Proceeding Paper
Embracing the SDG 2030 and Resilience for Monitoring and
Learning in Emergency and Developing Projects †
Francisco J. A. Guachalla
Citation: Guachalla, F.J.A. Embracing
the SDG 2030 and Resilience for
Monitoring and Learning in
Emergency and Developing Projects.
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6. https://
doi.org/10.3390/msf2023019006
Academic Editors: Chiara Copat,
Antonio Cristaldi, Gabriela Fernandez,
Margherita Ferrante, Melissa Jimenez,
Gomez Tagle, Paolo Lauriola,
Graziella Machado, Valerio Paolini,
Prisco Piscitelli, Domenico Vito,
Gea Oliveri Conti, Carla Albanese,
Alfina Grasso, Carol Maione
and Lorenzo
Published: 23 May 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the author.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2023019006
Human Development, La Salle University, La Paz, Bolivia; fguachalla@gmail.com
† Presented at the International One Health Conference 2022, Catania, Italy, 27–28 September 2022.
Abstract: The Project Planning, Monitoring, Systematizing, and Learning (PlaMSyL) method was
developed in a period of ten years (1996–2005) and has expanded since then to improve the results of
development and emergency projects in developing countries, focusing mainly on the monitoring
and learning process of different local stakeholders beyond the deliverables into the changes and
impacts of outcomes. It has been applied in different countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
between 2006 and 2016. Today, it is taught in universities to students of pre- and post-grade levels.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are part of the UN Agenda 2030, signed by 193 governments
in 2015, contain 169 Targets, and 232 indicators of social well-being (health, education, zero hunger,
equality, and gender), and for economic (food production, industry, zero poverty, consumption,
infrastructure, and technology), and ecological development (water, climate, governance, and bio-
diversity) preserving the planet from a collapse and ensuring the sustainable well-being of all. The
SDGs provide the framework for a new circular economy based on clean energy and zero greenhouse
gases. One basic principle of the SDG 2030 is “Leave No One Behind” and is what drives to work with
the local governments and communities in a bottom-up approach, coordinating with the national
level to set up appropriate policies. The PlaMSyL method has been practiced by different professional
teams of education, health, engineering, agriculture, disaster risk reduction, and ecologists, and
for this reason, the paper explains the use of the PlaMSyL method with the indicators and targets
of the SDGs, and the resilience to facilitate local project teams and stakeholders to use the SDGs
participatively as a framework, and as a metrics and communication tool.
Keywords: project management; local participation; developing countries; sustainable development
goals; resilience
1. Analysis of the Situation in Development
Important Problems
Technical teams of local governments and NGOs in developing countries know that
community leaders and families have a large experience in resilient development due to the
many hazards affecting their production and social well-being being exacerbated today by
climate change, the growing inequality in opportunities, violence between national actors,
the pandemic, and large disasters which hinder their sustainable development, making
the local development context dynamic, emergent, and complex [1]. One main problem
that goes on is that policies are written at a national level in a top–down format with little
understanding and non-participative discussion of local experiences.
The UN Agenda 2030 with 17 SDGs [2] and 169 targets, plus the indicators, provides
a framework that integrates the solutions to achieve a harmonious, integral, and resilient
development. Even though 163 countries are reporting advances toward those goals [3],
most of that information in developing countries is still a national average, with little
insertion into the local level of communities and municipalities, a fact that was observed
in the evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals by disaggregating the results
in 2013 by groups of people: girls and boys in education and health, rural and urban in
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/msf
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, x
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, x
2 of 9
insertion into the local level of communities and municipalities, a fact that was observed2 of 8
in the evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals by disaggregating the results in
2 of 9
2013 by groups of people: girls and boys in education and health, rural and urban in
WASH indicators and other services, indigenous and non-indigenous persons, and
WASH indicators and other services, indigenous and non-indigenous persons, and between
between income groups [4].
income groups [4].
insertion into
Figure the local
1 shows thelevel of negative
major communities andofmunicipalities,
impacts climate change a fact
and that wasdisasters.
related observed
Figure 1 shows the major negative impacts of climate change and related disasters.
in the evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals by disaggregating the results in
2013 by groups of people: girls and boys in education and health, rural and urban in
WASH indicators and other services, indigenous and non-indigenous persons, and
between income groups [4].
Figure 1 shows the major negative impacts of climate change and related disasters.
Figure 1. AccuWeather. The steady increase in climate-related natural disasters.
Figure 1. AccuWeather. The steady increase in climate-related natural disasters.
The UN Unfinished Agenda provided a justification for the new Agenda 2030; how-
The UN Unfinished Agenda provided a justification for the new Agenda 2030;
ever, to avoid doing similar process when pursuing the average country information only,
however,
there is antourgent
avoid need
doingtosimilar process when
work bottom-up, pursuing
starting thelevels.
at local average country information
only, there is an urgent need to work bottom-up, starting at local levels.
Figure
2. Some1. AccuWeather. The steadyinincrease
Important Advances the Last in climate-related
Decades natural disasters.
2. Some
2.1. LocalImportant
ParticipationAdvances in the Last Decades
The Participation
2.1. Local UN Unfinished Agenda provided a justification for the new Agenda 2030;
The organizations that support local development, including NGOs, municipal gov-
however, to avoid doing similar process when pursuing the average country information
ernments, and international
The organizations thatorganizations
support local with local presence,including
development, have seenNGOs,
in the last decades
municipal
only, thereiniscommunity
advances an urgent need to work bottom-up,
participation, and the use starting
of at local levels.
project-planning tools for the scope of
governments, and international organizations with local presence, have seen in the last
development
decades projects
advances changed positively
in community from and
participation, a top-down
the use of and lineal method totools
project-planning a more
for
2. Some Important Advances in the Last Decades
participative,
the flexible, inclusive,
scope of development projects non-lineal, and innovative
changed positively from aapproach.
top-down and lineal method
2.1.
to aLocal
more Participation
Figure 2 shows thatflexible,
participative, the practice in development
inclusive, non-lineal,andandemergency
innovative projects has evolved in
approach.
the participation of local actors
The organizations from a contribution
that support of local materials
local development, includingandNGOs,
hand labour, to the
municipal
training for the operation and maintenance of their projects, to a resilient
governments, and international organizations with local presence, have seen in the last preparation for highly
probableadvances
decades emergencies, to involvement
in community in the evaluation
participation, and the of usetheir own projects, committees,
of project-planning tools for
the scope of development projects changed positively from a top-down the
and authorities up to the higher level of conscious participation regarding andsustainability
lineal method of
their
to projects,
a more where authorities
participative, flexible,and participants
inclusive, knowand
non-lineal, theirinnovative
duties andapproach.
rights.
Figure 2. The five levels of local participation Adapted by F. Guachalla (2021) from E. M. Galarza,
Ministry of Education, Guatemala.
Figure
Figure2.
2. The
Thefive
fivelevels
levelsof
oflocal
localparticipation
participationAdapted
Adaptedby
byF.F.Guachalla
Guachalla(2021)
(2021)from
fromE.E.M.
M.Galarza,
Galarza,
Ministry of Education, Guatemala.
Ministry of Education, Guatemala.
 regarding the sustainability of their projects, where authorities and participants know
their duties and rights.

