Project GGBS 2023

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete has basic naturally, easily available ingredients as cement, sand,

aggregate and water. After the water, cement is second most used material in
the world. But this rapid production of cement creates two big environmental
problems for which we have to find out civil engineering solutions. First
environmental problem is emission of CO2 in the production process of the
cement. We know that CO2 emission is very harmful which creates lots of
environmental changes. One tone of carbon dioxide is estimated to be
released to the atmosphere when one tone of ordinary portland cement is
manufactured.
Peoples working in the environmental field creates awareness in the
public about the energy sources like petrol, diesel are limited in earth crest
and for future generation we have to save it or we have to find alternative
energy sources. But the peoples working in the construction field are having
the same awareness about the lime consumption? This is second
environmental problem related to consumption of lime. As there is no
alternative binding material which totally replace the cement so the utilization
of partial replacement of cement is well accepted for concrete composites. In
order to fulfil its commitment to the sustainable development of the whole
society, the concrete of tomorrow will not only be more durable, but also
should be developed to satisfy socioeconomic needs at the lowest
environmental impact. So the problem is related to environment, problem is
related to cost minimization but structural engineer will give the solution by
proper analysing the properties of concrete made by using industrial waste
material.
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Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a by-product of the

manufacturing of pig iron. Iron ore, coke and Lime-stone are fed into the
furnace and the resulting molten slag floats above the molten iron at a
temperature of about 1500oC to 1600oC.
The molten slag has a composition close to the chemical composition
of Portland cement. After the molten iron is tapped off, the remaining molten
slag, which consists of mainly siliceous and aluminous residue is then water-
quenched rapidly, resulting in the formation of a glassy granulate. This glassy
granulate is dried and ground to the required size, which is known as ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS).
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CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 “ANALYSIS OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF GGBS

CONCRETE”
Today’s construction industry, use of concrete is going on increasing
rapidly. Cement is major constituent material of the concrete which produced
by natural raw material like lime and silica. Once situation may occurs there
will be no lime on earth for production of cement. This situation leads to think
all people working in construction industry to do research work on cement
replacing material and use of it. Industrial wastes like Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) show chemical properties similar to cement. Use
of GGBS as cement replacement will simultaneously reduces cost of concrete
and help to reduce rate of cement consumption. This study report of strength
analysis of GGBS concrete will give assurance to encourage people working
in the construction industry for the beneficial use of it. This research work
focuses on strength characteristics analysis of M20 grade concrete with
replacement of cement by GGBS with 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and compare
with plain cement concrete. Now days crush sand is used to replace natural
sand, so study area extends to find best percentage of replacement by using
both crush and natural sand.
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2.2 “Sustainable Studies on Concrete with GGBS As a Replacement

Material in Cement”
Setting Times
The setting time of concrete is influenced by many factors, in particular
temperature and water/cement ratio. With GGBS, the setting time will be
slightly extended, perhaps by about 30 minutes. The effect will be more
pronounced at high levels of GGBS and/or low temperatures. An extended
setting time is advantageous in that the concrete will remain workable for
longer periods, therefore resulting in less joints. This is particularly useful in
warm weather.
2.3 “Properties of Concrete with GGBS and its Applications for Bridge
Superstructures”
Chloride diffusion coefficient of the concrete mixed with ground
granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was investigated. As the results, GGBS
reduced the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion by from 1/5 to 1/10.
Also, GGBS with specific surface area of 6000 cm 2/g improved the chloride
resistance of concrete when water to binder ratio (W/B) was smaller than
45%. In addition, GGBS with specific surface area of 6000 cm 2/g was applied
to prestressed concrete bridge. The effective diffusion coefficient of the
concrete used for bridge superstructure showed the lower value. As the results
of simple simulation by using Fick's second low, it is expected that steel bars
in concrete will not occur corrosion for 100 years.
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CHAPTER - 3
METHODOLOGY
The experimental work is to analyse strength properties of replaced
GGBS concrete. The tests of concretes are carried out as per IS code for this
proposed investigation work. For successful investigation, tests have to be
performed on normal concrete and on GGBS concrete with proportion 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% cement replacement. The following methodology
will be followed for proposed work:
1) Collection of review of journals and articles to get idea of project
work conducted on proposed subject of work.
2) Mix design of concrete (M40 grade) is done for preparation of
concrete as per IS10262: 2009.
3) Test procedure used as per IS 516. Compression test- For this test
cubes of standard size of 150mm x 150mm x 150 mm used.
4) Analysis is carried out with test result comparison of GGBS
concrete with normal concrete.
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CHAPTER – 4
MATERIAL TEST
4.1 CEMENT
4.1.1 Fineness of cement
Observation
Weight of cement = 100 g

