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Oata CemmuaiCalleo

&+Ae exchange betGeeo tuuD DOdE Via Some fo


nk ransmicsido medium), Such ny Caublo.
Dartatl h e dadta. L2 knbuun as data
he-ellousing

(Simplex PAGE NO.


1). 41alf duplex
i ) Full- dudex

Sinblex unidisecionol.
CommngCalten & aluyg
ethr devico Ll
One device tdamimits and the
SOueNe.
Keybosad&, houosetc

) Hal dupde
(emmunicatibo (& 0 bBh decHdni but nst att
he Same tme.
n e device ia Sendang eher íd oolu xe dev mg.
Ca0alie-Talkiex,etc.

Falduklex
Cb-nmunicalien s m bsthdiredies8 Smultaneoay
Bh devices Con Send oc eceve
a t t esame
3Teleph.cme linez ctc.

Hill Commui coib9 SchemeA oil) haue feloing


0LSCe Os Sendex
esinahon oS e devc
Chonne oc medio
Ihe xuleL to govesn adll methuds s Commuuni Cai b

PAGENO.:
DATE

The elULols defesmne,


h a t CommuniCaded
Ro t&Communicadted?
toho tis cammunucotrd

touol netupsk Commmunicairn.


Mess ago cntsding
D Mess age tosmattng acd enCabsuladiny.
iD) Mes Sage imag
MesSago si2e
Messaqe_ e debvey oians
Also CcUed elemeats oa o

OMesScige entding
The Convexsion,data into signala aCLrding to
edevec device.

Message fomating and encabsulaci oo


lhe sender and secieles muA Oqsee to Cemmunicat
Qmma Cemmen tomat 80-he cBmmunCattm la
undessan dable+ QODd and healthy.
The
he clata id Jent with s
Ome mDCe iotdnotim Uk
Sendeg's addsess ad receeSA addatAA. The TP=
addsos ia gtosed alma t h data.

MesSage Houn
Ihe high speed data
trangler m a resut 10
dodta in Cenittencu. Por
s hould be cooeled e.ducing datcleayous
hyhe autotol.
Hes Sending doda the sender has to wait tx
Somshne,to eciwe acknme-ledgmet rom h
PAGE NO.
DATE

ne CiweS because Sendes noa to emsure thot


ho
data sert has beem e Cieved ay eciwex
-

Tackeneledgemag (a ns xeived he senda


oll haoe o Snd dotaagaind
J
aNaid losa

Message Size
Senda has big e t o Semd bud-hs Gink
Caacity isSmal So the netudsk bstoral T
breaka the big data iato Small segmerts and.
each segmeat ia Qumbared sequeotial
ttr secieving all he Seqmeta the xeaver dl
assemblo +hem uh help h a mumbeng
5 Message delwe4 tions
There oe tun d delive apstima
U)OniCast CmomuniCalio Only ome sender 2 oe
e c i e e 1& ouowed.
1) Mukcast Communicalisn Dne Sender hutmultialo
n Buddcostma. One Sendlar kut alionetoKk.
SeCieMg
Peer to beec netuock
R atybe e neundk sugtem Laherehe
Md r e Called þeenc8 and a l h e nodes
e a equal Lowe
NO Centrali 2.ed device fo cogtol Commuunicaubn
A e þeorg haoe a l he
nghf
a Sutable netwDKk tor Smaler
appicatims bud ne tor lamaer apaicourit
hi netudck ig ne SCalablo. PAGE NO.: -
OATE:

i d - SerVer netUNk
TE LeilL have aCentsal Csyol to adminisHsate
he gustemand data Ll be Stacedio Sener
a dso Called a Kequext respoose mueel
as the cliet will haoe to equsr gesVey to
acces data ond qter acceptance the clie
devico Con acces the data.
netwsk is ulla scalable.
Here he breblam usill be the seruer arlading.
DATE:

*IP addes
stands foc Totamet ttocol.
netwDk is idetied
Eve nsde in he Canopdes
uoth dhe hel ag Ip-addreAs.
JO P vanatn

