breast cancer,
oral cancer, and stomach cancer in various animals. According to the researchers, it suppresses
carcinogenesis by inhibiting mutation, detoxifying carcinogens, lowering cell proliferation, and
inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Curcumin has been proven in animal models to exhibit
anticancer characteristics in tumors such as pancreatic, colon, and breast cancer (Sanidad et al.,
2019). According to (Li et al., 2015), curcumin in turmeric inhibits the proliferation of androgen-
independent prostate cancer cells by inhibiting p65 via ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK, followed by a
decrease in MUC1-C protein production (MUC1-C is a protein that is significantly
overexpressed in prostate tumors). To conclude, turmeric is an effective natural cancer
medication that may be used to cure breast cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer (Jovicic et al.,
2017).

Anti-Depressant

According to the American Cancer Society (2016), despite the fact that few clinical studies have
been completed, scores of research experiments have indicated that turmeric is particularly
useful in treating depressed symptoms in experimental animal models.Turmeric, according to
Prasad and Aggarwal (2011), may aid with depression. They anticipated that as a consequence of
swim stress, its ethanolic extract dramatically lowered serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,
noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations, as well as serotonin turnover. Giving mice aqueous
extracts of turmeric (140-560 mg/kg for 14 days) reduced immobility in tail suspension and
forced swimming tests, according to one research. At 560-mg/kg, turmeric's effects were proven
to be more powerful than those of the antidepressant fluoxetine. The extracts reduced brain
monoamine oxidase-A function at low dosages and altered brain MAO-B activity at high
concentrations. When fluoxetine was compared to turmeric activity in animal brains, it only
exhibited a small potential to inhibit MAO-A and -B function. These results demonstrate that
turmeric has antidepressant qualities in vivo. However, since curcumin is not water soluble, the
molecule responsible for this action in turmeric aqueous solutions is unclear.

Pain Relieving and Arthritis Management

Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects (Prasad & Aggarwal, 2011). A study
comparing the benefits of curcumin in turmeric to the benefits of arthritis drugs (diclofenac
sodium) that put people at risk of leaky gut and cardiovascular problems discovered that the
curcumin group had the greatest percent of improvement in overall scores (Disease Activity
Score), and these scores were significantly better than the patients in the diclofenac sodium
group (American Cancer Society, 2016). According to Singletary (2010), curcumin has been
demonstrated in clinical studies to improve arthritic symptoms.

Curcumin was administered to mice in a preclinical animal model of arthritis (e.g., 4 mg/kg per
day, intraperitoneally), and it reduced tissue inflammation as well as the release of inflammation-
related cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Because of its anti-inflammatory qualities,
curcumin may be used to treat burns instead of standard medicines, according to the US Army
Institute of Surgical Research (American Cancer Society, 2016). According to Prasad and
Aggarwal (2011), turmeric's anti-arthritic activities include the reduction of acute joint pain,
inflammation, and periarticular joint degeneration. Turmeric extract inhibited local NF-B
activation and, as a result, the expression of NF-Bregulated genes that promote inflammatory
responses and joint degradation, such as COX-2, chemokines, and the receptor activator of NF-B
ligands.

Treatments for the Gastrointestinal Tract, Anti-Mutagenic and Antimicrobial

Effects

According to a comprehensive review of all trials testing curcumin's ability to control irritable
bowel illness (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative Colitis) (American
Cancer Society, 2016), many patients were able to discontinue their prescription corticosteroids
after taking curcumin. Curcumin is quite good in suppressing Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.
According to a histology investigation (Jovicic et al., 2017), curcumin also heals damaged
stomach walls caused by Helicobacter pylori. Curcumin has powerful antimicrobial properties.
According to (Wang et al., 2016), curcumin reduces the formation of pneumonia in rats caused
by Staphylococcus aureus by binding to alpha-hemolysin, a toxin secreted by S. aureus.
Experiments on gram positive (B. cereus and S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli and Y.
enterocolitica) bacteria revealed that curcumin beta-glycoside has a 100 percent protective effect
on the tested gram-positive bacteria and Y. enterocolitica, but has a significantly reduced impact
on t. enterocolitica (Jovicic et al., 2017).

