Lectures in

Metallurgy Science
Dr. Shaimaa Mostafa

Lecture 1

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Contents
Chapter 1: Materials (types & properties)
Chapter 2: The Structure of Crystalline Solids
Chapter 3: Phase diagram
Chapter 4: iron carbon diagram
Chapter 5: isothermal transformation diagram

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 Chapter 1

Materials (types, properties)

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Types of materials
• Metals [and Alloys]: strong, ductile, tough, high density, conductors.

• Ceramics [Glasses ]: strong, brittle, low density, insulators.

• Polymers [plastics ]: weak, ductile, low density, insulators.

• Semiconductors: weak, brittle, low density, semi-conductors.

• Composite Materials : strong, ductile, low density, conductors,

insulators.

• Nano-technology or Nanomaterials.

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Metals: Classified into ferrous and nonferrous

• Ferrous materials: are metals and alloys containing a high amount of iron.
• Ferrous metal classified into families :
1. Cast irons: gray – ductile (nodular) – white – malleable - compacted graphite cast iron.
2. Steels: High alloy (stainless steel – plain steel)
low alloy (low, medium, high carbon steel)
• They are the strongest materials available and are used for applications where high
strength is required at relatively low cost and where weight is not of primary importance.
• An example of ferrous metals: the structure of large buildings, bridge building, railway lines,
highly stressed engine parts of road vehicles.

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Ferrous Metals: Steels

• Steel : Consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2%
and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade.

• Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger
than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron.

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Ferrous Metals: Mild Steel

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Ferrous Metals: Spring Steel

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 Ferrous Metals: Wrought iron

• Very little carbon

• Long grain structure
• Low melting
temperature
• Easy to forge and weld
• Few industry uses

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Ferrous Metals: Cast iron

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Ferrous Metals: types of Cast iron

• Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons

• Having a low melting point, good castability, excellent
machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance.
• They are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts,
such as cylinder blocks and gearbox cases.

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Nonferrous Metals
• Nonferrous materials consist of the remained of the metals and alloys

• Eg. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium & their alloys

• Limited as structural materials due to lack mechanical strength.

• They are used where their special properties such as corrosion resistance,
electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are required.
• Copper and aluminum are used as electrical conductors.
• They are mainly used with other metals to improve their strength.

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Non Ferrous Metal Classified into Families:

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Properties of Nonferrous Metal

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Non-metals
➢Non metallic materials that do not exist in nature, although they are manufactured
from natural substances such as oil, coal and clay.

➢Basic introduction to some applications of non-metallic materials

Glass : This is a hard, abrasion-resistant material. It is used for electrical

insulators, laboratory equipment, optical components in measuring instruments. In
the form of fibers; is used to reinforce plastics. It is made by melting together the
naturally occurring materials : silica (sand), limestone ‫( الحجر الجيرى‬calcium
carbonate ) and soda (sodium carbonate).

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Non-metals: Plastics (polymers):
Thermoplastics
➢General properties: low melting point, softer, flexible.
➢can be heated and reshaped.
➢Typical uses: bottles, food wrappers, toys,
Examples
➢Polyethylene: packaging, electrical insulation, milk and water bottles, packaging film
➢Polypropylene: carpet fibers, automotive bumpers, microwave containers, prosthetics
➢Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): electrical cables cover, credit cards, car instrument panels
➢Polystyrene: disposable spoons, forks, Styrofoam™
➢Acrylics (PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate): paints, fake fur, plexiglass
➢Polyamide (nylon): textiles and fabrics, gears, bushing and washers, bearings
➢PET (polyethylene terephthalate): bottles for acidic foods like juices, food trays

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Non metals: Plastics (polymers):
Thermosets
➢Thermosetting plastics are those which are set with heat and have little elasticity. Once
set, they cannot be reheated and reformed.
➢They are heated and moulded during manufacture.
➢Once cooled, they will not soften again when heated.
➢If heated too much, they burn.
➢General properties: more durable, harder, tough, light.
➢Typical uses: automobile parts, construction materials.
➢Thermosetting reaction is not reversible under heat
Examples
➢Unsaturated Polyesters: lacquers, varnishes, boat hulls, furniture
➢Epoxies and Resins: Glues, coating of electrical circuits, in composites: fiberglass in
helicopter blades, boats,
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Non-metals: Plastics (polymers):
Elastomers
➢Natural Rubber is an elastomer that comes from rubber trees in Asia.
➢Rubber: This is used for hydraulic and compressed air hoses and oil seals.
Naturally occurring latex is too soft for most engineering uses.
Examples
➢Polyurethanes: mattress, cushion, insulation, toys
➢Silicones: surgical gloves, oxygen masks in medical applications joint seals

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Non-metals: Ceramics
➢Ceramic: These are produced by baking naturally occurring clays at high
temperatures after moulding to a certain shape.

➢They are used for high voltage insulators and high temperature resistant cutting
tool tips.

➢EX: Al2O3, SiC, Si2N3.

➢Concrete is a common example for ceramic materials. a cement as binding

medium for gravel and sand.

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Non-metals: Composites
➢A composite material: an assembly two or more chemically distinct material,
having distinct interface between them and acting to produce desired set of
properties
➢Composites: MMC & PMC & CMC.
➢The composite constituent divided into two
❖ Matrix
❖ reinforcement
➢Properties or behavior of composites depends on properties, size & distribution,
volume fraction & shape of the constituents, & the nature and strength of bond
between constituents.

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Non-metals: Composites

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Non-metals: Biomaterials

➢Biomaterials are employed in components fill into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.

➢These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible
with body tissues (i.e. must not cause opposite biological reactions).

➢All of the above materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and

semiconductors) may be used as biomaterials.

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Non-metals: NANOmaterials
➢Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of
roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
“Nano” = One billionth of something

Nanotechnology in business
Industrial applications of nanotechnology
Properties of Engineering Materials

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Mechanical properties of materials
➢Tensile Strength: This is the ability of a material to resist tensile loads without rupture
when the material is in tension.
➢Compressive Strength: This is the ability of a material to resist compressive loads without
being crushed when the material is in compression.
➢Shear Strength: This is the ability of a material to withstand offset or traverse loads
without rupture occurring.
➢Toughness: This is the ability of a material to withstand shatter (fracture). A material which
easily shatters is brittle. Toughness indicates the ability of a material to absorb energy.
➢Elasticity: This is the ability of a material to deform under load and return to its original
size and shape when the load is removed. The property is required for springs
➢Plasticity: This is the property of a material to deform under applied load. This opposite to
elasticity.

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Mechanical properties of materials
➢Ductility: This is ability of a material to stretch under tensile load and keep its
deformed shape when the load is removed. All materials which are formed by
drawing are required to be ductile. Ductility combines the properties of plasticity
and tensile strength.
➢Malleability: This is the property of a material to deform under applied
compressive load. A material which is forged to its final shape is required to be
malleable
➢Fatigue Strength: This is the property of a material to withstand continuously
varying and alternating loads.
➢Hardness: This is the property of a material to withstand indentation and surface
abrasion by another hard object. It is an indication of the wear resistance of a
material.

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