Name: Angel Ling Ho Ee

Matric No: 211021080

Programme: Computer Engineering
Title: Diode Application
1. Introduction
Diode is a two terminal electronic component made with semiconductor
material and allow current flow in only one direction. Diode has two condition,
forward biased and reverse biased. When the anode of diode is connected to the
positive terminal and cathode is connected to negative terminal of the voltage
source, that is forward bias. When cathode of diode is connected to negative and
anode is connected to positive of the voltage source, that is reverse bias.
Ideal model diode can be modelled as a simple switch. The switch is close
when diode is forward bias while the switch is open when diode is reverse bias.
That is meaning the potential barrier of diode will be ignored since the it is ideal
model. However, practical model diode has included the potential barrier such as
0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium. For forward biasing diode, the switch is
considered as close, and the potential barrier must exceed by the external battery
to cause the conduction. The function of practical model diode is same as ideal
model when it is reverse bias which is open switch, no current flow and no
potential barrier.
There are many types of diode application such ad clipper , clamper, and
rectifier. Clippers is also called as limiters which is used to clip off portions of
signal voltage above or below certain levels. Clampers is used to add or restore a
DC level to an electrical signal. It used to pair with a capacitor in a circuit. Rectifier
is used to convert AC input voltage to pulsating DC voltage. Rectifier has half-
wave rectifier, center-tapped full-wave rectifier and bridge full-wave rectifier.
Half-wave rectifier uses only one diode in a circuit while full-wave rectifier uses
two or four diode in a circuit.
The objective to conduct this lab is to simulate electronic circuit with LTspice
software. To demonstrate the application of diode as clipper, clamper and
rectifier and also to familiarize with AC analysis.
2. Pre-calculation:
3. Results:
(i) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 1.1.1

Figure 1.1.1
(ii) Result:

Figure 1.1.2 graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle 1.30V 1.43V
Negative cycle 0V -5.25μV
Table 1.1 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time.
(iii) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 1.2.1

Figure 1.2.1
(iv) Result:

Figure 1.2.2 graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle 3.30V 3.39V
Negative cycle 0V -5.09μV
Table 1.2 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
(v) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 2.1.1

Figure 2.1.1
(vi) Result:

Figure 2.1.2 Graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
First positive cycle 3.00V 3.33V
Positive cycle 0.30 0.35V
Negative cycle 6.30V 5.97V
Table 2.1 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
(vii) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 2.2.1

Figure 2.2.1
(viii) Result:

Figure 2.2.2 graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle 1.70V 1.64V
Negative cycle -4.30V -4.21V
Table 2.2 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
(ix) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 3.1.1

Figure 3.1.1
(x) Result:

Figure 3.1.2 Graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle 0.77V 0.64V
Negative cycle 0.77V 0.64V
Table 3.1 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
(xi) LTspice schematic diagram of Figure 3.2.1

Figure 3.2.1
(xii) Result:

Figure 3.2.2 Graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle -0.77V -0.64V
Negative cycle -0.77V -0.64V
Table 3.2 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
(xiii) LTspice schematics diagram of Figure 3.3.1

Figure 3.3.1
(xiv) Result:

Figure 3.3.2 Graph of Vout versus time

Calculation Simulation
Parameter
Vout Vout
Positive cycle 0.77V 0.64V
Negative cycle 0V -4.43μV
Table 3.3 Simulation and calculation of Vout versus time
Discussion:
For Figure 1, the Vout for negative cycle is 0V due to the reverse bias causes the
open circuit hence there is no current flow through the circuit. However, the V out for
simulation does get the value of unit micro volt which is very small and can be
ignored and approximate to 0V. Both waveform of Figure 1.1.1 and Figure 1.2.1
shows the half wave of the waveform. Since the polarity of the battery is opposite
hence the result of the Vout will be difference. Figure 1.1.2 shows the wave of V out is
lower than the voltage supplied, and Figure 1.2.2 shows the wave of V out is higher
than the voltage supplied. The type of diode application is the clipper.
For figure 2.1.2, the value of Vout of the first positive cycle is different because
the capacitor is uncharged. For the first positive cycle, the diode is reverse bias and
no current flow hence the capacitor is uncharged and there is no voltage of capacitor
so that the Vout=Vin. Then for the negative cycle, the capacitor is charging hence has
the voltage across the capacitor and we marked it as V c . After that, the capacitor is
discharging when the diode is reverse bias and the Vc is remain the same. For the
Figure 2.2.2, the output waveform is difference with the Figure 2.1.2 because the
diode is in opposite direction. The diode in the first positive cycle in Figure 2.2.2 is
forward bias hence the capacitor is charging and has the voltage across it. Hence the
capacitor will be charging and discharging continuously when the diode is forward
bias and reverse bias. The type of diode application is clamper.
Suggestion of improvement can be done in the circuit Figure 2 is increase the
resistance of the resistor. Based on the ohm’s law, V=IR. The current decrease as the
resistance increasing when the voltage is constant. The current pass through the
component will become lower and hence the output voltage will become larger.
For figure 3, the output waveform of Vout will become half wave if D3 is taken
out from the circuit. This is because there is only D4 in the circuit and D4 will act as
the half-wave rectifier. The output waveform for figure 3.1.2 and figure 3.2.2 shows
the full wave waveform. Both output voltage has the same value but different sign.
This is because the direction of two diode in Figure 3.2.1 is opposite with the Figure
3.1.1. When D3 is taken out from the graph, there is only one diode in the circuit.
Hence the diode is switch on when the positive cycle of the V in and switch off when
the negative cycle of the Vin. The type of diode application is the rectifier.
Conclusion:
The clipper is used to limit the voltages, currents, and amplitudes. The
clamper is about charging and discharging. The capacitor is usually used in the circuit
if there is clampers diode. The full wave rectifier has two types, which is center-
tapped rectifier and bridge full-wave rectifier. The center-tapped rectifier used to
have two diode is connected while bridge full-wave rectifier have 4 diode connected
in a bridge.