While-task 1: Theories of Globalization

MARTINEZ, Adrienne A.

Direction:

1. With the use of your online research through newspaper and journal reading, construct at least two (2) definitions in your
own words of each of the hereunder theories of globalization.

1.1. Liberalism
- This theory states that the market should be free from the government—letting the market move or maneuver
on its own.
- This theory also believe that when a market is a free market—a liberalist market, it will become wide and will
not settle on the country, this means that the market will go on the global context and it will able to navigate
and approach the global market in a very progressive way because the government does not intervene. Using
liberalism as an approach to global market, prioritizes the interaction of the buyer and supplier, once
established, this interaction will be the one to command what approach is appropriate, what price the products
should be, etc.
- This theory also state that the liberty aspects of the market led to globalization.
1.2. Realism
- This theory’s sole idea is about power—state’s power and balancing the power. In this theory of globalization,
every country has the goal to be the most powerful—to dominate the market and establish hegemony among
other countries but of course, other countries will not allow this. This is where balance of power came in.
- Balance of power means other countries will step up their game when it comes to global market so that the
country who’s on the top will not dominate the market. Example of this is how the America is trying dominate
the global market—spreading its influence and alliance globally but of course, there are also other powerful
country who will not allow America to dominate the global market like the China and Russia, these two
countries are also making an effort—stepping up their game to knock-out or weaken the power of America
which can potentially dominate the global context.
 - Balance of power also comes with alliance which was mentioned earlier, but to elaborate, alliance is also one
of the factor that can create balance—countries that are not powerful, form alliance to deal with powerful
countries in the global market.

1.3. Marxism
- This theory is rooted from the criticism of capitalism and highly concerned with the production and exploitation
that the capitalism brings. It also do believe that globalization happens because of capitalism and in relation
to this, some Marxist argue that the domination or the accumulation of power of other countries is a result of
exploitation of powerful countries to weak and underdeveloped.
- Marxism rejects both liberalism and realism’s view of globalization for the reason that the idea of liberalism
being free from the government in maneuvering its way to global market will result to exploitation and
underdeveloped and poor country will stay poor that is why Marxism wants a government driven approach to
global market where everyone is equal and everyone can be developed and prosperous.
- Liberalists also says that it’s okay if the country is poor and underdeveloped what’s important is you’re free to
do what you want to do, but of course, the Marxism doesn’t like this, they say that it’s okay to give up some of
your freedom because this will result for equality and maintain fairness among all countries.
1.4. Constructivism
- This theory says that globalization emerged because people mentally constructed the notion that we need
globalization—that we need connectedness and interdependency. We construct symbols, meanings,
languages, images, etc.
- It also says that the exchange of ideas and conversations we had with other countries brought us to construct
an idea about the world, rules, and how to be belong in that world and because of this, the idea of “in”, “out”;
“us” and “they” happens, to further elaborate, it means that the formation/construction of groups of where you
belong happens—when a country has done something and it became “in” or let’s say, “effective”, eventually,
other countries will follow this in order to be belong and this happens globally. An example can be the form of
education, a country adopts the form of education of other country it’s because we constructed an idea that if
a country dominates or be at the top globally when it comes to an approach—no matter what it might be
(education, market, policies, constitutions, etc.), therefore, it’s effective and so, other countries will also follow
this.
1.5. Postmodernism
- This theory highlights the significance structural power in terms of identity, norms, and technology and it also
strive to understand globalization in knowledge power which structuralize or shape knowledge.
- This theory argues that the countries that are rich and developed are able to understand how their society
works—they’re able to pinpoint where they’re good, what resources they’re rich at and where they’re lacking
and what should be improve. With this understanding, countries are able to apply it to the global context and
eventually, dominate and progress the global market because they understand the complexity of the system.
 2. Fill out the table matrix provided below by comparing and differentiating how the essential characteristics were best
observed in the identified theories of globalization.