Cardioprotective Activity
According to (Srivastava and Mehta ,2009), several animal model data demonstrate that
curcumin administration (70-100 mol/kg, intravenously) protects the heart during
myocardialischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and cardiopulmonary bypass. Curcumin protected the
myocardium against ischemia damage by blocking the processes and pathways that generate free
radicals of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, as well as up-regulating other free
radical detoxification mechanisms (Singletary, 2010). Curcumin may protect the heart by
decreasing atherosclerosis development. It can do so by, among other things, preventing low-
density lipoprotein oxidation, limiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, reducing
thrombosis, lowering aortic fatty streak deposition, and inhibiting homocysteine-induced
endothelial dysfunction (Srivastava et al, 2009).

According to Prasad and Aggarwal (2011), turmeric has been shown to be effective in treating
gingivitis, multiple sclerosis, pruritus (itching skin), atherosclerosis, Hepatitis, Genital Herpes,
heartburn (dyspepsia), stomach ache and ulcers, intestinal gas, stomach bloating, kidney
infection (Lupus nephritis), stomach ulcers, external ulcers, menstrual cramp, fibromy It's also a
good insect repellent and wound healer for bruises, aches, sprains, ringworms, leech bites, and
scorpion stings (Vyas, 2015; Prasad & Aggarwal, 2011; Nair, 2013). Buttermilk boiled with
turmeric powder is a typical diarrhoea treatment in India. Nair (2013) claims that this mixture is
antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, and aids digestion. According to Yadav and Tarun 2017, the overall
beneficial effects of turmeric include: promoting a stable mood; facilitating tissue repair and
wound healing; assisting in blood sugar balance; soothing irritated tissue, enabling cholesterol
optimization; for managing chronic and acute allergies, useful in acne treatment and skin
problems; and serving as an immunomodulator.

Anethum graveolens (Dill)

It is a famous, aromatic, and annual herb. Dill seeds are used as a spice and also produce
essential oil. The dill seeds are used as a preventive agent for diuretic, carminative, and
stomachache in Ayurveda

Introduction
Anethum graveolens belongs to the family Apiaceae It has been utilized since ancient times in
Ayurveda. It is a famous, aromatic, and annual herb. Dill seeds are used as a spice and also
produce essential oil. The dill seeds are used as a preventive agent for diuretic, carminative, and
stomachache in Ayurveda . The highest producer country of dill is India (30.40 thousand T). The
height of this plant is about 90 cm. It has thin stems. Leaves are alternate and are finally divided
three or four times into winged sections slightly wider than the same type leaf of fennel, and the
yellow flower forms into umbels. The seeds are very little in size. The dry fruits are known as
schizocarps. It naturally grows in the Mediterranean area, Southern, and Central Asia. It is
cultivated broadly throughout the world (Mandal et al, 2023)

Bioactive Potential
Some phytochemicals like polyphenols, essential oil, and furanocoumarin are present in dill. Dill
seeds essential oil contains 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene, D-( +)-carvone, humulene, 6-
methyl-2,4-di-t-butyl-phenol, 1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenz ene(diplaniol),
eicosane, heptadecane, docosane, n-heneicosane, n-pentacosane, tricosane, octacosane, dioctyl
ester of 1,2-phenyldicarboxylic acid, and n-nonacosane . Dill seeds possess the most valuable
bioactive compounds like flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids,
terpenoids, phenols, resins, and iridoid glycosides . The main active components of dill seeds are
dill apiol, carvone, limonene, and α-phellandrene. Ethanol extract of dill exhibited phenolic acids
like protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, syringic, chlorogenic, o-coumaric,
rosmarinic, and trans-cinnamic acid. Dill seed essential oil consists of sabinene, α-thujene, α-
pinene, p-cymene, myrcene, dill ether, γ-terpinene, trans-carveol, iso-dihydro carveol, and
anethole in small amounts. Other compounds of dill seed essential oil are myristicin, trans-
dihydrocarvone, E, E-2,6 dimethyl-3,5 octatetraene, linalyl acetate, piperitone, thujyl alcohol,
grandisol, 2-carene, o-isopropenyltolune, 1,2-diethoxyethane, diphenol, and bis-1,2 benzene
dicarboxylic acid. 3-hydroxy-αionol, 8-hydroxygeraniol-D-glucopyranoside, p-menth-2-ene-1,6-
diol-D-glucopyranoside, 3-hydroxy-β-ionol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin 3-O-β-D-
glucuronide (Mandal et al, 2023)

