Mini Project Report-II

On

“TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY”

Submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Two-Year Full-
Time Master of Business Administration

Submitted By: Under the Guidance of:

MBA 2nd Semester MBA (20221-23)

Institute of Technology and Science

Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad
SESSION 2021-23

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 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE, GHAZIABAD
Session: 2021-23

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this Mini Project-2 Report is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written that has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement
has been made in the text.

Satyam Gupta

Enrollment No: 2100380700203

Date:

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 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE, GHAZIABAD
Session: 2021-23

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Satyam Gupta MBA (2021-23 Batch) a student of Institute of
Technology and Science has undertaken the Mini Project-2 (KMBN252) on
“Telecommunication Services Industry”.

The project has been carried out by the student in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of MBA, under my guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with the work of Mr. Satyam Gupta

Date:

Academic Mentor’s Name: Dr. Sunil Kumar Yadav

(Signature)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to
Dr. Sunil Kumar Yadav for his invaluable guidance, immense patience and encouragement
provided to me during the course of the Mini Project II. My increased spectrum of knowledge
in this field is the result of his constant supervision and direction that has helped me to absorb
relevant and high-quality information

I would like to thank all the respondents without whose cooperation my project would not
have been completed. This report is the culmination of the synchronized effort of all the above
mentioned that had faith and confidence in me. For their belief, I shall forever be grateful.

Satyam Gupta

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 CONTENTS

Summary

Introduction :

Market share :

Major players :

SWOT Analysis :

Challenges faced by telecommunication:

Emerging technologies :

INVESTMENT/MAJOR DEVELOPMENT:

Gap Analysis:

Impact of covid -19 on telecommunication :

Measures and taken:
Findings :
Achievement :
Suggestions and conclusions:

References:

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The modern telecommunications infrastructure—made possible by research

performed over the last several decades—is an essential element of the U.S.
economy and society. But the U.S. position as a leader in telecommunications
technology is now at risk because of the recent decline in domestic support for
long-term, fundamental telecommunications research. To help understand this
challenge, the National Science Foundation (NSF) asked the National Research
Council to assess the current state of telecommunications research in the United
States. This report provides an examination of telecommunications research
support, focus, and time horizon in industry and academia and discusses the
implications for the health of the sector.

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS- AN EVOLVING DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTION:

Before the emergence of the Internet and other data networks, telecommunications
had a clear meaning: the telephone (and earlier the telegraph) was an application of
technology that allowed people to communicate at a distance by voice (and earlier
by encoded electronic signals), and telephone service was provided by the public
switched telephone network (PSTN). Much of the U.S. network was owned and
operated by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T); the rest consisted of
smaller independent companies, including some served by GTE.

Then in the 1960s, facsimile and data services were overlaid on the PSTN, adding
the ability to communicate documents and data at a distance—applications still
considered telecommunications because they enabled new kinds of
communication at a distance that were also carried over the PSTN. More recently,
of course, communication at a distance has expanded to include data transport,
video conferencing, e-mail, instant messaging, Web browsing, and various forms
of distributed collaboration, enabled by transmission media that have also
expanded (from traditional copper wires) to include microwave ,terrestrial
wireless, satellite etc.

Today consumers think of telecommunications in terms of both products and

services. Starting with the Carterphone decision by the Federal Communications

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Commission in 1968,1 it has become permissible and increasingly commonfor
consumers to buy telecommunications applications or equipment as products as
well as services. For example, a customer-ownedand customer-installed WiFi
local areanetwork maybe the first access link supporting a voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) service, and a consumer may purchase a VoIP software package
andinstall it on his or her personally owned and operated personal computer that
connects to the Internet via an Internet service provider.

The technologies used for telecommunications have changed greatly over the last
50 years. Empowered by research into semiconductors and digital electronics in
the telecommunications industry, analog representations of voice, images, and
video have been supplanted by digital representations. The biggest consequence
has been that all types of media can be represented in the same basic form (i.e., as
a stream of bits) and therefore handled uniformly within a common infrastructure
(most commonly as Internet Protocol, or IP, data streams).

