What is Classical Liberalism?
• Classical liberalism is a political
tradition and a branch of
liberalism that advocates free
market and laissez-faire
economics; and civil liberties
under the rule of law, with
special emphasis on individual
autonomy, limited government,
economic freedom, political
freedom and freedom of speech.
• Classical liberals in the United
States believe that if the
economy is left to the natural
forces of supply and demand,
free of government intervention,
the result is the most abundant
satisfaction of human wants.
Modern classical liberals oppose
the concepts of social
democracy and the welfare
state.
Progressive Liberalism
• In modern political discourse,
progressivism gets often
associated with social liberalism,
a left-leaning type of liberalism,
in contrast to the right-leaning
neoliberalism, combining
support for a mixed economy
with cultural liberalism.
• Progressives were interested in
establishing a more transparent
and accountable government
which would work to improve
U.S. society. These reformers
favored such policies as civil
service reform, food safety laws,
and increased political rights for
women and U.S. workers.
Neo-liberalism
• Neoliberalism is contemporarily
used to refer to market-oriented
reform policies such as
"eliminating price controls,
deregulating capital markets,
lowering trade barriers" and
reducing, especially through
privatization and austerity, state
influence in the economy.
• This ideology postulates that the
reduction of state interventions
in economic and social activities
and the deregulation of labor
and financial markets, as well as
of commerce and investments,
have liberated the enormous
potential of capitalism to create
an unprecedented era of social
well-being in the world’s
population.
What is Traditional conservatism?
• Traditionalist conservatism,
often known as classical
conservatism, is a political and
social philosophy that
emphasizes the importance of
transcendent moral principles,
manifested through certain
natural laws to which society
should adhere prudently.
• Traditional conservatives
emphasize the bonds of social
order over hyper-individualism,
and the defense of ancestral
institutions. Traditionalist
conservatives believe in a
transcendent moral order,
manifested through certain
natural laws to which they
believe society ought to conform
in a prudent manner.
One-nation conservatism
• It advocates the preservation of
established institutions and
traditional principles within a
political democracy, in
combination with social and
economic programmes designed
to benefit the ordinary person.
• In the United States,
conservatism is based on a belief
in limited government,
individualism, traditionalism,
republicanism, and limited
federal governmental power in
relation to U.S. states.
Liberal conservatism
• Liberal conservatism is a political
ideology combining conservative
policies with liberal stances,
especially on economic issues
but also on social and ethical
matters, representing a brand of
political conservatism strongly
influenced by liberalism.
• Liberal conservatives believe in
the free market and laissez-faire
economic policies combined
with traditional conservative
values, such as the belief in
natural inequality, the
importance of religion, and the
value of traditional morality.
What is Revolutionary socialism?
• Revolutionary socialism is a
political philosophy, doctrine,
and tradition within socialism
that stresses the idea that a
social revolution is necessary to
bring about structural changes in
society.
• The Communist Manifesto was
written by Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels in 1847-48 just
before the Revolutions of 1848
swept Europe, expressing what
they termed scientific socialism.
Democratic socialism
• Democratic socialism is a left-
wing[1] political philosophy that
supports political democracy and
some form of a socially owned
economy,[2] with a particular
emphasis on economic democracy,
workplace democracy, and workers'
self-management[3] within a
market socialist economy or an
alternative form of a decentralised
planned socialist economy.
• Democratic socialists argue that
capitalism is inherently
incompatible with the values of
freedom, equality, and solidarity
and that these ideals can only be
achieved through the realisation
of a socialist society.[5] Although
most democratic socialists seek
a gradual transition to socialism,
Social democracy
• As a welfare state, social
democracy is a specific type of
welfare state and policy regime
described as being universalist,
supportive of collective
bargaining, and more supportive
of public provision of welfare. It
is especially associated with the
Nordic model.
• An example is England, where
relief for the poor was available
in every parish in the land, long
before there were any
government social services. The
practice was known as charity.
Also, Britain saw the growth of
an important middle class after
industrialisation took hold.