Anti-inflammatory Activity

Researchers have evaluated the effects of dill seed, and the extract of aerial part to determine its
anti-inflammation potential. The dill extract has been evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity
against formalin-induced inflammation in rats and the diclofenac gel as a reference. The
inflammation has been induced by injecting formalin in the paw of rats. After that the weight of
the rats has been measured by plethysmometer and the paw volume has been assessed. The
experiment has been conducted for 8 days.

Researchers have divided the rats into 3 groups of 6 male rats: the diclofenac gel groups,
formalin groups, and dill-oil groups. Two grams of dill oil with 100 mg dill extract has been
administered to dill-oil groups. Two grams of gel with 20 mg diclofenac Na has been given to
the diclofenac groups. In these groups, the mean paw amounts have been changed after
Formalin-induced inflammation on the 1st day. In diclofenac gel and dilloil-administered
groups, the paw volume has been changed after injecting the formalin on daily basis for 8 days in
comparison with the control groups, which may show a significant reduction. Paw volume has
been more reduced in dill groups in comparison with the diclofenac groups. Plethysmometer has
been conducted to evaluate the results of paw volume. It is reported that the dill-oil is capable to
reduce the paw volume significantly (Mandal et al, 2023)

Antimicrobial Activity

Dill extracts have been reported for its Helicobacter pylori inhibiting activity. The potential
antibacterial activity has been found in organic, and water extracts, and the essential oils of dill
against fungi (two molds like Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium islandicum, yeast such as Candida
albicans)Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are inhibited by D-
carvone and D-limonene. The antimicrobial effect may be characterized by furanocoumarin
present in dill

Gastrointestinal Activity

The dill extract has been reported to possess antisecretory, and mucosal protective activities
against ethanol, and HCl-induced gastric mucosa damage in mice. Dill extract is capable enough
to reduce the total acid content as perceived by the researchers. Rabbit intestine constrictions are
decreased with dill essential oil. Ethanol extract of dill has been retarded histamine and
acetylcholine-induced constrictions of guinea-pig ileum. Some digestive problems like
flatulence, stomachache, and indigestion are improved with dill. Dill water is reported to show a
cooling effect in stomach. Dill is able to prevent gripe, to improve colic, and hiccups. It is
reported that essential oil is able to decrease foaming, and also to act as a light carminative

Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant potential of the acetone, and essential oil extracts of dill has been investigated by
researchers through the methods like DPPH, reducing power, and chelating effect. The ethanol,
hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of dill have been evaluated for their antioxidant potential
through the methods like reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity, chelating power, and β-carotene bleaching. The carbon tetrachloride-
induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats have been considered to analyze the antioxidant activity of
ethanolic extract of dill. It is reported that ethanolic extract of dill (100 mg/Kg wt) is able to
restore the antioxidant enzymes and serum enzymes activity that are increased in treated rats.
The antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, n-hexane, and ethanol extracts of dill
have been examined by nitric oxide radical scavenging, DPPH, N,N-dimethyl-p
phenylendiamine, ferric ionchelating capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and phosphor
molybdenum-reducing antioxidant power. It has been reported that the ethanolic extract of dill
possessed the highest antioxidant power. Though, in terms of ferric ion chelation effect the
dichloromethane extract possess the maximum value. The chlorogenic acid (6.04 µg/g extract) is
the dominant phenolic acid as reported by the researchers. The EO fraction contains lower
amounts of phenolic compounds (35.1 mg GAE g−1 extract) (Mandal et al, 2023)
Anti-diabetic Activity