2.2. Project Planning, Monitoring, Systematizing, and Learning—PlaMSyL Method

PlaMSyL
Med. Sci. Forum was developed in an inclusive, participatory, and innovative effort between
2023, 19, 6 3 of 8
1996 and 2005, achieving development projects with a high level of involvement from local
actors including community leaders, local authorities, financial institutions, project teams,
2.2. Project
families, and NGOs within Planning, Monitoring,
a dynamic, emergent,Systematizing,
and complex and Learning—PlaMSyL
context in rural andMethod
peri–
urban areas [5]. PlaMSyL was developed in an inclusive, participatory, and innovative effort between
1996 and 2005,
PlaMSyL was later applied achieving
in other development
countries projects with the
for strengthening a high level
local of involvement
resilience in from
local actors including community leaders, local authorities, financial institutions, project
Latin America and in large emergencies in the Philippines and Sierra Leone [6]. Currently,
teams, families, and NGOs within a dynamic, emergent, and complex context in rural and
PlaMSyL is taught atperi–urban
universities in[5].
areas pre- and post-degrees to facilitate the application of
the method to professionals PlaMSyL in wasNGOs, local
later applied government
in other countries fortechnical teams,
strengthening andresilience in
the local
organizations that have presence
Latin Americain and the
in context of the new
large emergencies paradigm
in the of the
Philippines and SDG
Sierra2030
Leoneand[6]. Currently,
resilience [7]. PlaMSyL is taught at universities in pre- and post-degrees to facilitate the application of
the method
Main Characteristics to professionals in NGOs, local government technical teams, and organizations
of PlaMSyL.
that have presence in the context of the new paradigm of the SDG 2030 and resilience [7].
This method began with the participatory design of the Sys-Curve in Figure 3 in
Main Characteristics of PlaMSyL.
developing projects, where A is
This the starting
method began monitoring point anddesign
with the participatory D the of
expected planning
the Sys-Curve in Figure 3 in
target in a hypothetically linear projects,
developing solution. B is the
where A is point where
the starting the community
monitoring point andteam
D thereaches
expected planning
while the project team isintraining
target them, linear
a hypothetically and C, where
solution. B isthe
the community
point where theteam reaches
community team reaches
working alone with awhile the project
necessary team team is training them,
reinforcement. D”andand C,D’
where
are the
thecommunity teamgoals
real achieved reaches working
alone with a necessary team reinforcement. D” and D’ are the real achieved goals when the
when the project ends, with/without extension.
project ends, with/without extension.