State Power/ the Popular Culture: Strong Personal

Market
Central Planning and Conduct of Generation X & Unique Identity
Theories of Economy/Free trade
Public Ownership of International Millenials' Craze. and Consciousness
Globalization and Private
Property Relations: Consular Fads and amid
Property
& Diplomacy Trensendsetting Hyperglobalism
Liberalism is highly into Since liberalism In the perspective of Since liberalisms Liberalism’s unique
free trade. Liberals supports private liberalism they believe main belief or identity is definitely
believes that free trade property ownership, it that international ideology circulate its strong belief to
and movement of frees private sectors to relationship plays a big around individual’s individual freedom
goods or products leas push its own interest— role especially when it freedom, choice and and its importance
to more investors most of the property are comes to cooperation openness, both not just to the
especially on the privately owned and and negotiation among generation has seen person itself but for
developing countries. privately controlled with different countries. In to be more in favor of the society and
1. Liberalism There are little to no government addition to this, they the ideology of economy. This belief
circumstances that intervention in terms of also argue that liberalism. Millennials ultimately gave birth
multinational business navigation. international diplomacy or people who belong to tons of rights of
companies go to these This also means that can possibly an in this generation is people. This
countries to build o set- central planning or the effective mechanism to more on in favor of freedom also plays a
up factories that give economic decision of get different countries the beliefs of big role on the type
works to people in that liberals regarding to interact with each Liberalism—some of market we have
country. Aside from this production, distribution, other honestly and studies have shown today which is
reason, labor is also supply, where to market support non-violent that millennials mostly a free market
cheap but still, it’s a etc. are all up to the solutions and remain the most which helps a lot of
“win-win” situation for owner or the company. decisions. Another liberal and democratic country. Another
both investor and the thing is that they among other unique identity of
country. Also, aside believe that is proper generations. As liberalism in its view
from supporting free- institutions and stated earlier they are of international
trade, liberalism also diplomacy takes place, both leaning towards relations and
supports private countries can work liberals which means cooperation as a
ownerships because together to increase Generation X is also very helpful factor or
it’s based on individual prosperity and the same however, tool for a nation not
liberty and private decrease conflict. Also there are studies that just economically but
property ownership when it comes to shows that there are also its liberty.
with limited government international relations, people in this
interference since they liberals mainly seek to generation who
also believe that if address the problem remains to be
everyone is left to their and achieve a long conservative.
own economic devices lasting peace and Liberalism centers
instead of being cooperation among freedom and from
controlled or countries. what we have seen
maneuvered by the these past few years
government, it would a lot of people who
result to a harmonious belong in these
and ever-increasing generations has
market. In addition to become more open
this, liberalism’s market especially when it
economy is often comes to the matter
considered as an of sexuality (identity
example of mixed and orientation) and
economy—drawing its their rights, racism
practices found in free (mostly slavery,
enterprises system discrimination and
while incorporating hate crimes), mental
 elements of social health, body image,
market economy. It’s abortion, legalization
also provides ability for of marijuana, global
companies or people in warming and many
the market to interact more but in general all
with different about freedom which
companies, employees, can potentially makes
customers, suppliers in the life of people
any mechanism they much better.
prefer.

Realism’s main When talking about Realism emphasize When it comes to From what I’ve seen
concern is power— central planning, realism the competitive and popular culture so far, realism’s
state power and mainly focus on how conflicted side of realists usually lean to strong personal
balancing the power, they can balance the international relations. conservative and identity is its strong
with this in mind, when power when it comes to Realists highly believe traditional culture but fascination and
it comes to market global market and when that international in general, since the belief of balancing
economy, realists it comes to the country’s relations which include state has the biggest the power no matter
prefer the market to be market itself, as stated international power it will always be what the setting but
balanced and not be earlier, state is the most organizations is one of up to the state if they most especially the
dominated by any powerful which means the greatest tool for a will adapt or go with global setting so that
2. Realism
country. If domination that the states can nation to gain or retail the popular culture. all can participate
takes place in the create regulations in global power or and there are no
market, another order to balance the domination of global nation who will
country will step-up market inside the arena, with this, dominate the global
their game in order to country. When problems realists also believe arena so that no
balance the market. occurs, realists that developing developing and poor
Since it’s also all about facilitates or thinks of a country will remain as country will stay as
balancing the power, way to solve the said is because of the is. Also, it’s strong
realists also believe problem with the help of domination of other belief of state
that when it comes to planning. Public nation using their independence when
 trading or market, ownership will be power in international it comes to
regulations must take allowed since it’s also a relation or international maneuvering its own
place. These way of balancing power organization which is country with no
regulations can be however, regulation will why realists has intervention of
used to correct still takes place. reservation when it international
distortion and promote comes to this matter. relations or
industries. When In addition to this, organizations.
talking about state realists assumes that
power, realists stressed the state is the
that the state has the principle actor in
highest power over international relation
economy such as and in general they
trade, price, and supply believe that there’s no
etc. this also applies to and there’s should be
ownership—state has no centralized global
more power in authority which they
ownership than private believe can limit the
sectors. sovereign power of a
state and will
determine the state’s
actions.