Weight of residue = 4 g
Fineness = (4 / 100) × 100
=4%
Result
Fineness of cement = 4 %
IS Specification
This value should not exceed 10% as specified in IS 8112-1976.
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4.1.2 Standard consistency
Table – 1 Consistency for cement
S.No Weight of Water added Depth of penetration of plunger

Sample (g) in% ml form top the mould (mm)
1 400 26 104 39
2 400 28 112 21.5
3 400 30 120 15
4 400 31 124 5
Result
The standard consistency of the given cement = 31 %
IS Specification
The gauging time should lie between 3-5min. The gauging time is
counted from the moment water is added to cement until commencing to fill
the mould. The temperature of cement and water and that of test room at the
time when the above operations are being performed shall be maintained at
27o ± 2o C.
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4.1.3 Initial setting time
Observation
Weight of sample taken = 400 g
Percentage of water added = 31 % of standard consistency
Table – 2 Initial setting time of cement
S.No Time from the instant of Depth of penetration

water added from top of the mould
(min) (mm)
1 0 0
2 6 0
3 13 0
4 19 0
5 25 0
6 31 0
7 37 3.5
Result
Initial setting time of cement = 37 min
IS Specification
The period lapsing between the time when water is added to the cement
and when water is added to the cement and when the vicat fails to penetrate
the standard cement paste by 5±0.5mm measured form the bottom of the
mould is the initial setting time. It should not be less than 30min for ordinary
Portland cement.
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4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

4.2.1 Sieve analysis
Specification as per IS 2386- (Part-1)1963.
1. River Sand
Table – 3 Sieve analysis R - Sand
Is sieve size Weight of % Weight cumulative% % passing

(mm) aggregate retained Weight
retained (g) (g) retained (g)
10 0.004 0.4 0.4 99.6
4.75 0.035 3.5 3.9 96.1
2.36 0.043 4.3 8.2 91.8
1.18 0.466 46.6 54.8 45.2
0.6 0.261 26.1 80.9 19.1
0.3 0.154 15.4 96.3 3.7
0.15 0.035 3.5 99.8 0.2
Pan 0.002 0.2 100 0
2. M – Sand
Table – 4 Sieve analysis of M - Sand

(mm) aggregate retained Weight
retained (g) (g) retained (g)
10 - - - 100
4.75 - - - 100
2.36 0.013 2.6 2.6 97.4
1.18 0.177 35.4 38 62
0.6 0.105 21 59 41
0.3 0.112 22.4 81.4 18.6
0.15 0.060 12 93.4 6.6
Pan 0.033 6.6 100 0
Result
The sample of R - Sand falls under zone = ZONE - I.