Subsequently, circuit switching was supplemented by, and will likely ultimately
be supplanted by, packet switching. For example, telephony is now routinely
carried at various places in the network by the Internet (using VoIP) and cable
networks .Perhaps the most fundamental change, both in terms of technology and
its implications for industry structure, has occurred in the architecture of
telecommunications networks.

Architecture in this context refers to the functional description of the general

structure of the system as a whole and how the different parts of the system relate
to each other. Previously the PSTN, cable, and data networks coexisted as
separately owned and operated networks carrying different types of
communications, although they often shared a common technology base (such as
point-to-point digital communications) and some facilities (e.g., high-speed digital
pipes shared by different networks).

How are the new networks different? First, they are integrated, meaning that all
media— be they voice, audio, video, or data—are increasingly communicated over
a single common network. This integration offers economies of scope and scale in
both capital expenditures and operational costs, and also allows different media to
be mixed within common applications. As a result, both technology suppliers and
service providers are increasingly in the business of providing telecommunications
in all media simultaneously rather than specializing in a particular type such as
voice, video, or data.

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Second, the networks are built in layers, from the physical layer, which is
concerned with the mechanical, electrical and optical, and functional and
procedural means for managing network connections to the data, network, and
transport layers, which are concerned with transferring data, routing data across
networks between addresses, and ensuring end-to-end.

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MARKET SHARE :

Amongst wireless subscribers, Jio had the highest market share at 35.30 per cent as
of January 31, followed by Airtel with 29.62 per cent and Vi with 24.58 per cent,
as per data of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). BSNL had 10.21
per cent market share.

MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE SECTOR:

Operator Subscribers (millions)
1 BSNL 9.55
2 Airtel 4.77
3 Jio 3.33
4 Vodafone-Idea 2.3

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MARKET SIZE ;

India is the world’s second-largest telecommunications market. The total subscriber base, wireless
subscriptions as well as wired broadband subscriptions have grown consistently. Tele-density stood
at 85.91%, as of December 2021, total broadband subscriptions grew to 792.1 million until
December 2021 and total subscriber base stood at 1.18 billion in December 2021.

Gross revenue of the telecom sector stood at Rs. 64,801 crore (US$ 8.74 billion) in the first quarter of
FY22.

The total wireless data usage in India grew 16.54% quarterly to reach 32,397 PB in the first quarter
of FY22. The contribution of 3G and 4G data usage to the total volume of wireless data usage was
1.78% and 97.74%, respectively, in the third quarter of FY21. Share of 2G data usage stood at 0.48%
in the same quarter.

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Over the next five years, rise in mobile-phone penetration and decline in data costs will add 500
million new internet users in India, creating opportunities for new businesses.

By 2025, India will need ~22 million skilled workers in 5G-centric technologies such as Internet of
Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics and cloud computing.

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SWOT ANALYSIS:

Strengths

Cutting-edge fiber-optics technology, high-performing cable equipment, a

respected brand name, excellent customer service and a strong sales team are just a
few strengths that boost the resource capabilities of a telecommunication company.
These strengths are attributes that enhance the company's competitive advantage.

Weaknesses

Corroded cable lines, slow service and lackluster sales are three weaknesses that
can hurt a telecommunications company. Company weaknesses are competitive
deficiencies that place the company at a disadvantage in the marketplace. If
corroded cable lines aren't replaced and slow service continues, for example, angry
customers will switch to a rival telecommunications company that offers better
services.

Opportunities

New technologies, increasing consumer interest and a decrease in competition are

just a few external opportunities that can really help a telecommunications
company in the long run. Opportunities are beneficial, outside events that a
company can use to boost its existing strengths. A telecommunication company
keen on rapidly adopting new technologies, for example, would highly benefit
from immediately investing in new fiber optics the moment they're introduced in
the marketplace, especially if they speed up service.