I i a lngical addnss.
Lii) Can bechanged on the þasig s calen.
i Can aigned amanua dynami oly
Represented io clecimak and da ha 4 cta.
0 0.0 to a5s.A55S.A55ass(32 bita)
AltheCamputesg ohe usld onthe iatepast
oetunsKk t C o m L n i cat t h each hos
mgb undargul oc undax uwatorcoaklu ae
xeleiAe Iwat to ge 2ooehdg thcn
M cLawice mut hane ao aaiqus addmeis to
get het hng go he ntosae. Kis add ress
Caled Ttemet a eos TPadden.
Thege P -addrtAkEL a AALianed hy-
TANA Ttomet
ccbocafioo-fox Ttamet adigne
Numbcs 2 cthp t y

ong addeu
& Somë Set enleg o exchanqa. tuUm adhdm
betureen h e deviceg

DYuY deucedasecty Sequu83 HtuY TP CTdesne


SerUICe bVIdes) and an P addnyss a ai9nd
PAGENO.:
to ybur deuice,
Yaus itesbelactiwity. goes thxtugh yaur
act
sVICC siclerond fhoy Coalkees ts act
u a t are goudamg?

Tybe I=addeiAea

L hay 4srteti LXX Xx)and Ech x ià separated


ey deta. Each Xtakes number ora Oto 25s
ich is 32 bda.
IpVa aunique seoqueoce et ita is asigna
t o Caobutes, So atuetal 232Jdeices
cnbpdkicocctelu (4,29244961429b Co be asgned
CloLIeg
TP claLzes Addeasange Manno netak
Clas A O-2
Clas R 128-109 638
Clos C g2-223 20 7 1 2
closs D A - 239 Reved frnuultle
clo E 240-S Resoned
TESeaxdhe daulip
2TPv6
t a 28- btP-addheas. h a u 3quupS
nexadedmal nuumbeg ehych axe sepaxutecd kis

KXXXXXXX
apst A Jdevice Can be asiiged

PAGE NC.
DATE:

TCP Coolbrtrtocok.
s t a n d s -fox -xansmu&SIB)
oI8ute
E s one e the maun b r t o c e
pliCollbn and
a l a y e r betwee he
tosaViding
netubsk layex uhichlg xeüabl
SeViCès. T4 i2 CEnnehb- ODented
lelive C e m m u n i C o l o o h a t heLb& io
etoel foc
Hhe exchange o Doesages beueendumaest
device& &NeSa netuOK

LOnsking-
Qmgke Suse hod each messa Yeachos d
Tans Aocatten otact,the TCPTP hedol
bse ak ddasA the ndonodlom ato Snaall
Cckets Ond eSemblos m the Cev
clouice. Hmcntans eficieCy-
diagaqea
u an veGable otitek.
(u ideA an DS checknq echaaLLm
1) eosue daive chuhNs
Y augna Pto each ugda & doman foéach fJe
atumah
mauang hem nique mthe mtanet.
Dis aduanlaqe
( gmado toc LofAN, HH% gI2 e Coa be
Smalles netwvYER. iksufur
t)T ho seves ad louyee Cud sloo dsusy he
hetwet
) Ceom epspco any t e stack tt
a n TP/TP Sute.
PAGE N0.:
--
an g
M e ang to decombOSe the sotblem i t
mOse manag cable comptncnta Clayorz).
The ISO has deve bed a layed apprt ack
to Coutes he px0blem COmblex rttractiun
betueen getuoase and hardiuexe

Tn ha aiach, DetuTKkma Ceocept a dvided


to laues Ond each layer u aigneda
arbdlar fask.
Each awe laye adds d o SesuGes to he
highes ayer to i d e aull get el 2envicea
Mng maaage ComruaCadho he laeg
ovedrigned to Such a say hat any sdmcatim
10 aaya uill nst e t On dhoy:
he number e loye unchm& ooteri st
each layr l Ua bsn netumdk Io netuTs
Basic elemesa slaueged arckidecture.
) Seice 13 c Set t cctibng h a a laeY
xOVideg to h highcr lounyx.