Various extractions of dill, and its essential oil have been given to diabetic rats. The extracts, and
EO of dill are able to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, total
cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels remarkably, and to
enhance the HDL-C levels. The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities have been found in dill.
Flavonoids, and phenolic proanthocyanidins compounds derived from dill showed antioxidant
potential. The anti-diabetic activity of dill may be due to the enhancement of fecal excrement,
bile acids formation, retardation of the absorption of intestinal cholesterol, and the ability to bind
the bile acids in the intestine . The hypolipidemic activity of dill may be due to the presence α-
phellandrene, carvone, and limonene. Histopathological tests exhibited various extracts of dill,
which are used to treat diabetic rats are able to normalize the deposition of lipid in the heart,
liver, and pancreas. The hypoglycemic effect of dill may be due to the presence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and phytosterols in dill extract. It is proposed that the dose of
300 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of dill is able to reduce the fasting blood glucose level.
Various extracts of dill at the concentrations of 0.032, 0.065, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml have
been fed to the type 2 diabetic rats to decrease the fructosamine level (Mandal et al, 2023)

Anti-obesity Activity

Researchers have investigated the anti-obesity activity of Anethum graveolens aqueous extract
(AGAE). AGAE is able to act as a strong anti-obesity agent through the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-
HT) metabolism mediation, to enhance 5-HT turnover in the brain of rats, the concentrations of
tryptophan in the brain and blood. AGAE has been administered to rats orally for 7 days. It is
able to decrease the tendency in food consumption of obese rats, resulting in reduced body
weight. Researchers have described important facts about the 5-HT concentration in the brain
which is a neurotransmitter. It plays an important role in feeding behavior. Obesity and
hyperphagia have been produced with reduced concentration of 5-HT in the brain.( Mandal et al,
2023)

Cardiovascular Activity
Scholars have evaluated the effectiveness of the hydroalcoholic extract of dill on the
cardiovascular activity of overweighted male rats. Thirty-two overweight male rats weighing
350–400 g having aged 12 weeks have been separated into four equal groups like endurance
training + dill extract (ETr + DEx), endurance training (ETr) for 10 weeks in 5 sessions/week,
dill extract (DEx) at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW, and control (Ct). Eight rats weighing 240–280 g
in the non-obese control (NCt) groups have been considered to analyze the cardiovascular
activity. After the final intervention session, the fasting plasma lipid concentration has been
assessed for 48 h. It is reported that in the Ct groups, LDL-C, TC, TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C,
and HDL-C levels are enhanced in comparison with the NCt groups. The plasma concentration
of LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG, TC/ HDL-C, and LDLC/HDL-C is reduced in the ETr + DEx groups
and in the ETr groups in comparison with Ct groups. It is reported that the plasma lipid profile is
maintained with endurance training. It has been confirmed by the researchers that the dill extract
is more efficient to prevent cardiovascular disease
Ashwadga(Withania somnifera)

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly 30% of pharmaceuticals include
plant-derived chemicals, and more than half of the world population relies on plant-derived
medicines, including those of Ayurveda, India's traditional plant-based medicine . According to
the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), around 7500 of India's 15,000 plant species are utilized for
medicinal purposes (Gaurav et al, 2023)

W. somnifera, which is native to the Indian subcontinent, is utilized as traditional medicine

across Southeast Asia. Its roots, seeds, and leaves have been utilized for various medicinal
reasons for over 3000 years and are included in Ayurvedic, Allopathic, Unani, homeopathic, and
other medical systems (Sharma et al, 2011). It is also regarded as the Queen of Ayurveda or a
Rasayana plant due to its exceptional medicinal powers. Withania spp. belongs to the Solanaceae
family, often known as the deadly nightshade family (Bentham and Hooker, 1862-1883).
The Solanaceae family has 84 genera and 3000 species that are found all over the world. Only
two species are found in the genus Withania.ashwagandha is a combination of two Sanskrit
words that meaning "horse smell," alluding to the sweaty horse-like fragrance of the roots .
Winter cherry, poison gooseberry, and "Indian ginseng" are some of the other names for this
plant because of its restorative effects.

However, the mechanism of drug usage by W. somnifera remains unknown. As a result, there are
some inconsistencies in the existing W. somnifera quality management system. In fact, despite
its lengthy history of clinical use, its therapeutic benefit has gotten less attention. Information on
different features of W. somnifera was gathered from peer-reviewed papers from 2000 to 2022
for this review. Electronic material was retrieved using PubMed, Shod Ganga, Web of Science,
Google Scholar, and other databases. Based on this data, we conducted a comprehensive review
of W. somnifera with the goal of providing information to help better understand the
pharmacological mechanism and potential medicinal applications of this species, as well as
developing a reasonable quality control system for W. somnifera as a medicinal material in the
future (Gaurav et al, 2023).