D
D”
D’

Figure 3. Systematization Curve. F. Guachalla, 2005.

This Sys-Curve is more real and consistent with the advances towards the project
goals [5], and it is based on the fusion model Plan-QAT (for quality, accountability, and
Figure 3. Systematization Curve. F. Guachalla,
transparency, 2005.integrates the results-oriented log-chain with the outcome
Figure 4) that
mapping process-oriented learning pathway on behaviour change [8].
This Sys-Curve is more real and
The method consistent
achieves with the advances
the monitoring towards
of the advances of thethe project
change indicators of
outcomes,
goals [5], and it is based on the and the impact
fusion model indicators of the(for
Plan-QAT specific objective
quality, measured in different
accountability, and periods
(quarterly and annually) beyond the frequent follow-up of process and product indicators
(weekly and monthly). It also facilitates periodic feedback loops (Figure 4) with stakehold-
ers based on the systematization of the field information, calculation, and qualification of
indicators, as well the participatory learning for improvements reached in consensus during
the implementation of the project, which is different to the evaluation that usually brings
the analysis of the results at the end of a project that is far too late for improvements [9].
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, x 4 of 9

Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6 4 of 8

transparency, Figure 4) that integrates the results-oriented log-chain with the outcome
mapping process-oriented learning pathway on behaviour change [8].

Figure 4. The fusion model Plan-QAT. F.

F. Guachalla,
Guachalla, 2005.
2005.

2.3. The
TheUN Agenda
method 2030 with
achieves theSustainable
monitoringDevelopment Goalsof the change indicators of out-
of the advances
comes, Theand
UNthe Agenda
impact “Transforming
indicators ofOur the World:
specificThe 2030 Agenda
objective measured for Sustainable
in differentDevelop-
periods
ment” was signed by 193 countries on the 25 September 2015
(quarterly and annually) beyond the frequent follow-up of process and product in the United Nations based
indicators
on the principle of “Leave No One Behind”. It was organized in five groups:
(weekly and monthly). It also facilitates periodic feedback loops (Figure 4) with stakehold- people with
five SDGs on
ers based onetheto systematization
five, planet withof five
theSDGs
field six and twelve
information, to fifteen, prosperity
calculation, with five
and qualification of
SDGs seven to eleven, peace with SDG sixteen, and partnership with
indicators, as well the participatory learning for improvements reached in consensus dur- SDG seventeen [2].
ing theTheimplementation
UN assembles anofannual report since
the project, which2016, and this to
is different yearthecontained the that
evaluation information
usually
of 163 countries with the advances of 94 indicators (plus one indicator for OECD
brings the analysis of the results at the end of a project that is far too late for improvements countries)
with
[9]. normalized values between 0 and 100, qualified with a traffic light rank red, orange,
yellow and green [3]. The SDG indexes are determined by the combination of the values of
the
2.3. indicators related
The UN Agenda to each
2030 with SDG and are
Sustainable complemented
Development Goalswith a tinted trend.
Some countries have published, within the last few years, their own reports for their
The UN Agenda “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel-
internal use, with different geographical levels including cities, regions, and municipali-
opment” was signed by 193 countries on the 25 September 2015 in the United Nations
ties [10]. However, other reports alongside the global report are occasionally regional e.g.,
based on the principle of “Leave No One Behind”. It was organized in five groups: people
Arab, and Mediterranean or continental in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia,
withEurope
and five SDGs[SDGoneReports
to five, website].
planet with five SDGs six and twelve to fifteen, prosperity with
five SDGs seven to eleven,
For all the reasons explainedpeace above,
with SDG sixteen, and
it is therefore partnership
important with SDG
to monitor seventeen
the SDG indica-
[2].
tors in the implementation of local planning, emphasizing the strengthening of local resilience
The UN
to support the assembles
achievement anofannual
“Leavereport
No One since 2016,from
Behind” and the
thisbottom-up
year contained the infor-
perspective.
mation The disaster risk reduction framework (Figure 5) shows the tasks that can beOECD
of 163 countries with the advances of 94 indicators (plus one indicator for orga-
countries) with normalized
nized and implemented by thevalues between
different levels0 and 100, qualified
of government with a traffic
in developing light rank
countries in
red, orange, yellow
coordination with the and green [3].
national The SDG indexes
government are determined
during large emergencies. by the combination of
the values of the indicators
The Sendai disaster riskrelated to eachframework
reduction SDG and are is complemented with a tinted to
an important complement trend.
the
SDG Agenda 2030, as it reinforces the importance to strengthen local resilience. The DRR
framework states in the last sentences of its goal “ . . . increase preparedness for response
and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience”, and its priority for action number 3 is
dedicated to investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience [10].
 resilience to support the achievement of “Leave No One Behind” from the bottom-up per
spective.
The disaster risk reduction framework (Figure 5) shows the tasks that can be orga
nized and implemented by the different levels of government in developing countries i
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6 5 of 8
coordination with the national government during large emergencies.