i)prto:Tdelmes a &et of mules Hhat Layey


UsCg-to exchange he itomalLo uHh
pee eghty. |heie xules axe maialy CanCEsnd.
Obut had are fhP Dtet&and 6sdes
he mel£o qo

tedate usaH thtugh uohich +he


megsoge sanslered sn e
aues to onsthos louy
PAGE NO.:
DATE:

Os1e louestd anskA


Dada is ranstarsed J
data l f a n s l
dousr? ahsp ach lhe
ayer i
to A o e r (ayer and data
Stn Cach le
nally yeachas fo phui Cal mecuuwnm

aey hotugh t u s aCeX.

set t lauese and ottTuelg ia knoun a

NaLtmont (auanng as Teatux


Dvide and Caques
iLocdulamty
)Easy to oduy
iEosto tes
(EJ Dide and CooqES
The ushele daa ia dvided mt SmallGnd
monageasle teka H Educes Cdnocty
mplemet
i) odulanty
vides the ndepesd enco elauuer Ldv n
9eodes o mplemet aad
wndesstand.
ii asu o mucdiy
The ndebenden ce Caoy allSK eoses to
ms dtd

Each uyk Can betested and onaluaed indeiduu


PAGE NO.:
ayatd axchetrctuta
There ase tu layered aschrttctuse2
The OSL e}tnce mudel
U The TCPI IP nodel.
Ihe OST Tence nusdel-
Hstands fax open-Sysem iotescoonection
O retxNce madelhodt deScmbe haue-
tud em c StwasO
applicotimn On
mute maNex hxugh aaphyaicalmediumto
he sehuree abpicahmh an eather
Cmaude.
S s develLeped buntesnahy69aa2ahdy
o Standaxdi2atmISo) lo 1984.
Cnsists e seen loHecz and each layey
eusms opoxhulay netOtsk funchm
dvideshe Lehele -aak ioto saven sSmaller
and mamgeable tasks. Each laus Sef-cantaned,
So hat tasks Corn be seonned hdepend onTy
ChasoctesticaoOSI made

Applicadion laye
RecbeSb
he hot
toation laye
Sessimlayx
snscKt laue
Netustsb layo
Data nk loyir
netuD siCa lage
FAGE NO
DATE

Lauerg e OST
hexe axe seveo layex3 OS--

the Seuicog
Applicati This layc rovide
layer h e LuAer.

espons1ble fas hanslatm,


(Pxesetthn ig
layes CosreLAt enCEystbm

Sessi i s used te establishmanag


and feSmmate Sessim

anseos T+Didegxeljable message dolive


layes CeAs o ress

Netuons i s eponsible fas nmauing the ackets


lay Saurce ta the destmouhdn..

Data nk scd tos _es sDY 5te


tsans data Ssames.

Phyeico povidos a fhwical. mediun hovngh


layts skh bidg ocnt ansmitfed.

PAGE NO.:
DATE:

)TCPIP Mudel model


a developed sioso OST
theL modeL ha
het exacHly Slax
Ne layerg.Theu are=
plicatoa laue
anspokt laye
3Nehutsklauec
ADad bok oyes
Shaicallayas
a hiegaxtkical btrel mado ub e interachve
mulejOnd each chmpVIcles SheCc
uncionaity.
>Diogram