Threats

A sluggish economy, increasing competition and increased government regulations

against the telecommunications industry are just a few external threats that can
limit a telecommunications company's future success. Threats are outside events or
influences that create future hurdles for a company. New rivals that offer
customers fast service and cutting-edge technology, for example, may lure an older
telecommunications company's existing customers away, especially if the older
company can't offer the same new features.

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CHALLENGENCES FACED BY TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Demand for Traditional Services Is Decreasing

While Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G have started to fuel more diversity in
vendor product offerings, businesses using legacy tools have struggled to stay
ahead of the curve.Vendors in all environments need to expand their offerings,
going beyond the basics of voice, to deliver everything from SMS to video.

The way that people are communicating is changing. Internet messaging, VoIP and
other cloud-based technology is taking over the industry. Even smartphone traffic
is moving to WiFi. This means that businesses of all sizes need to consider
howthey’re going to evolve their service packages to suit the new cloud-focused
community.

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Security and the Risk of Data Breaches

Monitoring call and communication quality is crucial to ensuring that customers

get the kind of telecom experiencethat they deserve.However, tracking and
understanding your communication life cycle will be essential to telecoms
companies for another reason, too – data and privacy.It has become increasingly
important for telecommunications companies to make data security and privacy a
key priority.The Digital Media Trends Survey from Deloitte shows that customers
are still terrified by the idea of identity theft and financial loss.

Security and the Risk of Data Breaches

Monitoring call and communication quality is crucial to ensuring that customers

get the kind of telecom experience that they deserve.However, tracking and
understanding your communication life cycle will be essential to telecoms
companies for another reason, too – data and privacy.It has become increasingly
important for telecommunications companies to make data security and privacy a
key priority.The Digital Media Trends Survey from Deloitte shows that customers
are still terrified by the idea of identity theft and financial loss.

2020: The Year of 5G Adoption

The 5G action plan created by the European Union already includes access to
uninterrupted 5G coverage by 2025 in the new vision of the future.As well as being
able to support a considerable increase (hundredfold) in connected devices, 5G will
also offer things like improved data rates, better network slicing, and ultra-low
latency.This opens the gateways for new services, network operation, customer
experience, and more.
5G has the potential to truly change the role of telecoms companies.

The Demand for More Thoughtful Companies

As the experience continues to stand out as the most important differentiating

factor for many companies, consumers are searching for brands that can
understand their needs and deliver exceptional results.With in-depth reporting
tools, organizations can place themselves in a better position to deal with things
like rising and falling demands in staffing levels or trends in customer experience.

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However, customers on the hunt for better experiences aren’t just relying on their
vendors to deliver solutions that benefit them.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES :

Existing technologies :

The 5 Biggest Technology Trends That Will Transform Telecoms In 2020

Big Data

In this new decade, Telecommunications companies will continue to capture and

produce evermore data volumes from mobile devices, applications, wearable tech
and wireless information. All this data however presents security and privacy risks,
telcos need to tackle these security issues to meet regulation compliance as well as
ensuring that consumer data is handled and shared with complete approval from
the customer.

5G

We saw the launch of 5G in 2019, making fifth generation networks accessible to

the consumer, but what is to come for telecoms firms in this new decade? The
European Union’s action plan confirms implementing uninterrupted 5G in urban
areas and along main transport paths by 2025. By adopting 5G we will get
improved data rates, enable networking slicing and ultra-low latency efficiencies.
5G will open new opportunities for network operation, customer experience and
new services for operators. We are seeing the telcos role change to be visible as
both service providers and technology distributors.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is increasingly implemented throughout telecommunications, using applications

such as virtual assistants and chatbots to help improve customer service. AI is also
essential for the telecommunication network as it allows for optimisation and
predictive maintenance through predictive analytics AI.AI allows telecoms to

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gather actionable business insights from the volumes of data they collect every day
through predictive analytics.

Internet of Things (IoT)

There were around 400 million IoT devices with cellular connections at the end of
2016 and that number is projected to reach 1.5 billion in 2022.If telcos can
capitalize on IoT, given the unique selling proposition 5G can bring them, they put
themselves in the running for huge potential profits in a global IoT market
expected to reach more than US$600 billion by 2022.