The sample of M - Sand falls under zone = ZONE - II.
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4.2.2 Water absorption
1. River Sand
Table – 5 Water absorption R - Sand
Sample no Weight of Weight of Weight of %of water

over dried saturated water absorption
specimen (g) specimen (g) absorbed (g)
1 2000 2030 30 1.5
Calculation:
Weight of dry sample of fine aggregate (w1) = 2000 g
Weight of saturated specimen (w2) = 2030 g
Weight of water absorbed (w) = w 2 - w1
= 2030 – 2000 = 30
% of water absorption = (30 / 2000) x 100 = 1.5 %
M – Sand
Table – 6 Water absorption of M - Sand

1 2000 2055 55 2.75
Calculation:
Weight of dry sample of fine aggregate (w1) =2000g
Weight of water absorbed (w) = w2-w1
= 2055 - 2000 =55
%of water absorption =55 / 2000x100 = 2.75 %
Result
Water absorption of the River Sand is =1.5 %

Water absorption of the M - Sand is =2.75 %
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4.2.3 Specific gravity
River Sand
Table– 7 Specific gravity of R – Sand
S.NO W1(g) W2(g) W3(g) W4(g) Specific

gravity
1 680 1110 1955 1687 2.650
2 680 1165 1990 1687 2.660
3 680 1070 1994 1687 2.677
Average = 2.660
Calculation:
Weight of pycnometer (W1) = 680 g

Weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate (W2) = 1110 g
Space completely filled with desired water
without any air bubbles (W3) = 1995 g
Weight of pycnometer + full of water (W4) = 1687 g
Weight of fine aggregate ( W2-W1) = 430 g
Weight of water filling the pycnometer (W4-W1 ) = 1007 g
Weight of water in pycnometer over and above
fine aggregate (W3-W2) = 845 g
Weight of water having the same volume of
fine aggregate = (W4-W1)-(W3-W2)
= 162 g
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 430 / 162
= 2.654
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M – Sand
Table – 8 Specific gravity of R - Sand

gravity
1 680 1190 1998 1687 2.560
2 680 1205 2003 1687 2.638
3 680 1214 2017 1687 2.618
Average = 2.605
\Calculation:
Weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate (W2) = 1190 g
Without any air bubbles (W3) = 1998 g
Weight of pycnometer + full of water ( W4 ) = 1687 g
Weight of fine aggregate (W2-W1) = 510 g
Weight of water filling the pycnometer (W4-W1 ) = 1007 g
fine aggregate (W3-W2) = 808 g
fine aggregate = (w4-w1)-(w3-w2)
= 199 g
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 510/ 199 = 2.563
Result
The Specific Gravity of River Sand is= 2.660

The Specific Gravity of M - Sand is = 2.605
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4.2.4 Moisture content
River Sand
Table – 9 Moisture content of R - Sand
S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Percentage

dried saturated water of water
sample(W1) specimen(W2) absorbed(W3) absorbed
(g) (g) (g) =W3/W1
1 1000 958 42 4.38
M – Sand
Table – 10 Moisture content of M - Sand
S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Percentage

dried saturated water of water
sample(W1) specimen(W2) absorbed(W3) absorbed
(g) (g) (g) =W3/W1
1 1000 95 49 5.10
Result
Percentage of water absorption in River Sand is = 4.38 %

Percentage of water absorption in M - Sand is = 5.10 %
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4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
4.3.1 Sieve analysis
Table - 11 Sieve analysis of 20 mm aggregate

(mm) aggregate retained (g) Weight
retained (g) retained (g)
40 - - - 100
20 0.967 32.23 32.23 67.77
16 1.380 46 78.23 21.77
12.5 0.590 19.67 97.9 2.1
10 0.060 2 99.9 0.1
4.75 0.033 0.1 100 0
Pan 0 0 - -
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Table - 12 Sieve analysis of 12.5 mm aggregate