W. somnifera biodiversity

W. somnifera is a tiny, drought-resistant perennial shrub that grows to a height of 30-150 cm .It
is grown in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Canary Islands, China, the Congo, Egypt, India, Iran,
Israel, Jordan, Madagascar, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, South and East Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, and Yemen .Only two species of Withania, W. somnifera and W. coagulans (also known
as Paneer booti, Ashutosh booti, or rishyagandha), are commercially and medicinally significant
in many locations .W. simonii, W. adunensis, and W. riebeckii are three more potentially
significant species.W. somnifera

Dunal and W. somnifera Kaul are two subspecies that have been identified . In India, both
species of Withania, W. somnifera and W. coagulans, are widely farmed (Mir et al, 2013). There
are two cultivars of W. somnifera utilized in Sri Lanka, although the Indian cultivar is more
suited for drug research owing to its starchy character, whilst the local species has fibrous roots
that are difficult to pulverize . Ashwagandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, ashwa and
gandha, and means "horse odor," alluding to the sweaty horse-like fragrance of the roots Winter
cherry, poison gooseberry and "Indian ginseng" are some of the other names for this plant
because of its restorative effects.
Biological Activity

W. somnifera possesses many vital biological activities because of the presence of valuable
phytoconstituents in it. Some of its activities are as shown in

Anti-Stress and Anti-Anxiety/Psychotropic Activity

Withanolide glycosides have anti-stress characteristics as well as beneficial benefits on memory.

They aid in the treatment of stress-related diseases such as stomach ulceration, cognitive
deficiency, abnormal glucose homeostasis, sexual dysfunction, changes in plasma corticosterone
levels, and immunosuppression. The root and seed extracts of Withania somnifera have anti-
stress properties. An in vivo investigation in mice was conducted to test the plant's anti-stress
effects. A single dosage (100 mg/kg) of an alcoholic extract of roots and seeds was supplied
intraperitoneally to 20-25 g mice to assess their swimming ability in water at 28′-30′ C. The
experiment had an encouraging outcome, with the swimming pace almost twice that of the
control (Gaurav et al, 2023). According to research done at the University of Texas Health
Science Center, Withania somnifera extract slows down the brain by lowering neuron
excitability and blocking nerve transmission, which is similar to the major inhibitor Gama-
Aminobutyric acid (a neurotransmitter).

Glycowithanolides of Withania somnifera, sitoindosides IX and X at 50-200 mg/kg, and

glycosides (sitoindosides VII and VIII) at 50-200 mg/kg orally, demonstrated significant anti-
stress activity in albino mice and rats, resulting in increased memory retention . In human trials,
double-blind, placebo-controlled investigations were conducted to assess W. somnifera's anti-
stress efficacy. Sixty people were randomised at random to receive 240mg of standardized
ashwagandha extract (Shoden) once day. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21),
hormonal changes in cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S), the Hamilton
Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and testosterone levels were used to assess the outcomes.
Ashwagandha extract was observed to reduce mean mHAM-A score, morning cortisol C-reactive
protein, pulse rate, and blood pressure more than placebo, while increasing mean serum DHEAS
and hemoglobin considerably. According to research, ashwagandha's stress-relieving properties
are attributable to HPA axis regulation. The HPA axis is a critical hormone response mechanism
that regulates stress. This axis guarantees that the body adapts swiftly to stressful situations and
returns to normalcy.

Antispasmodic Action

The plant's alkaloids have relaxing and antispasmodic actions on several spasmogens in the
uterine, intestinal, bronchial, tracheal, and blood vascular muscles. Ashwagandholine, for
example, has relaxing and antispasmodic properties (Gaurav et al, 2023).