DLT

Telcos worldwide are facing a crisis of identity as they are struggling to compete
on offerings other than cost and coverage. While telecommunications are one of
the most important services in the world, it is at the top of every telecom’s strategic
agenda to remain relevant as more than just a commodity. Using DLT is not only a
great way tointroduce banking services, but also to provide a payment system that
does not incur high-cost banking fees.

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ROAD AHEAD

Revenue from the telecom equipment sector is expected to grow to US$ 26.38
billion by 2020. The number of internet subscribers in the country is expected to
double by 2021 to 829 million and overall IP traffic is expected to grow four-fold
at a CAGR of 30% by 2021.

According to a Zenith Media survey, India is expected to become the fastest-

growing telecom advertisement market, with an annual growth rate of 11%
between 2020 and 2023.

The Indian Government is planning to develop 100 smart city projects, and IoT
will play a vital role in developing these cities. The National Digital
Communications Policy 2018 envisaged attracting investment worth US$ 100

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 billion in the telecommunications sector by 2022. App downloads in India is
expected to increase to 18.11 billion in 2018F and 37.21 billion in 2022F.

INVESTMENT/MAJOR DEVELOPMENT

With daily increasing subscriber base, there have been a lot of investment and
development in the sector. FDI inflow in the telecom sector stood at US$ 38.25
billion between April 2000-December 2021.

Some of the developments in the recent past are:

 In January 2022, Google made a US$ 1 billion investment in Airtel through the
India Digitization Fund.
 In October 2021, Vodafone Idea stated that it is in advanced talks to sell a minority
stake to global private equity investors including Apollo Global Management and
Carlyle to raise up to Rs7,540 crore (US$ 1 billion) over the next 2-3 months.
 In October 2021, British satellite operator Inmarsat Holdings Ltd. announced that it
is the first foreign operator to get India’s approval to sell high-speed broadband to
planes and shipping vessels. Inmarsat will access the market via Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) after BSNL received a license from the Department of
Telecommunications.
 In October 2021, Dixon Technologies announced plans to invest Rs. 200 crore
(US$ 26.69 million) under the telecom PLI scheme; this investment will include
the acquisition cost of Bharti Group’s manufacturing unit.
 In September 2021, Bharti Airtel announced an investment of Rs. 50 billion (US$
673 million) in expanding its data centre business to meet the customer demand in
and around India.
 In August 2021, Tata Group company Nelco announced that the company is in
talks with Canadian firm Telesat to sign a commercial pact for launching fast
satellite broadband services in India under the latter’s Lightspeed brand, a move
which will pit the combined entity against Bharti Enterprises-backed OneWeb,
Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Amazon.

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 In March 2021, Vodafone Idea Ltd. (VIL) announced that the acquired spectrum in
five circles would help improve 4G coverage and bandwidth, allowing it to offer
‘superior digital experience’ to customers.
 In March 2021, Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) and
Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) signed adeal
to boost adoption of ATSC standards in India in order to make broadcast
servicesavailable on mobile devices. This allows the TSDSI to follow ATSC
standards, fostering global digital broadcasting standard harmonisation.
 In the first quarter of FY21, customer spending on telecom services increased
16.6% y-o-y, with over three-fourths spent on data services. This spike in
consumer spending came despite of the COVID-19 disruption and lack of access of
offline recharges for a few weeks
 India had over 500 million active internet users (accessed Internet in the last one
month) as of May 2020.

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GAP ANALYSIS:

In the current quest for sustainable development, it is imperative for industries to

assess their externalities and to address them. Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) has existed in several definitions and dimensions but increasingly has been
accepted as a business practice which is economically, socially and
environmentally beneficial complies with rules & regulations, and maximizes the
stakeholders’ benefits, all at the same time. CSR primarily has to be determined on
the basis of externalities caused by the business as usual and as efforts to address
these externalities along with other objectives that are aligned with the Sustainable
Developments Goals or as per the government policies. However, it is possible that
all externalities are not clearly evident or visible and get neglected. The paper aims
at the analysis of Telecom Industries externalities on the parameter of
environmental responsibilities and efforts by the industry to address these
concerns. The paper tries to assess telecom organizations’ CSR initiatives by
analyzing their CSR Reports and Annual reports. The results show that as far as
environment is concerned, energy emission reduction has been a top priority of the
industry but biodiversity losses due to emissions of radiations don’t find much
attention.