(mm) aggregate retained (g) Weight
retained (g) retained (g)
40 0 0 0 100
20 0 0 0 100
16 0.018 0.6 0.6 99.4
12.5 0.840 2.8 28.6 71.4
10 1.468 48.933 77.533 22.467
4.75 0.625 20.833 98.367 1.633
Pan 0.049 1.633 100 -
Result
The sample of coarse aggregate conforms IS specification.
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4.3.2 Impact value
Table 13 –Impact value of 12.5 mm aggregate
S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Aggregate

the empty the measure aggregate aggregate aggregate impact
measure with (g) retained passing strength
(g) aggregate(g) on through (%)
2.36mm 2.36mm
sieve (g) sieve (g)
1 960 1300 340 220 120 36.77 %
2 960 1300 340 214 126 37.06 %
Average = 36.92 %
Calculation
Aggregate impact strength = (Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm
sieve/ Weight of aggregate) x100
= (120 / 340) x100 = 36.77 %
Result
The impact strength of the taken sample of aggregate is = 36.92 %
Specification as per IS 383-1970
The aggregate impact value should not exceed 45%by weight for
aggregate used for concrete other than for wearing surface and 30% by weight
for wearing surface, such as run way ,round and pavement.
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4.3.3 Abrasion valve
Table 14 –Abrasion value of 20 mm aggregate
S.NO Weight Weight of Weight of aggregate

aggregate taken aggregate aggregate abrasion
for testing (g) retained on passing through value
1.70mm sieve 1.70mm sieve
(g) (g)
1 5000 4160 740 14 %
Calculation
Aggregate impact strength = (Weight of aggregate passing through 1.70mm
sieve / Weight of aggregate) x100
= (740 / 5000) x100
= 14 %
Result
The abrasion value of the taken sample of aggregate is = 14 %
The aggregate abrasive value should not exceed 50% by weight for
for wearing surface, such as run way ,round and pavement.
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4.3.4 Water absorption
Table15 –Water absorption of 20 mm aggregate

1 2000 2009 9 0.45
Calculation:
Weight of dry sample of fine aggregate (w1) = 2000 g
= 2009 - 2000 = 9 g
% of water absorption = (9 / 2000) x100= 0.45 %
Table16 –Water absorption of 12.5 mm aggregate
Sample No Weight of Weight of Weight of %of water

1 2000 2009 9 0.45
Calculation:
Weight of dry sample of fine aggregate ( w1) = 2000 g
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= 2009 - 2000 = 9 g
% of water absorption = (9 / 2000) x100 = 0.45 %
Result
Water absorption of the 20 mm coarse aggregate is = 0.45 %
Water absorption of the 12.5 mm coarse aggregate is = 0.45 %
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4.3.5 Specific gravity
Table17 – Specific gravity of 20 mm aggregate

gravity
1 680 1200 2018 1687 2.751
2 680 1212 2027 1687 2.772
3 680 1360 2127 1687 2.800
Average = 2.775
Weight of pycnometer (W1 ) = 680 g

Weight of pycnometer coarse aggregate + Remaining (W2) = 1200 g
Weight of pycnometer + full of water (W4) = 1687 g
Weight of coarse aggregate (W2-W1) = 520 g
Weight of water filling the pycnometer (W4-W1) = 1007 g
coarse aggregate (W3-W2) = 818 g
coarse aggregate = (W4-W1)-(W3-W2) = 189 g
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 520 / 189
= 2.751
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Table18 – Specific gravity of 12.5 mm aggregate

gravity
1 680 1235 2042 1687 2.770
2 680 1230 2034 1687 2.710
3 680 1240 2047 1687 2.800
Average = 2.760

Weight of pycnometer Coarse aggregate + Remaining (W2) = 1235 g
Weight of pycnometer + full of water (W4 ) = 1687 g
Weight of Coarse aggregate (W2-W1 ) = 555 g
Weight of water filling the pycnometer (W4-W1) = 1007 g
coarse aggregate (W3-W2) = 807 g
coarse aggregate = (W4-W1)-(W3-W2) = 200 g
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = (555 / 200)
= 2.770
Result
The Specific Gravity of 20 mm aggregate is = 2.775
The Specific Gravity of 12.5 mm aggregate is = 2.760
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4.3.6 Flakiness index
Table19 – Flakiness index of 20 mm aggregate
Passing through Retained on I.S. Weight of the Weight of aggregates