ApliceionMre TELNETSNMP RPC


IPsesenetotinm
SesSTG) FTP DNS NFC TETP

FsanSpOst TeP

TCMP TGMP
Netutsk IP ARPl RARP
Data nk ayer
Phusica layey
AUE U..
O Nafuosk Aesslays
18 the loocat layer TP/IP mtdel. i
embinatüen el tho phaiCal louycr and dada ink
ay e n OST defines ha-data shoud be
Tnt os xecieyuad phyhicall*houghthe neturok.
Responsibrlrty-tothransfer data bertubeen tuo
devices n Same netuorK
he-functimsa x e Caxmed out by this layer are
encabsulacttng the TP- datagam t o hromeg
P-
ansmited by he neturok ond mobbna
addxeiseL into phygico addei8
hexott-Cuts Used buhg layes ae ehemel
eken-mg FODI X.ASsomeeloy
emdt lQuec
she seLmd layer h e TcP/TP núsdel.
13 cua knaUSN aS the netut Nk lauec
Themai respmosibiluty e he eedarsK layes 13 to
send the backets som anu neturdis.and ensue tRs
hshTNAthat thajreach the destaatiom
ESpechveoautt hey ake. .

Maanly threé butecats oxe sed herei


DToteretPrsetoCek (1e)
L) ddosesgresaution Pxtto Col CARP)
i tenet Contrbl Message Pratocel (ICMe)

Itenet Pxerit(oi
s h e must signlicas hart is TCP/TP
mudel.

FAGE NC
i

DATE:

hesesponsibrhieg the ptotek= Cal hn


a add sessing Thu tutel implemerita lpgi
P-addtu.
addneaseskna na s
h address s bg the igtesnet and higher
used
suVide
laueto ideshy4 the device and to
IntesLaCskngsaude

5Hos-to-Host- Cammunicatiao
detesmines e ath hscugh abich datt is
an Smted.

cSaaencabSulatiom and Fonmcting


Aniotemet stmd accestg the dada hDr th
sansS+ layes Dtue Ttnsuses dada
L8 Ses and Xeiaed
SecuselytencapSukafe
hod data into mecsageg kiouen os TP dotagro
c mgmeotehoo and se assembly=
he umt 1mpDSed on he Si2e e he TP-
b data- Gnk loyar etotel is datagram
Moximum sanSniaiom un-CMIU).Tknaud as
qeates then MTO hen-he dataqsam canhesieis
shGted *nto Shaller unita, So be
HConsavel
hogh-he netuwttsk. Praamentathoo Can be done
outhe sendes Oony mtes
medatesy nude.
(eRsufng Dhem P datagsam is set oves the sam
Ca netusds Such as
knsO asduxect debeny LANMAN, the
WAN
etuodda.
isHnctthen the P dataqstun Ls 3ent
e H y . { Cas be aLConplshed buytude
PAGE NO.
DATE:

iDAddsess vesotufion PxutecaLCnRe):-


s netwok layer
a ocg Lshich s uked tfo
fnd 4he phuaica. addrezs om the Ip-addru
ToD tems asr asGti ated uih ARP S uuslg
aARPeqyes ühes a Sendles uantA fa knete the
phygiCal addxeis e device, it
btad cost& the ARP equest t oh e Detuoxk.
(bARPsepl'Euey device attacthted to -he netwok
iill accept he ARPXeques amd voRArt,
but asly eci biat Lil) xecsgnia.e h e Tp-addaess
andseods back its physical addeag,_
ERTtn Costel Messago Potruk
+ i s a nechanism used by-he hos8 OSDdEsZ
o Send NEHficadiDOz egardung datagramt rblem
backtohe sendes..
A datagram-tsauels t t u a r o xuter ugilt
eaches he des-naido. Tarouteria nadla fo
He d o t adue tn sOme sablemshen h e
CMp used to otom he Seoder hat *he
dotagsam i unde Gverable.-
escos1billty
ig to iofam n s t o xepau abm
he
oblema.tshe sesþmeibilt+ he Sendts.
ID FEmi axee aasgiated
wth TCMP
aTCMPtest IH is used to test wethe me.
des-fhnothon ia eachoble or net