Anti-Inflammatory Properties

In both acute and chronic inflammation, W. somnifera has anti-inflammatory effects. Cultures of
cartilage from osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritis patients have been utilized to show that it
protects chondroblasts . Similar effects on cytokines, transcription factors, and NO suppression
have also been documented (Gaurav et al, 2023). In vitro, a decoction of root and leaf extracts
containing alkaloids and withanolides inhibited protein denaturation. Furthermore, anti-
inflammatory effects of components such as withaferin A and 3-b-hydroxy-2,3-
dihydrowithanolide F have been identified. As a result, W. somnifera has anti-arthritic properties
and is used to treat osteoarthritis. It may be used with other supplements such as Articulin-F.
This also acts as an analgesic, soothing the nervous system from pain.

Antibacterial Activity

W. somnifera's leaves and roots contain antimicrobial components that are efficient against
human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Gaurav et al, 2023). W. somnifera leaves contain
antibacterial characteristics and are efficient against germs such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus. Its antibacterial phytochemicals have so far been identified as withaferin
A and 3-b-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F. The plant includes several alkaloids and other
polar chemicals with antibacterial properties that stimulate the host's immune system. Withaferin
A inhibits the development of a variety of bacteria and pathogenic fungi, as well as Micrococcus
pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Ranikhet disease, vaccinia virus, and Entamoeba histolytica. W.
somnifera protects against systemic Aspergillus infection by stimulating macrophage function,
which promotes phagocytosis and intracellular killing of peritoneal macrophages , and it has
antifungal efficacy against Helminthosporium sativum. Some W. Somnifera glycoproteins
suppress the development of phytopathogenic fungus (Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium
verticilloides) by preventing spore production and hyphae growth . Infectious bursal disease
virus , herpes simplex virus, HIV infection , and coronavirus (Tripathi et al ,2020) have all been
shown to be inhibited by withaferin A.

Diabetes Prevention

W. somnifera has anti-diabetic properties, lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels . It
reduces streptozocin, which is highly toxic to pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells and causes
hyperglycemia. The plant's anti-diabetic action might be due to pancreatic islet free radical
scavenging activity. Streptozocin's hyperglycemic action is caused by decreased pancreatic islet
cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which results in the buildup of degenerative oxidative
free radicals in islet beta cells (Gaurav et al, 2023).

Immunomodulatory Function

W. somnifera is used in traditional remedies as an immunomodulator (Gaurav et al, 2023) and its
phytochemicals, such as withaferin A, 3-b-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F,
glycowithanolides, and sitoindosides IX and X, show immunomodulatory activities. Some
immunosuppressive medicines, such as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and prednisolone, have
comparable actions. Withanolides, for example, suppress spleen cell growth. Withanolide
glycosides stimulate murine macrophages and phagocytosis while also increasing lysosomal
enzymatic activity produced by the macrophages. W. somnifera aids in the rise of hemoglobin,
white and red blood cells, platelets, and body weight, as well as the reduction of leukopenia
caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX) or sublethal doses of gamma radiation. It also aids in the
slowing ofhypersensitive reflexes. It enhances the cytotoxic action of macrophage nitric oxide
synthase, which acts against bacteria and tumor cells (Gaurav et al, 2023).
Antioxidant Capability

Many potent antioxidant phytochemicals are found in W. somnifera, including polyphenols,

sitoindosides VII-X, withaferin A, and glycowithanolides (Gaurav et al, 2023). Human brains
and neurological systems are high in lipids and iron, making them especially vulnerable to harm
from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our brain consumes around 20% of the organism's total
oxygen supply, and free radical damage to the nervous system produces significant neuronal
death .

Medical and Food System Applications W. somnifera is fast progressing and has a broad variety
of uses in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Its potential has been extensively researched,
and it may be used traditionally to treat a variety of health issues.

Applications in Food

Although the therapeutic significance of Withania somnifera has been well investigated, little is
known about its dietary uses (Gill et al, 2019). Its leaves and roots are high in dietary fiber . The
leaves and roots of W. somnifera included goods may be used as extrudates, juices and drinks,
sweet products, bread and cereal products, dairy products, and so on. Many therapeutically
significant chemicals have been found to exhibit a variety of biological functions. These
chemicals may have important functions in the digestive system.