I.S. Sieve(mm) Sieve(mm) aggregate taken(g) Passing through
Thickness
gauge(g)
63 50 - -
50 40 - -
40 31.5 - -
31.5 25 - -
25 20 - -
20 16 2900 120
16 12.5 - -
12.5 10.0 - -
10 6.3 - -
Total 2900 120
Calculation
Weight of aggregate through Flakiness Index
Flakiness Index = ×100
Weight of aggregate taken for testing
= (120 / 2900) ×100
= 4.14 %
Result
The Flakiness Index of the given sample of coarse aggregate is = 4.14 %
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\4.3.7 Elongation index
Table20 –Elongation index of 20 mm aggregate
Passing through Retained on I.S. Weight of the Weight of

I.S. Sieve(mm) Sieve(mm) aggregate taken(g) aggregates
Retained in
Elongation
gauge(g)
63 50 - -
50 40 - -
40 31.5 - -
31.5 25 - -
25 20 2900 1750
20 16 - -
16 12.5 - -
12.5 10.0 - -
10 6.3 - -
Total 2900 1750
Calculation:
Weight of aggregate through Elongation index
Elongation Index = ×100
Weight of aggregate taken for testing
= (1750 / 2900) × 100 = 60.3 %

Result
The Elongation Index of the given sample of coarse aggregate is = 60.3 %
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4.3.8 Crushing valve
Table21 –Crushing valve of 20 mm aggregate
Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of

the empty the measure aggregate aggregate aggregate Aggregate
S.No Crushing
measure with (g) retained passing
(g) aggregate on through strength(%)
(g) 2.36mm 2.36mm

sieve (g) sieve (g)
1. 3600 6754 3154 2284 870 27.58
2. 3600 6680 3080 2235 845 27.43
3. 3600 6691 3091 2297 794 25.68
Average 26.90
Calculation:
Weight of aggregate = Weight of measure with aggregate – Weight of
empty measure
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Weight of aggregate passing through

2.36 mm sieve
Aggregate Crushing strength = ×100
Weight of aggregate taken
= (870 / 3154) × 100
= 27.58 %
Result
The crushing strength of the given sample of coarse aggregate is = 27.58 %
The aggregate crushing value should not exceed 45% by weight for
for concrete for wearing surface, such as run way ,round and pavement.
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CHAPTER - 5
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR M40
1) STIPULATIONS FOR PROPOTIONING
a) Grade designation = M 40
b) Type of cement = OPC 53 grade
c) Type of mineral admixture = Fly ash
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm
e) Minimum cement content = 320 kg/m3
f) Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
g) Workability = 100 mm
h) Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3
h) Chemical admixture type = super plasticizer
2) TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
a) Cement used = OPC 53 grade
b) Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
c) Fly ash = Conforming to IS 3812(Part 1)
d) Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.1
e) Chemical admixture = Rheobuild 1100
f) Specific gravity of:
1) Coarse aggregate = 2.775
2) Fine aggregate = 2.660
g) Water absorption:
1) Coarse aggregate = 0.45 %
2) Fine aggregate =3%
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h) Surface moisture:
1) Coarse aggregate = Nil
2) Fine aggregate =5%
3) TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
Fck = fck + 1.65 s
From Table 1, Standard Deviation, s = 5 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 40 + (1.65 x 5)
= 48.25 N/mm2
4) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO
From Table 5 of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
Based on experience adopt water cement ratio as 0.36
0.36 < 0.45 Hence Ok.
5) SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From Table 2, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 lit
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + (186 x0.06)
= 197 lit
As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced upto 30

