Political

ideologies
1. Liberalism
2. Conservatism
3. Socialism
4. Communism
5. Anarchism
•Other political
ideologies
•Post-ideological
 MONDAY
• DEFINITION OF IDEOLOGY
• CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY
• LIBERALISM
• TYPES OF LIBERALISM
1. CLASSICAL
2. PROGRESSIVE
3. NEO
 MONDAY
• ANARCHISM
• CONSERVATISM
• 7 CORE PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATISM
• TYPES OF CONSERVATISM
1. Traditional conservatism
2. One-nation conservatism
3. Liberal conservatism
 Introduction
Political ideologies play a pivotal role in shaping
the direction of societies, governments, and
policies. They serve as frameworks through which
individuals and groups interpret the world and
propose solutions to complex social, economic,
and political issues. This Lesson aims to provide an
overview of some of the most prominent political
ideologies, highlighting their key principles,
historical context, and contemporary relevance.
Direction: Unscramble letters to form terms associated
with the different ideologies.
Write your answer on the space provided.
1. LIERALISMB

2. RANAHICMS

3. SERAMSVITNOC

4. CISOALISM

5. ASCIMFS
 What is ideology?
• Ideology is ‘an interrelated set of ideas that in
some way guides or inspires political action’
(Heywood, 2002)

• ‘An ideology is a reasonably coherent structure

of thought shared by a group of people. It is a
means of explaining how society works and
explaining how it ought to work.’ (Dobson, 1992)

• Some uses of the term see ideology as

something negative, implying a distorted view of
reality eg capitalist ideology, patriarchal ideology
 LIBERALISM
• One of the oldest and most enduring political
ideologies, traces its roots back to the
Enlightenment era of the 17th and 18th centuries.
• Emphasizes individual liberty, limited government
intervention, and the protection of civil rights.
• It advocates for a free-market economy, rule of
law, and the importance of rational discourse in
public decision-making.
• Classical liberalism, exemplified by thinkers like
John Locke and Adam Smith, laid the foundation
for democratic systems and modern capitalism.
 LIBERALISM
• In contemporary politics, variations of liberalism
continue to influence policy debates worldwide.
However, modern liberal ideologies often grapple with
the tension between individual freedoms and the need
for social safety nets and regulations to address
inequality and environmental concerns.

• Liberal means someone who looks ahead and not

behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without
rigid reactions, someone who cares the welfare of the
people.
 Liberalism
Key ideas
•Individual freedom
•Equality of
opportunity
•Government by
consent
•State’s role is to Liberalism has influenced a
variety of movements
safeguard freedom of concerned with equal rights
the individual for all citizens
 Liberalism
• Liberalism emphasizes a tendency to favor
change.
• People should keep trying to improve
human society.
• Change is brought about by the conscious
action of men and women.
• Liberalism believes that people should be
willing to use the government to improve
their condition.
• Some people must be helped to live better
lives and fulfill their individual freedom.
 Liberalism
• Liberals prefer individual freedom but are
ambivalent about economic freedom.
• Most problems are derived from
impersonal, social and economic forces
acting on humanity.
• The role of the government must be
limited (that it cannot invade rights and
freedoms of individual).
 Liberalism
Human beings commit
mistakes, but committing
mistake is better than
suppression of error.
 Types of liberalism
• Classical liberalism
• Progressive
liberalism
• Neo-liberalism

Children queuing for food in the 1900s.

Nick Clegg leader of the Liberal
Democrat Party
Progressive liberals argued that
individual freedom was only possible if
the state intervened to alleviate
problems like poverty. A liberal
government introduced the first
school meals in 1905.
 Classical Liberalism
Father of classical Liberalism- John Locke
•Classical liberalism is a political ideology that
favors the protection of individual liberty and
economic freedom by limiting government
power.
•Classical liberalism emerged during the 18th
and early 19th centuries in response to the
sweeping social changes precipitated by the
Industrial Revolution.
 Progressive Liberalism
Focuses in generating social change, often
through regulating the private market.