Beverages and Juices

The nutritional quality of withania-somnifera-fortified beverage blends could be used in

functional fruit drinks, and the resulting stored product was stable and acceptable for 90 days at
room temperature (Jairajpuri et al, 2012)
Products for Sweets

Shrikhand sweets are believed to contain 0.5-0.6% ashwagandha powder and have a shelf life of
up to 52 days in the refrigerator.

Bakery and Cereal Items

Many items include ashwagandha powders at various concentrations, such as 5% in Namakpara,

Pap Chakal, and Muruk, and up to 10% in Missy Roti and Chutney powders. Biscuits, which
contain up to 5% Withania somnifera root powder, are high in energy, minerals, fiber, and
protein, improving their therapeutic properties (Indu et al, 2018). Diabetes may be reduced by
using 2% ashwagandha root powder in baked products such as Thepla and breads (Chatuevedi et
al, 2018).

Milk and dairy products

Ghee (fat)-containing ashwagandha powder, vidarikand, and shatavari have more antioxidant
capabilities than normally made ghee.
Selected Spices in the Food Industry
Spices and herbs have been utilized in a variety of culinary items as powder, extract,
encapsulated material, or in raw form .

Product Made from Meat

Turmeric and alginate have been used to improve the storage stability, quality, and lipid
oxidation of poultry, pig, and beef. The combination increased the shelf life of chicken and pig
by up to 12 days, while beef's shelf life was increased by 16 days. To improve the quality and
marketability of broiler chicks, dried turmeric rhizome powder was administered Turmeric and
black pepper extracts were added to chicken breast fillets to minimize lipid oxidation and
proteolysis, regulate bacterial population, and increase shelf life by up to 16 days .Curcumin was
extracted using an acetone solution. To 10 g of turmeric powder, 200 mL of acetone was added.
The solution was applied to chicken and fish flesh to change the color from yellow to reddish
brown, reduce water solubility, and increase water absorption

To cooked meatballs, sage and laurel leaf powder was used to lower peroxide value, improve
sensory characteristics and acceptability, and lengthen shelf life. EOs were extracted from
rosemary and bay leaves using a Clevenger-type device and hydrodistillation. The EOs were
added to minced maronesa beef to increase the pH, reduce the microbial load, improve the color,
and lengthen the shelf life . Ground beef meat has been treated with onion peel extract to delay
protein and lipid oxidation and to reduce the development of harmful bacteria Fenugreek seed
powder was added to rabbit sausage to reduce lipid oxidation and boost antioxidant activity .

Food Made from Dairy Raw

Bay leaves and cardamom powder were added to labneh to improve its physiochemical, sensory,
and microbiological qualities, as well as its shelf life of up to 30 days.100 g of dried Bunium
persicum seed EOs were added to gouda cheese to minimize lipid oxidation, slow the
development of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and extend shelf life.

Cottage cheese was treated with phenolic-enriched extracts of dried fennel seeds to increase
antioxidant activity and shelf life by up to 14 days . To improve microbiological stability, shelf
life, taste, and acceptability of processed cheese, 250 g of aqueous extract of ajwain and fennel
seeds were added . The aqueous extract of dried fennel seeds has been used to improve the
texture, taste, protection, and bioactive components of probiotic yogurt (Atwaa et al, 2022)

Petroselinum crispum and fennel EOs were isolated and used to steaming yogurts to increase
nutritional values, physicochemical attributes, texture, acidity, and taste, as well as to prolong
shelf life up to 29 days . The eugenol-lean fraction of clove buds has been added to mayonnaise
to improve its thermal and non-thermal creaming, homogeneity, color intensity, power,
antioxidant potential, and phenolic content. Cinnamon bark and black pepper essential oils have
been added to traditional African yoghurt to limit bacterial growth.

Paneer has been infused with cardamom and black pepper powder to improve its phenolic
profile and lengthen its shelf life. A mixture of 0.9 wt.% cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and 30 wt.
% turmeric was created. The solution was applied to yoghurt to improve the color quality and
sensory features while decreasing syneresis .

Curcumin aqueous extract has been added to milk food products to increase chemical stability,
bioaccessibility, and bioactivity, as well as human health .