percent.
Based on trials with super plasticizer (Rheobuild 1100) water content

reduction of 13 percent has been achieved. Hence, the arrived water content
= 197 – (13 x 197 /100)
= 172 lit
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6) CALCULATION OF CEMENT AND FLY ASH CONTENT
Water cement ratio = 0.36
Cementitious material content = 172 / 0.36 = 477.8 kg/m3
= 480 kg/m3
Therefore water content = 480 / 0.36
= 172.8 lit
480 kg/m3 > 320 kg / m3
Hence OK.
Fly ash @ 10 % of total cementitious
material content = (480x10)/100 = 48 kg/m3
Say fly ash = 50 kg / m3
Cement (OPC) = 480 – 50
= 430 kg / m3
7) PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE
AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTANT
As per IS 10262, 2009
Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62
Proportion of volume of fine aggregate = 0.38
8) MIX CALCULATION
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = 430 / (3.15 x 1000)
= 0.137 m3
c) Volume of fly ash = 50 / (2.1 x 1000) = 0.024 m3
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d) Volume of water = 172.8 /1000
= 0.173 m3
e) Volume of chemical
(Admixture @ 0.73 % by mass
of cementitious material) = 3.504 / (1.210 x 1000)
= 0.003 m3
f) Volume of all in aggregate = (a – (b + c + d + e))
= 1- (0.137+0.024+0.173+0.003)
= 0.663 m3
g) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.663 x 0.62 x 2.775 x 1000
= 1140.69 kg
= 1140 kg
For 20 mm aggregate = 0.54 x 1140
= 615 kg
For 12.5 mm aggregate = 0.46 x 1140
= 515 kg
h) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.663 x 0.38 x 2.66 x 1000
= 670 kg
For R-sand = 0.7 x 670 = 469 kg
For M-sand = 0.3 x 670 = 201 kg
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MIX DESIGN RESULT
Grade of concrete = M 40
Cement = 430 kg/m3
Fly ash = 50 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate 20 mm = 625 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate 12 mm = 515 kg/m3
Fine aggregate R-sand = 201 kg/m3
Fine aggregate M-sand = 469 kg/m3
Admixture = 3.50 kg/m3
Water = 172.8 kg/m3
W/C ratio = 0.36
Table – MIX DESIGN PROPORTION
CEMENT F.A C.A WATER

(kg) (kg) (kg) (lit)
480 670 1140 172.8
1 1.395 2.375 0.36
30
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CHAPTER - 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT
1) CONVENTIONAL CUBE
Initial slump = 165 mm
Final slump = 110 mm
18hrs test
Average weight (3 cubes) = 8.590 kg
Average compressive strength = 17.27Mpa
3days test
Average compressive strength = 29.13 Mpa
7days test
28days test
2) 5% REPLACEMENT OF GGBS
18hrs test
Average compressive strength = 11 Mpa
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3days test
7days test
28days test
18hrs test
3days test
7days test
28days test
32
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18hrs test
3days test
7days test
28days test
Final slump = 95 mm
18hrs test
3days test
33
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7days test
28days test
Final slump = 80 mm
18hrs test
3days test
7days test
28days test
34
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18hrs test
3days test
7days test
28days test
35
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6.1 COMPARISON TABLE
Table – Comparison between conventional and replacement of GGBS
INITIA FINAL 18 hrs 3 days 7 days 28

L SLUMP TEST TEST TEST days
CUBE SLUMP VALUE IN IN IN TEST
VALUE IN (Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa) IN
IN (mm) (mm) (Mpa)
(30min)
CONVENTIONAL 110 165 17.27 29.73 30.97 43.23
5 % GGBS 180 140 11.00 28.07 35.40 44.1
10 % GGBS 200 155 10.87 29.87 32.76 50.36
15 % GGBS 170 125 12.07 23.73 32.27 44.17
20 % GGBS 180 95 13.70 25.47 36.17 47.43
25 % GGBS 200 80 12.27 27.43 36.93 44.23
30 % GGBS 190 110 9.4 22.87 33.53 42.67
6.2 COMPARISON CHART
36
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Comparison Chart
Compressive strength in Mpa
60
50
40
30 18 hrs Test
20 3 days Test
7 days Test
10 28 days Test
0
al S S S S S S
tion GGB GGB GGB GGB GGB GGB
n f f f f f f
n ve nto nto nto nto nto nto
Co e e e e e e
em em em em c em c em
al c al c al c al c a a
p p p p pl pl
Re Re Re Re Re Re
% % % % % %
5 10 15 20 25 30
37
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CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental investigation, the following conclusions can