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IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS

According to news reports, overall traffic has jumped by 10% and streaming
platforms have witnessed a 20% spike in viewership[3]. Hence, several analysts
now believe that unlike the manufacturing and other sectors that have come to a
near standstill, the telecom industry might emerge as the golden child of this
economic slowdown. However, the increased dependency on telecom networks,
and the other restrictions on account of COVID-19, has raised a different set of
challenges for the telecom sector, as highlighted below.

.A. Implementation of exemptions for the telecom industry

Although the MHA had clarified that telecommunications, IT and ITeS were
exempted from the lockdown, there were instances of local authorities asking
personnel of telecom service providers at NOCs (network operation centres) and
call centres to shut down operations. In response, the Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) had written to chief secretaries of states on March 21,
urging them to allow movement of field staff of telecom companies.

B. Rising demand and current infrastructure

While demand for services continues to spike, given India’s dependence on

wireless traffic, there is increased pressure on cellular infrastructure.
According to reports[5], the mean mobile and broadband download speeds in India
had fallen in March due to strain on the networks. Hence, the Cellular Operators
Association of India (COAI) has written to the Government to request streaming
service providers such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Zee5 to switch to a
lower definition streaming, to reduce advertisements and pop-ups, etc., in a bid to
ease the strain on existing networks. Several service providers have already started
working on this issue.

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C. Impact of the lockdown restrictions

Admittedly, while there is increasing demand for telecom services, the telecom
sector is dependent on several other industries, which have been adversely affected
by the lockdown.

D. AGR and other existing issues in the telecom sector

The COVID-19 outbreak and the resultant lockdown has come at a time when the
telecommunications sector was already grappling with the issue of payment of
Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR). The Supreme Court had recently rejected the
self-assessments of AGR dues undertaken by a few Telcos and had refused to take
up the Centre’s submission to allow telecom companies an extended period of 20
years to pay the AGR dues, stating that the matter will be listed in twoweeks.

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MEASURES TAKEN :

Recordraking

While that worked in theory, policy makers also realized that the auction of
airwaves and sale of licenses could fetch billions of dollars, a revenue source key
to narrowing the government’s budget deficit. For instance, in a 2015 auction,
India raised a record $18 billion, after getting almost $10 billion in the previous
year. But in 2012, a plan to collect as much as 400 billion rupees ($7.3 billion at
the then exchange rate) flopped as bidders balked, prompting it to cut prices later.

Driving up costs

While the government set high prices, the carriers had themselves to blame too.
Competition drove the operators to outbid each other at spectrum auctions, driving
up their costs.

Tax demand

When Vodafone entered India by acquiring Hutchison Whampoa’s Indian

operations in 2007, the government slapped the buyer with a tax bill of $2.2
billion. Vodafone disputed the tax and India’s Supreme Court agreed that no law
upheld the levy of the tax. But the then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee
amended the tax rules retrospectively, and the carrier is still fighting the demand.

License cancellations

In 2008, the government allocated 2G airwaves and licenses without auction. The
Comptroller and Auditor General in 2010 said that method caused a presumptive
loss to the government. Two years later, the Supreme Court canceled 122 mobile-
phone permits won by companies including Etisalat DB, Sistema and Telenor.
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FINDINGS :

Telecommunications has expanded greatly over the past few decades from
primarily landline telephone service to the use of fiber optic, cable, and wireless
connections offering a wide range of voice, image, video, and data services. Yet it
is not a mature industry, and major innovation and change—driven by research—
can be expected for many years to come.

Without an expanded investment in research, however, the nation’s position as a

leader is at risk. Strong competition is emerging from Asian and European
countries that are making substantial investments in telecommunications R&D.