Marxism highly reject Instead of public Marxism’s view of According to surveys, From what I’ve seen,
private ownership for it ownership, Marx international relation is nearly half of the unique strong
believes that it gives emphasized that it just like its view of millennials and identity of Marxism is
should be common
birth to exploitation and politics which generation x has view its strong ambition to
3. Marxism ownership where
unequal approach highlights the Marxism in a positive abolish capitalism
meeting the human
among people. Since needs is highly continuous fight way and they are in and its strong belief
free market are highly prioritized rather than between the two favor of its ideologies of capitalism’s self-
dominated and profit and production of classes: ploretariat however, if we look destruction due to
controlled by goods and services. and elite/ bourgeois. closely to the ideology revolution of tired
capitalists, Marxism Common ownership With this concept, of Marxism a lot of it and exploited
rejects such thing. For also emphasize the international relation is contradicts to the working class. In
Marxists time will rights of workers to the the same, it’s the beliefs of millennials addition to this is its
comes and capitalism things that they’ve continuous struggle such as freedom of aim to build a nation
will self-destruct produced or worked between capitalist choice which where common
with—giving them the
because of its states and the victim of apparently is being ownership takes
rights of ownership.
exploitation and the capitalistic rejected by Marxism. place.
Central planning are
unfairness to people usually associated with exploitation of other Other studies have
and under develop or Marxism, it advocate states to under also shown that
poor country because central planning as develop or poor millennials realized
people will get tired and government’s direct countries. According to their role and the
revolve which economic investment Marxists international importance of labor
eventually will be the more efficiently than relations happened force to the market
fall of capitalism. Marx private sectors through exploitation of and economy which is
also states that especially when it rich countries to the why some of this
capitalism is a kind of comes to social and poor ones through reject Marxism. With
system that alienates common goals. imperialism, war, this in mind, we can
the mass. Another and/or building of clearly see that the
thing is, Marx factories and taking opinions and views of
condemned the free advantage of their this generation are
market for it is resources in exchange divided.
ungoverned and is of cheap price.
maintained through
spontaneous purchase
and sale of private
property dictated by the
supply and demand,
removing the ability of
the worker to have
control nor ownership
 to what he/she
produced or made.
In constructivism, a
profitable and efficient
market economy or
free trade is
constructed in way that
is fit to the country itself
with the help of
policies/regulations,
investments and
partnerships that will
allow the market to
strive. Furthermore, a
4.Constructivism
market economy of
one’s country can be
pattered or copied to
other countries that are
viewed to be at the top
because there’s a
social construction that
we have to follow the
best. Even in policy
making or the type of
handling problem and
situations are
When it comes to In international
This theory has seen The strong unique
planning, constructivists relations, personal identity of
to be much fitted to
believe that reality is constructivism has
millennials because it constructivism from
constructed by human played an important what I’ve seen so far
brought reality that
interaction and the factor. International
central planning should “reality” constructed to is its strong belief
relations have shaped this generation and that reality is socially
be patterned to this or molded by different
constructed reality in allows them to constructed—the
ideologies and
order to keep up to construct their own ideas and even
phenomena.
other country. experience and or experiences can be
Constructivist’s own way of life. constructed. The
identities and interests ability to changed
are socially reality and ideas is
constructed and can
also a quite
be changed. The main fascination identity
goal of constructivism
of this theory too.
in international
relations is to create or
construct an
interaction and
interdependence to
one another.
 sometimes patterned to
the countries at top.

Postmodernism’s Postmodernism’s Postmodernist view They view generation

planning are solely The strong unique
market economy is international relations x and millennials as
focused on short and personal identity of
based on the belief of as a rejection of people who are
long-term goals. Goals postmodernism is its
postmodernists that scientific objectivity responsible and
that will lead the country strong belief of being
they were able to and reality objectivity pinpoint where they
to prosperity and will able to see where
pinpoint where they are in the worlds does not are good at and use it
truly tackle the problem you’re good at and
good at and use it for exist therefore all the for them to be
that the country face. use that for you to
their advantage to have things that we have in successful or a
have a great future
an efficient market life that involves greater future.
is amazing because
economy. human is subjective
5. so far, none of the
with this in mind, other theories has
Postmodernism
international relations given us this kind of
are always and will be ideology which gives
subjective and hand us the importance of
internal agenda rather believing to our
than for the sole personal ability.
betterment of a
country.
3. In 100 words, write an analysis based on the result of the learning task.
This learning is a very enlightening tasks especially when it comes to different perspective of different theory when it
comes to globalization. I have seen that all of these theory are trying to be the “definition” of what really globalization is and
how it really happened but then again of course, other theory will come to contradict and shed light to its own perspective.
The matrix on the other hand, has brought me to the much deeper and wider perspective of each theory with this, I was
enlightened and learned a lot not just about globalization but also about economy.
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