Ideologies

Group 4: Suha & Parth

Types of Ideologies

01 02
Socialism Liberalism

03 04
Conservatism Nationalism
 01
so·cial·ism
A political and economic theory of social organization
which advocates that the means of production,
distribution, and exchange should be owned or
regulated by the community as a whole.

*Google definition
In simpler terms
- Equality of Outcomes
- A utopian mindset
- No competition
- Public ownership
- Egalitarian Society
- Extreme form of socialism:
Communism
Flaws

Reduces Government Slow Economic

Incentives Failure Growth
Kills ambition for In regulation and Caused due to
people to work hard. ownership of industry entrepreneurs losing
Demotivates new incentive that add to
innovations and the country’s
research economy
Socialism
Examples

1. India
Portuguese Till late 60s
Republic

Cuba
2.Cuba
1959 to current
India

3.Portuguese Republic
Currently socialist
 02
lib·er·al·ism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the
rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed,
political equality and equality before the law.

*Google definition
In simpler terms
- Individualism
- Freedom
- Rationalism
- Justice and Equality
- Tolerance & Pluralism
Flaws

Distribution of Market
Unfair Wages
Wealth Inconsistency
Cause of capitalist free Free markets have With a free market,
market economies economic recessions employers can pay
where distribution of that might occur their employees as
wealth is not even often they deem fit
Liberalism
Examples

1. Denmark
Denmark

Since late 1800s

Canada

2. Canada
Since late 1800s
USA

3. USA
Since 1800s & 1900s
 03
con·ser·va·tism
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that
seeks to promote and to preserve traditional social
institutions and practices.

*Google definition
In simpler terms
- Values of traditions
- Long-standing ideas and traditions
- Hierarchy/Authority
- Stability
- Edmund Burke’s theory
- Neo-Conservatism
Flaws

Inoperative Old-fashioned Opposes

rationalism
Does not showcase a Does not support a lot Destroys reason that
clear vision for the of the newly imposed is compatible with the
future, or corresponds rights: same-sex modern economy
with constant marriages, feminism
changes
Conservatism
Examples

United
1. United Kingdom
Kingdom
Has conservative
ideology
2. Yemen
Has elements of social
conservatism
Saudi
Arabia
Yemen

3. Saudi Arabia
Has elements of social
conservatism
 04
na·tion·al·ism
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests,
especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other
nations.

*Google definition
In simpler terms
- One nation
- Defined territory
- Togetherness of a people
- Common interest
- Distinction
Flaws

It’s just not suitable

● It opposes diversity and mix of culturality

● One-nation ideology always tends to form disputation and

ultimately wars
● It never ends well (as seen from the two previous world wars)
Nationalism
Russia
Examples
Germany
1. Germany
1914-1945
France

2. France
1914-1945

3. Russia
1914-1945
Liberalism;
And how it connects to
democracy and capitalism in the The tangential terminology:
● Democracy
real world ● Capitalism
Establishing the basics:
The ideology at hand is liberalism;
Liberalism on the surface equates to :
the freedom to pursue individual economic
interests, in deciding every aspect of one’s life.
Tangential terminology
Democracy: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and
exercised by them directly or indirectly through free elections.

Capitalism: Capitalism is often defined as an economic system where private actors are
allowed to own and control the use of property in accord with their own interests, and
where the invisible hand of the pricing mechanism coordinates supply and demand in
markets in a way that is automatically in the best interests of society. Government, in this
perspective, is often described as responsible for peace, justice, and tolerable taxes.
Analysing research
previously carried out
Authoritarian liberalism between market capitalism and democracy: critical and
neoliberal perspectives : By Popov Maxim
This paper discusses the similarities between democracy and liberalism and how
they may seem identical at first sight but deviate and oppose each other.
Liberalism historically dominated through political stages rather than economic
stages along with capitalism in its early development.
Liberalism can be considered the antithesis to authoritarian and totalitarian
ideologies.

VS
This paper however focuses on Europe, and shows the
lingering consequences of authoritarian liberalism, when
politically authoritarian governments side with
economic liberalism.
This usually assists in deregulating markets and
privatizes social goods, using forms of coercion and the
interlinked communication of institutions that further
aids authoritarian liberalism.
Authoritarian liberalism, or neoliberal integration
processes, can increase social instability, creating
conditions for the escalation of reactive
neo-traditionalism and its development into
deep-rooted cultural conflicts, writes Simon Tisdall.
Here ordoliberalism steps in along with economic
neo-liberalism established by Economic and Monetary
Unions, and are in direct conflict to the democratic and
social movements against these policies already in play.

The paper moves on to describe both the left and the right
sides.

The left pushes for cultural liberalism that promotes

individual rights and equality in decision making while the
right opposes with authoritarian liberalism where they
demand a free market independent of the bureaucratic
state.
TO SUM UP
The autonomic economic sphere, basing itself on
depoliticizing itself from inequality, social relations and
legitimacy of the dimensions of democracy and
dimensions.
Neoliberal theory tends to shy away and ignore these
aspects, taking market capitalism for granted.
Unresolved contradictions between the public and
state goods against private capitalist interests.
Authoritarian liberalism today embodies how
capitalism dominated over democracy with emphasis
on economic liberalism.
Democratic Capitalism
The ideology of “democratic capitalism” has been in existence since medieval times.
It is based firmly on the principles of liberalism, which include liberty and equality.
This economic system supports a capitalist, free-market economy subject to control
by a democratic political system that is supported by the majority. It stands in
contrast to authoritarian capitalism by limiting the influence of special interest
groups, including corporate lobbyists, on politics. Some argue that the United States
has become more authoritarian in recent decades.
How they connect
Ironically, Capitalism and democracy follow different logics: unequally distributed
property rights on the one hand, equal civic and political rights on the other; profit
oriented trade within capitalism in contrast to the search for the common good
within democracy; debate, compromise and majority decision-making within
democratic politics versus hierarchical decision-making by managers and capital
owners. Capitalism is not democratic, democracy is not capitalist.

This brings us to the real world example.

What was, is not always
what will be.
Capitalist development leads to economic growth, but some argue that it does not
necessarily lead to democracy. States that have highly capitalistic economic systems
have thrived under authoritarian or oppressive political systems. Some
commentators argue that although economic growth has led to democratization in
the past, it may not do so in the future.

Singapore, which maintains a highly open market economy and attracts lots of
foreign investment, does not protect civil liberties such as freedom of speech and
expression.

The private (capitalist) sector in the People’s Republic of China has grown
exponentially and thrived since its inception, despite having an authoritarian
government.

Augusto Pinochet’s rule in Chile led to economic growth by using authoritarian

means to create a safe environment for investment and capitalism.
Quiz!

Which ideology best Do you think that Name some flaws of

preaches individualism Singapore’s move to not Socialism.
and freedom? protect civil liberties
while in a capitalist
market, more liberal or
Liberalism! authoritative? Reduces incentives,
government failure,
Let’s discuss! slow economic
growth.