•Private equity
•Real estate
(investment made in private companies)
•Private estate
•Public debt
For extremely wealthy or professional
investors
 Neo- Liberalism
Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer
to market-oriented reform policies such as
"eliminating price controls, deregulating
capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and
reducing, especially through privatization and
austerity, state influence in the economy.
 ANARCHISM

An ideology that advocates for the complete

absence of government and the establishment of a
society based on voluntary cooperation
 FIRST ANARCHIST COUNTRIES
1. GREECE
2. CHINA
• numerous philosophers questioned the
necessity of the state and declared the moral
right of the individual to live free from coercion.
 Conservatism
Key ideas
•Importance of
tradition
•Gradual social
change
•Human beings are
imperfect and
flawed The State Opening of
•State’s role is to Parliament. Conservatives
maintain order believe in hierarchy, order and
tradition
 CONSERVATISM
• This political ideology is characterized by a strong
belief in traditional values, limited government,
and free-market capitalism.
• In contrast to liberalism, champions tradition,
stability, and a cautious approach to change. It
values the preservation of established institutions,
such as family, religion, and community, as
essential for a well-ordered society. Conservative
thinkers like Edmund Burke and Russell Kirk argue
that gradual reforms, rather than radical change,
are preferable to maintain social cohesion and
order.
 Conservatism
Edmund Burke- Founder of Modern Conservatism.

“Freedom is necessary but too much freedom is bad for the society”
•emphasizes that change is not good.
Something that has worked, even if not
very well, is better than something untried
and unknown.
•Tradition is important; no human reason can
undo it.
 Conservatism

•Conservatives do not reject human reason

completely but they would rather trust tradition
because they believe that tradition contains the
accumulated wisdom of past generations.
•The world changes and so does the
conservatives. They do not want to conserve all
the past, they want to conserve what they
believe is the best of the past.
•Conservatives believe that human reason can
devise a solution to human problems.
7 Core Principles of Conservatism
1. Individual Freedom. The birth of our great nation
was inspired by the bold declaration that our
individual, God-given liberties should be preserved
against government intrusion. ...
2. Limited Government. ...
3. The Rule of Law. ...
4. Peace through Strength. ...
5. Fiscal Responsibility. ...
6.Free Markets. ...
7. Human Dignity.
 Types of conservatism
• Traditional conservatism
• One-nation
conservatism
• Liberal conservatism

Benjamin Disraeli (19th C Prime Minster) is

regarded as the founder of one-nation
conservatism while Margaret Thatcher
(PM 1979-90) was influenced by liberal
conservative ideas
 Types of Conservatism
Traditional conservatism
often known as classical conservatism, is a
political and social philosophy that
emphasizes the importance of transcendent
moral principles, manifested through certain
natural laws to which society should adhere
prudently.
*guidelines that people live by to make sure
they are doing the right thing.
 What are some traditional
conservative values?
American conservatives tend to support Christian
values, moral absolutism, traditional family values,
and American exceptionalism, while opposing
abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, and
transgender rights
*the ten commandments
*The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
*The golden rule (always treat others the way you
want to be treated)
 One-nation conservatism

It advocates the preservation of established

institutions and traditional principles within a
political democracy, in combination with social and
economic programmes designed to benefit the
ordinary person
*organic way of development
 Liberal conservatism

a political ideology combining conservative policies

with liberal stances, especially on economic issues
but also on social and ethical matters, representing
a brand of political conservatism strongly
influenced by liberalism.
*advocates greatest possible economic liberty and
the least possible government regulation of social
life
 Socialism
Key ideas
•Collectivism
•Equality
•Opposed to capitalism
•Human beings are
capable of self-
fulfilment if given the political ideology advocates for a
opportunity by society classless society where the
means of production are
collectively owned and
controlled by the workers
 Socialism
• Socialism existed as a result of communism.
• Society, not individuals, should own the
property.
• Common ownership would meanthat all
should be given the opportunity to
participate on how resources should be used
and thus nobody should solely take control of
the resources.
 Socialism
• Further, this means the right to participate in
the social decisions that affect them, that is
production of goods and services and the
sole object of the production would be to
meet human needs. This would mean now
that nobody will sell, buy and have money.
 Types of socialism
• Revolutionary
socialism
• Democratic socialism
• Social democracy