Turmeric water extract has been added to yoghurt to improve nutritional composition, pH, color
change from white to yellowish-orange, carbohydrate, protein content, boost vitamins, minerals,
prevent microbial activity, and product acceptability . Water extract of fresh turmeric slices was
given to buffalo milk paneer to improve its nutritional, health, and quality.

To create a thick emulsion, 0.50% lecithin, 4% curcumin, and an emulsifier were dissolved in
distilled water. The emulsion has been used on kulfi to improve sensory properties (flavor, color,
appearance, and taste), acceptability, and to reduce microbial load A 5% raw turmeric water
extract was added to paneer to increase its hardness, cohesion, elasticity, gumminess, and
chewiness Nanoemulsified curcumin was added to Pelibuey sheep milk to boost antioxidant
capacity, TPC, appearance, color, odor, and health benefits

Turmeric essential oils (EOs) have been added to Cokelek cheese to suppress microbiological
development and minimize weight loss A water-ethanol extract of 100 g star anise has been
given to milk to limit bacterial development, postpone spoiling, and enhance the end product's
keeping quality. Water extract of dill has been used to yogurt in a 1:10 ratio to improve
antioxidant capacity, TPC, acidity, acceptability, nutritional value, and flavor, as well as to
reduce the product's water content .

Food Made from Cereals

The EOs of thyme flower shoots and black cumin seeds were extracted using a Clevengertype
equipment and hydro-distillation for 3 hours at 1000 C. The extracted oils were added to maize
starch to slow the spread of food pathogens and lengthen its shelf life(Aminzare et al, 2017) .

Cinnamon powder has been used to increase loaf volume by 2%, acceptability, phenolic content,
antioxidant potential, suppress mold development, and increase shelf life by up to 6 days .

Black pepper flour has been used to improve the nutritional profile, taste profile, mineral profile,
and marketability of snack food products (Adelekan et al, 2019) Coriander essential oils have
been used to suppress fungal development in wheat and wheat products .

Turmeric rhizome powder has been used to improve the nutritional quality, protein content, and
antioxidant activity of biscuits (Adegoke et al, 2017). Turmeric rhizome powder has been used to
reduce the microbial population in Moin-Moin(Ajayi et al, 2021). Korean turmeric rhizome
powder has been used to boost antioxidant activity and curcumin content in cake and wheat flour
dough. To boost antioxidant capacity, curcuminoid concentration, and TPC , 0.35 g of turmeric
extract was added to morning cereal.

A 1 g saffron water extract was added to cookies to boost antioxidant activity, sensory qualities,
acceptability, and shelf life (Bhat et al, 2018). Onion powder has been used to improve the
nutritional value, flavonoids, total dietary fiber, TPC, and antioxidant activity of wheat pasta.

Germinated fenugreek seed powder has been used to increase wheat quality, nutritional quality,
mineral content, acceptability, and to minimize gluten content in bread and biscuits. Injera has
been treated with a water extract of fenugreek seed to increase crude fiber, crude protein,
minerals, crude fat content, and to inhibit microbial development. Fenugreek essential oil (EO)
has been used to pearl millet to improve tendril break, tensile power, melting enthalpy, thermal
transition temperatures, morphological qualities, surface softness, delay microbiological
development, boost mechanical, obstacle properties, quality, and shelf life . Water extract of
germinated fenugreek seed has been used to improve the sensory and chemical qualities of wheat
flour and biscuits, as well as to prevent degenerative illnesses.
Clove essential oil and mustard essential oil have been used to strawberries to inhibit fungal
development (Aguilar et al, 2015). To increase antioxidant activity and lengthen shelf life, a
hexane extract of sage and bay leaves was added to fried potatoes .

To improve physical characteristics, quality, minimize spoilage, and prolong shelf life, an
ethanol extract of 40 g of saffron petals was applied to fresh-cut cucumber . Dill methanol
fraction has been added to dried fruit extracts to boost antioxidant potential, TPC .

Various Food Products

To inhibit mushroom tyrosinase, 80% ethanol extracts of Marrubium vulgare, Physalis

alkekengi, sweets. Alcea rosea, and Bunium persicum seeds were administered . Fennel seed
powder has been used to increase the nutritional content, acceptability, and other
physicochemical qualities of herbal

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