For many telecommunications products and services that are now commodities, the
United States is at a competitive disadvantage compared with countries where the
cost of doing business is lower. Continued U.S. strength in telecommunications,
therefore, will require a focus on high-value innovation that is made possible only
by a greater emphasis on research. Expansion of telecommunications research is
also necessary to attract, train, and retain research talent.

Telecommunications research has yielded major benefits such as the Internet, radio
frequency wireless communications, optical networks, and voice over Internet
Protocol. Nevertheless, research support has fallen off in recent years. Prior to the
restructuring of the telecommunications industry in 1984, the Bell System’s
research labs played a dominant role in long-term, fundamental
telecommunications research for the United States. Post-restructuring, industrial
support for such research has declined, become more short-term in scope, and
become less stable.

A diverse array of competing telecommunications firms— telephone, cable,

Internet, and wireless—emerged, leaving most research to equipment vendors,
which increasingly focused on short-term goals. Telecommunications research is
increasingly being done at universities rather than by industry, and outside rather
than inside the United States. In addition, the diversity of players in today’s
telecommunications industry makes it difficult to design and deploy major, end-to-
end innovations.

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 ACHIEVEMENTS

Following are the achievements of the Government in the past four years:

 Department of Telecommunication launched ‘Tarang Sanchar’ - a web portal

sharing information on mobile towers and EMF Emission Compliances.
 Payments on unified payments interface (UPI) hit an all-time high of 3.65 billion
(by volume), with transactions worth ~Rs. 6.54 trillion (US$ 87.11 billion) in
September 2021.
 Over 75% increase in internet coveragefrom 251 million users to 446 million.

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SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ;

A strong, effective telecommunications R&D program for the United States will

require a greater role for government-sponsored and university research, and more

funding of long-term research by industry. The committee recommends that the

federal government establish a new research organization—the Advanced

Telecommunications Research Activity (ATRA)— to stimulate and coordinate

research across industry, academia, and government. ATRA would be a hybrid of

activities of the sort historically associated with DARPA (which through the

ARPANET program managed a research portfolio, developed a vision, and

convened industry and academia to build what would become the Internet) and

SEMATECH (which brought the semiconductor industry together, initially with

some federal support to complement industry dollars, to fund joint research,

development, and roadmapping activities). There are a number of options for

where within the federal government such a program could fit, each with its own

set of tradeoffs (see Chapter 4). For example, ATRA’s proposed mission would

align with that of existing agencies within the Department of Commerce, and NSF

has developed mechanisms for joint academic-industry engineering research, albeit

more focused and on a smaller scale.

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The committee also recommends that all segments of the U.S. telecommunications

industry increase their support for fundamental research, possibly taking advantage

of the avenue provided by participation in joint, cooperative research activities

organized by ATRA. Indeed, industry should provide a significant fraction of total

R&D funding for ATRA, which would support researchers from academia and

industry and provide industry with a way to pool funds, spread risk, and share

beneficial results.

ATRA’s mission would be to (1) identify, coordinate, and fund U.S.

telecommunications R&D; (2) foster major architectural advances; and (3)

strengthen the U.S. telecommunications research capability. Key suggested steps

for implementing ATRA are (1) establishment of mechanisms for carrying out

project-based research; (2) establishment of advisory committees with high-level

industry participation; (3) exploration of the need for R&D centers; and (4)

establishment of a forum for key parties to discuss critical technology development

issues.

Effective expansion of federal support of telecommunications research through

ATRA will require participation from both service providers and equipment

vendors to help identify the most critical research needs together with

complementary industry investments in research. ATRA can play an important role

in facilitating mechanisms to enable service providers to pool research support.

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REFERNCES:

https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication
https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/2#2
https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2020/05/covid-19-its-impact-on-the-
telecommunications-sector-in-india/
callcentrehelper.com/challenges-telecoms-industry-2020-160408.htm
https://ditto.tv/5-emerging-technologies-to-transform-the-telco-industry-in-2020/

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