be drawn:
1) It is observed that GGBS-based concretes have achieving M40 grade
for 5% to 30% replacement of cement at the age of 28 days.
2) From the above experimental results, it is proved that GGBS can be
used as an alternative material for cement, reducing cement consumption and
reducing the cost of construction. Use of industrial waste products saves the
environment and conserves natural resources.
38
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REFERENCE
1. Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty.

2. Analysis of Strength Characteristic of GGBS Concrete.
3. Sustainable Studies on Concrete with GGBS As a Replacement
Material in Cement.
4. Properties of Concrete with GGBS and its Applications for Bridge
Superstructures.
5. Final Report on Durability and Strength Development of GGBS
Concrete
6. Effect of Glass Powder and GGBS on Strength of Fly Ash Based
Geopolymer Concrete
39

Project GGBS 2023

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Concrete has basic naturally, easily available ingredients as cement, sand,

Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a by-product of the

2.1 “ANALYSIS OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF GGBS

2.2 “Sustainable Studies on Concrete with GGBS As a Replacement

4.1.1 Fineness of cement

Weight of cement = 100 g

This value should not exceed 10% as specified in IS 8112-1976.

4.1.2 Standard consistency

Table – 1 Consistency for cement

S.No Weight of Water added Depth of penetration of plunger

The standard consistency of the given cement = 31 %

4.1.3 Initial setting time

Table – 2 Initial setting time of cement

S.No Time from the instant of Depth of penetration

4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Specification as per IS 2386- (Part-1)1963.

Table – 3 Sieve analysis R - Sand

Is sieve size Weight of % Weight cumulative% % passing

Table – 4 Sieve analysis of M - Sand

Is sieve size Weight of % Weight cumulative% % passing

The sample of R - Sand falls under zone = ZONE - I.

4.2.2 Water absorption

Table – 5 Water absorption R - Sand

Sample no Weight of Weight of Weight of %of water

Table – 6 Water absorption of M - Sand

Sample no Weight of Weight of Weight of %of water

Water absorption of the River Sand is =1.5 %

4.2.3 Specific gravity

Table– 7 Specific gravity of R – Sand

S.NO W1(g) W2(g) W3(g) W4(g) Specific

Weight of pycnometer (W1) = 680 g

Table – 8 Specific gravity of R - Sand

S.NO W1(g) W2(g) W3(g) W4(g) Specific

The Specific Gravity of River Sand is= 2.660

4.2.4 Moisture content

Table – 9 Moisture content of R - Sand

S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Percentage

Table – 10 Moisture content of M - Sand

S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Percentage

Percentage of water absorption in River Sand is = 4.38 %

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

4.3.1 Sieve analysis

Table - 11 Sieve analysis of 20 mm aggregate

Is sieve size Weight of % Weight cumulative% % passing

Table - 12 Sieve analysis of 12.5 mm aggregate

Is sieve size Weight of % Weight cumulative% % passing

The sample of coarse aggregate conforms IS specification.

4.3.2 Impact value

Table 13 –Impact value of 12.5 mm aggregate

S.NO Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Aggregate

Aggregate impact strength = (Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm

sieve/ Weight of aggregate) x100

= (120 / 340) x100 = 36.77 %

The impact strength of the taken sample of aggregate is = 36.92 %

Specification as per IS 383-1970

4.3.3 Abrasion valve

Table 14 –Abrasion value of 20 mm aggregate

S.NO Weight Weight of Weight of aggregate

Aggregate impact strength = (Weight of aggregate passing through 1.70mm

sieve / Weight of aggregate) x100

= (740 / 5000) x100