Figure5.5.The
Figure The cycle
cycle forfor disaster
disaster risk risk reduction.
reduction.

Hence, the DRR

The Sendai framework
disaster risk recommends strengthening
reduction framework theimportant
is an resilience tocomplement
lower the to th
disaster risks in developing countries at national, regional, and local levels.
SDG Agenda 2030, as it reinforces the importance to strengthen local resilience. The tasksThe DRR
of preparation–response–early recovery in Figure 5 could be run by local governments
framework states in the last sentences of its goal “… increase preparedness for respons
because they are the first to respond with their Centre for Operation in Emergencies (COEs)
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, x and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience”, and its priority for action number 6 of 93 is ded
as Figure 6 shows [11], and the national, and several regional governments should be in
icated to investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
charge of the major tasks in prevention–mitigation–reconstruction. [10].
Hence, the DRR framework recommends strengthening the resilience to lower th
disaster risks in developing countries at national, regional, and local levels. The tasks o
preparation–response–early recovery in Figure 5 could be run by local governments be
cause they are the first to respond with their Centre for Operation in Emergencies (COEs
as Figure 6 shows [11], and the national, and several regional governments should be i
charge of the major tasks in prevention–mitigation–reconstruction.

Figure6.6.Escalated
Figure Escalatedresponse
responsein
inan
anemergency.
emergency.F.F.Guachalla,2011.
Guachalla,2011.

It is of high priority to find new ways of working at local levels to strengthen local
resilience, while the national governments build new policies for DRR to reach the poor
and work together for a sustainable well-being.
 Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6 6 of 8

It is of high priority to find new ways of working at local levels to strengthen local
resilience, while the national governments build new policies for DRR to reach the poor
and work together for a sustainable well-being.

3. Use of the PlaMSyL Method with SDGs and Resilience Indicators

Tools of PlaMSyL Method
The PlaMSyL method has two types of tools: the Static (SDB) and the Dynamic Data
Bases (DDB).
The SDBs are used for planning: the project cycle, the geo-population list/map, the
log-frame, the outcome mapping LF-tree, the timetable, the personnel chart for account-
ability purposes, and the Budget. Meanwhile, the DDB are three data matrixes: the field
information, the calculation of indicators and the qualification of results [7].
The scheme of the outcome mapping LF-Tree in Figure 7 shows the components of
the specific objective (SO), the outcomes (IR), and outputs (P) with three elements: the
narrative, the targets, and the indicators of the log-frame components (SO–IRs–P), plus
the level of activities (As). This tool improves the coherence and consistency of the LF,
emphasizing the learning pathways of the local actors, who contribute with their resilience
ed. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, x to the sustainability of their development, showing with different colors, each outcome 7 of
target group.