6)CMPxebly Ued-fo check weiher the


destnadhioo device u respoodg
net
PAGE NO.:
DATE:

aospost laues surtable selakiUtu,


esponsible fox he uohich 2
Cosnecum l doca
oue Cothel and
being e n t ova -he natuok.
the foo botos ued othe transport loyes
LDDaes datagsam Aoturzal
tU hrandmiesa) Coxthsl xeto tol

ses datagam aetzol (ODe):


prouides
eruice
Coonecionlass and cnd-to-er
(a de luveny sansmiistn.
& a n umeliable putorelas t omy deimva
Ld net sþealies he ersos.
COsex datagsam sntotek dis cyesX He es US,
and the ICMp etorel xepots r e esbusto
Sendes hat h e usr dataqram has ben damRg
Cotan3 taur tetda.
ce saceaddts H1athe oddres q h e
aphucatien c g r a m thatr has
eated me mesiuq
Desiochi on pax addhseLg t i24he addseac el the
application þrugaram -that
ieves he mEMag
e
Tdol lengih: H detnes he tetoal nuumbe hutei
h e ues dadagsum in butes
Check Stumi lhe checksumiu 16-bit wed in ersDs
a

detechiD
e)UDP dotantsecfy shich packet is lost t
Coyiaing mly cheksum it doesnt confauns ny
TO a dota segmest
PAGE NO.:
DATE

Vaiaelc
8byrtes3
Heades Dada

te adestosmett

Sturce boxt/Destinctim povt


addtss 16bt laddarAA1bbit
Total lengChecksum
I6bita
)TrarnSmasio Cooel Psa t.olCTCE
OVideafulsaAspdxt laye serviceto
(a
appiCoim.
(b Ceate) a Nctual cixuilt betureemthe cender md
xecieec, and it iS actve -tas -the dusatos dhe
onSmigsidm.
c I is a xelakle hrstuuol os t-defecti the exad
and etogsts he damaged fsom e
O) enSuxej all gegment3 Mt oe xeieved and
a Lonsideed
acknus-ledged betore he franShissià
ladisgorded.
t o beCDoopletedand the utual duit
ntu
e) CP at sendedz end the cohelt messoge
od devexk tt Collects al h e
Segmenta and e
M geqLnce.
Seg merts and seGsdexg -hem

PAGENO.:
AT

plicat i layC medol,


L S Ihe tofmost luOs o the TCPJI
hon sibla fos hend gh-Loucl prctor
ISStLes tSertcut1 Do. Thus Lauuer allou
usey t itoract orththe applicatian. üher
Oe abli Couho ayec wacsts o CommuuUCatt

anethes aalicatin loe tt Senda it data tu


Hoansds layes. Ihexe an ambiguuty Ceunna
mhe applicato loys ie evey Oppi coti
Cont be aced n ftià la4ar 0oy se uhe
mtesacE uith h e CommLunCahn 3ugttm.

Man þatmali this aue-


aHTTP: T stands fos hypextexttsanster t e r d
q s uto acce dada i e r h e utMd
ide T e b t 4ransesg Hhe dota alltommi
uke ext cturts +Qudiouideg.T has eiaec
+o u e 10 a
hypertext en vigomest uuhee hae
cLre Taeid umps foy one detunet fo ansthe
bSNMP: ttandstor Siple net uoosk, managcmotrstE
a sameLtDk. e d for managima he
devices on h e tdesmet hy anathe TCPI IP TtoSu
CSp: H standator smple. mailAransfey hetttel.
hie SMTP aa emaul sapsoted hy Toce/IP tT&
Swle.

t)ONS: T-stards tor DEman Nome


Eustem An If add uss
I& e d fo jdethdyhe
Cnectit o hest
h e nfemet wnuqu he Gatery -t}hat maps he o n t o
he Oddress.
e) TELNET ali ao adbsaeviottono ttmira notut
esfablizhez Connechon betwter he scal
Compudes and semste Compute nsuha uuhac4h
TAltminalabpeasz to be atomna o he rtn ste
System
FTP: 2staads toc He tsonste prettu t s a
Standosd mtoxnet pssttue sed tus onsnHHhe
he leg stn cmeCmputes aatHhos

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