Socialism applies to a wide range

of political ideas ranging from
Communism which inspired the
Russian Revolution to Tony
Blair’s Third Way
 Types of socialism
1. Revolutionary socialism
is a political philosophy, doctrine, and tradition
within socialism that stresses the idea that a
social revolution is necessary to bring about
structural changes in society.
 Types of socialism
2. Democratic socialism
political ideology that supports the establishment of
a democratically  run and decentralized form
of socialist economy. Modern democratic socialists vary
widely in their views of how a proper socialist economy
should function, but all share the goal of
abolishing capitalism rather than improving it through
state regulation (as preferred by social democrats). They
also prioritize democracy as an end over democracy as a
means, and some democratic socialists see revolution as
an acceptable method of achieving the democracy they
desire.
 Types of socialism
3. Social Democracy
As a welfare state, social democracy is a specific type of
welfare state and policy regime described as being
universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more
supportive of public provision of welfare. It is especially
associated with the Nordic model.
 COMMUNISM
• political ideology that advocates for a classless
society achieved through the overthrow of the
capitalist system and the establishment of a
dictatorship of the proletariat
According to The Communist
Manifesto, Communism has ten
(10) essential planks:
 LIBERTARIANISM
• The political ideology that advocates for
minimal government intervention in both the
economy and personal freedoms.

• Typically favors limited government

intervention in both the economy and personal
freedoms, with an emphasis on individual
liberty
 FASCISM
• political ideology that promotes extreme
nationalism, authoritarian government, and
often seeks to suppress dissent and opposition

• It is characterized by authoritarian government,

state control of the economy, and often the
suppression of individual rights and freedoms
 Post-ideological politics
This implies that political ideology is less
important in politics today
This can be seen because:
• There are less clear ideological
differences between political
parties
• Pressure group politics often does
not fit into traditional ideologies Why might a
eg environmentalism protest such as this
• Many political groups are be seen as an
concerned with single issues example of post-
rather than a comprehensive ideological politics?
ideology
 REMEMBER:
• Political ideologies are essential lenses through
which individuals and societies view the world
and propose solutions to complex issues. While
these ideologies provide valuable frameworks
for understanding political thought, it's
important to recognize that real-world politics
often involves a blend of these ideologies and
adaptations to changing circumstances.
 REMEMBER:
• The diversity of political ideologies ensures that
debates about the role of government,
individual rights, and economic organization
remain vibrant and relevant in our ever-
evolving world. Understanding these ideologies
and their historical contexts is crucial for
informed political discourse and the shaping of
public policies that can address the pressing
challenges of our time.
 QUIZ #2
Question 1: What is the political ideology that
advocates for minimal government intervention in
both the economy and personal freedoms?
A)Socialism
B) Conservatism
C) Liberalism
D) Libertarianism
 QUIZ #2
Question 2: Which political ideology emphasizes
equality, social justice, and government
intervention in the economy to reduce income
inequality?
A) Conservatism
B) Liberalism
C) Anarchism
D) Fascism
 QUIZ #2
Question 3: Which political ideology advocates for
a classless society where the means of production
are collectively owned and controlled by the
workers?
A)Capitalism
B) Fascism
C) Socialism
D) Conservatism
 QUIZ #2
Question 4: This political ideology is characterized
by a strong belief in traditional values, limited
government and free-market capitalism.
A)Socialism
B) Conservatism
C) Liberalism
D) Anarchism
 QUIZ #2
Question 5: Which political ideology promotes
extreme nationalism, authoritarian government,
and often seeks to suppress dissent and
opposition?
A)Anarchism
B) Communism
C) Fascism
D) Libertarianism
 QUIZ #2
Question 6: An ideology that advocates for the
complete absence of government and the
establishment of a society based on voluntary
cooperation is known as:
A)Communism
B) Anarchism
C) Fascism
D) Conservatism
 QUIZ #2
Question 7: What political ideology typically favors
limited government intervention in both the
economy and personal freedoms, with an
emphasis on individual liberty?
A)Fascism
B) Socialism
C) Libertarianism
D) Communism
 QUIZ #2
Question 8: Which political ideology advocates for
a classless society achieved through the overthrow
of the capitalist system and the establishment of a
dictatorship of the proletariat?
A)Fascism
B) Anarchism
C) Communism
D) Liberalism
 QUIZ #2
Question 9: This political ideology emphasizes the
role of the state in promoting social welfare,
equality, and economic planning:
A)Conservatism
B) Anarchism
C) Liberalism
D) Socialism
 QUIZ #2
Question 10: Which political ideology is
characterized by authoritarian government, state
control of the economy, and often the suppression
of individual rights and freedoms?
A)Capitalism
B) Fascism
C) Libertarianism
D) Conservatism
 QUIZ #2
ANSWER:
1.D) Libertarianism
2.B) Liberalism
3.C) Socialism
4.B) Conservatism
5.C) Fascism
 QUIZ #2
ANSWER:
6. B) Anarchism
7. C) Libertarianism
8. C) Communism
9. D) Socialism
10. B) Fascism