MAPA DE RESULTADOS: ÁRBOL DEL MARCO LÓGICO 5x5 EXPANDIDO

LEVELS OF
Na rra tivo del Obj. Específico RESULTS

Meta SMART del OE

Specific
IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV
Objective
1 tos 2 tos 3

Narra tivo Resultado Intermedio 1 Na rra tivo Resultado Intermedio 2 Na rra tivo Resultado Intermedio 3

Meta SMART del RI 1 Meta SMART del RI 2 Meta SMART del RI 3 Intermediate
Results
IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV Outcomes
IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV
1 tos 2 tos 3 1 2 3
tos tos 1 tos 2 tos 3

Na rra tivo del Resultado directo 1.1 Na rra tivo del Resultado directo 2.1 Narra tivo del Resultado directo 2.2 Na rra tivo del Resultado directo 3.1

Meta SMART del P 1.1 Meta SMART del P 2.1 Meta SMART del P 2.2 Meta SMART del P 3.1 Products
Outputs
IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV
IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV IOV hi- IOV hi- IOV 3
1 tos 2 tos
1 tos 2 tos 3 1 tos 2 tos 3 1 tos 2 tos

ACTIVIDADES PARA RAMAL 1 ACTIVIDADES PARA EL TRONCO ACTIVIDADES RAMAL 3

Instalaciones Construcciones
Talleres Talleres Talleres Activities
Capacitaciones Capacitaciones Capacitaciones
Reuniones Reuniones Reuniones

Fuente: F. Guachalla, 2005, 2008, 2017, 2020, 2022

Figure 7. Outline
Figure of of
7. Outline thetheoutcome Mapping
outcome Mapping LF-Tree.
LF-Tree. F. Guachalla,
F. Guachalla, 2008. 2008.

TheTherestrest
of of
thetheSDBs
SDBs are well-known, but the method highlights the quality, account-
are well-known, but the method highlights the quality, accoun
ability, and transparency of the programming.
ability, and transparency
Scheme of the of
1 shows a schema programming.
the executive report that is calculated with the result
Scheme 1 shows a schema
indica tors that show the advances of the executive
towards report
the targets andthat
theirisqualifications
calculated with with athe resu
indica tors that
five-rank show
traffic lightthe advances
according towards
to the theoftargets
parameters and
time and their qualifications
difference with a fiv
to the target [7].
Figure 8 shows the systematization curves of the outcomes (IR 1, IR
rank traffic light according to the parameters of time and difference to the target [7]. 2, and IR 3), the
relation of each IR with its outputs P 1.1, P 2.1, P2.2, P 3.1, and so on, along with the
financial monitoring curves for the completion of the report. The complete dashboard can
be prepared in real-time.
 Figure 7. Outline of the outcome Mapping LF-Tree. F. Guachalla, 2008.

The rest of the SDBs are well-known, but the method highlights the quality, account-
ability, and transparency of the programming.
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6 Scheme 1 shows a schema of the executive report that is calculated with the result 7 of 8
indica tors that show the advances towards the targets and their qualifications with a five-
rank traffic light according to the parameters of time and difference to the target [7].

Scheme 1. Outline of the executive report dashboard.

Scheme 1. Outline of the executive report dashboard.

Figure 8 shows the systematization curves of the outcomes (IR 1, IR 2, and IR 3), the
relation of each IR with its outputs P 1.1, P 2.1, P2.2, P 3.1, and so on, along with the finan-
cial monitoring curves for the completion of the report. The complete dashboard can be
prepared in real-time.

Figure 8. Sys-Curves of Outcomes (IRs) and Outputs (Ps), 2020.

4. Inclusion of SDG and Resilience Indicators

This practice has shown that indicators of the SDGs and of local resilience can be found
or be included in the monitoring system of PlaMSyL. For example, in the WASH projects, one
main indicator is # and % of population with clean water and hygiene practices, consistent
with the first indicator of SDG six “population with clean water”, with its target of 100%.
One indicator of the project for strengthening local resilience was the # and % of
community promotors (health, WASH, Teacher) that count with a plan for attention in
emergency (PAE), and participate in a community simulation with the school, the families,
and leaders in coordination with the local technical team. This is consistent with the
recommendations of the Sendai framework. In SDG four, the main indicator is the # of
schoolgirls and boys that finish primary and secondary school, where the indicator of
resilience could be included.
Thus, the PlaMSyL method responds to the challenge of a dynamic, emergent, and
complex context, and it includes SDGs 2030 as well as the resilience indicators monitored
at local level with the participation of several actors and strengthening the local resilience
towards a sustainable development. The method responds to the challenges of monitoring
and learning with quality, accountability, and transparency, and has proved to be easy to use
by the local technical teams, community committees, project teams, and other stakeholders.

Funding: I develop this method during the projects, without a specific funding for it.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. I developed the method while implementing
development and emergency projects for Catholic Relief Services and UNICEF in partnership with
other institutions like: International Plan, Caritas, other UN agencies, etc.
Med. Sci. Forum 2023, 19, 6 8 of 8

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. The method was developed during the implementation
of development and emergency projects.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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